გიდენსი, სოციოლოგია

Eentoni gidensi, sociologia
Anthony Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, 1997

(qarTuli Targmani)
Tavi 1
ra aris sociologia?
ZiriTadi cnebebi
sociologiis mizani: pirveli magaliTi
sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba
sociologiis Seswavla. gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi
sociologiis sawyisebi
ogiust konti; emil diurkemi;
karl marqsi; maqs veberi
gviandeli moazrovneebi
miSel fuko da iurgen habermasi
aris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba?
rogor gvexmareba sociologia cxovrebaSi

kulturuli gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba;
politikiT gamowveuli Sedegebis Sefaseba;
TviTganaTleba; sociologiis roli sazogadoebaSi
daskvna
Sejameba
mniSvnelovani terminebi
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
sociologia. mecniereba
dRes – meoce saukunis bolos – Cven vcxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic sul ufro metad
gvaSfoTebs, da romelsac, amis miuxedavad, momavlis saocari perspeqtivebi gaaCnia. Ees aris
cvlilebebiT aRsavse samyaro, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia Rrma konfliqtebi, daZabulobebi
da socialuri dayofa, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove teqnologiebis damangreveli zegavlena bunebriv
garemoze. Tumca, amasTan erTad, Cven gvaqvs SesaZleblobebi Tavad warvmarToT sakuTari
bedi da ukeTesad moviwyoT cxovreba, rac wina TaobebisaTvis warmoudgeneli unda yofiliyo.
rogor gaxda msoflio aseTi? ratom aris Cveni cxovrebis wesi ase gansxvavebuli Cveni
mSoblebisa da wina Taobebis cxovrebisgan? ra mimarTulebebiT warimarTeba cvlilebebi
momavalSi? swored es kiTxvebi Seadgens sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis im sferos, umTavres
intess, romelic fundamentur rols asrulebs Tanamedrove inteleqtualur kulturaSi.
s o c i o l o g i a adamianis socialuri cxovrebis, jgufebis da sazogadoebebis Seswavlaa.
igi saocari da brwyinvale wamowyebaa Tundac imitom, rom misi Seswavlis sagani Cveni,
rogorc socialuri arsebebis, qcevaa. sociologiis kvlevis sfero metad farToa, individebis quCaSi
moulodneli Sexvedris analiziT dawyebuli da globaluri socialuri procesebis kvleviT
damTavrebuli. EerTi mcire magaliTi SegiqmniT warmodgenas sociologiis bunebisa da miznebis
Sesaxeb.
sociologiis kvlevis sfero: pirveli magaliTi

yofilxarT odesme Seyvarebuli? AalbaT yofilxarT. adamianTa umravlesobam adreuli
ymawvilobidan icis, rogoria es grZnoba. siyvaruli da sasiyvarulo istoria mravali CvenganisTvis
erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri grZnobaa, rac ki odesme gangvicdia. ratom uyvardebaT adamianebs
erTmaneTi? EerTi SexedviT, pasuxi naTelia. siyvaruli gamoxatavs fizikur da pirovnul
erTgulebas, rasac ori individi ganicdis erTmaneTis mimarT. DdRevandel dRes, Cven, SesaZloa,
skeptikurad viyoT ganwyobilni im azris mimarT, rom siyvaruli `maradiulia,~ Tumca, vfiqrobT,
rom Seyvareba is gamocdilebaa, rasac universaluri adamianuri emociebi warmoSobs. savsebiT
bunebrivia, Seyvarebul wyvils Tavisi pirovnuli da seqsualuri urTierTobis ganxorcieleba,
savaraudod, qorwinebaSi surdes.
Tumca, situacia, romelic dRes ase bunebrivad gveCveneba, faqtobrivad, Zalze uCveuloa.
Seyvareba ar aris gamocdileba, romelic msoflioSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesobisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli – da Tu es xdeba, igi iSviaTad ganixileba qorwinebasTan raime kavSirSi. am
bolo dromde romantikuli siyvarulis idea ar iyo farTod gavrcelebuli Cvens sazogadoebaSi da arc
arasodes arsebula sxva kulturaTa umravlesobaSi.
Mmxolod TanamedroveobaSi ganixilaven siyvarulsa da seqsualobas mWidro kavSirSi.
jon bosueli, Sua saukuneebis evropis istorikosi, aRniSnavda, Tu rogori uCveulo iyo maSin
Tanamedrove ideebi romantikuli siyvarulis Sesaxeb.
Sua saukuneebis evropaSi TiTqmis aravin qorwindeboda siyvaruliT. Aarsebobda kidec
Suasaukuneebis gamonaTqvami: `colis siyvaruli emociebiT, es adulteria.~ im dros da Semdgom
saukuneebSic, mamakacebi da qalebi umetesad ojaxSi qonebis SesanarCuneblad
qorwindebodnen, an imisaTvis, rom bavSvebi saojaxo meurneobaSi samuSaod gaezardaT.
zogjer daqorwinebulebi, SesaZloa, axlo megobrebic gamxdariyvnen, Tumca es qorwinebis
Semdeg xdeboda da ara manamde. zogjer adamianebs seqsualuri urTierTobebi qorwinebis
gareSec hqondaT, Tumca es naklebad iwvevda im emociebs, romelTac Cven siyvarulTan
vakavSirebT. romantikuli siyvaruli, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, sisusted iTvleboda; uares
SemTxvevaSi ki - avadmyofobad.
DdRevandeli Cveni damokidebuleba, umTavresad, sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa. Bbosueli
savsebiT samarTlianad saubrobs imis Sesaxeb, rom `Tanamedrove industriuli kultura
virtualurad Sepyrobilia” romantikuli siyvaruliT”:
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`siyvarulis zRvaSi~ gabmulebi amas TavisTavad arsebulad miiCneven... Zalze cota

premodernuli anu preindustriuli Tanamedrove kultura Tu daeTanxmeba imis mtkicebas –
dasavleTSi udaos – rom `mamakacis mizani qalis siyvarulia da qalis mizani - mamakacis
siyvaruli~. Aadamianebis umravlesoba, umetes SemTxvevaSi da adgilebSi, am azrs
arasakmarisad miiCnevs adamianuri Rirebulebis sazomad (Boswell, 1955, gv. 19).
amrigad, romantikuli siyvaruli, adamianis cxovrebis, ubralod, bunebriv nawilad ar
SeiZleba iqnes aRqmuli; igi ufro farTo socialuri da istoriuli gavlenebiT aris gamowveuli.
sociologebi swored am gavlenebs Seiswavlian.
mravali Cvengani samyaros sakuTari cxovrebisTvis Cveuli niSan-Tvisebebis mixedviT
ganixilavs. sociologia ki imis demonstrirebas axdens, rom saWiroa ufro farTo TalTaxedviT
SevxedoT imas, Tu ratom varT iseTebi, rogorebic varT da ratom vmoqmedebT swored
amgvarad. igi gvaswavlis, rom is, rac bunebrivad, aucileblad, keTilad da WeSmaritad
migvaCnia, SesaZloa, aseTi arc iyos, da rom Cveni cxovrebis `mocemulobebi~ socialuri da
istoriuli gavlenebis Zlier zemoqmedebas ganicdis. im faqizi, Tumca rTuli da Rrma, mxareebis
gageba, romelSic Cveni individualuri cxovreba Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis konteqstebs
asaxavs, ganmsazRvrelia sociologiuri TvalTaxedvisTvis.
sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba

sociologiurad azrovneba – sxva sityvebiT, ufro farTo TvalTaxedvis qona – warmosaxvis
ganviTarebas niSnavs. rogorc sociologebs, Cven warmosaxvis unari gvWirdeba; magaliTad, ras
niSnavs seqsisa da qowinebis gamocdileba adamianebisaTvis. bolo dromde adamianebis
umravlesobisaTvis xom romantikuli siyvarulis idealebi ucxo an Tundac absurduli iyo.
sociologiis Seswavla ar SeiZleba codnis miRebis rutinuli procesi iyos. sociologi aris adamiani,
visac ZaluZs, ganTavisufldes myisieri pirovnuli viTarebebisgan da movlenebi ufro farTo
konteqstSi ganixilos. sociologis samuSao, rogorc amas amerikeli avtori C. raiT milsi Tavis
cnobil gamonaTqvamSi uwodebda, sociologiur warmosaxvazea damokidebuli (Mills, 1970).
sociologiuri warmosaxva, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs, `gamoveTiSoT~ yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis rutinebs imisaTvis, rom axleburad davinaxoT isini. ganvixiloT, Wiqa yavis
mirTmevis ubralo aqti. ra SegviZlia vTqvaT, sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, am, erTi SexedviT,
savsebiT garkveul qmedebaze? Zalze bevri ram. upirveles yovlisa, Cven SegviZlia aRvniSnoT,
rom yava ar aris mxolod `gamacocxlebeli~ sasmeli. Mmas simboluri Rirebuleba aqvs, rogorc
Cveni yoveldRiuri socialuri aqtivobebis nawils. xSirad, yavis dalevasTan dakavSirebuli rituali
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre Tavad yavis daleva. ori adamiani, romelic Wiqa yavaze Sexvedras
Tanxmdeba, ufro metad erTmaneTis monaxulebiT da saubriT aris dainteresebuli, vidre imiT, Tu
ras miirTmeven. sufra, faqtobrivad, yvela sazogadoebaSi, socialuri urTierTqmedebisa da
ritualebis Sesrulebis saSualebas iZleva, rac mdidar masalas warmoadgens sociologiuri
kvlevisTvis.
Mmeore – yava, kofeinis Semcveli Taviseburi narkotikia, rasac mastimulirebeli gavlena
aqvs tvinze. dasavlur kulturaSi, yavaze damokidebuli adamianebi, umetesad, ar iTvlebian
narkomanebad. alkoholis msgavsad, yava socialurad misaRebi `narkotikia~, maSin rodesac,
magaliTad, marixuana socialurad miuRebelia. Tumca, aris sazogadoebebi, romlebic tolerantulia
marixuanas an Tundac kokainis moxmarebis mimarT, xolo alkoholisa da yavis mimarT
arakeTilganwyobilia. sociologebis interess am kontrastebis arsebobis mizezi warmoadgens.
Mmesame, individi, romelic Wiqa yavas miirTmevs, CarTulia mTel msoflioSi
gavrcelebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis rTul qselSi. Yyavis warmoeba,
transportireba da distribucia, mudmiv saqmian garigebebs moiTxovs adamianebs Soris,
romlebic aTasobiT miliT arian daSorebulni yavis momxmareblebisagan. aseTi globaluri
garigebebis Seswavla sociologiis mniSvnelovan amocanas warmoadgens, vinaidan Cveni
cxovrebis mravali aspeqti amJamad damokidebulia msoflioSi gavrcelebul socialur gavlenebze
da komunikaciebze.
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Ddabolos, finjani yavis mirTmeva gulisxmobs ganvlili socialuri da ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis mTlian process.
Yyavis sociologia
1. simboluri Rirebuleba
dasavleTSi mcxovrebi mravali adamianisTvis, dilis finjani yava pirovnuli ritualia, rasac
Semdeg, dRis ganmavlobaSi, mohyveba yavis sma sxvebTan erTad, rac ufro socialur rituals
warmoadgens.
2. yavis, rogorc narkotikis gamoyeneba

mravali adamiani yavas svams `gansakuTrebulad zeamaRlebisaTvis.~ zogierTi kultura krZalavs
mis gamoyenebas.
3. socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba

yavis moyvana, SefuTva, distribucia da gasaReba globaluri saqmianobaa, romelic mraval
kulturasTanaa SexebaSi, aseve, socialur jgufebTan da organizaciebTan am kulturebis farglebSi,
da aTasobiT individTan. evropaSi da SeerTebul StatebSi moxmarebuli yavis meti nawili
samxreT amerikidan aris Semotanili.
4. ganvlili socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba

`yavasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi,~ rac amJamadaa gavrcelebuli, yovelTvis aseTi ar iyo.
isini TandaTanobiT ganviTarda da savsebiT SesaZlebelia, Sewydes momavalSi.
dasavleTisTvis amJamad cnobil iseT produqtebTan erTad – rogoricaa Cai, banani, kartofili da
TeTri Saqari – yava, farTo moxmarebis produqtad, mxolod gviani 1800-iani wlebidan iqca.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sasmeli axlo aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva, misi masiuri moxmareba
daaxloebiT saukunenaxevris winandeli dasavluri koloniuri eqspansiidan modis. sinamdvileSi,
yavis mTeli maragi, romelsac dRes movixmarT, modis im adgilebidan (samxreT amerika da
afrika), romlebic evropelebis mier iyo kolonizebuli; igi ar aris dasavluri sakvebis `bunebrivi~
nawili.
sociologiis Seswavla
sociologiuri warmosaxva saSualebas gvaZlevs, davinaxoT, rom mravali movlena,
romelic TiTqosda individs exeba, sinamdvileSi, ufro farTo sakiTxebs asaxavs. magaliTad,
gayra, SesaZloa, Zalze mZime procesi iyos imaTTvis, vinc is ganicada, rasac milsi pirovnul
usiamovnebas uwodebs. Tumca gayris procesi, xazs usvams igi, aseve sajaro sakiTxia iseT
sazogadoebaSi, rogoric dRevandeli inglisia, sadac mTeli qorwinebebis mesamedi irRveva
SeuRlebidan aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. AaviRoT meore magaliTi, umuSevroba, SesaZloa,
pirovnul tragediad gadaiqces, rodesac adamians erTi samsaxuridan agdeben, xolo meoris Sovna
ar SeuZlia. Tumca, rodesac milionobiT adamiani sazogadoebaSi msgavs situaciaSi imyofeba, es
ukve kerZo sasowarkveTis farglebs scildeba: es ukve farTo socialuri tendenciebis gamomxatveli
sajaro sakiTxia.
SeecadeT, amgvari Tvalsazrisi sakuTar cxovrebas miuyenoT. Aar aris aucilebeli mxolod
arasasiamovno SemTxvevebze fiqri. MmagaliTad, dafiqrdiT, saerTod, ratom aiReT xelSi es
wigni – ratom gadawyviteT sociologiis Seswavla? Tqven, SesaZloa, iZulebiT xarT sociologi
studenti da swavlobT sagans mxolod imitom, rom SeasruloT Tqveni safexuris moTxovnebi; an,
SesaZloa, enTuziasti brZandebiT, romelsac surs, meti icodes sagnis Sesaxeb. rogoric ar unda
iyos Tqveni motivacia, albaT, bevri saerTo gaqvT sociologiis sxva SemswavlelebTan, Tundac
Tavad ar icodeT amis Sesaxeb. Tqveni gadawyvetileba asaxavs Tqvens pozicias ufro farTo
sazogadoebaSi.
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Seexeba Tu ara Tqvens pirovnebas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: xarT axalgazrda?

TeTrkaniani? Pprofesiuli an TeTrsayeloianTa fenis warmomadgeneli? SegisrulebiaT, Tu axlac
asrulebT raime samuSaos (igulsxmeba arasruli samuSao dro), Tqveni Semosavlis Sesavsebad?
gsurT Tu ara, ipovnoT kargi samuSao, ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, Tumca Tavad ara xarT
mowodebuli swavlisaTvis? Tqven namdvilad ar iciT, ra aris sociologia, Tumca fiqrobT, rom
mas raRac saerTo aqvs imasTan, Tu rogor iqcevian adamianebi jgufebSi? Tqvengan sam
meoTxedze meti, yvela kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebs. kolejis studentebi, mTeli mosaxleobis
tipuri wevrebi ar arian, aramed, rogorc Cans, ufro privilegirebul fenebs miekuTvnebian. xolo
maTi poziciebi, Cveulebriv, maTi megobrebisa da nacnobebis poziciebs asaxavs. socialuri
fenebi, romelTac vekuTvniT, didad ganapirobebs imas, Tu ra saxis gadawyvetilebebs viRebT.
davuSvaT, Tqven uaryofiTad pasuxobT am SekiTxvaTagan erTs an ramdenimes. Tqven,
SesaZloa, ekuTvnodeT umciresobaTa jgufs an Rarib fenas. Tqven, SesaZloa, iyoT Suaxnis an
ufro xanSiSesulic. Tumca, sulerTia, Semdgomi daskvnebi uTuod gakeTdeba. Tqven, SesaZloa,
brZola mogixdaT imisTvis, rasac miaRwieT; Tqven SesZeliT, dageZliaT mtruli reaqciebi
megobrebis mxridan da sxvebisganac, rodesac uTxariT maT, rom kolejSi swavlas apirebdiT; an,
SesaZloa, erTmaneTs uTavsebdeT umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebas da mSoblis rols.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom yvelani im socialuri konteqstebis gavlenis qveS vimyofebiT,
romelSic Cvens Tavs moviazrebT, arc erTi Cvenganis qceva ar aris ubralod gamowveuli am
konteqstebiT. Cven vflobT da vqmniT Cvens individualobas. sociologiis saqmea, ikvlios
kavSirebi maT Soris, Tu ras qmnis Cvengan sazogadoeba da ras vqmniT Cven sakuTari
Tavisgan. Cveni qmedebebi rogorc Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaros struqturirebas –
formirebas – axdens, asave, imavdroulad, socialuri samyaros mieraa struqturirebuli.
cneba socialuri struqtura mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi. igi miuTiTebs faqtze, rom Cveni
cxovrebis socialuri konteqstebi, movlenebis an qmedebebis SemTxveviT arCevans ar
warmoadgens; isini gansxvavebuli gzebiT aris struqturirebuli an modelirebuli. arsebobs wesrigi
Cvens qcevebsa da urTierTobebSi. Tumca, socialuri struqtura ar aris fizikuri struqturis msgavsi,
rogoric, magaliTad, Senobaa, romelic adamianis qmedebebisgan damoukideblad arsebobs.
socialuri struqtura yovel wuTs ganicdis rekonstruirebas misi Semadgeneli `samSeneblo
blokebiT~ - Tqvennairi da Cvennairi adamianebiT.
gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi

socialuri cxovrebis konstruirebisa da rekonstruirebis es mudmivi procesi dafuZnebulia
im mniSvnelobebze, romlebsac adamianebi TavianT qmedebebs aniWeben. Tumca, Cvenma
qmedebebma, SesaZloa, Cveni survilis miuxedavad, gansxvavebuli Sedegebi gamoiwvios.
sociologebi mniSvnelovan zRvars avleben Cveni qcevis miznebsa – risi ganxorcieleba gvaqvs
ganzraxuli – da am qcevis gauTvaliswinebel Sedegebs Soris. magaliTad, mSoblebs, SesaZloa,
surdeT, TavianTi Svilebis qmedebebi socialurad misaRebi gaxadon; am miznis misaRwevad,
mSoblebi mkacr da avtoritarul saSualebebs iyeneben, Tumca aman, SesaZloa, bavSvebSi
protestis grZnoba gamoiwvios da kidev ufro daaSoros qcevis miRebul standartebs.
zogjer, qmedebebs, romlebic konkretuli mizniT aris wamowyebuli, iseTi Sedegebi
moaqvs, rac, faqtobrivad, xels uSlis am miznis miRwevas. ramdenime wlis ukan, niu iork sitiSi
warmodgenil iqna kanonebi, romelic aiZulebda dabalSemosavlian adgilebSi ganlagebuli
daZvelebuli saxlebis mepatroneebs, SeekeTebinaT isini standartebiT miRebul minimumamde.
ganzraxul iyo sacxovreblis sabaziso donis gaumjobeseba erTobis yvelaze Raribi nawilisaTvis.
Sedegad ki gamovida, rom daZvelebuli saxlis mepatroneebma uari ganacxades maTze an
gamoiyenes sxva daniSnulebiT; ase rom, damakmayofilebeli sacxovreblis ricxvi adre arsebulze
gacilebiT metad Semcirda.
ras vakeTebT cxovrebis manZilze da rogor axdens Cveni qmedebebi gavlenas sxvebze,
gagebul unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebis safuZvelze. sociologiis
amocanaa, Seiswavlos socialur reproduqciasa da socialur transformacias Soris saboloo balansiT
gamowveuli Sedegebi. socialuri reproduqcia miuTiTebs, Tu rogor ìnarCunebel svlas~ droTa
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ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebebi; socialuri transformacia ki aRniSnavs im cvlilebebs, romelTac

isini ganicdian. socialuri reproduqcia mimdinareobs, vinaidan arsebobs uwyvetoba imisa, rasac
adamianebi yoveldRiurad da yovelwliurad akeTeben, da socialuri praqtika, romelsac isini
misdeven. cvlilebebi xdeba nawilobriv imitom, rom adamianebi apireben maT moxdenas, da
nawilobriv im Sedegebis gamo, romlebsac aravin ganWvrets Tu iTvaliswinebs.
Aadreuli sawyisebi
Cven, adamianebi, mudam varT dainteresebulni sakuTari qcevis pirvelwyaroebiT;
magram Cveni mcdeloba, gagvego sakuTari Tavi, rac aTaswleulebs iTvlis, eyrdnoboda
azrovnebis wess, romelic Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda, da xSirad religiuri terminebiT
gamoixateboda (magaliTad, Tanamedrove mecnierebis warmoSobamde, mraval adamians
sjeroda, rom bunebrivi movlenebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, miwisZvra, RmerTebis da sulebis mier
iyo gamowveuli). adamianis qcevisa da sazogadoebis obieqturi da sistematuri Seswavla,
SedarebiT axali movlenaa, romlis warmoSoba adreuli 1800-iani wlebiT TariRdeba. foni,
sociologiis sawyisebisTvis, radikaluri cvlilebebi iyo: 1789 wlis safrangeTis revolucia da
industriuli revoluciis aRmoceneba evropaSi. am qmedebebiT gamowveuli cxovrebis tradiciuli
gzebis ngreva dasrulda moazrovneTa mcdelobebiT, SeemuSavebinaT rogorc socialuri, aseve
bunebrivi samyaros axleburi gageba.
Ggadamwyveti movlena samyaros Sesacnobad, religiis nacvlad mecnierebis
gamoyeneba iyo. mecxramete saukunis moazrovneebi cdilobdnen Semdegi tipis kiTxvebze
epasuxaT – rogoria adamianis buneba? ratom aris sazogadoeba struqturirebuli ise, rogorc aris?
rogor da ratom icvleba sazogadoebebi? – es igive kiTxvebia, romlebze pasuxis gacemasac
cdiloben dRes sociologebi. Tanamedrove samyaro warsulisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba;
sociologiis amocanaa, dagvexmaros am samyaros wvdomaSi da misi momavali SesaZleblobebis
garkvevaSi.
Oogiust konti
Mmecnierebis mTeli sferos Seqmna, ra Tqma unda, erT adamians ar SeuZlia da adreuli
sociologiuri azrovnebis dafuZnebasac mravali xelSemwyobi hyavda. Mmiuxedavad amisa,
gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli adgili frang avtors ogiust konts (1798-1857) ekuTvnis, Tundac
imisTvis, rom, faqtobrivad, man pirvelma gamoiyena sityva `sociologia~. Tavdapirvelad, konti
termin `socialur fizikas~ iyenebda; Tumca zogierTi misi inteleqtualuri konkurentic igive
terminiT sargeblobda.
Kkonts surda, sakuTari Sexedulebebi sxvebisagan gaemijna da amitom termini
`sociologia~ SemoiRo im dargis aRniSvnis mizniT, romlis dafuZnebac surda.
konts sjeroda, rom es axali dargi SeZlebda, mecnierul safuZvlebze dayrdnobiT,
sazogadoebis Sesaxeb codnis Seqmnas. sociologias igi bolo ganviTarebad mecnierebad
miiCnevda – fizikis, qimiisa da biologiis Semdeg – Tumca, aseve, yvelaze mniSvnelovnad da
kompleqsurad yvela mecnierebas Soris. igi Tvlida, rom sociologiam, mecnierebis gamoyenebiT,
wvlili unda Seitanos kacobriobis keTildReobaSi imiT, rom swvdes, Sesabamisad, ganWvritos
da daareguliros adamianuri qceva. Tavisi moRvaweobis gviandel periodSi kontma, sakuTari
sociologiuri Sexedulebebis safuZvelze, sakmaod ambiciuri gegmebi dasaxa, konkretulad,
franguli sazogadoebis, da zogadad, adamianuri sazogadoebebis rekonstruqciisTvis.
Eemil diurkemi
Tanamedrove sociologiaze GgacilebiT myari da xangrZlivi zegavlena moaxdina meore
frangi moazrovnis emil diurkemis naSromebma (1858-1917). miuxedavad imisa, rom igi kontis
naazrevis aspeqtebs eyrdnoboda, diurkems miaCnda, rom misi winamorbedis mravali idea Zalze
spekulaturi da bundovani iyo, da rom kontma ver moiyvana sisruleSi misi programa, Seeqmna
mecnieruli safuZveli sociologiisaTvis. diurkemis mixedviT, sociologiam unda Seiswavlos
socialuri faqtebi, socialuri cxovrebis is aspeqtebi, romlebic gansazRvravs Cvens, rogorc
individebis, qmedebebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa ekonomikuri mdgomareoba an religiis
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zemoqmedeba. Ddiurkems sjeroda, rom socialuri cxovreba igive xarisxis obieqturobiT unda
iqnes Seswavlili, rogorc bunebriv samyaros Seiswavlian mecnierebi. misi cnobili pirveli principi
sociologiaSi iyo: SeiswavleT `socialuri faqtebi, rogorc sagnebi!” - AamiT igi gulisxmobda, rom
socialuri cxovreba SeiZleba iseve mkacrad daeqvemdebaros analizs, rogorc bunebis sagnebi an
movlenebi.
iseve rogorc sociologiis sxva fuZemdeblebi, diurkemi Zlier iyo dainteresebuli
cvlilebebiT, romlebic sazogadoebis transformirebas moaxdenda. mas sjeroda, rom sazogadoebis
erTianobis SenarCuneba mxolod Rirebulebebisa da wes-Cveulebebis gaziarebiTaa SesaZlebeli.
socialuri cvlilebis miseuli analizi, Sromis ganawilebis gafarToebas efuZneboda (kompleqsuri
gansxvavebebis zrdas sxvadasxva profesiebs Soris). diurkemi amtkicebda, rom Sromis
ganawilebam, rogorc socialuri gaerTianebis safuZvelma, TandaTanobiT religiis adgili daikava.
Sromis ganawilebis gafarToebiT, adamianebi sul ufro metad xdebian erTmaneTze
damokidebulni, vinaidan TiToeul adamians sWirdeba saqoneli da momsaxureba, romelsac sxva
profesiebis adamianebi awvdian. diurkemis mixedviT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi cvlilebis
procesebi ise swrafi da intensiuria, rom es ufro met socialur siZneleebs warmoqmis, rasac igi
anomias ukavSirebs, anu miznis uqonlobis an uimedobis SegrZnebas, rac Tanamedrove
socialuri cxovrebiTaa gamowveuli. tradiciuli moraluri kontroli da standartebi, rasac, Cveulebriv,
religia axorcielebda, Tanamedrove socialuri pirobebis gamo TiTqmis mTlianad dairRva da bevr
adamians Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi gauCina SegrZneba, rom maTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba
azrs moklebulia.
diurkemis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili naSromi TviTmkvlelobis analizs ukavSirdeboda
(Durkheim, 1952; pirvelad gamoica 1897 wels). TviTmkvleloba savsebiT pirovnul qmedebad,
ukiduresi pirovnuli sasowarkveTis Sedegad iTvleba. Tumca, diurkemma dagvanaxa, rom
suicidur qcevaze udides gavlenas socialuri faqtorebi axdens, da rom anomia aris swored erT-
erTi aseTi zegavlenis mqone. TviTmkvlelobebis koeficienti yovelwliurad erTidaimave
monacemebiT gamoixateba da es monacemebi sociologiurad unda iqnes axsnili. diurkemis
kvlevam, SesaZloa, bevri sawinaaRmdego azri gamoiwvios, magram igi klasikur naSromad
rCeba, romlis aqtualoba sociologiisTvis dRemde ar dakargula.
karl marqsi
Kkarl marqsis ideebi (1818-83) mkveTrad upirispirdeboda kontisa da diurkemis ideebs,
Tumca, maT msgavsad, isic Seecada, aexsna sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi, romlebic samrewvelo
revoluciis dros xdeboda. Aaxalgazrda marqsis politikurma moRvaweobam konfliqtamde
miiyvana igi germaniis xelisuflebasTan; safrangeTSi mokle droiT yofnis Semdeg, samSoblodan
gaZevebuli, igi samudamod britaneTSi dasaxlda. misi naSromebi mraval sxvadasxva sferos
moicavda. marqsis yvelaze mkacri kritikosebic ki Tvlian, rom misi moZRvreba Zalze
mniSvnelovania sociologiis ganviTarebisTvis. misi Sromebis didi nawili ekonomikur sakiTxebs
eZRvneba, magram, vinaidan igi dainteresebuli iyo, rom ekonomikuri problemebi socialur
institutebTan daekavSirebina, misi naSromebi iyo da aris sociologiuri ganWvretebiT mdidari.
Mmarqsis Tvalsazrisi eyrdnoboda, rogorc Tavad igi uwodebda, istoriis materialistur
gagebas. Mmarqsis mixedviT, socialuri cvlilebis mTavari wyaro ar aris adamianTa kuTvnili
ideebi da Rirebulebebi (rogorc diurkems miaCnda), aramed is, umetesad, ekonomikuri
mizezebiTaa gamowveuli. KklasTa Soris brZola – mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris – istoriuli
ganviTarebis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. Mmarqsis sityvebiT, `kacobriobis istoria _ es klasTa
brZolebis istoriaa~.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom marqsi istoriis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva fazas exeboda, misi
yuradReba, umTavresad, Tanamedrove cvlilebaze iyo koncentrirebuli. Mmisi azriT, yvelaze
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi kapitalizmis ganviTarebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kapitalizmi
warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli sistemaa, romelic radikalurad gansxvavebulia istoriaSi arsebuli
wina ekonomikuri sistemebisgan da gulisxmobs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebas
myidvelTa farTo wrisaTvis. isini, vinc floben kapitals – qarxnebs, danadgarebs da didZal fuls –
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qmnian mmarTvel klass. mosaxleobis didi umravlesoba daqirvabuli muSebis klass qmnis, anu
muSaTa klass, romelsac ar gaaCnia sxva saarsebo saSualeba, Tu ara samuSao, romelsac
kapitalis mesakuTreni iZlevian. amrigad, kapitalizmi aris klasobrivi sistema, romlis pirobebSic
klasebs Soris konfliqti Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
Mmarqsis mixedviT, momavalSi kapitalizmi unda Seicvalos sazogadoebiT, sadac
klasebi ar iarsebeben – ar iqneba didi gansxvaveba mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris. igi ar
gulisxmobda, rom yvela uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris gaqreba; aramed gulisxmobda, rom
sazogadoebebi ar iqnebian gaxleCili mcire klasebad, romlebic monopolizebas uweven
ekonomikur da politikur Zalauflebas, da ar iqneba adamianebis udidesi masa, romelic Zalze
cotas sargeblobs im simdidriT, romelsac Tavad qmnis. Seiqmneba saerTo sakuTrebaze
dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri sistema da Camoyalibdeba ufro Tanaswori sazogadoeba, vidre
dRemde arsebobda.
marqsis moZRvrebam didi gavlena iqonia meoce saukunis msoflioze. bolo dromde, anu
sabWoTa komunizmis daSlamde, msoflios mosaxleobis erTi mesamedi cxovrobda
sazogadoebebSi, romelTa mTavrobebi acxadebdnen, rom marqsis ideebiT iyvnen STagonebulni.
garda amisa, marqsis ideebma klasebisa da klasobrivi dayofis Sesaxeb gavlena moaxdina mraval
sociologze.
Mmaqs veberi
Mmarqsis msgavsad, maqs vebersac (1864-1920) mxolod sociologs ver vuwodebT; misi
mecnieruli interesebi da urTierTobebi mraval sferos moicavs. veberi germaniaSi daibada, sadac
ganvlo Tavisi samecniero moRvaweobis umetesi nawili. igi farTo ganaTlebis adamiani iyo.
Mmisi naSromebi moicavs ekonomikis, samarTlis, filosofiis da SedarebiTi istoriis sferoebs;
aqvs mravali naSromi sociologiaSi da, aseve, bevrs muSaobda Tanamedrove kapitalizmis
ganviTarebis sakiTxebze. misi drois sxva moazrovneebis msgavsad, veberi cdilobda,
gaeazrebina socialuri cvlilebis arsi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis gavlenas ganicdida, igi
metad kritikuli iyo marqsis zogierTi ZiriTadi ideis mimarT. igi uaryofda istoriis materialistur
gagebas da klasobriv konfliqts nakleb mniSvnelovnad Tvlida, vidre amas marqsi miiCnevda.
veberis azriT, ekonomikuri faqtorebi Zalze mniSvnelovania, Tumca ideebsa da Rirebulebebs
aseTive zegavlena aqvs socialur cvlilebaze.
veberis yvelaze mniSvnelovani naSromebi eZRvneboda dasavluri sazogadoebis sxva
ZiriTad civilizaciebTan SedarebiT analizs. man Seiswavla CineTis, indoeTis da axlo
aRmosavleTis religiebi, da am kvlevebiT didi wvlili Seitana religiis sociologiaSi. CineTsa da
indoeTSi arsebuli wamyvani religiuri sistemebis dasavlur religiebTan Sedarebis safuZvelze,
veberma daaskvna, rom qristianuli religiis garkveulma aspeqtebma didi gavlena moaxdina
kapitalizmis ganviTarebaze. Ees Tvalsazrisi mxolod ekonomikuri cvlilebebis gamo ar gaCenila,
rogorc amas marqsi miiCnevda; veberis SexedulebiT, sazogadoebisa da Cveni individualuri
qmedebebis Camoyalibeba ganpirobebulia kulturuli ideebiT da RirebulebebiT.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis bunebis veberiseuli gageba da cxovrebis dasavluri stilis
gavrcelebis mizezebi agreTve arsebiTad gansxvavebulia marqsis gagebisagan. veberis
mixedviT, kapitalizmi – ekonomikuri saqmianobis organizebis gansakuTrebuli gza – erT-erTi
ZiriTadi faqtoria socialuri ganviTarebisTvis. kapitalizmis safuZvelSi, ramdenadme ufro
fundamenturad, mecnierebisa da biurokratiis gavlena devs. mecnierebam saxe misca
Tanamedrove teqnologias da ase gagrZeldeba nebismier momaval sazogadoebaSi. biurokratia
adamianTa didi ricxvis efeqturad organizebis erTaderTi gzaa da amitomac aucieleblad
farTovdeba, ekonomikur da politikur zrdasTan erTad. mecnierebis, Tanamedrove teqnologiis da
biurokratiis erToblivi ganviTareba daxasiaTebuli iyo veberis mier, rogorc racionalizacia –
socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis organizeba efeqturobis principebis mixedviT da teqnikuri
codnis safuZvelze.
Ggviandeli moazrovneebi
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MmiSel fuko da iurgen habermasi

