Environmental Issues E2 L6 Biodiversity L1

Environmental issues
The degradation of natural resources can occur, not just by the

action of pollutants but also by improper resource utilisation
practices.
Soil erosion and

desertification
Deforestation
Deforestation
Deforestation
Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested

ones.
Temperate 1%
Tropics
Tropics 40%
40% Plains 33 %
Hills 67 %
Other area 59%
Deforestation
Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested

ones.
Forest cover in India

35%
30%
30%
25%
21.54%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Beginning of the 20th century End of the 20th century
Industrialization Urbanization
Cultivation Construction
Effects of deforestation
One of the major effects is enhanced carbon dioxide concentration in the

atmosphere because trees that could hold a lot of carbon in their
biomass are lost with deforestation.
Deforestation also causes loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction.
Disturbance in hydrologic cycle.
Soil erosion, that may lead to desertification in extreme cases.

Reforestation
It is the process of restoring a forest that once existed.
Reforestation may occur naturally in a deforested area. we

can speed it up by planting
Conservation of forest
In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers

to arrange wood for constructing a new palace.
The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited

by Bishnois, to cut down trees.
Conservation of forest
The effort to cut down trees by the kings was thwarted by the
Bishnois.
A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi showed exemplary courage by

hugging a tree and daring king’s men to cut her first before cutting
the tree.
Her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her,

and thus lost their lives saving trees.
The Government of India has recently instituted the Amrita Devi

Bishnoi Wildlife Protection Award for individuals or communities
from rural areas that have shown extraordinary courage and
dedication in protecting wildlife.
Chipko Movement
Chipko Movement was started in of Garhwal, Himalayas. In 1974,

by Shree Sundar Lal Bahuguna to prevent cutting down of threes.
Local women showed enormous bravery in protecting trees from

the axe of contractors by hugging them.
People all over the world have acclaimed the Chipko movement.
Joint Forest Management
In 1980s the Government of India in has introduced the concept of

Joint Forest Management (JFM).
It work closely with the local communities for protecting and

managing forests.
In return for their services to the forest, the communities get

benefit of various forest products (e.g., fruits, gum, rubber,
medicine, etc.), and thus the forest can be conserved in a
sustainable manner.
The degradation of natural resources can occur, not just by the

action of pollutants but also by improper resource utilisation
practices.
Soil erosion and

desertification
Deforestation
Soil erosion and

desertification
Soil erosion and

desertification
The development of the fertile top-soil takes centuries. But, it can be

removed very easily due to human activities like
Over- cultivation Unrestricted grazing
Deforestation Poor irrigation practices

Over- cultivation
Unrestricted grazing
Deforestation
Poor irrigation practices
Waterlogging
and soil salinity
Irrigation without proper drainage of water leads to waterlogging in

the soil.
Besides affecting the crops, waterlogging draws salt to the surface of

the soil. The salt then is deposited as a thin crust on the land surface
or starts collecting at the roots of the plants.
This increased salt content is inimical to the growth of crops and is

extremely damaging to agriculture.
When large barren patches extend and meet over time, a desert is
created.
When large barren patches extend and meet over time, a desert is
created.
Internationally, it has been recognized that desertification is a major
problem nowadays, particularly due to increased urbanization.
Pollution
Waterlogging and soil salinity are some of the problems
that have come in the wake of the Green Revolution.
Use of agro chemicals has increased

manifold for enhancing crop
production that harmed the non
targeted organisms.
Which human activities will not lead to the loss of top
fertile soil?
(1) Over cultivation

(2) Over grazing
(3) Over irrigation
(4) Reforestation
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 (4) Reforestation

Which of the following is the consequences of deforestation?
(1) enhanced carbon dioxide concentration

(2) causes loss of biodiversity
(3) disturbs hydrologic cycle
(4) All of the above
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 (4) All of the above

Making of National Park come under which type of forest
conservation?
(1) Social forestry

(2) Agro-forestry
(3) Protection or conservation forestry
(4) Production or commercial forestry
𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 (3) Protection or conservation forestry

BIODIVERSITY
Edward Wilson
Popularized Term Biodiversity
The combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.
The important levels of Biodiversity are :-

BIODIVERSITY
Species of Ants more than 20,000
Species of Beetles 3,00,000
Species of Fishes 28,000
Species of Orchids nearly 20,000

1. Genetic Diversity
A single species
Different genes / alleles

India has:
(ii) Mango
1000 varities
1. Genetic Diversity
A single species
Different genes / alleles
Simlarly
(i) Rice
> 50000 different strains

High amount
of reserpine
Medium amount
of reserpine
Low amount
of reserpine
2. Species Diversity
A single community Different species

e.g : Western ghat have greater amphibian
diversity than eastern ghat
Eastern ghat
Western ghat
3. Ecological Diversity
A single Landscape Different ecosystem
eg :- India > Norway Scandavian Country
has
Desert, Coral reef,
Wetland, Mangrove,
Rainforest, etc.
More
Ecosystem
Diversity
less
Ecosystem
Diversity

Environmental Issues E2 L6 Biodiversity L1

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Environmental issues

The degradation of natural resources can occur, not just by the

Soil erosion and

Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested

Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested

Forest cover in India

One of the major effects is enhanced carbon dioxide concentration in the

Deforestation also causes loss of biodiversity due to habitat destruction.

Disturbance in hydrologic cycle.

Soil erosion, that may lead to desertification in extreme cases.

It is the process of restoring a forest that once existed.

Reforestation may occur naturally in a deforested area. we

In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers

The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited

A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi showed exemplary courage by

Her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her,

The Government of India has recently instituted the Amrita Devi

Chipko Movement was started in of Garhwal, Himalayas. In 1974,

Local women showed enormous bravery in protecting trees from

Joint Forest Management

In 1980s the Government of India in has introduced the concept of

It work closely with the local communities for protecting and

In return for their services to the forest, the communities get

The degradation of natural resources can occur, not just by the

Soil erosion and

Soil erosion and

Soil erosion and

The development of the fertile top-soil takes centuries. But, it can be

Over- cultivation Unrestricted grazing

Deforestation Poor irrigation practices

Irrigation without proper drainage of water leads to waterlogging in

Besides affecting the crops, waterlogging draws salt to the surface of

This increased salt content is inimical to the growth of crops and is

Use of agro chemicals has increased

(1) Over cultivation

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 (4) Reforestation

(1) enhanced carbon dioxide concentration

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 (4) All of the above

(1) Social forestry

𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 (3) Protection or conservation forestry

The combined diversity at all the levels of biological organisation.

The important levels of Biodiversity are :-

Species of Ants more than 20,000

Species of Beetles 3,00,000

Species of Fishes 28,000

Species of Orchids nearly 20,000

Different genes / alleles

Different genes / alleles

> 50000 different strains

A single community Different species

A single Landscape Different ecosystem

eg :- India > Norway Scandavian Country

Desert, Coral reef,

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