By

Old Monks

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Introducton
 Founder Gotama, flourished in Bengal…
 Nyaya can be divided into 4 parts:
1. Theory of Knowledge
2. Theory of Physical world
3. Theory of Individual Self & Liberation
4. Theory of God
 Nyaya system is an elaboration of 16 philosophical topics- pramana (source of
knowledge), prameya (which is knowable), Samsaya (doubt), Prayojana (end-in-
view), Drstanta (an instance), Siddhanta (a doctrine), Avayava (constituent
propositions), Tarka (hypothetical argument), Nirnaya (certain knowledge),Vada
(a discussion), Jalpa (mere wrangling ), Vitanda (a debate), Hetvabhasa (invalid
hetu), Chala (a kind of unfair reply), Jati (unfair reply based on false analogy),
Nigrahasthana (a ground of defeat in debate)
 It is a philosophy of Logical Realism !
Online Philosophy Lectures By OLD MONKS
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Nyaya’s theory of Knowledge
 Lets first understand what is mean by Knowledge?
1. It means cognition/jnana/buddhi
2. It is manifestation of the object (like light reveals physical objects)
3. Knowledge is broadly classified into-Anubhava & Smriti, which can be
further classified as Valid & Non-valid.
4. So Valid Anubhava is Prama i.e. Perception, Inference, comparison &
testimony-knowledge based on Prama is considered as certain
knowledge!
Eg: Salt & Sugar confusion
 According to Nyaya school, there are 4 sources of knowledge mentioned
above
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 Next video will be on Perception (Theory of

Knowledge)

Online Philosophy Lectures By OLD MONKS

ameya18deshpande@gmail.com