Ggviandeli periodis yvelaze cnobil sociolog moazrovneTa Soris, unda aRvniSnoT frangi
avtori miSel fuko (1926-84) da germaneli mecnieri iurgen habermasi (1929). sociologiis
klasikosi fuZemdeblebis msgavsad, arcerTi maTgani ar aris mxolod sociologi; TiToeul maTgans
mTeli rigi kvlevebi aqvs filosofiasa da istoriaSi.
cnobilia, rom miSel fuko meoce saukunis socialuri azrovnebis erT-erTi brwyinvale
warmomadgenelia. Mmisi Sromebi, maqs veberis mier biurokratiis analizis msgavsad, exeba
cixeebis, saavadmyofoebis, skolebisa da sxva msxvili organizaciebis ganviTarebas. fukos
gviandeli gamokvleva seqsualobisa da meobis Sesaxeb aseve Zalze didi gavleniT sargeblobda,
gansakuTrebiT feminist avtorebs Soris. fukos mixedviT, `seqsualoba~ (rogorc adre aRvniSneT,
romantikul siyvarulTan dakavSirebiT) yovelTvis rodi arsebobda, aramed socialuri ganviTarebis
procesebis Sedegs warmoadgens. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi seqsualoba iqceva raRacad,
rasac `vflobT~ _ meobis sakuTrebad.
Zalauflebis kvleva – is, Tu rogor aRweven individebi da jgufebi TavianT miznebs,
rogorc sxvebis sawinaaRmdegos – fundamenturi mniSvnelobisaa sociologiisTvis. sxva klasikos
fuZemdeblebs Soris, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba Zalauflebaze marqsma da veberma
gaamaxviles. Ffukom gaagrZela zogierTi mimarTuleba, rasac maT safuZveli Cauyares.
MmagaliTad, misi azriT, seqsualoba yovelTvis gadajaWvulia socialur ZalauflebasTan. igi
eWvis qveS ayenebda mosazrebas, rom codnis SeZenas meti Tavisuflebisken mivyavarT.
piriqiT, igi codnas ganixilavda, rogorc adamianebis `Tvalyuris devnebis~ da kontrolis
saSualebas.
iurgen habermasi, dRes msoflioSi, SesaZloa, yvelaze mniSvnelovani sociologi
moazrovnea. Mman ganicada marqsisa da veberis gavlena, Tumca, azrovnebis sxva tradiciebsac
eziara. habermasis mixedviT, kapitalisturi sazogadoebebi, sadac mudmivad xdeba cvlileba,
rogorc Cans, im moraluri wesrigis ngrevisken ixreba, romelzec, faqtobrivad, Tavad aris
damokidebuli. Cven iseTi socialuri wesrigis pirobebSi vcxovrobT, sadac ekonomikur zrdas
eniWeba upiratesoba, sxva yvelaferTan SedarebiT. magram amgvari situacia yoveldRiur
cxovrebas azrs ukargavs. aq habermasi diurkemis anomiis cnebas ubrundeba, Tumca mas axali
da originaluri gziT iyenebs.
Aaris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba?

diurkemi, marqsi da sociologiis sxva damaarseblebi, mas ganixilavdnen rogorc
mecnierebas. magram SegviZlia ki SeviswavloT adamianis cxovreba mecnieruli gziT? am
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, jer Tavad sityvis mniSvneloba unda gavigoT. ra aris mecniereba?
Mmecniereba empiriuli kvlevis sistematuri meTodebis, monacemebis analizis, Teoriuli
azrovnebis da argumentebis logikuri Sefasebis gamoyenebaa imisaTvis, rom ganvaviTaroT
srulyofili codna calkeuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb. sociologia mecnieruli Zalisxmevaa. igi gulisxmobs
empiriuli kvlevis sistematur meTodebs, monacemebis analizs da Teoriebis Sefasebas sicxadisa
da logikuri argumentis Suqze.
Aadamianebis Seswavla gansxvavdeba fizikur samyaroSi arsebuli movlenebis
kvlevisgan da sociologia ar unda ganixilebodes uSualod sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis
msgavsad. bunebis sagnebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani TviTSemmecnebeli arsebaa, romelic
asazrisianebs da mizans aniWebs imas, rasac akeTebs. Cven zustad verc ki davaxasiaTebT
socialur cxovrebas, Tu manamde ver CavwvdiT im zogad ideebs, romelTac adamianebi
TavianTi qcevis dros iyeneben. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom sikvdili TviTmkvlelobad
davaxasiaToT, unda vicodeT, ra hqonda mxedvelobaSi aRniSnul pirovnebas im dros.
TviTmkvleloba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, rodesac piovnebas TviTganadgurebis idea
aqtiurad utrialebs gonebaSi. Aadamians, romelic SemTxveviT moxvdeba manqanis qveS da
daiRupeba, ar SeiZleba TviTmkvleli vuwodoT.
is faqti, rom Cven ar SegviZlia adamianebis Seswavla zustad im gziT, rogorc bunebis
obieqtebs vswavlobT, garkveuli azriT, sociologiis upiratesobas warmoadgens. sociologi
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mkvlevarebis upiratesoba is aris, rom SeuZliaT uSualod kiTxvebis dasma imaTTvis, visac isini
swavloben – sxva adamianebisTvis. sxva mxriv, sociologia qmnis iseT siZneleebs, romelTac
bunebismetyveli mecnierebi ar ejaxebian. adamianebma, romlebmac ician, rom maTi
qmedebebi, xSirad, dakvirvebiT Seiswavleba, aRar iqcevian ise, rogorc Cveulebriv
moiqceodnen. Segnebulad Tu Seugneblad, maT SeiZleba iseTi warmodgena Segviqmnan
TavianT Tavze, rac gansxvavdeba maTi realuri mimarTebebisgan. isini cdiloben kidec
`daexmaron~ mkvlevars im pasuxebiT, rac, maTi rwmeniT, maTgan surT miiRon.
rogor SeuZlia sociologias dagvexmaros cxovrebaSi?

sociologias uzarmazari praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs Cveni cxovrebisTvis, rogorc amas
xazs usvamda milsi, rodesac aviTarebda Tavis ideas sociologiuri warmosaxvis Sesaxeb.
Kkulturuli gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba

pirvelyovlisa, sociologia saSualebas gvaZlevs, samyaro sxvadasxva perspeqtividan
ganvixiloT. sakmaod xSirad, Tu sworad gavigebT sxvebis cxovrebas, aseve ukeTesad gavigebT
maTi problemebis arss. praqtikul politikas, romelic im adamianebis cxovrebis wesis srul
gacnobierebas ar emyareba, romlebzec igi zemoqmedebs, warmatebis Zalze mcire Sansi aqvs.
ase rom, TeTrkaniani socialuri muSaki, romelic Savkanianebis umetesobiT dasaxlebul erTobaSi
muSaobs, ver moipovebs misi wevrebis ndobas, Tu ar ganaviTarebs mgrZnobelobas im
gansxvavebebis mimarT, rac, xSirad, TeTrkanianebisa da Savkanianebis socialur gamocdilebas
mijnavs.
politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba

meorec, sociologiuri kvleva praqtikul daxmarebas uzrunvelyofs politikuri iniciativebis
Sedegebis SefasebaSi. praqtikuli reformis programam, SesaZloa, ver ganaxorcielos is, rasac misi
Semqmnelebi cdilobdnen an, SesaZloa, warumatebeli Sedegebi gamoiwvios. MmagaliTad,
meore msoflio omis Semdgom wlebSi, mraval qveyanaSi, qalaqebis centralur adgilebSi
komunaluri saxlebis mTeli blokebi aSenda. Ddagegmili iyo, dabalSemosavliani jgufebi
moSorebuli adgilebidan, uzrunveleyoT sacxovreblis maRali standartebiT da maT siaxloves
mdebare savaWro da sxva samoqalaqo momsaxurebiT. Tumca kvlevam dagvanaxa, rom bevri
adamiani, romelic Tavisi pirvandeli sacxovreblidan mravalsarTulian blokebSi gadasaxlda, Tavs
gariyulad da ubedurad grZnobda. mravalsarTuliani blokebi da savaWro centrebi RaribTa
dasaxlebaSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, naxevrad nangrevebad gadaiqca da noyieri niadagi gaxda
qurdobisa da sxva Zaladobrivi danaSaulisTvis.
TviTganaTleba
mesame, da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom sociologias SeuZlia uzrunvelyos
TviTganaTleba – gaRrmavebuli TviTgageba. rac ufro metad vacnobierebT, Tu ras vakeTebT, da
aseve meti warmodgena gveqneba Cveni sazogadoebis zogadi meqanizmebis Sesaxeb, miT ufro
meti zegavlena SegviZlia viqonioT Cvens momavalze. Cven ar unda ganvixiloT sociologia,
rogorc mxolod politikis mkeTeblebis, anu Zlieri jgufebis, damxmare Zala, srulyofili
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. Zalauflebis mqoneni yovelTvis ver iReben mxedvelobaSi naklebi
Zalauflebis mqoneTa da politikaSi naklebad privilegirebulTa interesebs. TviTganaTlebis mqone
jgufebs SeuZliaT isargeblon sociologiuri gamokvleviT da efeqturi reagireba moaxdinon
mTavrobis politikaze, an dasaxon sakuTari politikuri iniciativebi. TviTdaxmarebis jgufebi,
rogoricaa ,,anonimuri alkoholikebi” (Alcoholics Anonymous) da socialuri moZraobebi,
rogoricaa garemos dacvis moZraoba, im socialuri jgufebis magaliTebia, romelTa uSualo
mcdelobaa, warmatebiT ganaxorcielon praqtikuli reformebi.
ÓÏÝÉÏËsociologiis roli sazogadoebaSi
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da bolos, mravali sociologi, rogorc profesionali, sakuTar Tavs uSualod praqtikul

saqmianobas ukavSirebs. sociologiaSi ganswavluli adamianebi muSaoben, rogorc mrewvelobis
konsultantebi, urbanuli damgegmareblebi, socialuri muSakebi da personaluri menejerebi; aseve,
ewevian sxva mraval praqtikul saqmianobas.
saWiroa Tu ara, Tavad sociologebma aqtiurad daicvan da agitacia gauwion reformis
programebs an socialur cvlilebas? zogs miaCnia, rom sociologias im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia
SeinarCunos sakuTari inteleqtualuri damoukidebloba, Tu sociologebi savsebiT neitralurebi
iqnebian moralur da politikur sadao sakiTxebSi. Tumca, arsebobs kavSiri sociologiis
Seswavlasa da socialur patiosnebas Soris. ar arsebobs sociologiurad ganswavluli adamiani,
romelic ver acnobierebdes msoflioSi dRes arsebul uTanasworobas, mraval socialur situaciaSi
socialuri samarTlianobis naklebobas, da gaWirvebas, romelsac milionobiT adamiani ganicdis.
sakvirveli iqneboda, sociologebi rom ar Camdgariyvnen praqtikuli sakiTxebis samsaxurSi da
alogikuri iqneboda, agvekrZala maTTvis, am mizniT TavianTi eqspertiza gamoeyenebinaT.
Ddaskvna
winamdebare TavSi davinaxeT, rom sociologia is disciplinaa, sadac gverdze vdebT
pirovnul xedvas samyaros Sesaxeb imisaTvis, rom ufro guldasmiT ganvixiloT gavlenebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven Cvensa da sxvebis cxovrebas. sociologia, rogorc garkveuli
inteleqtualuri Zalisxmeva, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebasTan erTad warmoiSva, da
aseTi sazogadoebebis Seswavla principul interess inarCunebs; Tumca, sociologebi sakiTxebis
ufro farTo wriT arian dainteresebulni, rogoricaa, magaliTad, socialuri urTierTqmedebis buneba
da zogadad adamianuri sazogadoebebi.
sociologia mxolod abstraqtuli inteleqtualuri sfero ar aris, aramed uzarmazari praqtikuli
mniSvneloba aqvs adamianebis cxovrebisTvis. sociologad Camoyalibeba ar unda gadaiqces
mosawyen akademiur Zalisxmevad! saukeTeso gza imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom ase ar
moxdeba, obieqtis mimarT warmosaxvis saSualebiT midgoma da sociologiuri ideebisa da
mignebebis sakuTari cxovrebis situaciebTan dakavSirebaa.
EerT-erTi saSualeba amisaTvis aris im gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba, romelic arsebobs
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Cveni cxovrebis wesebsa da adamianTa sxva jgufebis cxovrebis
wesebs Soris. yvela adamianur arsebas Zalze bevri saerTo aqvs. msgavsad amisa, arsebobs didi
mravalgvaroba gansxvavebul sazogadoebebsa da kulturebs Soris. am msgavsebebsa da
gansxvavebebs me-2 da me-3 TavebSi ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
1. sociologia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianTa sazogadoebebis, gansakuTrebiT,
Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoebebis sistematuri Seswavla.
2. sociologia warmoiSva, rogorc im didi cvlilebebis gaazrebis mcdeloba, rac adamianTa
sazogadoebebSi moxda bolo ori an sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
3. sociologiur kvlevaSi mniSvnelovania adamianis qmedebis gaTvaliswinebul da
gauTvaliswinebel Sedegebs Soris gansxvavebis danaxva.
4. sociologiis praqtika gulisxmobs warmosaxviTi azrovnebis unars da socialuri cxovrebis
Sesaxeb winaswarSeqmnili warmodgenebidan ganTavisuflebas.
5. sociologiis klasikos damfuZneblebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani oTxi figuraa:
ogiust konti, karl marqsi, emil diurkemi da maqs veberi. kontma da marqsma, romlebic
mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi moRvaweobdnen, sociologiis zogierTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi
Camoayalibes, romlebic mogvianebiT diurkemma da veberma ganaviTares. es sakiTxebi exeba
sociologiis bunebas da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebis gavlenas socialur samyaroze.
6. Tanamedrove gamoCenil sociolog moazrovneTa Soris arian miSel fuko da iurgen
habermasi. maTi moRvaweoba kidev ufro aviTarebs klasikosi fuZemdeblebis mier warmodgenil
Temebs.
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7. misi fuZemdeblebis Tanaxmad, sociologia im azriT aris mecniereba, rom igi

gulisxmobs kvlevis sistematur meTodebs da Teoriebis Sefasebas sicxadisa da logikuri
argumentis safuZvelze. magram ar SeiZleba misi modelireba uSualod bunebis mecnierebis
safuZvelze, radgan adamianuri qcevis Seswavla fundamenturad gansxvavdeba bunebis samyaros
Seswavlisgan.
8. sociologia mravalgvari praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone disciplinaa. mas SeuZlia,
mravali mimarTulebiT, xeli Seuwyos socialur kriticizmsa da praqtikul socialur reformas. jer
erTi, mocemuli socialuri garemoebebis ukeTesad gacnobiereba, xSirad, maTi gakontrolebis
ukeTes Sanss gvaZlevs; meorec, sociologia saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavaRrmavoT Cveni kulturuli
mgrZnobeloba, exmareba ra politikas, daefuZnos gansxvavebuli kulturuli Rirebulebebis
gacnobierebas; mesamec, Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT calkeuli politikuri programebis
miRebis Sedegebi (gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli); da bolos, SesaZloa yvelaze
mniSvnelovani, sociologia uzrunvelyofs TviTganaTlebas, sTavazobs ra jgufebsa da individebs
mzard SesaZleblobas, Secvalon sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebi.
MmniSvnelovani terminebi
sociologiuri warmosaxva
gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi
socialuri reproduqcia
socialuri transformacia
anomia
istoriis materialisturi gageba
kapitalizmi
TviTganaTleba
Tavi 2
Kkultura, sazogadoeba da pirovneba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
adamianTa modgma
kulturuli mravalgvaroba
K
kulturuli identoba da eTnocentrizmi
socializacia
arasocializebuli bavSvebi
bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba

AaRqmiTi ganviTareba. tirili da Rimili.
BbavSvebi da aRmzrdelebi. socialuri reaqciebis ganviTareba.
Teoriebi bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

Ffroidi da fsiqoanalizi. j. h. midis Teoria.
PpiaJe: SemecnebiTi ganviTareba. Teoriebs Soris kavSirebi.
cxovrebis gza
bavSvoba. siymawvile.
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Aaxalgazrdoba. zrdasruloba. sibere.
TaobaTa cvla
socializacia da pirovnuli Tavisufleba

D
Sejameba
damatebiTi literatura
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
K kultura. sazogadoeba. Rirebulebebi. socializacia.
aracnobieri. TviTcnobiereba. identoba
cnebebi kultura da sazogadoeba, romlebic winamdebare TavSi unda vikvlioT,

sociologiaSi yvelaze farTod gamoyenebuli cnebebia. rodesac sityva `kulturas~ Cveulebriv,
yoveldRiur saubarSi viyenebT, xSirad vgulisxmobT `gonebiT momadlebul niWs~ _ xelovnebas,
literaturas, musikas da mxatvrobas. am terminis qveS sociologebi, ra Tqma unda, igive
aqtivobebs gulisxmoben, Tumca bevr sxvasac. kultura exeba sazogadoebis yvela wevris an
masSi Semavali garkveuli jgufebis cxovrebis wess; es gulisxmobs maTi Cacmis stils, maT
saqorwino wes-Cveulebebs da ojaxur cxovrebas, maTi samuSaos xasiaTs, religiur ritualebs da
Tavisufali drois tarebas.
`kultura~ da `sazogadoeba~ konceptualurad gansxvavebuli cnebebia, Tumca maT Soris
mWidro kavSiri arsebobs. sazogadoeba urTierTkavSirebis sistemaa, romelic individebs
erTmaneTTan aerTianebs. Aam azriT, britaneTi, safrangeTi da SeerTebuli Statebi
sazogadoebebia. isini milionobiT adamianisgan Sedgeba; rogorc Semdeg TavebSi davinaxavT,
zogierTi sazogadoebebi gacilebiT mcire moculobisaa.
kultura ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sazogadoebebis gareSe. Tumca, aseve, sazogadoebebic ar
arsebobs kulturis gareSe. kulturis gareSe Cven saerTod ar gverqmeoda àdamiani~ im azriT,
romliTac, Cveulebriv, gvesmis es termini. Cven ar gveqneboda ena, romliTac gamovxatavdiT
sakuTar Tavs, ar gveqneboda TviTSemecneba, da Cveni azrovnebisa da msjelobis unari Zlier
SezRuduli iqneboda. ramdenad asxvavebs amgvari maxasiaTeblebi adamianebs cxovelebisgan?
saidan movida Cveni gansxvavebuli àdamianuri~ maxasiaTeblebi? rogoria adamianis buneba?
es kiTxvebi sociologiisTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobisaa, radgan safuZvels uyris codnis mTel
sferos. imisaTvis, rom am kiTxvebs vupasuxoT, unda gavaanalizoT, ra gvaqvs saerTo Cven,
rogorc adamianur arsebebs, da ra gangvasxvavebs erTmaneTisgan.
Aadamianuri modgma
sociobiologia
miuxedavad imisa, rom biologebi aRiarebdnen evoluciur uwyvetobas cxovelebsa da
adamianebs Soris, ukanasknel xanebamde maTi umravlesoba cdilobda, xazi gaesva adamianuri
saxeobis gansxvavebuli TvisebebisTvis. am pozicias eWvisqveS ayeneben sociobiologebi,
romlebic mWidro analogiebs xedaven adamianebisa da cxovelTa qcevas Soris. termini
sociobiologia amerikeli mecnieris eduard uilsonis naSromebSi gaCnda (Wilson 1975, 1978). Eis
exeba biologiuri principebis gamoyenebis sakiTxs yvela socialuri cxovelis, maT Soris
adamianis, socialuri aqtivobebis asaxsnelad. uilsonis mixedviT, adamianis socialuri cxovrebis
bevri aspeqti mis genetikur wyobazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, cxovelTa zogierT saxeobas
urTierTmoxiblvis saukeTesod ganviTarebuli ritualebi aqvs, rac urTierTkavSiriTa da
STamomavlobis gagrZelebiT mTavrdeba. adamianTa wyvilebis urTierTmoxiblva da maTi
urTierTkavSiric, sociobiologebis azriT, zogadad igive ritualebs moicavs, rac Tandayolil
maxasiaTeblebs gulisxmobs. sxva magaliTi rom aviRoT, vnaxavT, rom cxovelebSi mamrebi
mdedrebze ufro didi zomisani da ufro agresiulebi arian, amasTan, gabatonebulni `sust sqesze.”
SesaZloa, genetikurma faqtorebma axsnas, ratomaa, rom CvenTvis cnobil yvela adamianur
sazogadoebaSi mamakacebi cdiloben, qalebze meti avtoriteti moipovon.
EerT-erTi gza, romliTac sociobiologebi Seecadnen, gaeSuqebinaT sqesebs Soris
urTierToba, `reproduqciuli strategiis~ ideaa. reproduqciuli strategia qcevis modelia, romelic
evoluciuri SerCevis gziT aris miRweuli da STamomavlobis gadarCenas uwyobs xels. qalis
sxeuls, mamakacTan SedarebiT, Zalze didi wvlili Seaqvs Tavis repoduqciul ujredebSi. amitom
qalebi uqmad ar xarjaven am saSualebas da ar iswrafvian mraval partniorTan seqsualuri
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urTierTobisken; maTi umTavresi mizani STamomavlobaze zrunva da misi dacvaa.

