The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

CELLCYCLE
mitosis us meiosis
CHAPTERS 12 & 13
Purpose of Cell Division
reproduction

reproduce

bigger

changing

cellsdon tlive
skin long
Cell Cycle
wholelifeofthecell

► Cell Cycle – the life of a cell from the time it is first formed
during division of parent cell until its own division into two
daughter cells
►
amitosis
Most cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells

entiretyofaliving
orgsDna
► Genome – the genetic material of an organism
► DNA packaged into chromosomes
Chromosomes

packageofDna
► Chromosomes – DNA molecule and associated proteins
► Chromatin – Complex of DNA and proteins that make up
chromosomes substanceinDNA

exactcopiesofchromosome
► Sister Chromatids – Two copies of a duplicated chromosome
attached to each other
► Centromere – where the chromatid is attached most closely
to its sister chromatid
Chromosomes
doublesDNAonly celldivision idenitiatifigtiakce

identical
Cell Cycle
wholelifespanofcell

► Interphase
oflifeininterphase
► 90% of cell cycle
► G1 phase “first gap”
time
my► S phase “synthesis” – duplication of chromosomes
► G2 phase “second gap”

► Mitotic (M) Phase theirown

whencellsbecome cells
► Mitosis

► Cytokinesis
 Ice

normal
functioning

Eet separate

actually

g
 Mitotic Spindle
tanasputpart
► Much of mitosis depends on the
mitotic spindle
► Begins to form during prophase
► Spindle includes:
► Centrosomes

► Spindle microtubules
► Asters
mostoutomicrotubules
where a ttaches
spindle
itself
► Kinetochore – Structure of proteins
attached to centromere that links
sister chromatids to mitotic spindle
 Stages of Mitosis

► Prophase
nuclear
membrane
► Nucleoli disappears
x shapes
► Chromatin condenses into chromosomes
► Mitotic spindle begins to form

► Prometaphase usuallyLettoutcontinuationofpro
phase

► Nuclear envelope fragments

► Chromosomes continue to condense
► Kinetochore forms at the centromere of each chromatid
► Some microtubules attach to kinetochores
 METAPHASE

Stages of Mitosis go 1 chromosome

EgEg
anaPHASE where chromatids
chromosomesdoubles
staysthesame
Dnastaysthesame
Metaphase
E J
chrontostmites
► 2
2chromatids
► Centrosomes now at opposite poles of cell
► Chromosomes lined up along “metaphase plate”
► For each chromosome, kinetochores of sister chromatids attached to
kinetochore microtubules coming from opposite poles

► Anaphase
eachchromatidgetsrippedapart
► Sister chromatids separate, each chromatid thus becomes independent
chromosome
► Chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell, as kinetochore microtubules
shorten
Stages of Mitosis

► Telophase
► Two daughter nuclei form in the cell
► Nuclear envelopes reform
► Nucleoli reappear
► Chromosomes become less condensed
► Mitosis
(division of one nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei) is
now complete
AUDI
 animalusplantcell
Cytokinesis
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Review
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 APlikescancerquestions
Cell Cycle Control System uncontrolled

► Cyclically operating set of

molecules that both triggers and
coordinates key events in the cell
cycle

► Checkpoint – control point where

stop and go signals regulate the
nincancencheckpointsta
cycle
 later
Important Checkpoints
 External Factors

► Growth Factors – can bind to

receptors in plasma membrane,

tenaya
stimulating a cell to divide.

► Example: Platelet-derived growth

factor (PDGF)
 External Factors

whenyou cells supposedtostopwhensurtaeofarea covered

grow

► Density-Dependent Inhibition –
Many cells stop dividing when the
surrounding cell density reaches a
certain level

► Anchorage Dependence – Most

cells only divide when attached to
an external surface (like the flat
surface of a neighboring cell)

organizedlayer keepsgrowing
Cancer

► Cancel cells are considered “immortal”

► There is no limit to the number of times they can divide
► Do not exhibit anchorage-dependent inhibition

► Benign vs. malignant tumors

not
spreading
notcausing
harm IET harm
Metastasis
►Pwnencancerpreads
 Qe
Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction

► Gametes – reproductive cells

► Somatic cells – all cells of the body except gametes
90 ofbody everythingexcepteggs sperm
E
► Human somatic cells – 46 chromosomes y pairsfromparents
► Human gametes – 23 chromosomes bleeachparentpasseson randomhalf
sexcells of theirDNA

► Sexual Reproduction – two parents give rise to unique offspring

► Asexual Reproduction – offspring are exact genetic copies
 Chromosomes
normalhuman
malew 46chr unreplicated
► Homologous Chromosomes – pair of
chromosomes with same length, centromere
position, staining pattern, possess genes for the
same characters
► One inherited from father, one inherited from
mother notidenticalpairsokfrom 2parents
► Also called homologous pair

► Karyotype – Display of chromosome pairs,

arranged by size and shape
UDO
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ay
reject
milar
Chromosomes

► Sex Chromosomes – X & Y chromosomes, determine sex

► Autosomes – all other chromosomes

► Diploid Cell (2n) – cell with two chromosome sets

► Haploid Cell (n) – cell with one chromosome set

► Fertilization – Union of gametes & fusion of nuclei

► Zygote – resulting cell from fertilization (2n)
 alternation of
generations

diploid 60
YO
L j mI
hap
told
allstarting at
d d
006 haploid
 Meiosis

AUDIO
► Reduces the number of chromosome sets
from diploid to haploid
► Similar to mitosis
► Preceded by duplication of chromosomes

► Two cell division (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)

► Results in four daughter cells (haploid)
AUDIO
 meiosis s purpose is to
Genetic Variation reassertmix up
gon material
Not makeidentical
► Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in reassortment of genetic material

► Genetic recombination is achieved by three things

► Crossing Over
► Independent Assortment
► Joining of gametes
 Crossing Over AUDIO

► Occurs during Prophase I

► Non-sister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes
exchange pieces of genetic material
► Each homologue no longer entirely
represents a single parent
Crossing Over
 Independent Assortment AUDIO
theway the chr
most missthis on the test line up inmetaphaseI is RANDOM

futon

gametes I
m
Meiosis Overview
by sides
sides