Mmamakacebi ki, am mxriv, ganurCevlebi arian. mraval partniorTan seqsualuri urTierTobis
survili, maTi modgmis gagrZelebis TvalsazrisiT, swori strategiaa; isini TavianT rols Casaxvis
SesaZleblobiT aRasruleben da Semdeg Cveulebriv ganagrZoben cxovrebas. aRiniSna, rom am
gziT SegviZlia avxsnaT seqsualuri qcevis da mimarTebebis gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da
qalebs Soris da vwvdeT iseT fenomens, rogoric gaupatiurebaa.
Aamgvari ganmartebebis Sedegad wamoWrili mravali sakiTxi, am bolo wlebSi, farTo
ganxilvis sagani gaxda. isini dResac Zalze sakamaTo rCeba. Mmecnierebi or banakad iyofian,
rac maT inteleqtualur safuZvlebzea damokidebuli. avtorebi, romlebic sociobiologiur Tvalsazriss
emxrobian, ufro metad biologiaSi arian ganswavlulni, vidre socialur mecnierebebSi, maSin
rodesac sociologebisa da anTropologebis umravlesoba skeptikuradaa ganwyobili
sociobiologebis Sexedulebebis mimarT. SesaZloa, maT ramdenadme naklebi ician adamianis
cxovrebis genetikuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb, xolo biologebs, aseve, arasrulyofili warmodgena
aqvT sociologiur da anTropologiur kvlevebze. TiToeuli mxarisTvis Znelia, srulad aRiqvas
meoris mier wamoyenebuli argumentebi.
uilsonis naSromis mier adre gamowveuli mRelvareba amJamad minelda da, rogorc Cans,
SesaZlebeli xdeba arsebuli sakiTxebis racionaluri Sefaseba. sociobiologias didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, Tumca misi damsaxureba ufro cxovelTa cxovrebis aRweriT ganisazRvreba, vidre
adamianebis qcevis demonstrirebiT. eTologebis kvlevebze dayrdnobiT (biologebi, romlebic
`savele samuSaos~ awarmoeben cxovelTa jgufebs Soris da ar swavloben maT xelovnurad
zooparkebsa da laboratoriebSi), sociobiologebma aCvenes, rom cxovelTa mravali saxeoba ufro
metad `socialuria,~ vidre aqamde iTvleboda. cxovelTa jgufebs mniSvnelovani zegavlena aqvs
am saxeobaTa calkeuli wevris qcevaze. Mmeore mxriv, Zalze mcire mtkicebulebaa mopovebuli
imis sademonstraciod, rom adamianis aqtivobis kompleqsur formebs genetikuri
memkvidreobiToba marTavs. amrigad, sociobiologebis mosazrebebi adamianis socialuri
cxovrebis Sesaxeb, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, spekulaturia da sxva araferi. mravali kritikosi
sruliad uaryofs adamianis seqsualuri qcevis zemoT motanil interpretacias. isini amboben, rom ar
arsebobs gza, romliTac es SeiZleba damtkicebul iqnes. ufro metic, yvela mamakaci rodia
ganurCeveli seqsualur urTierTobebSi; xolo Tu davakvirdebiT Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
arsebul seqsualur qcevas, qalebi gacilebiT Tavisufalni arian sakuTari seqsualuri garemos
arCevaSi, vidre iyvnen xolme, da maT, saSualod, imdenive sasiyvarulo urTierToba aqvT,
ramdenic mamakacebs. maSinac ki, Tu sociobiologebis SemoTavazebuli gazogadeba sworia,
arsebobs mravali fsiqologiuri, socialuri da kulturuli faqtori, rasac amis axsna SeuZlia.
magaliTad, sazogadoebaSi meti Zalaufleba mamakacebs aqvT; mravali partnioris ZebniT, maT,
SesaZloa, amoZravebdeT survili, ganaxorcielon es Zalaufleba da qalebi TavianT srul kontrols
dauqvemdebaron.
instinqtebi da biologiuri moTxovnilebebi

biologTa da sociologTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba imaze, rom adamianebs ìnstinqtebi~
ara aqvT. AaseTi debuleba ara marto sociobiologiis hipoTezebs ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed
adamianTa umetesobis rwmenasac. Ggana cota ram aris, rasac Cven ìnstinqturad~ vakeTebT?
vinmem muSti rom `gviTavazos~, gana ìnstinqturad~ Tvals ar davxuWavT an ganze ar
gavxtebiT? sinamdvileSi, es instinqtis gamomxatveli magaliTi ar aris im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
termin instinqts zusti mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenebT. rogorc cnobilia, biologiasa da sociologiaSi
instinqti genetikurad gansazRvruli qcevis kompleqsuri formaa. Aam azriT, dabali ganviTarebis
cxovelTa urTierTltolva instinqturia. magaliTad, Cxvletiebs (mtknari wylis patara Tevzi) Zalze
rTulad agebuli rituali aqvT, rac orivem, dedalma da mamalma unda Seasrulos Sewyvilebis dros
(Tinbergen, 1974). yoveli maTgani Zalze rTul moZraobebs asrulebs, rasac meore pasuxobs da
rac `Sewyvilebis cekvad~ gadaiqceva. es mTeli saxeobis genetikuri modelia. Tvalis spontanurad
moxuWva an Tavis uneburi gaweva moulodneli dartymisgan, refleqsuri qmedeba ufroa, vidre
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instinqti. es, ubralod, erTeuli pasuxia da ara gamomuSavebuli qcevis modeli. igi ar ganixileba,
rogorc ìnstinqturi,~ Tavisi zusti mniSvnelobiT.
Aadamianebs mravali Tandayolili refleqsi aqvT, Tvalis moxuWvis msgavsi, da maT
umetesobas, rogorc Cans, evoluciuri gadarCenis datvirTva aqvs. Cvili bavSvebi, magaliTad,
woven, Tu ZuZus an ZuZusmagvar sagans miawodeb. Ppatara bavSvi, ucabedad wonasworobis
dakargvisas, xels Slis, raTa raimes moeWidos, da xeli saswrafod ukan miaqvs, cxel zedapirs Tu
Seexo. garemosTan SeguebisTvis yvela es reaqcia Zalze mniSvnelovania.
Aadamianebs, aseve, mravali biologiurad ganpirobebuli moTxovnileba aqvT. Ees iseTi
organuli moTxovnilebebia, rogoricaa sakvebi, sasmeli, seqsualuri urTierTobebi da sxeulis
garkveuli temperaturis SenarCuneba. Tumca saSualebebi, romliTac es moTxovnilebebi
kmayofildeba, Zalze gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturasa da calkeuli kulturis farglebSic ki.
MmagaliTad, yvela kulturas urTierTmoxiblvis standartuli qcevis Taviseburi forma
gaaCnia. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom igi seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis zogad xasiaTs ukavSirdeba,
maTi gamoxatva sxvadasxva kulturaSi – Tavad seqsualuri aqtis CaTvliT – Zalze
gansxvavebulia. dasavlur kulturaSi, seqsualuri urTierTobis Cveul mdgomareobas warmoadgens,
rodesac qali zurgze wevs, xolo mamakaci maszea. amgvari pozicia absurdulad miiCneva bevr
sxva sazogadoebaSi, sadac igive aqti gverdigverd mdgomareobaSi xdeba, an qalia zemoT, an
qali zurgiT aris mibrunebuli mamakacTan, anda sxva poziciebSi. gzebi, romliTac adamianebi
TavianTi seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben, Cans, kulturuli gamocdilebaa
da ara genetikurad Tandayolili Tviseba.
Uufro metic, adamians SeuZlia Tavisi biologiuri moTxovnilebebis daZleva, rac ar
arsebobs cxovelebs Soris. religiur mistikosebs marxvis Senaxva Zalze didi xnis manZilze
SeuZliaT. mraval adamians SeuZlia martoxela iyos mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. Yyvela cxovels,
adamianis CaTvliT, amoZravebs TviTSenarCunebisken miswrafeba, Tumca, sxva
cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianebs SeuZliaT am miswrafebas SeewinaaRmdegon, riskis
qveS ayeneben ra sicocxles,MmagaliTad, alpinizmiT an raime sxva saxifaTo saqmianobiT, an
Tundac imiT, rom SeuZliaT Tavi moiklan.
Kkulturuli mravalgvaroba
aRsaniSnavia adamianuri kulturis mravalgvaroba. qcevis miRebuli formebi Zalze
cvalebadia kulturebs Soris da xSirad radikalurad gansxvavdeba imisgan, rasac dasavleTSi
mcxovrebi adamianebi `normalurs~ uwodeben. magaliTad, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi, Cvilebis
an patara bavSvebis ganzrax mokvdineba umZimes danaSaulad iTvleba; Tumca tradiciul Cinur
kulturaSi axladdabadebul gogonebs xSirad gudavdnen, vinaidan gogonebis yola ufro zedmet
valdebulebad iTvleboda ojaxisTvis, vidre SenaZenad.
DdasavleTSi xamanwkebs mirTmeven, magram ar miirTmeven knutebsa da lekvebs;
Tumca igi delikatesad aris miCneuli msoflios zogierT qveyanaSi. Eebraelebi ar miirTmeven
Roris xorcs, Tumca indoelebi Roris xorcs miirTmeven da Tavs arideben saqonlis xorcs.
dasavlelebs kocna seqsualuri qcevis normalur gamovlinebad miaCniaT, maSin rodesac bevri
sxva kulturisTvis igi an gaugebaria, an zizRismomgvreli. Qqcevis yvela es Tavisebureba farTo
kulturuli gansxvavebebis aspeqtebia, rac erT sazogadoebas gamoarCevs meorisgan.
Mmcire sazogadoebebi (me-2 TavSi ganxilul `monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa~
sazogadoebebis msgavsad) cdiloben kulturulad unificirebulni iyvnen, Tumca industriuli
sazogadoebebi kulturulad mravalgvaria, radgan mraval gansxvavebul subkulturas Seicavs. dRes,
Tanamedrove did qalaqebSi, mravali subkulturuli erToba gverdigverd cxovrobs; magaliTad,
vest indoelebi, pakistanelebi, indoelebi, bangladeSelebi, italielebi da berZnebi londonis centris
midamoebSi binadroben. yvela maTgans, SesaZloa, hqondes sakuTari teritoria da cxovrebis
sakuTari wesi.
kulturuli identoba da eTnocentrizmi
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yvela kulturas qcevis sakuTari modeli axasiaTebs, rac ucxod eCveneba sxva kulturuli
safuZvlebis mqone adamianebs. magaliTis saxiT, SeiZleba aviRoT nakiremas kultura, romelic
aRwerilia horas maineris (1956) cnobil gamokvlevaSi. mainerma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
sxeulis rTul ritualebs miaqcia, romelTac nakirema iyenebs; ritualebs, romelTac ucnauri da
egzotikuri xasiaTi aqvs. misi msjeloba namdvilad imsaxurebs dawvrilebiT citirebas:
`mTlian sistemas safuZvlad udevs fundamenturi rwmena, rom adamianis sxeuli maxinjia
da axasiaTebs sisustisa da avadmyofobis tendencia. amgvar sxeulSi gansaxierebuli adamianis
erTaderTi imedi am maxasiaTeblebis Tavidan acilebaa, ritualebisa da ceremoniebis aqtiurad
gamoyenebiT. Aam mizniT, yovel ojaxs Tayvaniscemis erTi an meti sagani aqvs.... maTgan
umTavresi mniSvnelobisaa yuTi an skivri, romelic kedelSia CaSenebuli. am skivrSi inaxeba
mravali amuleti da magiuri wamali, romelTa gareSe, adgilobrivi rwmeniT, veravin SesZlebs
cxovrebas. am saSualebebs sxvadasxva daxelovnebuli praqtikosebi icaven. yvelaze uflebamosili
maT Soris eqimbaSebia, romelTa daxmareba mniSvnelovani saCuqrebiT unda iqnes
anazRaurebuli. magram eqimbaSebi TavianT pacientebs wamlebs ki ar aZleven, aramed
karnaxoben, ra ingredientebia saWiro wamlisTvis da Semdeg Caiweren maT raRac uZveles da
saidumlo enaze. es Canaweri mxolod eqimbaSisa da samkurnalo mcenareebis
SemgroveblebisTvis aris gasagebi, romelic kidev erTi saCuqris fasad amzadebs sasurvel
wamals...
nakiremas warmomadgenlebs, TiTqmis paTologiuri SiSi aqvT da aseve moxiblulni arian
bage-piriT, romlis mdgomareoba mTel socialur urTierTobebSi zebunebrivi zegavlenis mqoned
aris miCneuli. Tu ar Catardeba bage-piris rituali, maT sjeraT, rom kbilebi CamoucvivdebaT,
RrZilebidan sisxldena eqnebaT, ybebi moeqcevaT, megobrebi miatoveben da sayvareli qalebi
uars etyvian. maT aseve sjeraT, rom arsebobs mWidro kavSiri oralur da moralur
maxasiaTeblebs Soris. magaliTad, arsebobs bavSvebisaTvis piris gamovlebis rituali, rac
miCneulia, rom aumjobesebs maT moralur Tvisebebs.
sxeulis yoveldRiuri rituali pirTan dakavSirebul manipulaciebsac gulisxmobs. im faqtis
sapirispirod, rom es adamianebi ase punqtualurad zrunaven piris movlaze, es rituali
gauTviTcnobierebul ucxo adamians aRmaSfoTeblad miaCnia. gadmomces, rom aris rituali,
romlis dros magiuri fxvniliT mofrqveul Roris jagars pirSi ideben, rasac Tan axlavs Zlier
formalizebuli moZraobebis mTeli seria” (Miner, 1956, gv. 503-4).
vin arian nakiremalebi da msoflios romel kuTxeSi cxovroben isini? Tavad upasuxebT
am SekiTxvas da, aseve, aRwerili sxeulis ritualis identificirebas SesZlebT, Tu sityva
`nakirema~-s ukuRma waikiTxavT. TiTqmis yvela nacnobi aqtivoba ucnaurad mogeCvenebaT,
Tu mas konteqstidan amoviRebT da ar ganvixilavT, rogorc adamianebis mTeli cxovrebis gzis
nawils. dasavluri higienuri ritualebi aranakleb ucnauria, vidre wynari okeanis romeliRac
kunZulze arsebuli jgufebis Cveuleba, romlis wevrebi wina kbilebs iZroben Tavis
gasalamazeblad, an samxreT amerikuli tomebis warmomadgenlebis qmedeba, romlebic firfitebs
imagreben tuCebze, win rom wamoewioT, vinaidan sjeraT, rom ase ufro momxibvlelni arian.
Cven ver gavigebT am qmedebebsa da Cveulebebs mTliani kulturuli konteqstidan maTi
gancalkevebiT. nebismieri kultura Seswavlil unda iqnes sakuTari mniSvnelobebisa da
Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT – rac sociologiis mTavari sazrunavia. sociologebi iswrafvian,
SeZlebisdagvarad, Tavidan aicilon eTnocentrizmi, romelic sxva kulturebze msjelobisas, maT
sakuTar kulturas adarebs. imis gamo, rom kulturebi ase mkveTrad gansxvavdebian, gasakviri ar
aris, rom sxva kulturidan mosul adamianebs, xSirad, uZneldebaT, simpatiiT ganimsWvalon
gansxvavebuli kulturis ideebisa da qcevis mimarT.
socializacia
evoluciis dabal safexurze myof cxovelebs, rogoricaa mwerebis umetesi saxeobebi,
SeuZliaT izrunon sakuTar Tavze mozrdilTa mxridan Zalze mcire daxmarebiT an sulac mis
gareSe, dabadebidan Zalian mcire droSi. umdables cxovelebs ar aqvT Taobebi imis gamo,
rom ,,axalgazrdebis~ qceva met-naklebad `mozrdilebis~ identuria. Tumca, evoluciis safexurze
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aRmasvlis kvaldakval, es dakvirvebebi sul ufro metad sakamaTo xdeba; umaRles safexurze
myofma cxovelebma unda iswavlon qcevis Sesabamisi wesebi. ZuZumwovrebs Soris
axalSobilebi sruliad umweoni arian da mozrdilebis mzrunvelobis qveS uwevT yofna, xolo
adamianis axalSobili yvelaze ufro umweoa. bavSvi ver SeinarCunebs sicocxles daxmarebis
gareSe, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi cxovrebis pirveli oTxi an xuTi wlis manZilze.
socializacia aris procesi, romlis drosac umweo bavSvi TandaTan gadaiqceva
TviTcnobier, mcodne da im kulturis SemTvisebel pirovnebad, romelSic igi daibada. socializacia
ar aris `kulturuli daprogramebis~ msgavsi ram, roca bavSvi pasiurad iTvisebs im zegavlenebs,
romelTanac kontaqtSi Sedis. axalSobil bavSvsac ki aqvs moTxovnilebebi da saWiroebebi, rac
gavlenas axdens mis momvlelebze; amdenad, bavSvi dabadebidanve aqtiuri arsebaa.
socializacia sxvadasxva Taobebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. BbavSvis dabadeba imaT
cxovrebas cvlis, vinc pasuxismgebelia mis aRzrdaze – da isinic, Tavis mxriv, axal gamocdilebas
iZenen. mSobloba, Cveulebriv, bavSvebis aqtivobas mSoblisas ukavSirebs mTeli danarCeni
sicocxlis manZilze. moxuci mSoblebi mSoblebad rCebian maSinac ki, rodesac bebia-babuebi
xdebian da amiT axal urTierTobebs amyareben, rac sxvadasxva Taobebs aerTianebs.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom kulturis SeTvisebis procesi adreul bavSvobaSi gacilebiT intensiurad
mimdinareobs, vidre ufro gviandel periodSi, swavla da Segueba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze
grZeldeba.
Mmomdevno qveTavSi, gavnagrZobT Semdegi sakiTxis ganxilvas: `buneba~ da
àRzrda.~Ppirvel rigSi, gavaanalizebT individis ganviTarebas Cvilobidan adreul bavSvobamde
da movaxdenT cvlilebis ZiriTadi stadiebis identificirebas.
Aarasocializebuli bavSvebi
rogorebi iqnebodnen bavSvebi, ufrosebis gavlenis gareSe rom gazrdiliyvnen? cxadia,
verc erTi humanuri adamiani ver gazrdida bavSvs adamianuri zegavlenis, rogorc eqsperimentis,
gareSe. Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime farTo ganxilvis sagnad qceuli SemTxveva bavSvebis
Sesaxeb, romlebmac cxovrebis adreuli wlebi normaluri adamianuri kontaqtebis gareSe gaatares.
àveironeli veluri biWi~

1800 wlis 9 ianvars, samxreT safrangeTSi, sofel sen-serinis maxlobeli tyidan ucnauri
arseba gamovida. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom gamarTuli dadioda, igi ufro cxovels hgavda, vidre
adamians. male igi identificirebul iqna, rogorc daaxloebiT TerTmeti-Tormeti wlis biWi. igi
mxolod mkveTr da ucnaurad mJRer xmebs gamoscemda. cxadia, rom biWs warmodgena ar
hqonda pirad higienaze; bunebriv saWiroebebs, sadac da roca undoda, maSin iTavebda. igi
adgilobrivma policiam waiyvana da Semdeg TavSesafarSi moaTavses. Ppirvel xanebSi igi
mudmivad cdilobda gaqcevas da didi gaWirvebiT abrunebdnen ukan. igi uars ambobda
tansacmelze da rogorc ki Caacmevdnen, imwamsve Camoiglejda. araviTar mSobels arasdros
mouTxovia igi.
BbavSvs sruli samedicino Semowmeba Cautares da normidan didi gadaxra ver
daadgines. rodesac sarkeSi Caaxedes, Cans, rom dainaxa gamosaxuleba, magram ver icno Tavisi
Tavi. EerTxel igi Seecada xeli Caevlo kartofilisTvis, romelic sarkeSi dainaxa (sinamdvileSi,
kartofili mis ukan eWiraT). Mmravali mcdelobis Semdeg, Tavis miubruneblad, igi miswvda
kartofils mxrebis ukan. MmRvdelma, romelic yoveldRiurad akvirdeboda biWs, ase aRwera
kartofilTan dakavSirebuli SemTxveva:
`yvela es mcire detali da bevri sxva, romelic SegviZlia davamatoT, gvafiqrebinebs, rom
bavSvi ar aris mTlianad moklebuli azrs, refleqsias da gonebriv Zalas. Tumca, valdebuli varT,
vTqvaT, rom yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tu saqme ar exeba mis bunebriv moTxovnilebebs an
madis dakmayofilebas, masSi mxolod cxovelis qceva SeiZleba davinaxoT. Tuki mas raime
SegrZnebebi aqvs, isini ar iwvevs araviTar azrebs. Mmas ar SeuZlia Tavisi SegrZnebebi
erTmaneTs Seadaros. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mis suls, gonebas da sxeuls Soris kavSiri ar
arsebobs...~ (Shattuck, 1980, gv. 69: Lane, 1976).
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mogvianebiT biWi parizSi gadaiyvanes da mudmivad cdilobdnen mis gadaqcevas

`cxovelidan adamianad.~ Zalisxmeva mxolod nawilobrivi warmatebiT dasrulda. Mman Tavis
movla iswavla, daTanxmda tansacmlis tarebas da damoukideblad Cacmac iswavla, Tumca ar
interesdeboda saTamaSoebiTa da TamaSebiT, da mxolod ramdenime sityvas daeufla.
ramdenadac SegviZlia vTqvaT, misi qcevisa da reaqciebis detaluri aRweris safuZvelze, es
imitom ar xdeboda, rom igi gonebrivad CamorCenili iyo. rogorc Cans, mas an ar undoda, an ar
SeeZlo srulad daufleboda adamianur metyvelebas. Semdgomi cxovrebis manZilze mcire
progress miaRwia da 1828 wels, daaxloebiT ormoci wlis asakSi gardaicvala.
ra Tqma unda, sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT am saxis SemTxvevebis interpretacias.
SesaZloa,Aam SemTxvevaSi, gonebrivi gadaxra daudgeneli darCa. sxva mxriv, im
gamocdilebas, romelic bavSvma gamoiara, SesaZloa, misTvis fsiqologiuri ziani mieyenebina,
ramac xeli SeuSala daufleboda unarebs, romelTac bavSvebis umetesoba adreul asakSi iZens.
Tumca, mainc arsebobs sakmarisi msgavseba mocemul SemTxvevasa da sxva SemTxvevebs
Soris, romlebic aRwerili iyo imis dasadastureblad, Tu rogori SezRuduli iqneboda Cveni
SesaZleblobebi, rom ar gvqonoda adreuli socializaciis xangrZlivi periodi.
sjobs, uSualod SevxedoT bavSvis ganvTarebis adreul fazas. amiT SesaZlebloba
gveqneba, ufro srulad vwvdeT im procesebs, romelTa saSualebiTac Cvili bavSvi àdamianad~
gadaiqceva.
Cvili bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba

AaRqmis ganviTareba
Yyvela Cvil bavSvs dabadebidanve aqvs unari, aRqmiT miRebuli gansxvavebebi

aRmoaCinos da Sesabamisi reaqciebi gamoavlinos (Richard & Light, 1986). Cveulebriv,
fiqrobdnen, rom axalSobili mozRvavebuli SegrZnebebiT gadatvirTulia da maTi diferencirebis
unari ara aqvs. cnobili fsiqologi da filosofosi uiliam jeimsi Tavis gamokvlevaSi wers: `Cvili,
romelsac garemomcveli samyaro Tvalebis, yurebis, cxviris, kanisa da Signeulobis saSualebiT
gars axvevia, mas erT uzarmazar xmaurian da bundovan uwesrigobad aRiqvams~ (James,
1890). Ees mosazreba mecnierTa umetesobis mier aRar miiCneva Cvili bavSvebis qcevis swor
daxasiaTebad, vinaidan axaldabadebul bavSvebsac ki SerCeviTi reaqcia aqvT garemos mimarT.
Ddabadebidan erTi kviris Semdeg Cvili moxatul zedapirs (xazebi, wreebi an saxis
msgavsi moxazuloba) ufro xSirad uyurebs, vidre Tundac kaSkaSa ferebiT SeRebil erTgvarovan
zedapirs. erTi Tvis asakSi es aRqmiTi unarebi jer kidev sustia da gamosaxulebebi, romlebic erTi
futiT mainc aris daSorebuli, misTvis sakmaod bundovania. im droidan mxedvelobis da smenis
unari swrafad viTardeba. daaxloebiT oTxi Tvis asakSi Cvili Tvals ayolebs oTaxSi moZrav
adamians. mgrZnobeloba Sexebis mimarT da siamovnebis gancda siTboze bavSvs dabadebidan
aqvs.
tirili da Rimili
imis gamo, rom Cvili bavSvebi SerCeviT reagireben TavianT garemocvaze, mozrdilebi
gaarCeven Cvilis qcevis sxvadasxva nimuSebs, varaudoben ra, rom mixvdebian, ra surs an
sWirdeba mas. iTvleba, rom tirili SimSilsa da diskomfortze miuTiTebs, Rimili an saxis
garkveuli gamometyveleba _ kmayofilebas aRniSnavs. swored am gagebiT, reaqciebi bavSvis
socialuri qmedebebia. Tumca, am procesSi kulturul mosazrebebsac didi mniSvneloba eniWeba,
risi kargi nimuSic tirilia. mraval kulturaSi, dRis umetesi nawilis ganmavlobaSi, bavSvi
fizikuradaa daSorebuli dedas, imyofeba ra bavSvis sawolSi, bavSvis etlSi an saTamaSo
adgilebSi. tirili, am SemTxvevaSi, imis maniSnebelia, rom bavSvs yuradReba sWirdeba. sxva
kulturebSi, mravali Tvis ganmavlobaSi, axalSobili dRis umetes nawils dedis sxeulTan uSualo
kontaqtSi atarebs, mis zurgze mimagrebuli. iq, sadac amgvar praqtikas misdeven, dedam
mxolod maSin SeiZleba miaqcios yuradReba bavSvs, rodesac igi Zalze Zlier tiris, rac
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gansakuTrebul SemTxvevad iTvleba. rodesac bavSvi krunCxvas iwyebs, es imis niSania, rom
mas Wama an raime sxva gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sWirdeba.
Kkulturuli gansxvavebebi Rimilis interpretaciaSia naCvenebi. daaxloebiT erTi Tvis an
eqvsi kviris asakSi yvela normaluri bavSvi, garkveul viTarebebSi, iRimeba. Cvili gaiRimebs, Tu
mas daanaxeben saxis msgavs moxazulobas, sadac Tvalebis nacvlad ori wertilia aRniSnuli. igi
adamianis saxis danaxvaze maSinac iRimeba, rodesac piri dafaruli aqvT ise, TiTqos igi arc aris.
rogorc Cans, Rimili Tandayolili reaqciaa da ara daswavlili, an sxva momRimari saxis danaxviT
gamowveuli. EerTi mizezi, rac amaSi gvarwmunebs, isaa, rom bavSvebi Tandayolili sibrmaviT
imave asakidan iRimebian, rogorc mxedvelobis mqone bavSvebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvisi
mibaZvis saSualeba ara aqvT.
LP>?:zTumca situaciebi, sadac Rimili misaRebad aris miCneuli, sxvadasxva kulturaSi
sxvadasxvagvaria; igi damokidebulia ufrosebis reaqciaze bavSvis Rimilis mimarT. bavSvebs ar
sWirdebaT Rimilis daswavla, magram maT unda SeiTvison, sad da rodis iTvleba misaRebad
amis gakeTeba. amitom, magaliTad, Cinelebi `sazogadoebriv~ adgilebSi gacilebiT naklebad
iRimebian, vidre dasavlelebi, vTqvaT, ucxosTan Sexvedrisas.
Cvili bavSvebi da momvlelebi

Cvils dabadebian sam kviraSi SeuZlia ganasxvaos Tavisi deda an momvleli sxva
adamianebisagan. Cvili jer kidev ver aRiqvams sxva adamians, rogorc pirovnebas; mas ufro
garkvel niSnebze aqvs reaqcia, Tvalebze, xmaze da imaze, Tu rogor uWiravT xelSi. Ddeda
xvdeba, rom pataram icno, vinaidan bavSvi tirils mxolod maSin anebebs Tavs, rodesac dedas
(da ara vinme sxvas) xelSi ahyavs; swored dedas uRimis gamorCeulad, xelebs gauwvdis an taSs
Semohkravs misi oTaxSi Semosvlisas; an, rodesac gadaadgildeba, cdilobs, rac SeiZleba axlos
micocdes masTan. ugandis kulturis Seswavlisas, ainsvorTma aRmoaCina, rom xvevna-kocna
dedebis da bavSvebis urTierTobebSi Zalze iSviaTi iyo, Tumca taSiskvra siamovnebis
gamosaxatavad ufro xSiri iyo, vidre es evropul ojaxebSia miRebuli (Ainsworth 1977).
Cvili bavSvis ufro myari SeTviseba mis momvlelTan
E
mxolod Svidi Tvis Semdeg xdeba. am dromde ki dedasTan daSoreba gansakuTrebul
protests ar iwvevs masSi da sxva momvlelebis mimarTac reaqcia ar ecvleba. daaxloebiT amave
asakSi bavSvebi ufro metad gamorCeviT uRimian adamianebs; daaxloebiT amave stadiaSi Cvili
dedis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli adamianis, gacnobierebas iwyebs. bavSvi acnobierebs, rom deda
maSinac arsebobs, rodesac mis Tvalwin ar aris. es, aseve, drois SegrZnebasac gulisxmobs,
vinaidan bavSvs axsovs deda da elodeba mis dabrunebas. rva an cxra Tvis bavSvs SeuZlia
eZebos damaluli sagnebi; igi iwyebs imis gacnobierebas, rom sagnebi damoukideblad
arseboben, miuxedavad imisa, im wuTas arian Tu ara mis Tvalwin.
selma fraibergi aRwers Cvilis qcevis am fazas naSromSi, romelic miznad isaxavs,
informacia miawodos mSoblebs bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb:
`gyavT Tu ara eqvsi-Svidi Tvis bavSvi, romelic Tqveni cxviridan saTvalis CamoZrobas
cdilobs? Tu gyavT, Tqven Zalze gWirdebaT es rCeva: rodesac bavSvi miswvdeba saTvales,
moiZreT igi da jibeSi CaacureT, an savarZelze baliSis ukan CadeT (da Tavad ar dagaviwydeT,
sad gadamaleT). Tavs nu SeiwuxebT mcdelobiT, rom es malulad gaakeToT; daanaxeT bavSvs,
rom damaleT saTvale. igi ar daiwyebs mis Zebnas. igi im adgils Sexedavs, sadac bolos naxa
saTvale – Tqvens cxvirs – Semdeg ki interess dakargavs mis mimarT. igi ar eZebs saTvales,
vinaidan ar warmoudgenia misi arseboba, rodesac ar xedavs mas.
rodesac bavSvi daaxloebiT cxra Tvisaa, Zvel xrikebs nuRar endobiT. Tu dainaxa, rom
moiZreT saTvale da savarZelze baliSis qveS SeacureT, igi gadaswevs baliSs da xels stacebs
Tqvens saTvales. igi mixvda, rom sagani, SesaZloa, Sen Tvalwin ar iyos da mainc arsebobdes!
Man, SesaZloa, Tvali miadevnos mis gadaadgilebas Tqveni xelidan samalavamde da aqtiurad
eZebos iq. es uzarmazari win gadadgmuli nabijia ganviTarebaSi da naklebad savaraudoa,
mSoblebma ver SeamCnion, radgan saTvaleebi, sayureebi, Cibuxebi, kalmistrebi da gasaRebis
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budeebi ara marto xelidan eclebaT, aramed damalvasac aRar eqvemdebareba. mSoblebi,
romelTa bavSvebi ganviTarebis am stadiaSi arian, naklebad arian dainteresebulni problemis
Teoriuli aspeqtebiT, rogorc aq aris naCvenebi; Tumca Teorias yovelTvis SeuZlia praqtikuli
sargeblobis motana. Cven jer kidev dagvrCa ramdenime xriki. modi, amas SevecadoT: dae,
dainaxos bavSvma, rogor SeacurebT saTvales baliSis qveS. MmieciT moZebnis saSualeba da
Semdeg aiZuleT daabrunos saTvale; Semdeg kvlav gadamaleT, ukve meore baliSis qveS.
BbavSvi ukve daibneva. igi, saTvales pirveli baliSis qveS dauwyebs Zebnas, pirvel samalavSi,
magram ar moZebnis meoreSi. es niSnavs, rom bavSvi saTvalis arsebobas maSin aRiqvams,
roca damalulia, Tumca mxolod erT adgilas, pirvel samalavSi, sadac misi Zebna warmatebuli
iyo. rodesac bavSvi veRar poulobs saTvales pirveli baliSis qveS, igi iqve ganagrZobs Zebnas,
Tumca TavSi ar mosdis azri, meore samalavSi an sadme sxvagan eZebos saTvale. sagani mainc
SesaZlebelia gaqres. ramdenime kviris Semdeg, igi ganavrcobs Zebnas pirveli samalavidan
meoremde da am gzaze miva imis aRmoCenamde, rom sagani SeiZleba gadaadgilebul iqnes
adgilidan adgilze da, amasTan erTad, mudmivad arsebobdes~ (Fraiberg, 1959, gv. 49-50).
BbavSvis cxovrebis adreuli Tveebi dedisTvisac Semecnebis periodia. Ddedebi da sxvebi,
vinc bavSvs uvlian, magaliTad, mamebi an ufrosi bavSvebi, swavloben im informaciis
gacnobierebas, rac bavSvis qceviT gadmoicema da Sesabamisad reagireben masze. zogierTi
deda gacilebiT mgrZnobiarea am gamovlinebebis mimarT, vidre sxvebi; sxvadasxva kulturul
garemoSi sxvadasxva gamovlinebebia xazgasmuli da maTze reaqciac gansxvavebulia. bavSvis
qcevis `wakiTxva,~ rasac deda akeTebs, did zegavlenas axdens im urTierTqmedebaze, rac
dedasa da Svils Soris myardeba. magaliTad, erTma dedam bavSvis mousvenroba, SesaZloa,
gadaRlad CaTvalos da loginSi Caawvinos; meorem igive qceva, SesaZloa, imis miniSnebad
miiRos, rom bavSvs surs, gaarTon. dedebi, xSirad, sakuTari maxasiaTeblebis proecirebas
axdenen TavianT patarebze; ase rom, visac uWirs gawonasworebuli, mzrunveli urTierTobis
damyareba bavSvTan, SesaZloa, fiqrobdes, rom patara agresiulad da uaryofiTad aris ganwyobili
mis mimarT.
Ggarkveuli adamianebis mimarT mijaWvulobis formireba ZiriTad aTvlis wertils
aRniSnavs socializaciaSi. Tavdapirveli urTierToba, Cveulebriv, dedasa da Svils Soris Zlier
grZnobebzea agebuli da amis safuZvelze sawyiss iRebs socialuri daswavlis kompleqsuri
procesebi.
socialuri reaqciebis ganviTareba

Cvil bavSvs, dedasa da bavSvis sxva momvlelebs Soris urTierToba bavSvis dabadebidan
daaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg icvleba. am dros bavSvi ara marto laparaks iwyebs, aramed fexze
dgomac SeuZlia – bavSvebis umetesoba damoukideblad siaruls daaxloebiT ToTxmeti Tvidan
iwyebs. ori-sami wlis asakSi bavSvebi sul ufro met unars iZenen, maTi ojaxis wevrebis
urTierTqmedebebis da emociebis gasagebad. bavSvi swavlobs, rogor daamSvidos da, aseve,
rogor gaaRizianos sxvebi. ori wlis bavSvebi Zalze ganicdian, Tu erTi mSobeli meores
ujavrdeba, da SeiZleba moexvion erTs an meores, Tu romelime dasanaxadaa Sewuxebuli. igive
asakis bavSvs aseve Seswevs unari, gamoajavros da an Zma, an Tundac mSobeli.
DdaaxloebiT erTi wlis Semdeg bavSvis cxovrebis umetes nawils TamaSi ikavebs.
Tavdapirvelad, bavSvi umTavresad marto TamaSobs, Tumca sul ufro metad moiTxovs
vinmesTan TamaSs. bavSvebi, TamaSis saSualebiT, sul ufro aumjobeseben koordinaciis unars
da iwyeben codnis gafarToebas mozrdilTa samyaros Sesaxeb. isini axal unarebs iZenen da
imeoreben mozrdilTa qcevebs.
Tavis adrindel naSromSi, mildred partenma Camoayaliba TamaSis ganviTarebis
ramdenime kategoria, romlebic dResac sayovelTaod miRebulia (Parten, 1932).
pirvelad, patara bavSvebi ganmartoebul damoukidebel TamaSSi arian Cabmulni.
maSinac ki, roca sxva bavSvebTan erTad imyofebian, marto TamaSoben da ar aqceven
yuradRebas, ras akeTeben sxvebi. amas mohyveba paraleluri aqtivoba, rodesac bavSvi
imeorebs, rasac sxva bavSvebi akeTeben, Tumca cdilobs, ar Caerios maT aqtivobebSi. Semdeg
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(daaxloebiT sami wlis asakSi) bavSvebi, sul ufro metad erTvebian asociaciur TamaSSi, sadac
TavianT qcevas sxvisas ukavSireben. am SemTxvevaSi, yoveli bavSvi moqmedebs, rogorc mas
surs, Tumca mxedvelobaSi Rebulobs, ras akeTeben sxvebi da pasuxobs maT. mogvianebiT,
daaxloebiT oTxi wlis asakSi, bavSvebi euflebian kooperaciul TamaSs, sadac isini uTavseben
TavianT qcevas sxvebisas, rac moiTxovs TiToeuli bavSvis sxvasTan TanamSromlobas
(magaliTad, rogoricaa `dedebis da mamebis~ TamaSi).
erTidan oTxi-xuTi wlis asakis periodSi bavSvi aseve eCveva disciplinas da TviTwesrigs.
erTi aseTi saSualebaa fizikuri moTxovnilebebis kontroli da saTanadod moqceva.BbavSvebi
eCvevian tualetSi siaruls (Zneli da gawelili procesia) da swavloben faqizad Wamas. isini aseve
swavloben `damoukidebel qcevas~ TavianTi aqtivobis sxvadasxva konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT,
mozrdilebTan urTierTobisas.
daaxloebiT xuTi wlis asakSi bavSvi sakmaod avtonomiuri arsebaa _ ukve Cvili aRar
aris, aramed TiTqmis damoukidebelia ojaxSi cxovrebis elementarul rutinaSi. igi mzad aris,
gadadgas nabiji gare samyaroSi, SeuZlia mravali saaTi gaataros mSoblebis gareSe da amiT ar
Sewuxdes. bavSvi individi xdeba. adamianebs cxovelebisgan yvelaze metad is asxvavebs, rom
adamianebi TviTcnobierni arian. rogor unda gavigoT sakuTari Tavis Secnobis gaCena – imis
gacnobiereba, rom adamians gansxvavebuli, sxvebisgan gamorCeuli identoba aqvs?
dabadebidan pirvel TveebSi bavSvs Zalze cota an sulac ar gaegeba Tavis garemoSi
adamianebisa da sxva obieqtebis gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb da ara aqvs gacnobierebuli sakuTari
Tavi. iseTi cnebebis gamoyenebas, rogoricaa `me~ da `Tqven,~ bavSvebi mxolod ori wlis
asakidan an mogvianebiT iwyeben. Mmxolod TandaTanobiT midian isini imis gagebamde, rom
sxvebs gansxvavebuli, maTgan gamorCeuli identoba, cnobiereba da moTxovnilebebi aqvT.
BbavSvis ganviTarebis Teoriebi

meobis problemis warmoqmna didi kamaTis sagania da sakmaod gansxvavebulad
ganixileba dapirispirebul Teoril SexedulebebSi. mniSvnelovanwilad, es imitom xdeba, rom
bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb yvelaze cnobili Teoriebi socializaciis gansxvavebul aspeqtebze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas. fsiqologiisa da fsiqoanalizis damaarseblis zigmund froidis
moRvaweoba, yvelaze metad koncentrirebulia imaze, Tu rogor akontrolebs bavSvi Tavis
ltolvebs, agreTve bavSvis ganviTarebis emociur aspeqtebze. Aamerikeli filosofosi da sociologi
jorj herbert midi umTavresad yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor swavloben bavSvebi
cnebebis `me~-subieqti (I) da `me~-obieqti (me) gamoyenebas. bavSvis qcevis Sveicareli
mkvlevari Jan piaJe bavSvis ganviTarebis mraval aspeqtebze muSaobda, magram misi yvelaze
cnobili naSromebi Semecnebas eZRvneba – gzas, romliTac bavSvebi swavloben, ifiqron
sakuTar Tavze da sakuTar garemoze.
Ffroidi da fsiqoanalizi
zigmund froidi, eqimi venidan, 1856-1939 wlebSi cxovrobda. man Zlieri gavlena
moaxdina Tanamedrove fsiqologiis Camoyalibebaze. froidi me-20 saukunis erT-erTi
gamoCenili moazrovnea. Mmisi ideebis gavlena igrZnoba xelovnebaze, literaturasa da
filosofiaze, iseve rogorc socialur mecnierebebze. froidi ara ubralod adamianis qcevis mecnieruli
mkvlevari iyo, aramed nevrotuli pacientebis mkurnalobas eweoda. fsiqoanalizi mis mier
Seqmnili Terapiis teqnikas gulisxmobs, rac saSualebas aZlevs pacientebs, Tavisuflad isaubron
TavianT cxovrebaze, gansakuTrebiT imaze, Tu ra SeuZliaT gaixsenon TavianTi cxovrebis
adreuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. froidi mivida daskvnamde, rom is, rac umTavresad Cvens qcevas
marTavs, aracnobieria da gulisxmobs ltolvebis daZlevis im meTodebis SenarCunebas zrdasrul
asakSi, rac cxovrebis adreul periodSi Camoyalibda. adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebis didi nawili
Cveni cnobieri mexsierebisTvis dakargulia, miuxedavad imisa, rom es gamocdileba is
safuZvelia, razec Cveni TviTcnobiereba Camoyalibda.
pirovnebis Camoyalibeba
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froidis mixedviT, bavSvi momTxovni arsebaa, energiiT aRsavse, romelsac Tavad ver
akontrolebs, Tavisi sruli umweobis gamo. BbavSvma unda gaigos, rom misi moTxovnilebebi da
survilebi, SesaZloa, yovelTvis myisierad ar Sesruldes – es mtkivneuli procesia. froidis azriT,
Cvil bavSvs saWmlisa da sasmelis garda, moTxovnileba erotikul dakmayofilebazec aqvs.
Ffroidi ar gulisxmobda, rom Cvil bavSvebs imgvari seqsualuri survilebi aqvT, rogorc ufros
bavSvebs da mozrdilebs. èrotikuli,~ am SemTxvevaSi, exeba sxvebTan axlo da sasiamovno
sxeulebrivi kontaqtis zogad moTxovnilebas.
rogorc froidi aRwers, adamianis fsiqologiuri ganviTareba Zlieri daZabulobis Semcveli
procesia. bavSvi progresulad iTvisebs Tavisi miswrafebebis kontrols, Tumca isini
mamotivirebel Zalad rCeba aracnobierSi. froidi, ramdenime tipiur stadias asxvavebs Cvilisa da
ufro mozrdili bavSvis ganviTarebaSi. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs ganviTarebis im
stadias - daaxloebiT oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi - romelSic bavSvebis umetesobas SeuZlia, uari
Tqvas mSoblebTan mudmiv urTierTobaze da ufro farTo socialur samyaroSi Seabijos. Ffroidi
drois am monakveTs oidiposis stadias uwodebs. adreul mijaWvulobas, rasac Cvilebi da patara
bavSvebi mSoblebis mimarT ganicdian, erotikuli elementi axlavs, zemoaRniSnuli azris
gaTvaliswinebiT. Tu amgvari mijaWvuloba SemdegSic grZeldeba da viTardeba, bavSvis fizikur
momwifebas Tan axlavs seqsualuri midrekilebebi sawinaaRmdego sqesis mSoblis mimarT. Tu
es ar xdeba, mxolod imitom, rom bavSvebi swavloben mSoblebis mimarT erotikuli survilebis
daTrgunvas.
Ppatara biWebi xvdebian, rom isini `dedis kalTas~ veRar Camoekidebian. Ffroidis
mixedviT, biWi Zlier antagonizms ganicdis sakuTari mamis mimarT, imis gamo, rom mamas
seqsualuri uflebebi aqvs dedaze. Ees aris oidiposis kompleqsis safuZveli. oidiposis kompleqsi
daiZleva, rodesac bavSvi daTrgunavs rogorc erotikul midrekilebas dedisadmi, aseve
antagonizms mamis mimarT (es umTavresad aracnobier doneze xdeba). Ees avtonomiuri meobis
ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs imitom, rom bavSvi Tavad daSorda mSoblebze adrindel
damokidebulebas, gansakuTrebiT, dedaze mijaWvulobas.
Qqalis ganviTarebis froidiseuli koncefcia gacilebiT naklebadaa damuSavebuli. igi
fiqrobs, rom aq biWebis SemTxvevaSi aRwerili procesebis sawinaaRmdego movlenasTan
gvaqvs saqme. Ppatara gogona Trgunavs mamis mimarT aRZrul Tavis erotikul survilebs;
cdilobs, daZlios dedis aracnobieri uaryofa da iseTive gaxdes, rogorc deda - `qaluri.~ froidis
azriT, is, Tu rogor gaumklavdebian bavSvebi oidiposis kompleqss, Zlier gavlenas axdens
Semdgom urTierTobebze, gansakuTrebiT, seqsualur urTierTobebze, romelsac individi
momavalSi amyarebs.
kritika
froidis Teoriebi xSirad yofila gakritikebuli da zogjer Zalze mtruli gamoxmaurebac
hqonda. zogierTi Cvili bavSvebis erotikuli survilebis qonas uaryofda da, aseve, uaryofdnen
Teziss, rom is, rac xdeba CvilobaSi da adreul bavSvobaSi, ayalibebs ltolvebis marTvis
aracnobier modelebs, rac mTel cxovrebas gasdevs. feminist kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom froidis
Teoria, umeteswilad, mamakacur gamocdilebas ganixilavs da Zalze cota yuradRebas uTmobs
qalis fsiqologias. froidis ideebi dResac Zlier gavleniania. maSinac, Tu mTlianobaSi ar viziarebT
mis ideebs, zogierTi maTgani ar aris safuZvels moklebuli. TiTqmis utyuaria, rom arsebobs
ltolvebis marTvis modelebze dafuZnebuli adamianuri qcevis aracnobieri aspeqtebi, romelic,
pirvel rigSi, adreul bavSvobaSi yalibdeba.
j. h. midis Teoria
j. h. midis (1863-1931) warmomavloba da inteleqtualuri kariera, umeteswilad, sruliad ar
hgavda froidisas. midi upirvelesad filosofosi iyo, romelic TiTqmis mTeli cxovreba Cikagos
universitetSi aswavlida. igi sakmaod cotas werda, xolo misi wigni àzrovneba, pirovneba da
sazogadoeba~ (1934), romelmac saxeli gauTqva, misma studentebma Sekribes misive saleqcio
Canawerebis da sxva wyaroebis safuZvelze; am naSromma safuZveli Cauyara Teoriul
saazrovno tradicias – simbolur interaqcionizms. midis ideebma Zalze farTo gavlena moaxdina
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sociologiaze (simboluri interaqcionizmis Sesaxeb Semdgomi msjeloba ixileT 24-e TavSi

`sociologiuri Teoria~). amasTan erTad, midis naSromSi mocemulia bavSvis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi stadiebis interpretacia, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva meobis grZnobis
warmoqmnas.
Aarsebobs ramdenime saintereso damTxveva midisa da froidis Tvalsazrisebs Soris,
Tumca midi adamianis pirovnulobas ganixilavs, rogorc naklebad damokidebuls daZabulobaze.
midis mixedviT, rogorc patara, aseve mozrdili bavSvebi socialur arsebebad yalibdebian,
upirveles yovlisa, maT garSemo myofTa qmedebebis mibaZviT. am azriT, erT-erTi mTavari
saSualeba TamaSia. rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, TamaSis dros patara bavSvebi xSirad
mozrdilebs baZaven. patara àcxobs~ talaxis namcxvars, rodesac naxa, mozrdili rogor
amzadebda, an Txris patara niCbiT, rodesac baRSi saqmianobas daakvirda. bavSvis TamaSi
TandaTan viTardeba ubralo mibaZvidan ufro rTul TamaSebamde, sadac oTxi-xuTi wlis bavSvi
mozrdilis rols asrulebs. midi amas uwodebs – sxvisi rolis aRebas – imis daswavlas, Tu rogoria
sxva adamianis `qurqSi~ yofna. mxolod am stadiaze iZenen bavSvebi sakuTari meobis
ganviTarebul SegrZnebas. bavSvebi aRweven sakuTari Tavis, rogorc damoukidebeli agentis _
rogorc `me~-obieqtis _ gaazrebis SesaZleblobas, xedaven ra sakuTar Tavs sxvebis TvaliT.
Mmidis mixedviT, TviTcnobierebas vaRwevT, rodesac vswavlobT `me~ (obieqtis) `me~
(subieqtisgan) gansxvavebis danaxvas. Ì~ anu `me~ (subieqti) arasocializebuli patara bavSvia,
spontanuri survilebis da ltolvebis nazavi; `me~ anu `me~ (obieqti) socialuri pirovnebaa. Mmidis
mixedviT, individebi ayalibeben TviTcnobierebas, rodesac iwyeben sakuTari Tavis gagebas ise,
rogoradac sxvebi xedaven maT. rogorc froidi, aseve midi Tvlis, rom bavSvi xuTi wlis asakSi
damoukidebeli agenti xdeba, romelsac SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis Secnoba da uSualod ojaxis
konteqstis gareT moqmedeba. froidis mixedviT, es oidiposis stadiis Sedegia, maSin rodesac
midi Tvlis, rom es TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebuli unaris Sedegia.
Mmidis mixedviT, bavSvis ganviTarebis Semdgomi etapi dgeba, rodesac is rva-cxra wlis
asaks aRwevs. es aris asaki, rodesac bavSvebi organizebul TamaSebSi ufro monawileoben,
vidre arasistemur `garTobaSi.~ mxolod am periodSi iwyeben bavSvebi sayovelTao
Rirebulebebisa da moralis gagebas, romelic socialur cxovrebas marTavs. organizebuli
TamaSebis SeswavliT, gasagebi xdeba TamaSis wesebi da samarTlianobisa da Tanaswori
monawileobis cnebebi. swored am periodSi xvdeba bavSvi imas, rasac midi ganzogadebul sxvas
uwodebs _ ZiriTad Rirebulebebsa da moralur wesebs, rasac gulisxmobs is kultura, romelSic
bavSvi viTardeba. midi yovelive amas ufro gviandel asaks miawers, vidre froidi, Tumca, am
TvalsazrisiT, maTi ideebi mainc msgavsia.
Mmidis Sexedulebebi froidis Sexedulebebze naklebad winaaRmdegobrivia. isini ar
Seicavs amden saocar ideas da ar efuZneba pirovnebis aracnobieris Teorias. Mmidis Teoria
TviTcnobierebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb damsaxurebulad iTvleba Zalze gavlenian Teoriad. meore
mxriv, midis Sexedulebebi arasodes gamocemula sruli saxiT da isini mniSvnelovania ufro
rogorc damafiqrebeli mignebebi, vidre, rogorc bavSvis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi interpretacia.
PpiaJe: kognituri ganviTareba

Jan piaJes moRvaweobis gavlena Zalze mcired Camouvardeba froidisas. piaJe 1896 wels
daibada SveicariaSi, sadac cxovrebis umetesi nawili JenevaSi bavSvis ganviTarebis institutis
xelmZRvanelobas miuZRvna. man gamoaqveyna naSromebisa da samecniero werilebis Zalze
didi raodenoba, rac ara mxolod bavSvis ganviTarebas ganixilavs, aramed, aseve, ganaTlebis,
azrovnebis istoriis, filosofiisa da logikis sakiTxebs moicavs. PpiaJem misi nayofieri samecniero
muSaoba sikvdilamde, 1980 wlamde, ganagrZo.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom froidi aseT did mniSvnelobas aniWebda bavSvobis asaks,
uSualod bavSvebi mas arasodes Seuswavlia. misi Teoria mozrdili pacientebis fsiqoTerapiuli
mkurnalobis periodSi, dakvirvebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. Mmidic, aseve, uSualod bavSvebs ar
Seiswavlida; igi Tavis ideebs filosofiuri msjelobis konteqstSi amuSavebda. amis sapirispirod,
piaJem Tavisi cxovrebis meti nawili Cvilebis, patara da ufro mozrdili bavSvebis qcevaze
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dakvirvebas moandoma. misi Sromebis umetesi nawili, umTavresad, individebis gansazRvrul

ricxvze dakvirvebas efuZneboda, vidre didi SerCeviTi erTobliobis Seswavlas. amasTan, igi
acxadebda, rom misi ZiriTadi mignebebi bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb misaRebia yvela
kulturisTvis.
Kkognitiuri ganviTarebis stadiebi

PpiaJe gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda bavSvis mier samyaros aqtiurad
gacnobierebis unars. bavSvebi pasiurad ki ar isrutaven informacias, aramed gamoarCeven da
iazreben, rasac xedaven, esmiT da grZnoben garemomcvel samyaroSi. mis mier bavSvebze
dakvirvebisa da maTi azrovnebis procesebze mravali eqsperimentis Catarebis Sedegad, piaJem
daaskvna, rom adamianebi, cxovrebis manZilze, kognituri ganviTarebis ramdenime garkveul
stadias gaivlian – anu swavloben sakuTari Tavisa da maTi garemocvis gaazrebas. yoveli stadia
gulisxmobs axali Cvevebis SeZenas, rac damokidebulia wina stadiis warmatebul dasrulebaze.
pirveli stadia – sensomotoruli – grZeldeba dabadebidan or wlamde. dabadebidan
daaxloebiT oTx Tvemde, bavSvi ver ganasxvavebs sakuTar Tavs garemosgan. magaliTad,
bavSvs ar esmis, rom misi moZraoba iwvevs misi saTamaSos Cxakuns; sagnebsa da adamianebs
ver asxvavebs da ar gaegeba, arsebobs Tu ara raime misi TvalTaxedvis sazRvrebs miRma.
rogorc adreulma kvlevebma gviCvena, bavSvebi TandaTan swavloben adamianebis
sagnebisagan garCevas, da xvdebian, rom rogorc erTi, ise meore maTi uSualo aRqmis gareSec
arsebobs. am adreul stadias piaJe sensomotoruls uwodebs, vinaidan bavSvebi SegrZnebebiT
swavloben, umTavresad, sagnebis SexebiTa da maTi manipulirebis saSualebiT erkvevian
garemocvaSi. Aam stadiis ZiriTadi miRwevaa, rom bavSvi Zalze axlosaa imis gagebasTan, rom
mis garemos garkveuli da myari Tvisebebi axasiaTebs.
Semdgom stadias, romelsac wina-operaciuli stadia ewodeba, piaJem Tavisi kvlevis didi
nawili miuZRvna. es faza grZeldeba ori wlis asakidan Svid wlamde; am dros bavSvebi enas
euflebian da ukve SeuZliaT, sityvebis gamoyenebiT, sagnebisa da warmodgenebis simboluri
saxiT gamoxatva. magaliTad, oTxi wlis bavSvs xelebis moZraobiT SeuZlia, `TviTmfrinavs~
mibaZos. PpiaJe am fazas wina-operaciuls imitom uwodebs, rom am asakSi bavSvebs jer kidev
ar SeuZliaT TavianTi ganviTarebadi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis sistemuri saxiT gamoyeneba.
ganviTarebis am stadiaze bavSvebs egocentrizmi axasiaTebT. piaJe am cnebas egoizms ki ar
ukavSirebs, aramed bavSvis tendencias, samyaros interpretacia mxolod sakuTari poziciidan
moaxdinos. magaliTad, bavSvs ar esmis, rom sxvebi sagnebs maTgan gansxvavebuli saxiT
xedaven. rodesac bavSvs wigni xelSi uWiravs da SeiZleba dasvas SekiTxva suraTis Sesaxeb,
romelic wignSia, igi ver acnobierebs, rom mis win mjdomi adamiani wignis mxolod garekans
xedavs.
Pwina-operaciul stadiaze myof bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT, hqondeT gabmuli saubari
vinmesTan. egocentrul metyvelebaSi TiToeuli bavSvis laparaki, ama Tu im zomiT, ar aris
dakavSirebuli imasTan, Tu ras ityvis wina mosaubre. bavSvebi erTad laparakoben, Tumca ara
erTmaneTTan im azriT, rogorc es mozrdilebSi xdeba. ganviTarebis am fazaSi, bavSvebs ara
aqvT azrovnebis kategoriebis zogadi gageba, rasac mozrdilebi TavisTavad cxadad miiCneven:
cnebebs, rogoricaa mizezobrioba, siswrafe, wona an ricxvi. MmaSinac ki, rodesac bavSvi
xedavs, rom wyali maRali da viwro WurWlidan gadmoisxa ufro dabal da farTo WurWelSi, mas
ar esmis, rom wylis raodenoba igive rCeba – imis gamo, rom wylis niSnuli ufro dabalia, igi
askvnis, rom axal WurWelSi naklebi wyalia.
Mmesame faza, anu konkretul-operaciuli stadia, grZeldeba Svidi wlis asakidan TerTmet
wlamde. am fazaSi bavSvebi euflebian abstraqtul, logikur cnebebs. MmaT SeuZliaT, didi
siZneleebis gareSe daeuflon iseT ideebs, rogoricaa mizezobrioba. ganviTarebis am fazaSi
bavSvi xvdeba mcdar msjelobas, romelsac Seicavs azri, rom farTo WurWelSi naklebi wyalia,
vidre viwroSi, maSinac ki, Tu wylis done gansxvavebulia. bavSvs ukve SeuZlia maTematikuri
moqmedebebis Catareba, rogoricaa gamravleba, gayofa da gamokleba. am stadiaSi myofi
bavSvebi gacilebiT nakleb egocentrulebi arian. wina-operaciul stadiaSi, Tu gogonas
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SeekiTxebian, `ramdeni da gyavs?~, mas SeuZlia sworad upasuxos èrTi~; magram, Tu

SeekiTxebian, `ramdeni da hyavs Sens das?~, igi gipasuxebT àrcerTi,~ vinaidan ver xedavs
sakuTar Tavs Tavisi dis TvalTaxedviT. konkretul-operaciul stadiaze ki bavSvs aseT kiTxvaze
swori pasuxis gacema advilad SeuZlia.
TerTmetidan TxuTmet wlamde asaks piaJe uwodebs formalur operaciul periods.
ymawvilobis periodSi bavSvs SeuZlia gaiazros Zalze abstraqtuli da hipoTeturi ideebi. am asakis
bavSvebs, problemasTan pirispir dgomisas, SeuZliaT gadaxedon misi gadaWris SesaZlo gzebs
da Teoriulad ganixilon isini imisaTvis, rom miaRwion Sedegs. formalur operaciul stadiaze
ymawvili SeiZleba mixvdes, Tu ratomaa zogierTi SekiTxva èSmakuri.~ kiTxvaze _ `ra
arsebebia pudelebi da ZaRlebi?~, man SeiZleba misces swori an araswori pasuxi (swori pasuxi
`pudelebi~), Tumca mixvdeba, Tu ratom aris pasuxi swori da Seafasebs masSi nagulisxmev
iumors.
PpiaJes mixedviT, ganviTarebis pirveli sami stadia universaluria; Tumca, yvela mozrdili
rodi aRwevs formalur operaciul stadias. formaluri operaciuli azrovnebis ganviTareba nawilobriv
ganaTlebis proceszea damokidebuli. mozrdilebi, romlebsac SezRuduli saganmanaTleblo
miRwevebi aqvT, agrZeleben ufro konkretuli saxiT azrovnebas da egocentrizmis mniSvnelovan
kvals inarCuneben.
kritika
Mmargaret donaldsonma eWvi Seitana piaJes SexedulebaSi, rom bavSvebi
mozrdilebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT egocentrulebi arian (Donaldson 1979). Mmisi azriT,
amocanebi, romlebsac piaJe bavSvebs usaxavda, ufro mozrdilis SexedulebiT iyo warmodgenili,
vidre im enaze, romelic maTTvis gasagebi iqneboda. zogierT situaciaSi egocentrizmi
msgavsadve axasiaTebs mozrdil adamianebsac. amis dasadastureblad donaldsoni britaneli poeti
lori lis avtobiografiidan nawyvetis citirebas axdens, rodesac igi, patara biWi, pirvelad mivida
skolaSi.
ìs pirveli dRe skolaSi furcelSi naxvretebis keTebaSi gavatare; saxlSi rom vbrundebodi,
sibrazes Zlivs vikavebdi.
`raSia saqme, sayvarelo? Aar mogewona skolaSi?~
`maT ar momces prezenti.~
`prezenti? ra prezenti?~
`maT miTxres, rom momcemdnen prezents~.
ìci,Ddarwmunebuli var, maT es ar giTxres~
`ki, miTxres!~ maT Tqves: `Tqven xarT lori li, ara? kargi; ijeqi aq jerjerobiT.~ me mTeli
dRe vijeqi, magram ver miviRe is. Mme aRar davbrundebi iq~ (Lee, 1965, p.50).
aq sityvebis TamaSia – for the Present - `jerjerobiT,~ sityvasityviT `saCuqrisTvis~
niSnavs).
Mmozrdilis poziciidan, Cven vfiqrobT, rom bavSvma arasworad, komikuri azriT gaigo
maswavleblis instruqcia. Tumca, ufro Rrmad Tu davakvirdebiT, donaldsonis azriT,
mozrdilebma ver gauges bavSvs, ver gauges frazis orazrovnebas ìjeqi aq jerjerobiT an
saCuqrisTvis (for the Present). aq mozrdilia da ara bavSvi egocentrizmSi dasadanaSaulebeli.
piaJes naSromebi mkacrad aris gakritikebuli, misi meTodebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogor
SegviZlia ganzogadebis moxdena, roca saqme exeba aRmoCenebs, romelic dafuZnebulia erT
qalaqSi mcxovrebi bavSvebis mcire ricxvis gamokvlevaze? Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom piaJes
ideebis umetesma nawilma gaamarTla mraval momdevno kvlevaSi, romelic mis safuZvelze
aRmocenda.Mmis mier dadgenili ganviTarebis stadiebi, SesaZloa, naklebad mkafio iyos, vidre
igi acxadebda, magram dRes mravali misi idea farTod aris aRiarebuli.
KkavSirebi Teoriebs Soris
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27
Ffroidis, midis da piaJes perspeqtivebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebebi arsebobs;

miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia vimsjeloT bavSvis ganviTarebis erTian suraTze, romelSic
TiToeuli maTganis Teorias davesesxebiT.
samive avtori iziarebs azrs, rom Cvilobis pirvel TveebSi, bavSvs ara aqvs mkafio
warmodgena misi garemomcveli sagnebisa da adamianebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb, an sakuTari
identobis Sesaxeb. cxovrebis daaxloebiT pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi, ganviTarebuli
lingvisturi unarebis Camoyalibebamde, bavSvebis umetesobis swavlebis procesi aracnobierad
mimdinareobs, vinaidan bavSvs jer ara aqvs sakuTari Tavis gacnobierebis unari. froidi,
SesaZloa, marTali iyo, roca acxadebda, rom adreul periodSi Camoyalibebuli ltolvebis marTvis
gzebi – rac konkretulad dedasTan da mamasTan urTierTobas exeba – mniSvnelobas inarCunebs
ufro gviandel pirovnul CamoyalibebaSi.
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom bavSvebi TviTcnobier arsebebad gaxdomas swavloben midis
mier SemoTavazebuli procesis mixedviT _ me-subieqtis da me-obieqtis gansxvavebiT. Tumca,
rogorc piaJe aRniSnavda, bavSvebma, romlebmac SeiZines sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari,
inarCuneben azrovnebis egocentrul models. bavSvis avtonomiurobis ganviTareba, albaT, ufro
met emociur siZneleebs Seicavs, vidre midi an piaJe acnobierebdnen, da sadac gansakuTrebiT
Sesaferisi froidis ideebia. SesaZlebloba, marTo adreuli ltolvebi, SesaZloa, zegavlenas axdendes
imaze, Tu rogor SeZlebs bavSvi warmatebiT daZlios kognituri stadiebi, romelzec piaJe
miuTiTebs.
manamde, gansakuTrebiT froidisa da midis Sesaxeb msjelobisas, umTavresad
yuradReba gamaxvilebuli gvqonda Cvilobasa da adreul bavSvobaze da ara usafuZvlod, vinaidan
cxovrebis pirveli wlebi sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania. ra SegviZlia vTqvaT cxovrebis gzis ufro
gviandel fazebze? Yyoveli adamianis cxovreba gaivlis mraval aseT fazas, bavSvobidan,
yrmobidan da axalgazrdobidan, Sua xanobamde da moxucobamde. winamdebare Tavis adreuli
qveTavebisgan gansxvavebiT, Cven SevxedavT amas ara imdenad individis TvalsazrisiT,
aramed imis mixedviT, Tu rogor aris organizebuli socialurad ganviTarebis es fazebi, vinaidan
Cven gvWirdeba individis ganviTarebis gageba mis farTo socialur konteqstSi.
Ffroidi midi piaJe

Ffroidis mosazreba bavSvis gan- Mmidis midgoma zogierT funda- bavSvis ganviTarebis mesame
viTarebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulia, mentur aspeqtSi gansxvavdeba fro- didi Teoretikosi piaJe,
vinaidan igi bavSvis ganviTarebaSi idis midgomisagan. froidi eqimi da gansxvavdeba danarCeni ori
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Terapevti iyo; midi – filosofosi da avtorisagan. piaJe fsiqologi iyo
aracnobiersa da emociur sawyisebs sociologi. mas naklebad da misi ideebis umetesoba
uTmobs. Ffroidis mixedviT, yoveli ainteresebda individualuri bavSvebze uSualo dakvirvebas
individis pirovnulobis ZiriTadi pirovnebis Sinagani emociuri efuZneba. froidi da midi ar
aspeqtebi cxovrebis adreul periodSi qmedebebi; igi ufro socialuri ikvlevdnen bavSvebs uSualod.
yalibdeba, ganskuTrebiT, rogorc urTierTqmedebis process froidisgan gansxvavebiT da
dedasTan urTierTqmedebis Sedegi. akvirdeboda. Aaracnobiers, froidTan midis msgavsad, piaJec nakleb
vinaidan qcevis es adreuli magaliTebi SedarebiT, midi gacilebiT nakleb yuradRebas amaxvilebda
SeTvisebulia, sanam bavSvi mniSvnelobas aniWebda. aracnobierze; Tumca igi midze
salaparako enis gamoyenebas DdaTrgunvis idea midis nawerebSi mets werda bavSvis
daeufleba, isini aracnobier doneze TiTqmis ar Cndeba. Uufro metic, ganviTarebis emociur mxareze.
rCeba. midi ar scnobda froidis mosazrebas, piaJes TvalsazrisiT, bavSvi
bavSvma unda gaigos, rom misi rom CvilobaSi da adreul bavSvobaSi Tavdapirvelad egocentrulia –
moTxovnilebebi ar SeiZleba gancdili arsebiTad marTavs Cvens igi samyaros mxolod masSi
yovelTvis da swrafad iyos Semdgom gamocdilebas. sakuTari poziciis
dakmayofilebuli. yvela deda aCvevs MmidisaTvis, socialuri swavlebis perspeqtividan xedavs.
Tavis Svils kvebis disciplinas.BbavSvi TvalsazrisiT, yrmoba iseve bavSvebma unda iswavlon, rom
TandaTanobiT eCveva TavSekavebas mniSvnelovania, rogorc bavSvoba. sxvebic arseboben, romlebsac
– aracnobierad blokavs Tavis Mmidi bavSvis ganviTarebaSi Sesabamisi fiqrebi da
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moTxovnilebas, swrafad udides mniSvnelobas TamaSs grZnobebi aqvT; isini mraval

daikmayofilos saWiroebebi. Ffroidis aniWebs. TamaSis warmosaxviTi Tves andomeben, Caswvdnen
mixedviT, daTrgunva bavSvis aspeqtebis saSualebiT, bavSvi cnebebs, romlebic
ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani swavlobs sxvisi rolis aRebas – mozrdilebisTvis TavisTavad
maxasiaTeblebis safuZvelia. bavSvs samyaros danaxvas ise, rogorc cxadia; magaliTad, siCqaris,
rogorc negatiuri, aseve pozitiuri sxvebi xedaven mas da egoisturi simZimis an raodenobis
damokidebuleba aqvs dedis mimarT, TvalTaxedvisgan ganTavisuflebas. cnebebs. enis daufleba amgvari
sadac siyvaruli da antagonizmi am procesis Sedegad, bavSvebi cnebebis wvdomis arsebiTi
Sereulia. ganasxvaveben me-subieqts me- nawilia. gza infantiluri
Ooidiposiseul gadanacvlebas, rac, obieqtisagan; es me-obieqti (me) egocentrizmidan srul
Cveulebriv, oTxi an xuTi wlis asakSi socialuri pirovnebaa; pirovneba, zrdasrulobamde gaivlis rig
xdeba, froidis TeoriaSi centraluri rogorc sxvebze reagirebis Sedegi. gansxvavebul stadiebs. piaJe
adgili uWiravs. idea modis gviandel bavSvobasa da adreul amtkicebs, rom TiToeul
ZvelberZnuli miTidan oidiposis ymawvilobaSi biWi an gogona stadiaze bavSvi TandaTan zrdis
Sesaxeb, romelmac ar icoda, ise mokla swavloben ganzogadebuli sxvis rolis Tavis SesaZleblobas, swvdes
Tavisi mama da daqorwinda dedaze. SeTvisebas – ufro abstraqtuli abstraqtul cnebebs da gaigos
oidiposis stadiaSi farTo sazogadoeba normebisa da Rirebulebebisa, razec sxvebis grZnobebi. daaxloebiT
moTxovnas uyenebs bavSvs, Tavi ufro farTo sazogadoebaa TxuTmet wlamde bavSvebi ver
daaRwios emociur TavSesafars, dafuZnebuli. es, rogorc Cans, euflebian logikisa da
romelsac CvilobaSi deda sTavazobda. upirveles yovlisa, erToblivi Semecnebis rTul cnebebs,
Aam moTxovnis mTavari agenti TamaSebiT unda iyos daswavlili. Tumca zogierTi bavSvi saerTod
ojaxis farglebSi mamaa, bavSvisaTvis ver aRwevs ganviTarebis am
ufro meti avtonomiis da safexurs.
damoukideblobis misacemad.
bavSvma unda daTrgunos Tavisi
siZulvili mamis mimarT da, amave
dros, unda ganTavisufldes dedaze
adrindeli mijaWvulobisgan.P
froidi, midi da piaJe - SedarebiTi analizi.
cxovrebis gza
is mravalferovani gardaqmnebi, romelTa gancdac individebs maTi cxovrebis manZilze
uwevT, erTi SexedviT, biologiurad unda iyos fiqsirebuli – bavSvobidan zrdasrulobamde da
sabolood sikvdilamde; Tumca, aq saqme ufro rTuladaa. adamianis cxovrebis gzis stadiebi,
Tavisi bunebiT, socialuria iseve, rogorc biologiuri. maTze, sazogadoebis mocemul tipSi,
gavlenas axdens rogorc kulturuli gansxvavebebi, aseve cxovrebis materialuri pirobebi.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi, sikvdili Cveulebriv xandazmul asakTan kavSirSi
moiazreba, vinaidan adamianebis umravlesobis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba samocdaaTi weli da
metia. Tumca, tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, adamianTa umravlesoba ver aRwevda siberes da ufro
axalgazrda asakSi kvdeboda.
bavSvoba
mravali Cvengani fiqrobs bavSvobaze, rogorc cxovrebis naTel da gamorCeul etapze.
`bavSvebi,~ Cveni azriT, gansxvavdebian `Cvilebisa~ da àxalfexadgmulebisagan~. bavSvobaSi
igulisxmeba Cvilobasa da ymawvilobis dadgomas Soris arsebuli periodi. Tavad bavSvobis
cnebis gaazreba, msgavsad Cveni socialuri cxovrebis mravali sxva aspeqtisa, mxolod bolo ori-
sami saukunis win daiwyo. tradiciul kulturebSi, axalgazrdebi pirdapir gadadiodnen xangrZlivi
bavSvobidan samuSao rolebze erTobebis farglebSi. Ffrangi istorikosi filip ariesi amtkicebda,
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29
rom `bavSvoba,~ rogorc ganviTarebis calke faza, Sua saukuneebSi ar arsebobda (Aries, 1973).
Sua saukuneebis evropul mxatvrobaSi bavSvebi gamosaxulebi iyvnen, rogorc `patara
mozrdilebi.~ maT mozrdili adamianebis saxeebi da ufrosebis msgavsi Cacmis stili hqondaT.
bavSvebi imave samuSaosa da garTobaSi monawileobdnen, raSic mozrdilebi; maT ar
hqondaT sabavSvo saTamaSoebi an garTobebi, romlebic axla TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia.
Mmeoce saukunis dasawyisamde, britaneTSi da dasavleTis umetes qveynebSi, Svidi an
rva wlis bavSvebs amuSavebdnen, rac amJamad muSaobisTvis Zalze adreul asakad iTvleba.
Ffaqtobrivad, dResac bevri qveyanaa msoflioSi, sadac bavSvebi sruli samuSao dRis ganrigiT
muSaoben, xSirad fizikurad rTul garemoebebSi (mag.: qvanaxSiris maRaroebSi) (UNICEF
1987). is idea, rom bavSvebs gansakuTrebuli uflebebi aqvT, da azri, rom bavSvis muSaoba
moralurad miuRebelia, sruliad axali miRwevaa.
zogierTi istorikosi, romelic aviTarebs ariesis Tvalsazriss, acxadebs, rom Suasaukuneebis
evropaSi adamianebis umetesoba gulgrili iyo da mtruladac ki iyo ganwyobili Tavisi bavSvebis
mimarT. Tumca es Tvalsazrisi uaryofili iqna sxvebis mier da ar dasturdeba imiT, rac dRemde
arsebuli tradiciuli kulturebis Sesaxeb viciT. bevri mSobeli, gansakuTrebiT dedebi, igive saxis
siyvaruls amJRavnebdnen TavianTi Svilebis mimarT, rac Cveulia dRes. Tumca `bavSvobis~
xangrZlivi periodis gamo, rasac Cven dRes vacnobierebT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi,
garkveuli azriT, ufro `bavSvzecentrirebulia,~ vidre tradiciuli sazogadoebebi. rogorc mSobloba,
aseve bavSvoba sxva stadiebisgan ufro aSkarad gansxvavebuli gaxda, vidre es tradiciul
erTobebSia.
Uxazi unda gaesvas, rom bavSvzecentrirebuli sazogadoeba ar aris is sazogadoeba, sadac
yvela bavSvi siyvarulsa da zrunvas ganicdis mSoblebis an sxva mozrdilebis mxridan. bavSvebze
fizikuri da seqsualuri Zaladoba ojaxuri cxovrebis Cveuli niSania dRevandel sazogadoebaSi –
Tumca aseTi Zaladobis mTeli sisrule mxolod axlo warsulSi gamomzeurda. bavSvebze
Zaladobas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs imasTan, rac, dRevandeli sazogadoebrivi standartebiT,
miiCneva bavSvebis mimarT cud mopyrobad Zvel evropaSi.
SesaZlebelia, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mimdinare cvlilebebis Sedegad, `bavSvoba,~
rogorc gansakuTrebuli statusi, TandaTan gaqres. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia, rom bavSvebi
dRes ìse swrafad izrdebian,~ rom bavSvobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebuli niSnebi
kvlav sustdeba (Suransky, 1982; Winn, 1983). magaliTad, sruliad patara asakis bavSvebsac ki
SeuZliaT mozrdilebisTvis gankuTvnili satelevizio programebis yureba, ris gamoc ufro adre
`Sedian mozrdilTa samyaroSi,~ vidre es wina Taobebs SeeZloT.
siymawvile
`Tineijeris~ cneba SedarebiT axalia. biologiuri cvlilebebi, rasac sqesobrivi momwifeba
gulisxmobs (momenti, roca pirovneba sqesobrivad aqtiuri da reproduqciuli xdeba),
universaluria. Tumca, mraval kulturaSi es ar iwvevs im aurzaursa da gaugebrobas, rac
damaxasiaTebelia axalgazrdebisaTvis Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. rodesac arsebobs
asakobrivi zRvaris sistema, garkveul ritualTan erTad, rac pirovnebis zrdasrul asakSi gadasvlas
aRniSnavs, fsiqoseqsualuri ganviTarebis procesi, ZiriTadad, ufro martivad mimdinareobs.
ymawvilebma tradiciul sazogadoebebSi naklebi unda `daiviwyon,~ vidre maTma Tanatolebma
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, vinaidan tradiciul kulturebSi cvlilebis mimdinareoba ufro
Senelebulia. dRes iseTi droa, roca Cvens Svilebs aRar moeTxovebaT bavSvebad yofna: maT
unda gadaagdon TavianTi saTamaSoebi da miatovon bavSvuri Cvevebi. tradiciul kulturebSi,
sadac bavSvebi mozrdilebis gverdigverd muSaoben, es bavSvobis `daviwyebis~ procesi
naklebad mkacria.
Cvens droSi, `Tineijerad~ yofnis gansakuTrebuloba dakavSirebulia rogorc bavSvis
uflebebis gafarToebasTan, aseve formaluri ganaTlebis procesTan. Tineijerebi, xSirad, ufrosebis
gzas mihyvebian, Tumca kanonebs eqvemdebarebian rogorc bavSvebi. maT, SesaZloa, surT
muSaoba, Tumca iZulebulni arian, skolaSi darCnen. Tineijerebi bavSvobasa da zrdasrulobas
Soris imyofebian, izrdebian ra sazogadoebaSi, romelic gamudmebiT icvleba.
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A
axalgazrda zrdasrulebi
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, axalgazrda zrdasruloba pirovnul da seqsualur ganviTarebaSi,
Cans, sul ufro metad iqceva specifikur stadiad. daaxloebiT 20 wlis asakis adamianebi,
gansakuTrebiT SeZlebul jgufebSi da ara marto maTTan, `taim auts~ iyeneben samogzaurod da
seqsualuri, politikuri da religiuri gamocdilebis SesaZenad. amgvari `moratoriumis~ saWiroeba,
rogorc Cans, gaizrdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT Tanamedrove viTarebaSi ganaTlebis periodis
zrdas.
zrdasrulebi
dRes axalgazrda zrdasrulebis umetesobas SeuZlia winaswar hqondes imedi, rom sicocxle
moxucebulobamde gauxangrZlivdeba. Zvel droSi cotas Tu hqonda aseTi imediani momavlis
molodini. avadmyofobiT, epidemiebiT an travmebiT gamowveuli sikvdilianoba gacilebiT xSiri
iyo winaT, yvela asakis jgufebSi, vidre es dRes aris; gansakuTrebiT didi riskis qveS mSobiare
qalebi iyvnen, maRali sikvdilianobis gamo.
Mmeore mxriv, zogierTi daZabuloba, rasac dRes ganvicdiT, naklebad mJRavndeboda
wina epoqebSi. adamianebs, Cveulebriv, ufro axlo urTierToba hqondaT TavianT mSoblebTan
da naTesavebTan, vidre dRevanel ufro mobilur moqalaqeebs; xolo yoveldRiuri saqmianoba
maTi winaprebis saqmianobis msgavsi iyo. Cvens sazogadoebaSi ZiriTadi gaurkvevlobebi unda
gadawydes qorwinebaSi, ojaxur cxovrebaSi da sxva socialur konteqstebSi. Cven ufro metad
unda `movawyoT~ Cveni cxovreba, vidre amas warsulSi akeTebdnen. MmagaliTad, seqsualuri
da saqorwino kavSirebi ufro individis iniciativaze da arCevanzea damokidebuli, vidre
mSoblebis gadawyvetilebaze. es garemoeba individs ufro did Tavisuflebas aniWebs, Tumca
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobam, SesaZloa, daZabulobebi da siZneleebi gamoiwvios.
saSualo asakSi SorsmWvretelobis SenarCunebas CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs. DdRes adamianebis umravlesoba ar apirebs èrTidaimave saqmis keTebas mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze,~ rogorc es, Cveulebriv, tradiciul kulturebSia miRebuli. qalebma da
mamakacebma, romlebmac TavianTi cxovreba erT romelime karieras miuZRvnes, SeiZleba
aRmoaCinon, rom is done, romelsac saSualo asakSi miaRwies, maT ar akmayofilebT, xolo
Semdgomi SesaZleblobebi aRar aris. Qqalebma, romlebmac TavianTi adreuli zrdasruli asaki
bavSvebis aRzrdas moandomes da romelTa Svilebma ukve datoves saxli, SesaZloa, sakuTari
Tavi socialuri Rirebulebis armqoned igrZnon. `saSualo asakis krizisis~ fenomeni savsebiT
realuria asaks miRweuli adamianebisTvis. Ppirovnebam SeiZleba igrZnos, rom man uari Tqva
cxovrebis mier SemoTavazebul SesaZleblobebze an, rom veRarasdros miaRwevs im miznebs,
romelzec bavSvobidan ocnebobda. Mmiuxedavad amisa, gardamavali periodi ar gulisxmobs
morCilebas an bneliT mocul uimedobas; bavSvuri ocnebebidan ganTavisufleba, SesaZloa,
Svebis momgvreli iyos.
sibere
sazogadoebis adreul formebSi, moxuci adamianebi, Cveulebriv, didi pativiscemiT
sargeblobdnen. ùxucesebis~ _ moxuci asakis adamianebis _ sityva, Cveulebriv, mTavari da
gadamwyveti iyo erTobis, rogorc mTelis, mniSvnelovan saqmeebSi. rogorc mamakacebis, ise
qalebis avtoriteti ojaxSi asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeboda. amis sapirispirod, industriul
qveynebSi, ufros adamianebs, Cans, akldeba avtoriteti rogorc ojaxSi, aseve ufro farTo socialur
erTobaSi. samsaxuridan pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg isini, SesaZloa, ufro gaRaribdnen. amave
dros, mosaxleobaSi matulobs samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi; 1900 wels,
britaneTSi, samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi ocdaaTidan erTs Seadgenda;
dRevandeli proporcia xuTidan erTia.
Mxandazmulobis asakobrivi zRvaris gadalaxva tradiciul kulturaSi xSirad im statusis
kulminacias aRniSnavs, risi miRwevac individs SeuZlia. Cvens sazogadoebaSi pensiaze gasvlas
sruliad sawinaaRmdego SedegebTan mivyavarT. sakuTari Svilebisagan gancalkevebiT
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cxovreba da ekonomikuri sivrcidan gamodevna, xels uSlis xandazmul adamianebs, cxovrebis

bolo periodi Rirseulad gaataron. xSirad fiqroben, rom isini, vinc warmatebiT sZleven siberes,
sakuTari Sinagani resursebisken mibrunebiT axerxeben amas, naklebad interesdebian ra gare
daxmarebebiT, rac socialurma cxovrebam unda SesTavazos. Tumca, eWvi ar aris, rom es,
xSirad, SeiZleba marTali iyos, Cans, sazogadoebaSi, sadac bevri moxuci fizikurad janmrTelia,
`garesamyaros Tvalismidevnebis~ survili sul ufro da ufro mosalodnelia. Mmoxucma
adamianebma, romlebic saqmianobis gareSe arian darCenilni, SesaZloa, ganaxleba hpovon
imaSi, rasac `mesame asaki~ ewodeba (bavSvobisa da zrdasrulobis Semdeg), romelSic
ganaTlebis axali faza iwyeba.
TaobaTa cvla
Suasaukuneebis evropaSi sikvdili gacilebiT metad dasanaxi iyo, vidre es dRes aris.
Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianTa umetesoba saavadmyofos Caketil garemoSi kvdeba,
naTesavebsa da megobrebs CamoSorebuli. dRes dasavleTSi sikvdili mravali adamianis mier
ganixileba, rogorc individualuri sicocxlis dasasruli da ara rogorc TaobaTa ganaxlebis procesi.
religiuri rwmenis Sesustebam, aseve, Secvala Cveni damokidebuleba sikvdilis mimarT.
CvenTvis sikvdili msjelobas ar eqvemdebareba. TavisTavad cxadia, rom adamianebs sikvdilis
eSiniaT; ase rom, eqimebi an naTesavebi sakmaod xSirad umalaven sasikvdilod daavadebul
adamians, rom igi male mokvdeba.
EelizabeT kiubler-rosis mixedviT, sikvdilis moaxlovebasTan Seguebis procesi,
socializaciis SekumSuli procesia, rac ramdenime stadias moicavs.
Ppirveli stadia aris uaryofa – individi uaryofs, miiRos is, rac xdeba. meore faza
mrisxanebaa, gansakuTrebiT imaT Soris, vinc SedarebiT axalgazrda kvdeba da guli swydeba,
rom srulad ver icxovra. Amas mosdevs SevaWrebis stadia. individi garigebas debs
bediswerasTan an RmerTTan, rom mSvidad mokvdeba, Tu ufleba miecema moeswros, dainaxos
raime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani movlena, magaliTad, ojaxuri qorwineba an dabadeba.
mogvianebiT individi xSirad vardeba depresiaSi. da bolos, Tu es mdgomareoba gadailaxeba, igi
SeiZleba mivides miRebis stadiamde, rodesac moaxloebuli sikvdilis winaSe simSvide
isadgurebs.
Kkiubler-rosi aRniSnavs, rom, rodesac igi msmenel auditorias ekiTxeba, yvelaze metad
ra aSinebT sikvdilTan dakavSirebiT, adamianTa umetesoba ambobs, rom eSiniaT Seucnoblobis,
tkivilis, sayvarel adamianebTan daSorebis, an sanukvari gegmebis ganuxorcieleblad datovebis.
mas miaCnia, rom es yvelaferi, sinamdvileSi, mxolod aisbergis mwvervalia. umetesad, rasac
sikvdils vukavSirebT, aracnobieria, da Tu Cven gvsurs misaRebi gziT movkvdeT, es aracnobieri
unda gamovitanoT sinaTleze. aracnobierad adamianebi sakuTar sikvdils warmoidgenen, rogorc
maTi dasjisTvis winaswarganzraxuls. Tu isini SesZleben mixvdnen, rom es asociacia
iracionaluria, rom maTi avadmyofoba ar aris sasjeli cudi qmedebebisTvis, procesi gaadvildeba
(Kubler–Ross, 1987).
tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac bavSvebi, mSoblebi da moxucebi xSirad erT saxlSi
cxovroben, Cveulebriv, cxadad acnobiereben, rom arsebobs kavSiri sikvdilsa da TaobaTa
Tanmimdevrobas Soris. individebi sakuTar Tavs SeigrZnoben, rogorc ojaxis da erTobis nawils,
rac ganusazRvrelad grZeldeba, pirovnuli arsebobis wamierebis miuxedavad. AaseT viTarebaSi
sikvdili SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes naklebi SeSfoTebiT, vidre es xdeba Tanamedrove samyaros
swrafad cvalebad, individualistur socialur pirobebSi.
socializacia da individualuri Tavisufleba

imis gamo, rom socialuri garemo, sadac Cven davibadeT da aRvizardeT, aseT gavlenas
axdens Cvens qcevaze, SesaZloa, aRmoCndes, rom Cven warTmeuli gvaqvs individualoba anu
Tavisufali arCevani. Cans, Cven ubralod daStampulebi varT sazogadoebis mier CvenTvis
winaswarmomzadebuli formebiT. zogierTi sociologi cdilobs socializaciaze migvaniSnos da ufro
zogadad, Tavad sociologiazec – TiTqos amaSi iyos saqme; Tumca aseTi Sexeduleba Zireulad
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32
mcdaria. is faqti, rom dabadebidan sikvdilamde Cven CarTulni varT sxvebTan

urTierTqmedebaSi, ra Tqma unda, ganapirobebs Cvens pirovnulobas, Rirebulebebs, romlebsac
vflobT da qcevas, romelsac vaxorcielebT. Tumca, socializaciac, aseve, Cveni individualobis da
Tavisuflebis sawyisSia. socializaciis gzaze, TiToeuli Cvengani moipovebs identobas da
damoukidebeli azrovnebisa da qmedebis unars.
Ees Tvalsazrisi advilad gasagebi gaxdeba, Tu enis daswavlis magaliTs movitanT. enas,
romelsac bavSvobidan vswavlobT, arc erTi Cvengani ar igonebs; TiToeuli Cvengani SeboWilia
lingvisturi kanonebis zusti gamoyenebiT. Tumca, amave dros, enis codna erT-erTi ZiriTadi
faqtoria, romelic SesaZlebels xdis Cvens TviTcnobierebasa da Semoqmedebis unars. Eenis
gareSe Cven ar viqnebodiT TviTSemmecnebeli arsebebi da vicxovrebdiT met-naklebad srulad
aq-da-axlas mixedviT. enis daufleba aucilebelia adamianis cxovrebis simboluri sisavsisaTvis,
CvenTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualuri maxasiaTeblebis gacnobierebisaTvis da garesamyaros
praqtikuli dauflebisaTvis.
Sejameba
1. kulturis cneba yvelaze mniSvnelovania sociologiaSi. kultura gulisxmobs sazogadoebis
wevrTa an sazogadoebis farglebSi arsebuli jgufebis cxovrebis wess, rac moicavs xelovnebas,
literaturas da ferweras, Tumca gacilebiT farToa; aseve, sxva kulturul CamonaTvals, magaliTad,
ra acviaT adamianebs, maT Cvevebs, maTi samuSaos saxes da religiur ceremoniebs.
2. kultura imis didi nawilia, rac Cven adamianebad gvaqcevs. Tumca, rogorc adamianuri
arsebebi, Cven aseve viziarebT saerTo biologiur memkvidreobas. Aadamianis modgma gaCnda
biologiuri evoluciis xangrZlivi procesis Sedegad. Aadamianebi umaRlesi ZuZumwovrebis jgufis
nawili arian - primatebisa, romelTanac maT fiziologiurad sakmaod bevri saerTo aqvT.
3. sociobiologia, upirvelesad, mniSvnelovania cxovelis qcevasTan dakavSirebuli
aRmoCenebiT. sociobiologebis mosazrebebi adamianebis socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb Zalze
spekulaturia. Cveni qceva genetikurad aris ganpirobebuli, Tumca Cveni genetikuri monacemebi,
savaraudod, Cveni qcevis potencias gansazRvravs da ara Cveni aqtivobis namdvil Sinaarss.
4. adamianebs ara aqvT instinqtebi, dauswavleli qcevis rTuli magaliTebis azriT.
Mmartivi refleqsebis jgufi, organul moTxovnilebebTan erTad _ swored es aris adamianis
Tandayolili maxasiaTeblebi.
5. qcevis formebs, romlebic yvela an virtualurad yvela kulturaSi gvxvdeba, kulturul
universaliebs uwodeben. ena, incestis akrZalva, qorwinebis institutebi, ojaxi, religia da
sakuTreba – kulturuli universaliebis ZiriTadi tipebia. Tumca, am zogadi kategoriis farglebSi,
arsebobs qcevis modelebisa da Rirebulebebis mravali variacia, sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis
mixedviT.
6. Cveni kulturis maxasiaTeblebs socializaciis procesis saSualebiT vswavlobT.
socializacia aris procesi, romlis dros, sxva adamianebTan kontaqtis saSualebiT, umweo Cvili
TandaTan gadaiqceva TviTcnobier da gonier adamianad, romelic mocemul kulturaSi
gaTviTcnobierebulia.
7. zigmund froidis naSromi Seicavs mosazrebas, rom bavSvi avtonomiur arsebad maSin
gadaiqceva, rodesac iswavlis garemos moTxovnilebebis im Zlier ltolvebTan dabalansebas, rac
aracnobieridan modis. Cveni TviTcnobiereba aracnobieri ltolvebis daTrgunvis xarjze Sendeba.
8. j. h. midis mixedviT, bavSvi calke agentad yofnis gacnobierebas maSin aRwevs, roca
sistematurad Tvalyurs adevnebs, rogor eqcevian mas sxvebi. ufro gviandel stadiaSi, rodesac
bavSvi organizebul TamaSebSi monawileobs da swavlobs TamaSis wesebs, igi `ganzogadebul
sxvas~ – ZiriTad Rirebulebebsa da kulturul wesebs _ acnobierebs.
9. Jan piaJe ramdenime ZiriTad stadias gamoarCevs bavSvis mier samyaros Secnobis
unarSi. yoveli stadia gulisxmobs axali SemecnebiTi unarebis SeZenas da damokidebulia wina
unarebis warmatebul dasrulebaze. PpiaJes mixedviT, SemecnebiTi ganviTarebis es stadiebi
socializaciis universaluri niSan-Tvisebebia.
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33
10. socializacia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba. cxovrebis yovel gansazRvrul fazas
aqvs gardamavali periodi, romelic ganvlil unda iqnes, an krizisi, romelic unda gadailaxos. es
gulisxmobs sikvdilsac, rogorc pirovnuli arsebobis dasasruls.
D
Phillippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood (Hermondsworth: Penguin, 1973). klasikuri,

Tumca winaaRmdegobrivi diskusia `bavSvobis,~ rogorc adamianis ganviTarebis
gansakuTrebuli fazis, istoriuli warmoCenis Sesaxeb.
Ruth Bennedict, Patterns of Culture (New York: Mentor Books, 1946). Kklasikuri
gamokvleva kulturuli gansxvavebebis Sesaxeb; dResac saintereso sakiTxavia.
Ralf Fasold, The Sociolinguistics of Language (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991). saWiro
saxelmZRvanelo, romelic moicavs enisa da kulturis bunebis mraval aspeqts.
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, Living with Death and Dying (London: Souvenir Press, 1987)
sikvdilis mimarT damokidebulebis amaRelvebeli aRwera.
Elly Singer, Childcare and the Psychology of Development (London: Routledge, 1992).
diskusia bavSvis aRzrdisa da qalebisaTvis bavSvebis sadReRamiso zrunvis Semsubuqebis
Sesaxeb.
Frances C. Waksler, Studying the Social Worlds of Children: Sociological Readings
(London: Palmer, 1991). teqstebis krebuli bavSvebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
Raymond Williams, Culture (Glasgow: Fontana, 1981). sasargeblo zogadi diskusia
kulturis cnebis Sesaxeb.
Ooidiposis kompleqsi
socialuri me (obieqti)
evolucia Gganzogadebuli sxva
sociobiologia sensomotoruli stadia
instinqti Pwina-operaciuli stadia
subkultura Eegocentrizmi
eTnocentrizmi Kkonkretul-operaciuli stadia
Semecneba Fformaluri operaciuli stadia
fsiqoanalizi cxovrebis gza
Tavi 3
sazogadoebis tipebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi

mbutis pigmeebi. PTavdapirveli `siuxvis sazogadoebebi~?
mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi

mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi. miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi
araindustriuli civilizaciebi anu tradiciuli sazogadoebebi

maias civilizacia. tradiciuli saxelmwifos niSan-Tvisebebi
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34
Tanamedrove samyaro: industriuli sazogadoebebi

britaneTi, rogorc industriuli sazogadoebis nimuSi
pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi

dayofis sawyisebi. sabWoTa kavSiri da meore msoflios sazogadoebebi. meore msoflios
dasasruli. mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi. indoeTi, rogorc mesame msoflios qveynis nimuSi.
mesame msoflios siRaribe
axali industriuli qveynebi
socialuri cvlileba dRes: globalizacia
daskvna
Sejameba
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35
ZiriTadi cnebebi
industrializacia. industriuli sazogadoebebi. Globalizacia
G
kulturuli mravalgvarobis gasagebad, warmodgena unda SeviqmnaT sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva tipze, romelic istoriis manZilze arsebobda. winamdebare TavSi ganvixilavT
premodernuli sazogadoebis ZiriTad tipebs, Tumca yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT im cvlilebebze,
romlebmac axlo warsulSi gardaqmna socialuri samyaro. amasTan erTad, vimsjelebT
mniSvnelovan globalur movlenaze, romlis Sedegebi dRes yvela Cvenganze axdens gavlenas:
esaa socialuri sistemis mTeli tipis _ meore msoflios sazogadoebebis anu sabWoTa komunizmis
_ gaqroba.
pirvelyovlisa, ganvixilavT sazogadoebis zogierT uZveles formas, romlis sawyisebi
aTaswleulebs iTvlis.
uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi
Aam planetaze Cveni arsebobis mTeli xnis ganmavlobaSi (mcire drois gamoklebiT),
adamianebi cxovrobdnen monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi, mcire jgufebis an
tomebis saxiT, romelic xSirad ocdaaT-ormoc kacs iTvlida. monadireebi da Semgroveblebi
TavianT sarCos nadirobiT, TevzaobiT da bunebaSi arsebuli sakvebi mcenareebis SegrovebiT
moipovebdnen. Ees kulturebi dRemde arsebobs msoflios zogierT nawilSi, magaliTad, afrikis
zogierT gvalvian mxareSi da braziliisa da axali gvineis junglebSi; Tumca, monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa kulturebis umetesi nawili ganadgurda an absorbacia ganicada dasavluri kulturis
gavrcelebis Sedegad; xolo isini, romelic SemorCa, saeWvoa, SemdgomSi xeluxlebeli darCes.
amJamad msoflioSi mxolod meoTxed milionze nakleb adamians gaaqvs Tavi monadireobiTa da
SemgroveblobiT _ anu mosaxleobis mxolod 0,001 procents (ixileT diagrama 3.1).
Mmozrdil sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT – gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebTan, rogorcaa, magaliTad, britaneTi an SeerTebuli Statebi – monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa jgufebSi gacilebiT naklebi uTanasworobaa. maTi qoneba samonadireo TofebiT,
miwis dasamuSavebeli da samSeneblo iaraRiT, da saojaxo da samzareulo mowyobilobiT
Semoifargleba. Aase rom, sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, materialuri qonebis mxriv, gansxvaveba
mcirea – aq ar iyofian mdidrebad da Raribebad. mdgomareobis an rangis mixedviT
gansxvavebas mxolod asaki da sqesi ganapirobebs; mamakacebi TiTqmis yovelTvis
monadireebi arian; xolo qalebi agroveben bunebriv sarCos, amzadeben sadils da zrdian
bavSvebs. Sromis ganawileba mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris Zalze mniSvnelovania:
mamakacebi metad ikaveben sajaro da ceremoniebTan dakavSirebul poziciebs.
ùxucesebis~ _ erTobaSi yvelaze xandazmuli da gamocdili adamianebis _ sityva,
Cveulebriv, gadamwyvetia jgufSi ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas. Tumca, qonebis mxriv
arsebobs patara gansxvavebebi Temis wevrebs Soris, gansxvavebebi Zalauflebis sferoSi
gacilebiT naklebia, vidre sazogadoebis ufro mozrdil tipebSi. monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa
sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, `monawileobiTia~ _ mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas
an krizisis mosagvareblad, yvela mozrdili mamakaci ikribeba.
Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi mTlad qaoturad ar gadaadgildebian. umetesobas
mudmivi teritoriebi aqvs da wlidan wlamde maT irgvliv moZraobs; monadireebisa da
Semgroveblebis mraval Tems ar hyavs mudmivi wevrebi; adamianebi xSirad gadaadgildebian
sxvadasxva banakebsa Tu jgufebSi, iSlebian an sxvebs uerTdebian, Tumca erTsadaimave
teritoriaze.
diagrama 3.1 monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebis ricxvis Semcireba

msoflios mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad.
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36
wyaro: Richard B.Lee and Jrven de Lore (eds). Men the Hunter (Aldine de Gruyter, 1968).
Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 10 milioni. 10,000 Cvens welTaRricxvamde
MmonadireTa procentuli maCvenebeli: 100
Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 350 milioni. 1500 weli Cveni welTaRricxviT
MmonadireTa procentuli maCvenebeli: 1.0
Mmsoflios mosaxleoba: 3 miliardi. 1960 weli Cveni welTaRricxviT
MmonadireTa procentuli maCvenebeli: 0,001
mbutis pigmeebi
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebis daxasiaTebas asobiT naSromi
mieZRvna; maTi cxovrebis wesis ilustraciisTvis, Cven erT-erTs mivmarTavT: mbutis
pigmeebis sazogadoebas (gamoiTqmeba `mabuti~), romelic centralur afrikaSi, kerZod, zairis
midamoebSi binadrobs (Turnbull, 1983). mbutis tomi gauvali tyis teritoriaze cxovrobs, romelic
gareSeebisTvis Znelad SesaRwevia; misi wevrebisTvis tyis garemo Zalze nacnobia da ise
gadaadgildebian, rogorc moesurvebaT. aq uxvadaa wyali, sakvebad gamosayenebeli mcenareebi
da cxovelebi sanadirod. mbutis saxlebi mudmivi sacxovrebeli ar aris; isini foTlebisa da xis
totebisgan Sendeba ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi da aseve swrafad SeiZleba iqnes aRebuli
mbutebis gadaadgilebis dros, rasac isini mudmivad ewevian; isini erT adgilas Tveze mets ar
Cerdebian.
Mmbutebi oTxi-xuTi ojaxisgan Semdgar jgufebad cxovroben. jgufebi sakmaod myaria;
Tumca, Tu individs an ojaxs erTi jgufis datoveba da meoresTan SeerTeba surs, aravis SeuZlia
maTi SeCereba. aravin `marTavs~ jgufs – aq ar arian beladebi. Tumca, uxucesebs evalebaT
Cxubisa da davis `daSoSmineba,~ romelic pigmeebis rwmeniT, tyis sulebs awuxebs. Tu
konfliqti Zalze mwvavdeba, jgufis wevrebi toveben iqaurobas da sxvebs uerTdebian.
Mmbutis cxovrebis Seswavla, Tavdapirvelad, 1960 wels daiwyes; am droisaTvis maTi
cxovrebis wesi jer kidev xeluxlebeli rCeboda. Mmas Semdeg igi sul ufro mzard zewolas
ganicdis. Ggare samyaro sul ufro metad SeiWra tyeSi da mbutis xalxi sul ufro metad iqna
CaTreuli tyis garSemo perimetrSi arsebuli soflebis fulad ekonomikaSi. Cven maTi cxovrebis
wesi awmyoSi warmovidgineT, Tumca amJamad isini gaqrobis piras arian. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas mcirericxovan tradiciul sazogadoebebze, romlebzec winamdebare TavSi mogvianebiT
visaubrebT.
Tavdapirveli `siuxvis sazogadoebebi~?
Mmbutis pigmeebisgan gansxvavebiT, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi,

romlebmac dRemde arseboba SeinarCunes, momwyvdeulia mkacr da miuval adgilebSi. AaseTi
jgufebi, albaT, SimSilobis zRvarze cxovroben imis gamo, rom garemo metad mkacria da Zlivs
uzrunvelyofs cxovrebis minimums. monadireebi da Semgroveblebi didi xnis win iyvnen
gamoZevebuli nayofieri miwebidan, da im faqtma, rom amJamad maTi cxovrebis pirobebi
sicocxlis gadarCenisTvis mudmivi brZolaa, bevri mecnieri miiyvana daskvnamde, rom es
adamianebi materialuri siduxWiris pirobebSi cxovroben. Tumca, SesaZloa, warsulSi saqme
amgvarad ar iyo. cnobili anTropologi marSal salinsi monadire-Semgroveblebs `pirvel siuxvis
sazogadoebebs~ uwodebda imis gamo, rom maT meti hqondaT, vidre saWiro iyo maTi
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad (Sahlins, 1972). warsulis monadireebi da Semgroveblebi
msoflios yvelaze xelsayrel regionebSi cxovrobdnen; maT ar uxdebodaT dRis umetesi nawilis
SromaSi gatareba, rac `warmoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.” mraval maTgans samuSaoze,
saSualod, yoveldRiurad naklebi saaTis gatareba SeeZlo, vidre es Tanamedrove qarxnebSi an
dawesebulebebSia.
Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi naklebad iyvnen dainteresebulni imaze meti
materialuri dovlaTis SeqmniT, rac maTi ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisTvis iyo
saWiro. Cveulebriv, isini dakavebulni iyvnen religiuri ceremoniebiT da ritualuri aqtivobiT.
mravali monadire da Semgrovebeli regularulad monawileobda arsebul ceremoniebSi da didi dro
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37
SeeZlo daeTmo im samoselis, niRbebis an sxva sakraluri nivTebis damzadebisTvis, rasac

ritualebis dros iyenebdnen.
zogierTi avtori, gansakuTrebiT sociobiologiis mimdevari, am sazogadoebebSi
monadireobis upiratesobas ukavSirebs adamianis impulss omisadmi; Tumca, sinamdvileSi,
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi omis suliskveTebas ar amJRavnebs. iaraRi,
romelsac isini nadirobisas iyeneben, iSviaTad aris mimarTuli sxva adamianebis winaaRmdeg.
zogjer sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Setakebebi SeiZleba moxdes, Tumca, es yovelTvis SezRudulia;
danakargi Zalze mcirea an sruliad ar aris. Oomi, Tanamedrove gagebiT, sruliad ucnobia
monadireebisa da SemgroveblebisTvis; maT ara hyavT specialurad gawvrTvnili meomrebi.
nadiroba TavisTavad aris mniSvnelovani erToblivi aqtivoba. adamianebi aq SeiZleba martoni
wavidnen sanadirod, Tumca isini yovelTvis anawileben nadavls – vTqvaT, gareuli taxis an
Roris xorcs – jgufis danarCen wevrebs Soris.
Mmonadireebi da Semgroveblebi ar arian ubralod `primitiuli~ adamianebi, romelTa
cxovreba aRar Seadgens Cveni interesis sagans. maTi kulturis Seswavla ufro naTlad
dagvanaxebs, rom zogierTi Cveni instituti Zlier daSorebulia adamianuri cxovrebis `bunebriv~
maxasiaTeblebs. ra Tqma unda, Cven ar unda movaxdinoT im pirobebis idealizeba, romelSic
monadireebi da Semgroveblebi cxovrobdnen, magram is faqti, rom omi ar arsebobs, rom ar aris
gansakuTrebuli uTanasworoba simdidresa da ZalauflebaSi, da rom meti yuradReba
TanamSromlobas eqceva, vidre Sejibrs _ yvelaferi es xazs usvams, rom Tanamedrove industriuli
civilizaciis mier Seqmnili samyaro yovelTvis `progresuli~ ar aris.
mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi
DdaaxloebiT oci aTasi wlis win, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa zogierTma jgufma,

arsebobis saSualebis mosapoveblad, cxovelTa moSinaureba da miwis garkveuli nakveTebis
damuSaveba daiwyo. mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi, ZiriTadad, cxovelTa moSinaurebas
misdevdnen, xolo miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebs puri mohyavdaT (muSaobdnen soflis
meurneobaSi). Bbevr sazogadoebas mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa Sereuli meurneobebi
hqonda.
mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi
im garemo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic uxdebodaT cxovreba, mesaqonleebi

aSinaurebdnen da uvlidnen Zroxas, cxvars, Txas, aqlems an cxens. bevri mesaqonleTa
sazogadoeba Tanamedrove msoflioSic arsebobs, gansakuTrebiT iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa
afrika, Sua aRmosavleTi da centraluri azia. am sazogadoebebs, Cveulebriv, iseT adgilebSi
pouloben, sadac nayofieri saZovrebia, an udabnoebsa da mTebSi. Ees adgilebi gamousadegaria
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebisTvis, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, gamodges saqonlis mosaSeneblad.
MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi, Cveulebriv, adgils icvlian sezonuri cvlilebebis mixedviT.
imis gamo, rom isini saqonels gadaadgilebis saSualebad iyeneben, maT ufro didi distanciebis
gavla SeuZliaT, vidre monadireebsa da Semgroveblebs. momTabare cxovrebis gamo,
mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebSi adamianebi ver agroveben materialur sakuTrebas, Tumca maTi
cxovrebis wesi, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro kompleqsuria, vidre monadireebis an
Semgroveblebis. imis gamo, rom cxovelTa moSinaurebiT maT sakvebi maragi mudmivad aqvT,
maTi sazogadoebebi gacilebiT mravalricxovania, vidre monadireTa an SemgrovebelTa tomebi.
Aarsebobs mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi, romlebic meoTxed milion adamiansac ki iTvlis.
Uuzarmazar teritoriebze xSiri gadaadgilebis gamo, mesaqonleebs mudam aqvT kontaqtis
saSualeba sxva jgufebTan. isini xSirad vaWroben maTTan, Tumca, aseve, omebsac aCaReben.
mesaqonleTa kulturebis umravlesoba mSvidobismoyvarea, romelTa survili mxolod saqonlis
patronoba da Temur ritualebsa da ceremoniebSi monawileobis miRebaa. sxvebi meomruli
suliskveTebiT arian ganmsWvalulni da rogorc saqonlis movla-patronobiT, aseve ZarcviTa da
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38
darbevebiT irCenen Tavs. mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebSi qonebisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebaSi

ufro meti uTanasworobaa, vidre monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa tomebSi. kerZod,
winamZRolebi, tomebis beladebi an mxedarTmTavrebi xSirad mniSvnelovan pirovnul
Zalauflebas floben.
MmesaqonleTa sazogadoebis klasikuri daxasiaTeba mogvca e. e. evans-pritCardma,
romelic ikvlevda nueris sazogadoebas samxreT sudanSi, afrikaSi (Evans-Pritchard, 1940).
nueris cxovrebis pirobebi, umTavresad, mesaqonleobazea damokidebuli, Tumca, maT zogierTi
sasoflo-sameurneo kulturac mohyavT. Aadamianebi cxovroben soflebSi, romlebic 5-20 miliT
aris erTmaneTs daSorebuli. 1930-ian wlebSi, rodesac evans-pritCardi kvlevebs atarebda, nueris
mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 200,000-s Seadgenda. MmaT saerTo ena da erTnairi wes-Cveulebebi
hqondaT, Tumca aq ar iyo erTiani politikuri Zalaufleba an raime saxelisuflebo forma. Nnueri
dayofili iyo tomebad, romlebic zogjer TanamSrolobdnen erTmaneTTan, Tumca umTavresad
gancalkvebiT cxovrobdnen.
Yyovel toms sakuTari miwa hqonda. es miwebi, umTavresad, wyalgamyofiT
esazRvreboda erTmaneTs. nuers ar hqonda gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli Tavisi miwis mimarT,
aramed amoZravebda interesi imisa, iyo Tu ara adgili vargisi saqonlis saZovrebisTvis.
weliwadis gvalvian periodSi, isini banakebad cxovrobdnen wyalTan axlos. nueris cxovrebis
umetesi nawili saqonelTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rac ganmsazRvreli iyo maTi kulturisTvis. isini
srul upativcemulobas iCendnen im mezobeli xalxis mimarT, romelsac mcire raodenobiT an
sruliad ara hyavda saqoneli. cxovrebis yvela ZiriTadi movlena _ dabadeba, srulwlovanebis
miRweva, qorwineba da sikvdili _ ritualebiT aRiniSneboda, msxvilfexa saqonlis monawileobiT.
mamakacebs xSirad sayvareli xaris saxeliT mimarTavdnen, xolo qalebs _ sayvareli mewveli
Zroxis saxeliT.
N nueris tomebi sakmaod xSirad eomebodnen erTmaneTs da zogjer alianssac qmnidnen
sxvebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. isini ara marto sakuTari saqonlisTvis cxovrobdnen, aramed
omebsac aCaRebdnen misi gulisTvis – magaliTad, arbevdnen axlo mcxovreb dinkas, meore
mesaqonle sazogadoebas, saqonlis mosaparad. nueris andaza gveubneba: `Zroxebis gamo meti
adamiani daiRupa, vidre raime sxva mizeziT.~
miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi
MmiwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi, rogorc Cans, imave dros warmoiSva, roca

mesaqonleTa sazogadoebebi. garkveul momentSi monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa jgufebi, ama
Tu im nayofis ubralo Segrovebidan, sakuTari marcvleulis Tesvaze gadavidnen. Ees praqtika
pirvelad e.w. `mebaReobis~ saxelwodebiT warmoiSva, sadac patara baRebs amuSavebdnen
primitiuli Toxis an baris gamoyenebiT. MmsoflioSi bevri adamiani jerac mebaReobiT irCens
Tavs.
diagrama 3.2. sasoflo-sameurneo cxovrebis wesis simyare Tanamedrove industriul

sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT: samuSao Zalis procentuli maCvenebeli soflis meurneobaSi, 1990.
wyaro: Nikos Alexandratas (ed), msoflios soflis meurneoba 2010 wlisaTvis.
An FAO study 1995.
soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulTa procentuli raodenoba
nepali 91,7
ruanda 91,3
uganda 80,9
eTiopia 74,5
bangladeSi 68,5
industriuli sazogadoebebi
avstralia 7,4
iaponia 6,4
germania 4,6
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kanada 3,3
SeerTebuli Statebi 2,3
gaerTianebuli samefo 2,0
mesaqonleobis msgavsad, samiwaTmoqmedo kultura sursaTis ufro garantirebul

miwodebas uzrunvelyofs, vidre es monadireobiT an SemgroveblobiT aris SesaZlebeli; amdenad,
mas SeuZlia, xeli Seuwyos ufro didi Temebis warmoqmnas. imis gamo, rom miwaTmoqmedebi
ar gadaadgildebian, maT SeuZliaT meti materialuri sakuTrebis Seqmna, vidre mesaqonleebis,
monadireTa an SemgrovebelTa Temebs. jgufebis konkretul adgilebSi dasaxlebis Semdeg,
calkeul soflebs Soris SeiZleba damyardes savaWro da politikuri kavSirebi. saomari
suliskveTeba miwaTmoqmedebsac axasiaTebT, Tumca Zaladobis xarisxi maTTan naklebia,
vidre mesaqonleTa jgufebs Soris. soflis meurneobaSi dakavebuli adamianebi, Cveulebriv,
sabrZolo xelovnebas ar misdeven; mesaqonleTa momTabare tomebs ki SeuZliaT masobrivad
Seiyaron da maradiorebis armia Seqmnan.
MmagaliTisTvis ganvixilavT gururumbas, axali gvineis toms, romelic aTasze cota meti
adamianisgan Semdgar eqvs sofels moicavs (Newman, 1965). Yyovel sofelSi ramdenime baRia,
erTmaneTisgan RobeebiT gamijnuli. am SemoRobil teritoriaze nakveTs ramdenime ojaxi flobs.
yvela adamiani, dididan pataramde, nakveTebis damuSavebiT aris dakavebuli, Tumca,
mamakacebi da qalebi sxvadasxva saxis xilsa da bostneulze arian pasuxismgebelni. Yyovel
ojaxs erTi an meti nakveTi aqvs; maT weliwadis sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxis mosavali
mohyavT, riTac sakvebis mudmiv miwodebas uzrunvelyofen. gururumbas kulturaSi arsebobs
ojaxebs Soris saCuqrebis gacvlis ceremoniis rTuli sistema, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia
prestiJis mopoveba TemSi. Aamitom ojaxebs aqvT nakveTebi, sadac mohyavT mosavali
yoveldRiuri saWirobebisTvis, xolo sxva nakveTSi `prestiJuli~ mosavali mohyavT. `prestiJul~
mcenareuls gacilebiT ukeT uvlian, vidre mosavals yoveldRiuri moxmarebisTvis.
gururumbas tomi Rorebsac aSenebs, romlebsac imdenad sakvebad ar iyeneben,
ramdenadac ZRvenis saxiT, rac TemSi statusis mosapoveblad sWirdebaT. aq ramdenime
weliwadSi erTxel imarTeba didi dResaswauli, romlis drosac aseulobiT Rors klaven, amzadeben
da ZRvnad miarTmeven. mesaqonleTa jgufebis msgavsad, gururumbelTa Sorisac meti
uTanasworobaa, vidre monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa kulturebSi. winamZRolebs da tomis
beladebs gamorCeuli adgili uWiravT; aseve mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa adamianebis kuTvnil
materialur sakuTrebaSi.
araindustriuli civilizaciebi anu tradiciuli

saxelmwifoebi
mecnierulad dadasturebulia, rom Cvens welTaRricxvamde 6000 wlidan moyolebuli,

arsebobda sakmaod didi sazogadoebebi, romlebic sruliad gansxvavdeboda sazogadoebis
adrindeli tipebisgan (Burns and Ralph, 1974). es sazogadoebebi qalaqebis ganviTarebaze iyo
damokidebuli, sadac mkveTri qonebrivi da Zalauflebrivi gansxvaveba arsebobda, da mefeebis
an imperatorebis Zalauflebas eqvemdebareboda. imis gamo, rom aq wera-kiTxva ganviTarebuli
iyo, xolo mecniereba da xelovneba ayvavebas ganicdida, maT xSirad civilizaciebs uwodebdnen.
Tumca, imis gamo, rom maT Seqmnes ufro koordinirebuli mmarTveloba, vidre sazogadoebis
sxva formebma, maTi misamarTiT xSirad termins tradiciuli saxelmwifo iyeneben.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba imperiebs warmoadgenda; isini dapyrobebiTa da
sxva xalxebis mierTebiT aRwevdnen Zalauflebas (Eisenstadt, 1963; Classen and Skalnik, 1978;
Kautsky, 1982). es ase iyo, magaliTad, CineTsa da romSi. romis imperia, Tavisi ganviTarebis
umaRles stadiaSi, Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi, moicavda teritorias britaneTidan
Crdilo-dasavleTiT Sua aRmosavleTamde. CineTis imperia, romelic or aTaswleulze metxans
arsebobda damdegi saukunis CaTvliT, aRmosavleT aziis udides regionebs faravda, rac amJamad
Tanamedrove CineTs ukavia. Tanamedrove msoflioSi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi aRar arsebobs,
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Tumca zogierTebi, rogoricaa CineTi da iaponia, romlebic met-naklebad xeluxlebeli SemorCa

meoce saukunis dasawyisamde, axla ufro Tanamedrove sistemebs Seerwya.
Sua aRmosavleTis uZvelesi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi, Cveulebriv, mdinareebis nayofieri
napirebis gaswvriv iqmneboda (diagrama 3,3). CineTis imperia Cvens welTaRricxvamde 2000
wlis win gaCnda; drois amave monakveTSi arsebobda Zlieri saxelmwifoebi Tanamedrove
indoeTisa da pakistanis teritoriaze. mTeli rigi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi arsebobda meqsikasa da
laTinur amerikaSi, magaliTad, actekebi meqsikis naxevarkunZulze da inkebis saxelmwifo
peruSi. inkebis saxelmwifo daaxloebiT erTi saukuniT adre Camoyalibda, espaneli
Tavgadasavlebis maZieblis pizaros Camosvlamde, romelic jariskacTa mcirericxovani razmiT
1535 wels moadga samxreT amerikis napirebs. inkebisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil sxva adgilobriv
tomebTan kavSiris damyarebis meSveobiT, pizarom SesZlo, mokle droSi daemxo inkebis
saxelmwifo da arsebuli teritoria espaneTis mflobelobaSi moeqcia. Ees erT-erTi pirveli
SemTxveva iyo dasavlur gavlenasa da tradiciul saxelmwifoebs Soris mravalricxovan
SetakebaTa rigSi, ramac, sabolood, am ukanasknelis saboloo gaqroba gamoiwvia.
N
maias civilizacia
tradiciuli saxelmwifos daxasiaTebisTvis, magaliTis saxiT, ganvixilavT kidev erT

amerikul civilizacias – maias, romelic ganTavsebuli iyo iukatanis naxevarkunZulze, meqsikis
yureSi. maias civilizacia ayvavebas ganicdida Cveni welTaRricxvis 300-dan 800 wlamde. maias
civilizaciaSi aSenebdnen grandiozul religiur centrebs, romelTa garSemoc qvis sacxovrebeli
saxlebi Sendeboda. religiur salocavebs didi piramidebis forma hqonda da yoveli maTganis
Tavze taZari idga. Tikalis - udidesi piramidis - irgvliv qalaqi iyo gaSenebuli, 40,000
macxovrebliT. es mTavari administraciuli centri iyo - maias saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi.
maias sazogadoeba imarTeboda meomari qurumebis aristokratiuli klasis mier. isini
umaRlesi religiuri moRvaweebi iyvnen, Tumca imavdroulad samxedro winamZRolebic, da
gamudmebul omebs awarmoebdnen mezoblebTan. Mmosaxleobis umetesi nawili glexobisgan
Sedgeboda; TiToeuli maTgani valdebuli iyo, Tavisi mosavlis nawili mieca aristokrati
mmarTvelebisTvis, romlebic fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen.
zustad ar aris dadgenili, ratom daeca maias civilizacia, Tumca savaraudoa, rom is
mezobelma tomebma daipyres. im droisTvis, rodesac iq espanelebi Cavidnen, maias saxelmwifo
ukve didi xania aRar arsebobda.
tradiciuli saxelmwifos niSan-Tvisebebi
istoriulad, tradiciuli saxelmwifo sazogadoebis erTaderTi tipi iyo Tanamedrove

industrializmis gaCenamde, sadac mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili uSualod ar monawileobda
sasursaTo produqciis SeqmnaSi. MmonadreTa da SemgrovebelTa TemebSi, aseve mesaqonleTa
da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebSi, Sromis ganawileba sakmaod martivi iyo; movaleobebi,
umTavresad, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris nawildeboda. amis sapirispirod, tradiciul
saxelmwifoebSi ufro rTuli dasaqmebis sistema arsebobda.Qaq jer kidev narCundeboda Sromis
mkacri ganawileba sqesis mixedviT. qalebis Sroma umTavresad ojaxSi da mindorSi muSaobiT
Semoifargleboda. Tumca, mamakacTa Soris gaCnda specializebuli saqmianoba vaWris,
kariskacis, saxelmwifo mosamsaxuris da jariskacis saxiT.
Aadamianuri sazogadoebis adreuli tipebi

tipi arsebobis periodi maxasiaTeblebi
monadireTa da 50,000 C. w. aR-dan Sedgeba adamianTa mcire ricxvisgan,
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SemgrovebelTa dRemde (axla sruli romlebic saarsebo wyaros monadireobiT,

sazogadoeba gaqrobis pirasaa). meTevzeobiT da nayofis SegrovebiT
moipoveben.
Zalian mcire uTanasworobaa. G gansxvaveba
mdgomareobaSi asakiTa da sqesiT
Semoifargleba.
mesaqonleTa 12,000 C.w.aR-dan saarsebo wyaro damokidebulia moSinaurebuli
sazogadoebebi dRemde. dRes ufro didi cxovelebis movlaze.
saxelmwifoebis nawili; mosaxleobis raodenoba Seadgens ramdenime
maTi tradiciuli cxovrebis aseulidan mraval aTasamde adamians.
wesi irRveva. gamoirCeva garkveuli uTanasworobiT.
imarTeba beladebiT an meomari mefeebiT.
miwaTmoqmedTa 12.000 C.w.-dan Sedgeba soflis patara Temebisgan, romlebic
sazogadoebebi dRemde. DdRes maTi cxovroben qalaqebis gareSe.
umetesoba ufro didi Tavs irCens soflis meurneobiT, romelsac
politikuri erTobis nawilia uTavsebs monadireobasa da Semgroveblobas.
da kargaven TavianT ufro didi uTanasworoba, vidre monadireTa da
gamorCeul identobas. SemgrovebelTa Soris. imarTeba beladebiT.
tradiciuli 6000 C.w-dan me-19 umTavresad dafuZnebulia soflis meurneobaze.

saxelmwifoebi anu saukunemde; yvela Aarsebobs ramdenime qalaqi, sadac
civilizaciebi tradiciuli saxelmwifo koncentrirebulia vaWroba da warmoeba.
ukve gamqralia. moculobiT Zalian didi, zogierTi milionobiT
adamians iTvlis (Tumca, ar Seedreba ufro did
industriul sazogadoebebs).
mTavrobis garkveuli aparati, romelsac mefe
an imperatori marTavs. didi uTanasworobaa
sxvadasxva klasebs Soris.
A
arsebobda, aseve, klasebis ZiriTadi dayofa aristokratul jgufebsa da mosaxleobis
danarCen nawils Soris. mmarTveli `gabatonebul klass~ ganagebda, romelsac maRali socialuri
poziciis dakavebis gansakuTrebuli ufleba hqonda. am klasis warmomadgenlebi, Cveulebriv,
materialur komfortsa da fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen. Mmeore mxriv, mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis
mdgomareoba Zalze mZime iyo. am sazogadoebebis saerTo niSani monaTmflobeloba iyo.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis mcire ricxvi iqmneboda vaWrobis ganviTarebiT an
imarTeboda vaWrebis mier; maTi umravlesoba ki yalibdeboda dapyrobiTi omebiT, rac
samxedro Zalebis mniSvnelovnad zrdas iwvevda (MeNeill, 1983; Mann, 1986). tradiciuli
saxelmwifoebi zrunavdnen profesiuli jaris ganviTarebaze, romelic Tanamedrove tipis samxedro
organizaciis winamorbedi iyo. MmagaliTad, romauli jari maRali discipliniTa da meomrebis
intensiuri varjiSiT gamoirCeoda, rasac efuZneboda romis imperiis eqspansia. tradiciul
saxelmwifoebSi, aseve, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT omis meqanizaciis sawyisebi. xmlebi, Subebi,
muzaradebi da mowyobiloba alyisaTvis, rasac romauli jari iyenebda, specializebuli ostatebis
mier iwarmoeboda. omebSi, romelic warmoebda tradiciul saxelmwifoebs Soris, an am
saxelmwifoebsa da `barbarosul~ tomebs Soris, danakargi gacilebiT didi iyo, vidre romelime
wina periodSi.
Tanamedrove msoflio: industriuli sazogadoebebi
DdResdReobiT, tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi mTlianad aRigaven pirisagan miwisa.

miuxedavad imisa, rom monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa, mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa
sazogadoebebi zogierT regionebSi arsebobas ganagrZoben, maTi povna SedarebiT izolirebul
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teritoriebzea SesaZlebeli – da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es ukanaskneli SemorCenili egzemplarebic

dezintegracias ganicdis. ram gamoiwvia im sazogadoebis formebis rRveva, romelic mTeli
istoriis manZilze batonobda, Tundac ori saukunis win? pasuxi, erTi sityviT rom vTqvaT,
industrializaciaa – samanqano warmoebis gaCena, rac aracocxali Zalis resursis gamoyenebas
efuZneba (orTqlis an eleqtro energiis msgavsi). industriuli sazogadoebebi (rasac zogjer
`Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs~ uwodeben) socialuri wyobis nebismieri adrindeli tipisagan
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. maTi ganviTarebis Sedegebi Sors gascda maTive evropul
warmomavlobas.
industrializacia me-18 saukunis inglisSi warmoiSva, rogorc `samrewvelo revoluciis~
Sedegi, rac mTeli rigi teqnologiuri cvlilebebis Semoklebuli saxelwodebaa, da gavlenas axdens
im saSualebebze, riTac adamianebi moipoveben saarsebo wyaros. es cvlilebebi moicavs axali
manqana-danadgarebis gamogonebas (rogoricaa, magaliTad, sarTavi dazga narTisaTvis),
energiis resursis gamoyenebas (gansakuTrebiT wylis da orTqlis) mrewvelobisaTvis da
mecnierebis gamoyenebas warmoebis meTodebis gasaumjobeseblad. vinaidan aRmoCenebi da
gamogonebebi erT sferoSi xels uwyobs ganviTarebas sxva sferoebSic, teqnologiuri inovaciebis
tempi industriul sazogadoebebSi Seudareblad swrafia, tradiciul socialur sistemebTan SedarebiT.
Tundac yvelaze warmatebul tradiciul civilizaciebSi, adamianTa umravlesoba miwis
damuSavebaSi iyo CarTuli. teqnologiuri ganviTarebis SedarebiT dabali done mxolod patara
umciresobas aZlevda saSualebas, ganTavisuflebuliyvnen sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebisgan.
amis sapirispirod, dRes industriuli sazogadoebebis upirvelesi niSani is aris, rom mosaxleobis
didi umravlesoba ufro metad qarxnebSi, dawesebulebebSi an maRaziebSi muSaobs, vidre soflis
meurneobaSi. adamianebis 90 procentze meti qalaqebSi cxovrobs, sadac samuSao adgilebis
umetesobaa Tavmoyrili da axali samuSaos Seqmnis meti SesaZleblobebia. didi qalaqebi zomiT
gacilebiT grandiozulia, vidre urbanuli dasaxlebebi tradiciul civilizaciebSi. qalaqebSi socialuri
cxovreba sul ufro gaupirovnebuli da anonimuri xdeba, da yoveldRiuri kontaqtebi ufro metad
ucxoebTan gvaqvs, vidre CvenTvis axlobel adamianebTan. iseTi masStaburi organizaciebi,
rogoricaa saqmiani korporaciebi an samTavrobo organizaciebi, arsebiTad, yoveli adamianis
cxovrebaze axdens zegavlenas.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Semdegi niSan-Tviseba politikur sistemebs exeba,
romlebic ufro metad ganviTarebuli da intensiuria, vidre tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis mmarTvelobis
formebi. tradiciul civilizaciebSi politikuri xelisufleba (monarqebi an imperatorebi) didad ver
axdenda pirdapir zegavlenas misi qveSemrdomebis zne-Cveulebebsa da adaT-wesebze,
romlebic sakmaod damoukidebel adgilobriv dasaxlebebSi cxovrobdnen. industrializaciasTan
erTad, transporti da kavSirebi gacilebiT swrafi gaxda, rac èrovnul~ erTobas ufro integrirebuls
xdida.
industriulma sazogadoebebma erovnuli saxelmwifoebis saxiT daiwyo arseboba. erovnuli
saxelmwifoebi politikuri gaerTianebebia, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gamoyofilia mkveTrad
gamijnuli sazRvrebiT, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli saxelmwifoebisgan, romelTac gaurkveveli
sasazRvro teritoriebi gamohyofda. erovnuli saxelmwifoebis mTavrobebs didi Zalaufleba aqvT
moqalaqeTa cxovrebis mraval aspeqtze. maT SemoaqvT kanonebi, savaldebulo maT sazRvrebSi
mcxovrebi yvela adamianisTvis. BbritaneTi erovnuli saxelmwifoa, rogorc TiTqmis yvela sxva
sazogadoeba Tanamedrove msoflioSi.
industriuli teqnologiis gamoyeneba sruliadac ar Semoifargleboda ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis mSvidobiani procesebiT. industrializaciis yvelaze adreul fazaSic ki, Tanamedrove
samrewvelo procesebi samxedro miznebs emsaxureboda. am garemoebam radikalurad Secvala
omis warmoebis gzebi, gacilebiT ufro gaumjobesebuli samxedro organizaciis tipebisa da
SeiaraRebis SeqmniT, vidre es iyo araindustriul kulturebSi. ekonomikuri upiratesobis, politikuri
erTianobis da samxedro Zlierebis erTobliobas mohyva bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi
cxovrebis dasavluri wesis upirobo gavrceleba mTels msoflioSi.
britaneTi, rogorc industriuli sazogadoebis

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magaliTi
DdRes msoflioSi orasze meti erovnuli saxelmwifo arsebobs; maT Soris erT-erTi
britaneTia. sxva Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebTan SedarebiT, teritoriulad da mosaxleobiT igi ar
aris didi. britaneTis mosaxleoba 58 milionia. Ggermaniis _ meore industriuli qveynis
mosaxleoba _ 81 milions Seadgens, iaponiis – 125 milions, xolo SeerTebuli Statebis
mosaxleoba 258 milionia. Tumca, mosaxleobis mixedviT, SedarebiT mcirericxovan britaneTSi,
ufro meti mosaxleobaa, vidre es romis imperiaSi iyo, misi ganviTarebis umaRles stadiaze; es
imis maniSnebelia, Tu ramdenad mWidrodaa dasaxlebuli msoflio dRes, vidre orasi wlis winaT.
BbritaneTis, rogorc industriuli qveynis, Tavisebureba kargad vlindeba imiT, rom soflis
meurneobaSi dakavebuli adamianebi mTeli samuSao Zalis 2 procentze naklebs Seadgenen. sxva
industriuli qveynebis msgavsad, britaneTi sursaTis imports mTeli msofliodan axorcielebs: Cais
– samxreT aziidan, vaSlis – axali zelandiidan, Rvinis – safrangeTidan da uamravi sxva saxis
sursaTis _ sxva qveynebidan. magram soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulTa 2 procentic ki
awarmoebs imaze mets, rac saWiroa britaneTis mosaxleobis gamosakvebad. TiToeuli mosaxlis
saSualo wliuri Semosavlis gazomvis Sedegad, britaneTi, sxva industriul erebTan SedarebiT, ar
aris Zalian mdidari sazogadoeba. industriuli qveynebis gaerTianebaSi mas mxolod ocdameerTe
adgili ukavia; Sveicaria pirvelia, luqsemburgi - meore da iaponia - mesame. Tumca, britanelebi
dRes Zalze mdidrebi arian premodernuli qveynebis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT, agreTve
mesame msoflios umetes qveynebTan SedarebiT. es is erebia, romlebzec axla visaubrebT.
pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi

dayofis sawyisebi
MmeCvidmetedan meoce saukunis dasawyisamde, dasavleTis qveynebma, upiratesi

samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT, mravali kolonia daaarses im teritoriebze, romlebic tradiciul
sazogadoebebs ekava. miuxedavad imisa, rom, faqtobrivad, yvela koloniam miaRwia
damoukideblobas, kolonializmis procesi iyo is ZiriTadi mizezi, ramac msoflio socialur rukas
imgvari saxe SesZina, rogorsac dRes vicnobT. iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa CrdiloeT amerika,
avstralia da axali zelandia, romlebic monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa SedarebiT mcirericxovani
TemebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, evropelebi mosaxleobis umravlesobad gadaiqcnen. sxva teritoriebze,
rogoricaa aziis umetesi nawili, afrika da samxreT amerika, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba
umravlesobad rCeboda.
pirveli tipis sazogadoebebi, SeerTebuli Statebis CaTvliT, industriul qveynebad gadaiqca.
meore kategoriis sazogadoebebi, umetesad, industriuli ganviTarebis gacilebiT dabal safexurze
arian da maT xSirad ganixilaven, rogorc mesame msoflios sazogadoebebs. aseT sazogadoebebs
miekuTvneba CineTi, indoeTi, afrikis umetesi qveynebi (nigeria, uganada, alJiri), samxreT
amerikis qveynebi (brazilia, peru da venesuela). imis gamo, rom mravali es qveyana SeerTebuli
Statebis da evropis samxreTiT aris ganlagebuli, maT ganixilaven koleqtiurad, rogorc samxreTs,
romelic gansxvavdeba ufro mdidari da industriuli CrdiloeTisgan.
Tavdapirvelad, termini `mesame msoflio~ meoce saukunis dasawyisSi sazogadoebis sam
ZiriTad tips Soris gansxvavebis xazgasmisTvis gamoiyeneboda. pirveli msoflios qveynebi iyo
(da aris) evropis industriuli qveynebi, SeerTebuli Statebi, avstralazia (avstralia, axali zelandia,
tasmania da melanezia) da iaponia. Ppirveli msoflios TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebas aqvs
mmarTvelobis mravalpartiuli, parlamenturi sistema. meore msoflios sazogadoebebi gulisxmobs
komunistur sazogadoebebs, sabWoTa kavSirs (ssrk) da aRmosavleT evropas, Cexoslovakiis,
poloneTis, aRmosavleT germaniisa da ungreTis CaTvliT. meore msoflios sazogadoebebs
hqondaT centralizebulad dagegmili ekonomika, rac Zalze mcire rols akuTvnebda kerZo
sakuTrebas an konkurentunarian ekonomikur mewarmeobas.
sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc meore msoflios sazogadoeba

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sabWoTa kavSirs socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri organizaciis Zalze gansxvavebuli

forma hqonda. igi ZiriTadad Tanamegobroba iyo, romelic Seiqmna gansxvavebuli erovnuli da
kulturuli jgufebis mravalferovnebisgan. maTgan yvelaze didi ruseTi iyo da qveynis oficialuri
ena rusuli iyo. Tumca bevr sxva enazec laparakobdnen, magaliTad, latviur, germanul, arabul da
qarTul enebze.
sabWoTa kavSirs marTavda komunisturi partiis wesdeba. marqsizmis erT-erT versiaze
dayrdnobiT (ix. Tavi 1, gv. 9-10), sabWoTa komunizmi erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis sistema iyo.
komunisturi partia marTavda rogorc politikur, ise ekonomikur sistemas. pirveli msoflios
qveynebi kapitalisturia da sabazro ekonomikazea agebuli: biznes firmebi kerZo sakuTrebas
warmoadgenen da erTmaneTTan konkurencia aqvT, momxmareblisTvis saqonlis gasaRebis
mizniT. amis sapirispirod, sabWoTa kavSirSi da aRmosavleT evropaSi, mrewvelobisa da soflis
meurneobis umetesi nawili saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi iyo; Zalze mcire biznesi Tu rCeboda
mesakuTreTa xelSi.
iziarebdnen ra marqsis ideebs, komunist liderebs swamdaT, rom warmoebis koleqtiuri
mflobeloba ufro warmatebuli iqneboda, vidre dasavluri Tavisufali sabazro sistema. Tumca
aRmoCnda, rom saqme ase ar iyo. sabWoTa kavSiri da aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebi
politikurad avtoritaruli da ekonomikurad uSedego iyo. am SezRudvebma isini daSlamde
miiyvana (meti informacia ixileT me-13 TavSi).
1989 wels, komunizmis rRvevasTan erTad, sabWoTa kavSiri calkeul nawilebad daiSala.
ruseTi kvlav calke saxelmwfo gaxda, rogorc es 1917 wlis revoluciamde iyo da misi sxva
regionebis didma ricxvma damoukidebeli erovnuli saxelmwifoebi Seqmna – rogoricaa ukraina,
saqarTvelo an litva.
DdaaxloebiT samocdaTxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio istoria, erTi mxriv,
sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da, meore mxriv, dasavleTis kapitalistur
sazogadoebebs da iaponias Soris globaluri Sejibris pirobebSi imyofeboda. dRes es konkurencia
dasrulda. civi omis damTavrebasa da yofil ssrk-sa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis
ngrevasTan erTad, meore msoflio aRar arsebobs.
meore msoflios dasasruli
ruseTi da yofili meore msoflos sazogadoebebi amJamad konkurentuli sabazro

ekonomikisken miiswrafvian, rogorc es dasavleTis qveynebSia. amasTan, isini cdiloben,
aaSenon dasavlur modelebze dafuZnebuli demokratiuli politikuri institutebi.
SesaZloa, vifiqroT, rom is, Tu ra xdeba ruseTsa da sxva yofil komunistur qveynebSi,
naklebad exeba britanelTa cxovrebas. Tumca, es ase ar aris. yvela sxva industriul
sazogadoebebTan erTad, gaerTianebuli samefo isea CarTuli globalur ekonomikaSi, rom
movlenebs msoflios sxva nawilebSi momentaluri gavlena aqvs Cvens aqtivobebze.
MmagaliTad, imas, Tu ra moxdeba yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, faqtiurad, SeuZlia gansazRvros,
SesZlebT Tu ara kargi samuSaos an Tundac saerTod samuSaos miRebas umaRlesi saswavleblis
damTavrebis Semdeg, vinaidan xangrZlivi ekonomikuri aRmavloba msoflios ekonomikur
stabilurobazea damokidebuli. Tu ruseTi SesZlebs ekonomikur da politikur ganviTarebas,
nayofieri vaWroba britaneTTan xelsayreli iqneba orive qveynisTvis. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
sazogadoebebSi ekonomikuri kolafsis SemTxvevaSi, saziano Sedegebi SeiZleba aisaxos sxva
sazogadoebebis socialur da ekonomikur stabilurobaze.
mesame msoflos sazogadoebebi
termini ,,mesame msoflio” (pirvelad SemoiRo frangma demografma alfred sovim),

pirobiTad, naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis mimarT gamoiyeneba, Tumca, garkveuli
azriT, es termini savsebiT srulyofili ar aris. Esaxelwodeba ise JRers, TiTqos es sazogadoebebi
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sruliad gancalkevebulni arian industriuli qveynebisgan, TiTqos Cvengan gamoyofili samyaroa.

Tumca es simarTles sruliad ar Seefereba; mesame msoflios sazogadoebebs mWidro kavSiri aqvs
industriul qveynebTan da piriqiT. isini kolonializmis zemoqmedebiT Camoyalibdnen (diagrama
3.4) da savaWro kavSirebiT TandaTan uaxlovdebodnen dasavleTis qveynebs. Tavis mxriv,
urTierTobebi, romelic dasavleTma daamyara msoflios sxva qveynebTan, Zlier zemoqmedebda
sakuTriv maT ganviTarebaze. magaliTad, is faqti, rom Savkaniani mosaxleoba mravladaa
SeerTebul StatebSi da braziliaSi, àdamianebiT vaWrobis~ - monebiT vaWrobis - Sedegia, rac
kolonizatorebma wamoiwyes.
Mmesame msoflios sazogadoebebis didi umravlesoba im teritoriebze mdebareobs,
romlebmac koloniuri mmarTveloba ganicades aziaSi, afrikaSi da samxreT amerikaSi.
ramdenime maTgani jerac koloniebia (hon-kongi britanuli kolonia iyo 1997 wlamde, kontrolis
xelSekrulebiT gadaeca CineTs aRniSnul wels). ramdenime koloniam adre moipova
damoukidebloba, haitis msgavsad, romelic 1804 wlis ianvarSi pirvel Savkanian avtonomiur
respublikad iqca. samxreT amerikis espanurma koloniebma Tavisufleba 1810 wels moipoves,
Tumca braziliam portugaliis mmarTvelobas 1822 wels daaRwia Tavi.
zogierTi qveyana, romelic arasodes yofila evropis mmarTvelobis qveS, mainc Zlier
ganicdida koloniuri urTierTobebis zemoqmedebas, risi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTi CineTia.
samxedro Zalis saSualebiT, CineTi me-17 saukunidan iZulebuli iyo, daedo savaWro
xelSekrulebebi evropul saxelmwifoebTan; sanacvlod, evropelebi axorcielebdnen mmarTvelobas
garkveul adgilebSi, Uudidesi sazRvao portebis CaTvliT. amis ukanaskneli magaliTi hong-kongi
iyo. Mmesame msoflios erebis umetesma nawilma damoukidebeli qveynis statusi mxolod meore
msoflio omis Semdeg moipova, sisxliani antikoloniuri brZolebis Sedegad. magaliTis saxiT
SegviZlia moviyvanoT indoeTi; aseve mTeli rigi aziis qveynebisa (birma, malaizia da singapuri)
da qveynebi afrikaSi (kenia, nigeria, zairi, tanzania da alJiri).
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom am qveynebSi adamianebi tradiciuli cxovrebis wess misdeven,
mesame msoflios qveynebi mainc Zalze gansxvavdebian tradiciuli sazogadoebebis adreuli
formebisgan. am qveynebis politikuri sistemebi agebulia dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi
Camoyalibebuli sistemebis mixedviT, anu es eri-saxelmwifoebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mosaxleobis umravlesoba kvlav soflad cxovrobs, am sazogadoebebis umravlesoba
qalaqmSeneblobis daCqarebul process ganicdis. Tumca soflis meurneoba ZiriTad ekonomikur
saqmianobad rCeba, mosavali ufro msoflios bazrebze gasayidad mohyavT, vidre Sida
moxmarebisTvis.
bolo periodSi, yvelaze Rarib sazogadoebebSi arsebobis pirobebi, gamosworebis nacvlad,
kidev ufro gauaresda. Sefasebebis mixedviT, 1993 wels mesame msoflios qveynebSi 1,2
miliardi adamiani cxovrobda siRatakeSi; es mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis TiTqmis meoTxedia.
msoflioSi RaribTa TiTqmis naxevari samxreT aziaSi cxovrobs, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa
indoeTi, birma da kamboja;EerTi mesamedi Tavmoyrilia afrikaSi; danarCenebi _ centralur da
samxreT amerikaSi. 1984-1994 wlebSi cxovrebis maCvenebeli afrikaSi wliuri 2 procentiT
daeca; umuSevroba 400 procentiT gaizarda, anu 100 milioni umuSevari adamianiT. QamasTan,
zemo saharis afrikas uzarmazari valebi aqvs. misi mTliani vali kidev gasammagda. yovelwliurad
am valis gadasaxadi oTxjer aRemateba imas, rasac afrikis qveynebis mTavrobebi xarjaven
janmrTelobaze da keTildReobaze.
indoeTi, rogorc mesame msoflios qveynis

magaliTi
indoeTi da CineTi msoflios udidesi qveynebia mosaxleobis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT.

indoeTSi 900 milioni adamiani cxovrobs; CineTSi 1,200 milioni adamiania, ocdaorjer meti,
vidre gaerTianebul samefoSi. indoeTi britaneTis mier kolonizebul iqna orasi wlis win da igi
britaneTis imperiis nawili gaxda. qveyanam britaneTisgan damoukidebloba meore msoflio omis
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Semdeg moipova, Tumca igi orad gaiyo: pakistani, romelic umTavresad islamuria da gamoeyo
indoeTis ZiriTad nawils, sadac induizmi batonobs.
indoeTi rCeba sasoflo-sameurneo qveynad: samuSao Zalis 33 procenti soflis
meurneobaSia dakavebuli. aq sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ufro maRalia, vidre mraval
ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, Tumca sakmaod dabali imaze, rac Cveulia industriuli qveynebisTvis.
indoeTSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebisaTvis 1996 wels 63
weli iyo. britaneTSi amJamad sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 74 welia mamakacebisTvis da 79
weli qalebisTvis; iaponiaSi, sadac adamianebi ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre sadme sxvagan, 77
welia mamakacebisTvis da 83 weli qalebisTvis.
Ppirveli msoflios qveynebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, indoeTSi mosaxleoba
swrafad matulobs. mosaxleobis zrda uaryofiTad moqmedebs ekonomikur da saganmanaTleblo
resursebze. indoeTis mosaxleobis mxolod 50 procentia wera-kiTxvis mcodne (inglisis
mosaxleobis 99 procentTan SedarebiT). Ggasuli 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mravali adamiani
gadavida sacxovreblad soflebidan qalaqebSi. indoeTis qalaqebi deli, kalkuta da bombei Warbad
dasaxlebulia; mraval adamians quCebSi sZinavs da umuSevaria.
Tumca Secdoma iqneboda indoeTis, rogorc ubralod dasavluri qveynebis ùkan
moCanCaled~ ganxilva. indoeTs Zalze mdidari da mravalferovani kultura aqvs, romelic misi
xangrZlivi istoriis, rogorc tradiciuli civilizaciis, memkvidrea. qveyana amJamad ekonomikis
ganviTarebis daCqarebul procesebs ganicdis. indoeTs Zalze Raribi adamianebis didi ricxvi
hyavs, romlebic yoveldRiuri sarCos mopovebiT arseboben. Tumca mas, agreTve, mdidari
adamianebic milionobiT hyavs; aseve, ganviTarebuli mrewveloba maRali teqnologiebiT. misi
qalaqebi, SesaZloa, gadatvirTulia, magram aq iseTi ubnebicaa, romlebic iseve eleganturi da
mdidrulia, rogorc pirveli msoflios qveynebSi.
mesame msoflios siRaribe
mesame msoflios umetes sazogadoebebSi, siRaribe ukiduresi saxiT soflis regionebSi

gvxvdeba. kvebis nakleboba, sicocxlis dabali xangrZlivoba da dabali standartebis sacxovrebeli,
Cveulebriv, yvelaze mkacrad soflebSia gamoxatuli. mravali Raribi iseT teritoriaze cxovrobs,
sadac miwa mwiria, sasoflo-sameurneo mosavlis produqtiuloba dabali, gvalva da wyaldidobebi
Cveulebrivi ambavia. qalebi, Cveulebriv, ufro mZime mdgomareobaSi arian, vidre mamakacebi.
isini mraval kulturul, ekonomikur da socialur problemas awydebian, romelTac yvelaze
araprivilegirebuli mamakacic ki ar icnobs; magaliTad, qalebi ufro didxans muSaoben da nakleb
xelfass iReben.
Mmesame msoflios qveynebSi adamianebi iseT pirobebSi cxovroben, rom britaneTSi an
sxva industriul qveyanaSi mcxovrebTaTvis es TiTqmis warmoudgenelia. mraval adamians ara
aqvs mudmivi sacxovrebeli, garda kardoniT an xis nafotebiT aSenebuli TavSesafrisa; mraval
maTgans ara aqvs wylis gayvaniloba, kanalizacia da Suqi. Dda mainc, milionobiT Raribi
adamiania britaneTSi, evropaSi da SeerTebul StatebSi, da arsebobs kavSiri am sazogadoebebis
siRaribesa da globalur siRaribes Soris. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi siRatakeSi mcxovrebi
adamianebis TiTqmis naxevari globaluri samxreTidan aris warmoSobiT. es exeba Savkaniani
monebis STamomavlebs, romlebic saukuneebis win ZaliT Camoiyvanes da ufro gviandel,
sakuTari surviliT Camosul imigrantebs, romlebic laTinuri amerikidan, aziidan da mravali sxva
mxridan Camovidnen.
mesame msoflio ar aris garkveuli gaerTianeba. Tumca mesame msoflios qveynebis

umetesoba dasavlur sazogadoebebs ekonomikurad CamorCeba, zogierTi warmatebiT erTveba
industrializaciis procesSi. isini ganixileba, rogorc axali industriuli qveynebi (NIC); esenia
brazilia da meqsika samxreT amerikaSi, da hong-konti, samxreT korea, singapuri da taivani
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aRmosavleT aziaSi. ekonomikuri zrda warmatebul axal industriul qveynebSi, magaliTad,

taivanSi, bevrjer aRemateba dasavlur industriul ekonomikas. 1968 wels mesame msoflios
arcerTi qveyana ar figurirebda ocdaaT umaRles eqsportior qveyanas Soris, magram ocdaxuTi
wlis Semdeg hong-kongi da samxreT korea TxuTmet yvelaze warmatebul qveyanaTa rigSi
aRmoCnda.
aziis axlma industriulma qveynebma, iseve rogorc 1990-ian wlebSi, ekonomiuri
ayvavebis yvelaze warmatebuli done aCvena. es qveynebi rogorc investiciebs axorcieleben
sazRvargareT, aseve xels uwyoben ekonomikur zrdas sakuTar qveynebSi. samxreT koreis mier
gamomuSavebuli foladi, bolo aTwleulSi, gaormagda, xolo misi gemTmSenebloba da eleqtronuli
industria msoflio liderTa Sorisaa. singapuri umTavresi finansuri da komerciuli centri xdeba
mTels samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi. taivani samrewvelo da eleqtronuli industriis mniSvnelovani
monawilea. mTeli es ganviTareba uSualod axdens gavlenas britaneTze, romlis wili, magaliTad,
saerTo foladis warmoebaSi, bolo ocdaaTi wlis manZilze mniSvnelovnad daeca.
Aam sazogadoebebSi cxovrebis wesic swrafad icvleba. mdidari adamianebi aziis
qveynebSi sul ufro meti enTuziazmiT erTvebian moxmarebis axal sistemaSi.
àzieli mdidari daaxloebiT ase gamoiyureba: igi imoseba feragamos dizainiT Sesrulebul
perangebsa da yelsaxvevebSi, roleqsis an karties saaTs da luis vitonis tyavis xelCanTas atarebs,
xels awers monblanis kalmistriT, samsaxurSi sakuTari mbzinvare BMW-Ti midis, gauTaveblad
laparakobs motorolas mobiluriT, mTel Tavis Semosavals amerikul eqspress baraTze aTavsebs,
singapuris aeroxazebiT mogzaurobs, flobs apartaments qalaqSi da agaraks qalaqgareT (Naislitt,
1995, gv. 31).
simdidre da samomxmareblo swrafva qorwinebisa da ojaxis tradiciul formebTan da,
zogjer, arsebobisTvis brZolasa da soflis siRatakesTan erTad arsebobs.
socialuri cvlileba dRes: globalizacia
maxlobel maRaziaSi an supermarketSi Sesvlisas, daakvirdiT SemoTavazebuli

produqtebis simravles. saqonlis is mravalferovneba, rasac dasavleTSi yvelasaTvis
xelmisawvdomad miviCnevT, visac fuli aqvs, damokidebulia saocrad kompleqsur ekonomikur
kavSirebze, rac mTel msoflios moicavs. gamofenili saqoneli an misi damzadebisTvis saWiro
ingredientebi da nawilebi, asobiT sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mzaddeba. yvelaferi es regularulad
unda iqnes transportirebuli mTels msoflioSi, xolo milionobiT yoveldRiuri gacvlis
sawarmoeblad, saWiroa informaciis mudmivi miwodeba.
sazogadoebebi Tanamedrove msoflioSi

tipi arsebobis maxasiaTeblebi
periodi
pirveli msoflios meTvramete dafuZnebulia samrewvelo warmoebaze da, ZiriTadad,
sazogadoebebi saukunidan Tavisufal mewarmeobaze.
dRemde adamianTa umravlesoba qalaqebSi cxovrobs, mcire
ricxvi misdevs soflis meurneobas.
Warbobs klasobrivi uTanasworoba, Tumca naklebad
aris gamJRavnebuli, vidre tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi.
gamorCeuli politikuri erTobebi an eri-
saxelmwifoebia: dasavleTis erebi, iaponia, avstralia
da axali zelandia.
meore msoflios meoce saukunis dafuZnebulia industriaze, Tumca ekonomikuri sistema
sazogadoebebi dasa-wyisidan gegmiuria.
(1917 wlis mosaxleobis mcire nawili muSaobs soflis
ruseTis revoluciis meurneobaSi, umetesoba qalaqebSi cxovrobs.
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Semdeg) adreul klasobrivi uTanasworoba arsebobs. gamorCeuli

1990-ian politikuri erTobebi an eri-saxelmwifoebia.
wlebamde 1989 wlamde Seadgenda sabWoTa kavSirs da
aRmosavleT evropas, Tumca socialurma da
politikurma cvlilebebma isini gadaaqcia Tavisufal
sawarmoo ekonomikur sistemebad da, Semdgom,
pirveli msoflios sazogadoebebad.
mesame msoflios meTvramete mosaxleobis umravlesoba eweva sasoflo-sameurneo
sazogadoebebi saukunidan samuSaoebs da iyenebs warmoebis tradiciul
(umTavresad meTodebs.
rogorc koloniebi) zogierTi soflis meurneobis produqti igzavneba
dRemde msoflio bazrebze.
zogierTs Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistema aqvs,
danarCenebs gegmiuri ekonomika.
gamorCeuli politikuri erTobebi an eri-
saxelmwifoebia: CineTi, indoeTi, afrikis umetesi da
samxreT amerikis erebi.
axali industriuli 1970-iani yofili mesame msoflios qveynebi; amJamad efuZneba
qveynebi wlebidan dRemde samrewvelo warmoebas da, ZiriTadad, Tavisufal
mewarmeobas.
adamianTa umravlesoba qalaqebSi cxovrobs da
mxolod mcire nawilia dakavebuli soflis meurneobiT.
klasobrivi uTanasworoba metad gamJRavnebulia,
vidre pirveli msoflios sazogadoebebSi. saSualo
Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze naklebia, vidre pirveli
msoflios sazogadoebebSi.
es qveynebia: hong-kongi, samxreT korea, singapuri,
taivani, brazilia, meqsika.
`Cvens dromde - wers anTropologi piter uorsli (Peter Worsley, 1984, gv. 1) - erTiani
adamianuri sazogadoeba ar arsebobda,~ gulisxmobs ra, rom arc ise didi xania, rac SegviZlia
saubari socialuri kavSirebis formebze, ramac mTeli dedamiwa moicva. msoflio,
mniSvnelovanwilad, erT socialur sistemad iqca, rogorc sul ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis
Sedegi, rac, arsebiTad, yvela adamianze axdens zemoqmedebas. globaluri sistema ar aris
ubralod garemo, romlis farglebSi konkretuli sazogadoeba – magaliTad, britaneTi – viTardeba da
icvleba. socialuri, politikuri da ekonomikuri kavSirebi, romlebic qveynebs Soris sazRvrebs
kveTs, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs maTSi mcxovrebi adamianebis beds.Mmsoflio
sazogadoebis sul ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebulebis aRmniSvneli ZiriTadi terminia
globalizacia.
MmsoflioSi arc erTi sazogadoeba aRar cxovrobs sxvebisgan savsebiT izolirebulad;
yvelaze mdidar qveynebSic ki yoveli adamiani im saqonelzea damokidebuli, rac ucxoeTidan
Semodis. magaliTad, inglisSi TiTqmis yvela televizori, rac gayidvaSia, sazRvargareT aris
damzadebuli an awyobili, umTavresad, Soreul aRmosavleTSi. kidev erTi Sesaferisi SemTxveva
saavtomobilo industrias exeba. daaxloebiT ormoci wlis win, SeerTebuli Statebis saavtomobilo
warmoeba ufro mZlavri iyo, vidre yvela qveynisa erTad aRebuli. amJamad SeerTebuli Statebi
mxolod mesame adgilzea, evropa da iaponia ufro met avtomobils uSvebs. ufro metic,
manqanebis asawyobad saWiro nawilebi mraval sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mzaddeba. magaliTad,
ford mondeos avtomobilis nawilebi 112 sxvadasxva adgilas mzaddeba, romelic Teqvsmet
qveyanas da sam kontinents moicavs. Tavad avtomobilis saxelwodeba `mondeo~ saavtomobilo
warmoebis globalur xasiaTs aRniSnavs. globalizaciis procesebma uamravi mogeba moutana
mraval industriul sazogadoebas: gacilebiT mravalferovani saqoneli da sursaTi, vidre es
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manamde iyo. amave dros, im faqtma, rom yvela erTad Cabmulni varT gacilebiT ufro farTo
msoflioSi, gamoiwvia mravali seriozuli problema, romlis winaSec vdgavarT.
Gglobalizaciis procesebi yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri cvlilebebis rigs
ganekuTvneba, rac amJamad mimdinareobs. sociologiuri analizi, romelic mxolod calkeuli
sazogadoebebis SeswavliT Semoifargleba, sul ufro moZvelebuli xdeba. rogorc adamianuri
arsebebi, Cven sul ufro metad viziarebT saerTo beds. fundamenturi problemebi, romlebsac
adamiani awydeba, magaliTad, ekologiuri katastrofis daZleva, an farTomasStabiani samxedro
dapirispirebis Tavidan acileba, Tavisi masStabebiT globaluria.
daskvna
miuxedavad sul ufro mzardi ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTdamokidebulebisa,

globalur wesrigs TiSavs uTanasworoba da is faqti, rom saxelmwifoebs, rogorc erTiani
gadasafareblis sxvadasxva nakuwebs, gaaCniaT rogorc saerTo, aseve gansxvavebuli interesebi.
ar arsebobs raime politikuri konvergenciis indikatori, rac gadalaxavda qveynebis konfliqtur
interesebs axlo momavalSi. erT-erTi aqtualuri sakiTxi, rac awuxebs msoflio sazogadoebas, is
aris, rom, miuxedavad gaerTianebuli erebis (United Nations) arsebobisa, mzard globalizacias ar
mosdevs arc politikuri integracia da arc saerTaSoriso uTanasworobis Semcireba simdidrisa da
Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT.
Sejameba
1. SesaZlebelia, ganvasxvavoT premodernuli sazogadoebis (sazogadoebis forma, romelic

win uswrebs industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebas) ramdenime tipi. monadireTa da
SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi ar mohyavT xorbali an uvlian saqonels, aramed cxovroben
mcenareTa SegrovebiTa da cxovelebze nadirobiT. mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba isaa, sadac
moSinaurebuli cxovelebis movla adamianTa arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa. miwaTmoqmedTa
sazogadoebebi amuSaveben miwis garkveul nakveTebs. Uufro didi, ganviTarebuli
miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi ayalibeben tradiciul qveynebs an civilizaciebs.
2. dasavleTis ganviTarebam da eqspansiam igi msoflios bevri regionis dapyrobamde
miiyvana, ramac radikalurad Secvala didi xnis Camoyalibebuli socialuri sistemebi da kulturebi.
Ees procesebi ukavSirdeboda kolonializms _ dasavluri mmarTvelobis da dasavluri kontrolis
dawesebas.
3. industriul saxelmwifoebSi ekonomikis ZiriTadi safuZveli samrewvelo warmoeba
xdeba. Ppirveli msoflios industriul qveynebs ganekuTvnebian `dasavleTis~ erebi da iaponia,
avstralia da axali zelandia.
4. meore msoflios qveynebi industriuli saxelmwifoebi iyo, romelic komunisturi
mTavrobebiT imarTeboda. 1989 wlis revoluciebis Semdeg DaRmosavleT evropasa da yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi, ramac komunizmi ngrevamde miiyvana, meore msoflios qveynebi aRar
arsebobs.
5. mesame msoflios anu ganviTarebadi qveynebi, sadac msoflios mosaxleobis umetesi
nawili cxovrobs, umetesad, yofili koloniuri teritoriebia. mosaxleobis umetesi nawili soflis
meurneobis produqtebis moyvanaze muSaobs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom mesame msoflios
sazogadoebebi Zalze Raribia industriul erebTan SedarebiT, maTma umciresobam (NIC anu
axalma industriulma qveynebma) am bolo dros swrafi ekonomikuri ganviTareba ganicada.
6. msoflios qveynebi sul ufro metad urTierTdamokidebuli gaxda – es procesi
globalizaciis saxeliTaa cnobili. msoflio socialuri urTierTobebis ganviTareba gulisxmobs didi
masStabis uTanasworobas industriul da mesame msoflios Rarib qveynebs Soris.
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7. dRes globalizacia gavlenas axdens adamianebis cxovrebaze yvela qveyanaSi _

mdidarsa da RaribSi _ rac cvlis ara mxolod globalur sistemebs, aramed yoveldRiur cxovrebas.
globalizaciam ver warmoqmna unificirebuli msoflio; aramed, amis sawinaaRmdegod, man
gamoiwvia socialuri dapirispirebebi da konfliqtebi, romelsac winamdebare wignis sxvadasxva
TavSi ganvixilavT.
Brian M. Fagan, People of the Earth (London: Harper Collins, 1992). avtoritetuli
gamokvlevis bolo gamocema, adamianuri kulturis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
formebis Sesaxeb.
Stephan Haggard, Pathways from the Periphery: The Politics of Growth in the Newly
Industrialized Countries (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990). industrializaciis
politikuri da ekonomikuri aspeqtebis analizi ganviTarebad qveynebSi.
Leslie Holmes, Post-Communism: An Introduction (Cambrige: Polity Press, 1996)
komunisturi Zalauflebis dacemis Semdgomi sazogadoebebis pirveli vrceli analizi.
Sheilagh C. Ogilvie and Markus German (eds), European Proto-Industrialisation
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) evropaSi industrializaciis procesebis vrceli
analizi.
Robert Skidelsky, The World after Communism: A Polemic for our Times (London:
Macmillan, 1995). Ddiskusia aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebis savaraudo momavlis
Sesaxeb, komunizmis dacemis Semdeg.
monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoeba

miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoeba
mesaqonleTa sazogadoeba
tradiciuli saxelmwifo
industrializacia
globalizacia
pirveli msoflios sazogadoeba
meore msoflios sazogadoeba
mesame msoflios sazogadoeba
Tavi 4
socialuri urTierTqmedeba da yoveldRiuri cxovreba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
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yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Seswavla

araverbaluri komunikacia
saxe, Jestebi da emociebi

`saxe~ da kultura
socialuri wesebi da saubari

urTierTgageba. Ggarfinkelis eqsperimentebi.
saubris formebi. sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi. wamocdena
saxe, sxeuli da metyveleba

kontaqtebi. Mmarkerebi. STabeWdilebis marTva. wina da ukana plani. rolebis
SeTviseba: intimuri saxis gamocda. pirovnuli sivrce
urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi
yoveldRiuri cxovreba kulturul da istoriul WrilSi
siaxlovis Zaldataneba
mikrosociologia da makrosociologia
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi:
socialuri urTierTqmedeba. kontaqti.
socialuri roli. socialuri pozicia.
qalaqis quCaSi ori adamiani erTmaneTisken miemarTeba. Soridan isini Tvals Seavleben
erTmaneTs da TiToeuli maTgani swrafad afiqsirebs meoris saxesa da Cacmulobis stils. gverdze
Cavlisas, isini erTmaneTs Tvals arideben. aseTi SemTxvevebi milionobiT gvxvdeba mTeli
msoflios qalaqebSi.
im situaciaSi, rodesac es adamianebi Soridan Tvals Seavleben da miaxloebisas Tvals
arideben erTmaneTs, irvin gofmanis Tanaxmad (1967, 1971), isini samoqalaqo
uyuradRebobis demonstrirebas axdenen, rasac erTmaneTisgan moviTxovT mraval situaciaSi.
samoqalaqo uyuradReboba meore pirovnebis ubralod ignorireba ar aris. Yyoveli individi
mianiSnebs, rom cnobs meore pirovnebis iq yofnas, Tumca araviTari JestiT ar gamoxatavs
amas, rom Zalze momabezrebeli ar iyos. samoqalaqo uyuradReoba raRac iseTia, rac met-
naklebad aracnobieria, Tumca mas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs Cvens yoveldRur cxovrebaSi.
Aamis demonstrirebis saukeTeso saSualebaa, moviyvanoT magaliTebi, sadac adgili ara
aqvs samoqalaqo uyuradRebobas. rodesac erTi adamiani meores daJinebiT uyurebs da aSkarad
gamoxatavs emocias, es normaluria sayvareli adamianis, ojaxis wevris an axlo megobris
mimarT. ucxo adamianebs an SemTxveviT nacnobebs Tu SexvdebiT quCaSi, samuSaoze an
wveulebaze, arasodes unda CaaSterdeT amgvarad. amgvari qmedeba, SesaZloa, aRqmul iqnes,
rogorc mtruli ganwyoba. am praqtikas ucnobebi mxolod maSin iyeneben, roca ori jgufi Zalze
antagonisturia erTmaneTis mimarT. warsulSi, amiT iyvnen cnobilni TeTrkanianebi aSS-Si, roca
`moZule mzeras~ gaayolebdnen gzad Semxvedr Savkanianebs.
Mmegobrebic ki, guliTadi saubrisas, frTxilad unda moekidon imas, Tu rogor uyureben
erTmaneTs. yoveli individi yuradRebas da monawileobas afiqsirebs saubrisas meore adamianis
TvalebSi yurebiT, Tumca ar aSterdeba mas. Zalze CaSterebuli yureba SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes
sxvisi monaTxrobis ardajerebis an sulac vergagebis niSnad. Tumca, zogierTi adamiani, romelic
sruliad ar uyurebs mosaubres, SeiZleba miCneul iqnes arapirdapir, cbier an ucnaur adamianad.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Seswavla
ratom unda davinteresdeT socialuri qcevis aseTi aSkarad trivialuri aspeqtebiT? QquCaSi
vinmes gverdiT Cavla da ramdenime sityviT megobarTan gasaubreba umniSvnelo da
Cveulebriv qmedebad gamoiyureba, Cven amas dReSi mravaljer vakeTebT da araviTar
mniSvnelobas ar vaniWebT. FsinamdvileSi, socialuri urTierTqmedebis aseTi umniSvnelo
formebis Seswavlas Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs sociologiaSi; isini sakmaod sainteresoa da
sociologiuri kvlevis sferos yvelaze did nawils moicavs, rac ori mizeziTaa gamowveuli.
pirveli, Cveni yoveldRiuri rutina, TiTqmis uwyveti urTierTobebiT sxvebTan, Cveni
saqmianobis xasiaTsa da formas gansazRvravs. misi SeswavliT, Cven SegviZlia Zalze bevri ram
SevityoT sakuTari Tavis, rogorc socialuri arsebebis, da sakuTriv socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb.
Cveni cxovreba, dRidan dRemde, kviridan kviramde da wlidan wlamde, qcevis erTgvarovani
modelebiT yalibdeba. magaliTad, ifiqre imaze, Tu ra gaakeTe guSin an guSinwin. Tu orive dRe
samuSao iyo, Sen, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTi da imave dros adeqi (TavisTavad mniSvnelovani
rutina), waxvedi skolaSi an leqciebze diliT da Seasrule igive marSruti skolamde an institutamde,
rasac, rogorc wesi, yovel samuSao dRes asruleb. Sen, SesaZloa, Sexvdi megobrebs da erTad
waxvediT sadilad, naSuadRevs ki daubrundiT Tqvens mecadineobas. MmogvianebiT, igive
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marSruti SeasruleT saxlamde da, SesaZloa, saRamos ukve sxva megobrebTan erTad gaxvedi
saxlidan.
ra Tqma unda, rutina, rasac yoveldRiurad vasrulebT, identuri ar aris, xolo Cveni
qmedebebis xasiaTi samuSao dReebSi, gansxvavdeba dasvenebis dReebis qmedebebisgan. xolo,
Tu arsebiTad SevcvliT Cvens cxovrebas, vTqvaT, davamTavrebT kolejs da daviwyebT
muSaobas, maSin Cveni yoveldRiuri rutina aucileblad icvleba; am dros, Cven Tavidan
vayalibebT axal da sakmaod regularul qcevis wesebs.
Mmeore, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebis Seswavla, naTels hfens ufro
didi socialuri sistemebis da institutebis saqmianobas. Ffaqtobrivad, yvela didmasStabiani
socialuri sistema socialuri urTierTqmedebis im modelzea damokidebuli, rasTanac Cven
yoveldRiurad gvaqvs saqme. amis demonstrireba siZneles ar warmoadgens. Kkvlav ganvixiloT
ori ucnobi adamianis Sexvedra quCaSi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aseT SemTxvevas naklebad
aqvs saqme socialuri organizaciis farTomasStabian da ufro myar formebTan. magram, Tu
ganvixilavT amgvari urTierTqmedebebis mraval SemTxvevas, saqme ase ar gaxlavT.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, qalaqebSi mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesoba mudmiv
urTierTqmedebaSia imaTTan, visac isini pirovnulad ar icnoben. moqalaqeobrivi uyuradReboba
erT-erTia im meqanizmebs Soris, rac acocxlebs qalaqs, misi xmauriani xalxmravlobiTa da
upirovno kontaqtebiT.
winamdebare TavSi, Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT araverbalur miniSnebebs (saxis
gamometyveleba da fizikuri Jestebi), rasac TiToeuli Cvengani iyenebs erTmaneTTan
urTierTqmedebis dros. Semdeg gadavalT yoveldRiuri metyvelebis analizze – Tu rogor viyenebT
enas sasurveli azris gadasacemad sxvebisTvis. da bolos, fokusirebas movaxdenT im
saSualebebze, riTac yoveldRiuri rutina Cvens cxovrebas ayalibebs, gavamaxvilebT ra
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imaze, Tu rogor vaxdenT Cveni qmedebebis koordinirebas drosa da
sivrceSi.
araverbaluri komunikacia
socialuri urTierTqmedeba araverbaluri komunikaciis mravalricxovan formebs moiTxovs

– informaciisa da azris gacvlas saxis gamometyvelebiT, JestebiTa da moZraobebiT. araverbalur
komunikacias zogjer ganixilaven, rogorc `sxeulis enas,~ Tumca es mcdari azria, vinaidan
amgvar araverbalur miniSnebebs, Cveulebriv, viyenebT sityvierad gamoTqmulis asacileblad an
gasaZliereblad.
saxe, Jestebi da emocia
Aaraverbaluri komunikaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi aspeqti, saxis gamometyvelebiT

emociebis gamoxatvaa. Ppol ekmanma da misma kolegebma Seqmnes sistema, rasac isini saxis
moZraobis kodirebis sistemas (FACS) uwodebdnen da rac sWirdebodaT saxis kunTebis
moZraobebis dasaxasiaTeblad, romlebic gansakuTrebul gamometyvelebas gansazRvravs
(Ekman and Friesen, 1978). Aam mizniT, isini Seecadnen garkveuli sicxade SeetanaT im
sferoSi, romelic Ria iyo SeuTavsebadi da winaaRmdegobrivi interpretaciebisTvis, vinaidan
Zalian mcire Tanxmoba Tu arsebobs imasTan dakavSirebiT, rogor unda iyos identificirebuli da
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klasificirebuli emociebi. evoluciuri Teoriis Seqmneli Carlz darvini amtkicebda, rom emociuri
gamoxatvis ZiriTadi formebi msgavsia yvela adamianur arsebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom am
mtkicebas zogi mecnieri ekamaTeboda, ekmanis gamokvlevebi, rac tardeboda gansxvavebuli
kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebs Soris, rogorc Cans, adasturebs amas. ekmanma da
frizenma ikvlies izolirebuli Temi axal gvineaSi, romlis wevrebs manamde, faqtiurad, ar hqoniaT
kontaqti ucxoebTan. rodesac maT anaxes saxis gamometyvelebis gamomxatveli suraTebi,
romlebic adamianis eqvs emocias Seesabameboda (bedniereba, naRveli, sibraze, siZulvili, SiSi,
gaoceba), axali gvineis aRniSnuli Temis wevrebma SesZles am emociebis identificireba.
Eekmanis Tanaxmad, misi sakuTari da sxva mecnierebis msgavsi gamokvlevebis
Sedegebi ganamtkicebs mosazrebas, rom emociebis saxismieri gamoxatva da interpretacia
adamianebSi Tandayolilia. mas esmis, rom misi monacemebi saboloo ar aris da, SesaZloa, am
procesSi farTod gavrcelebuli kulturuli daswavlis gamocdileba iyos CarTuli; Tumca, misi
daskvnebi sxva saxis kvlevebiTac aris damowmebuli. i. eibl-eibesfeldtma gamoikvlia eqvsi
dabadebiT yru da brma bavSvi imisaTvis, rom daedgina, gansakuTrebul emociur situaciebSi,
ramdenad erTnairi saxis gamometyveleba eqnebodaT maT da im bavSvebs, visac esmodaT da
xedavdnen (1973). aRmoCnda, rom bavSvebi iRimebodnen, rodesac aSkarad sasiamovno
qmedebebSi erTvebodnen; gakvirvebulebi warbebs awevdnen, rodesac raime sagans ucxo suni
sdioda; da iRuSebodnen, rodesac ramdenjerme arasasiamovno sagans SesTavazebdnen. imis
gamo, rom isini ver xedavdnen sxva adamianebis Sesabamis qcevas, unda vivaraudoT, rom es
reaqciebi Tandayolili iyo.
FACS–is gamoyenebiT, ekmanma da frizenma, Cvil bavSvebSi saxis kunTebis diskretuli
moZraobis mravali SemTxvevis identificireba moaxdines, rac, aseve, mozrdilebSi emociis
gamoxatvisas dafiqsirda. magaliTad, Cvili bavSvebi da mozrdilebi saxis gamometyvelebiT
msgavs emociebs gamoxataven mJave gemos SegrZnebisas (tuCebis mokumviT an moRuSviT).
Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom saxis gamometyvelebiT emociis gamovlena nawilobriv
Tandayolilia, individualuri da kulturuli faqtorebi mainc zemoqmedebs saxis moZraobis
formebsa da im konteqstebze, romlebSic maTi gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia. rogor iRimebian
adamianebi, magaliTad, maTi tuCebisa da saxis sxva kunTebis zusti moZraoba da maTi
wamieri Rimili, gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi.
ar arsebobs Jestebi an sxeulis poza, rac erTnairad axasiaTebs yvela an umetes kulturas.
magaliTad, zogierT sazogadoebaSi, uaryofis niSnad adamianebi Tavs dagiqneven, rac anglo-
amerikul praqtikaSi sawinaaRmdegos anu Tanxmobas niSnavs. Jestebi, rasac evropelebi da
amerikelebi farTod gamoiyeneben, rogoricaa TiTiT Cveneba, garkveul xalxebSi ar arsebobs
(Bull, 1983). Aaseve, loyaze TiTis mideba da datrialeba qebis Jestadaa miRebuli italiis zogierT
nawilSi, magram sxvagan arsad ar aris cnobili.
saxis gamometyvelebis msgavsad, Jestebi da sxeulis moZraobebi mudmivad
gamoiyeneba sityvebis magivrad da azris gadasacemad, rodesac realurad arafers amboben.
samive saSualeba SeiZleba gamoviyenoT xumrobisTvis, ironiis dasafiqsireblad an skepticizmis
gamosaxatavad. is aravelbaluri gamoxatvebi, rasac, xSirad, uneburad gadavcemT, miuTiTebs,
rom, rasac vambobT, yovelTvis is ar aris, rasac sinamdvileSi vgulisxmobT. yvelaze cxadi
magaliTi, albaT, adamianis gawiTlebaa, Tumca sxvebma, SesaZloa, sxva ufro Sesabamisi
indikatorebi SearCion. gulwrfeli saxis gamometyveleba oTxi-xuTi wamis Semdeg qreba.
Rimilma, rac ufro metxans gastans, SeiZleba tyuili dagvanaxos; gaocebuli gamometyveleba,
romelic didxans grZeldeba, SesaZloa, ganzrax iqnes gamoyenebuli parodiad – imis
saCveneblad, rom individi, realurad, srulebiTac ar aris gakvirvebuli, maSinac ki, roca amis
mizezi gaaCnia.
`saxe~ da kultura
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sityva `saxe,~ SesaZloa, aseve ganvixiloT sxvebis mier individis Sefasebad. yoveldRiur
socialur cxovrebaSi, didi yuradReba eqceva `saxis SenarCunebas.~ sazogadoebriv
TavyrilobebSi, imas, rasac Tavazianobas an etikets vuwodebT, umetesad, qcevis ugulebelyofis
aspeqtebs gulisxmobs, ramac, SesaZloa, saxis dakargvamde migviyvanos. Cven ar ganvixilavT
individis cxovrebis warsul epizodebs an pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs, ramac, gaxmaurebis
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, uxerxuloba gamoiwvios. Cven vcdilobT, Tavi SevikavoT
xumrobebisgan siqaClis Sesaxeb, Tu viciT, rom romeliRac adamiani Tmis pariks iyenebs. es im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu axlo megobrebis wreSi ar vimyofebiT. taqti Tavis dacvis erT-erTi
saSualebaa, rasac yvela pirovneba iyenebs im imediT, rom, sapasuxod, misi sakuTari sisusteebi
ar iqneba sajarod gamJRavnebuli. amitom Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba ubralod ki ar
mimdinareobs, aramed, sxvebTan urTierTqmedebisas, Cven ostaturad vinarCunebT mudmiv
kontrols saxis gamometyvelebaze, Jestebsa da moZraobebze, Tumca, umetesad,
gaucnobiereblad.
zogieri individi mSvenivrad axerxebs saxis gamometyelebis kontrols da Zalze taqtiania
sxva adamianebis mimarT. MmagaliTad, warmatebul diplomats msubuqad da komfortulad unda
SeeZlos urTierTqmedeba sxvebTan, romelTa Sexedulebebs, SesaZloa, ar eTanxmebodes an
miuReblad miaCndes. iman, Tu rogori warmatebiT axerxebs amas, SesaZloa, gavlena
moaxdinos mTeli erebis bedze. magaliTad, daxvewil diplomatias ZaluZs, Seanelos daZabuloba
qveynebs Soris da Tavidan aicilos omi.
socialuri wesebi da saubari
miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTar qcevasa da sxvebis qcevis gaazrebaSi rutinulad

viyenebT araverbalur miniSnebebs, Cveni urTierTqmedebis umetesi nawili laparakiT –
SemTxveviTi verbaluri urTierTobiT – sxvebTan araformaluri saubrebiT xorcieldeba.
sociologebi yovelTvis Tvlidnen, rom enas fundamenturi mniSvneloba eniWeba socialuri
cxovrebisTvis. Tumca, axlaxans gaCnda midgoma, romelic gansakuTrebiT dainteresebulia, Tu
rogor iyeneben adamianebi enas yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveul konteqstebSi. saubrebis kvlevaze
Zlieri gavlena irvin gofmanis Sromebma moaxdina, Tumca, am tipis kvlevebSi yvelaze
gavleniani mainc eTnomeTodologiis fuZemdebeli harold garfinkelia (Garfinkel, 1984).
EeTnomeTodologia èTnomeTodebis~ _ im xalxuri Tu yofiTi meTodebis _ Seswavlaa,
rasac adamianebi sxvebis qmedebebis da, gansakuTrebiT, saubris gasacnobiereblad iyeneben.
Cven yvela viyenebT am meTodebs, rogorc wesi, maTi gacnobierebis gareSe. xSirad, Cven
mxolod maSin vxvdebiT saubris Sinaarss, roca misi socialuri konteqsti viciT, rac Tavad
sityvebSi ar Cans. magaliTisTvis Semdegi saubari movitanoT (Heritage, 1984):
A. me ToTxmeti wlis vaJi myavs.
B. Zalian kargi.
A. me, aseve, ZaRlic myavs
B. oh, Zalian vwuxvar.
rogor fiqrobT, ra xdeba aq? rogori urTierToba aqvT saubris monawileebs? Cven mxolod
maSin mivxvdebiT saubris Sinaars, Tu gvecodineba, rom saubari damqiravebelsa da saxlis
patrons Soris mimdinareobs. zogierTi mepatrone Tanaxmaa bavSvebze, Tumca nebas ar rTavs
damqiravebels, hyavdes cxovelebi. Tu Cven ar viciT socialuri konteqsti, maSin individ A-s
gamonaTqvamebsa da B-s pasuxebs Soris kavSirs ver movZebniT. azris nawili sityvebSia, xolo
nawili saubarTan dakavSirebul socialur konteqstSi.
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urTierTgageba
yoveldRiuri saubrebis yvelaze umniSvnelo formebic ki rTul urTierTgagebasa da codnas

gulisxmobs, rasac am `TamaSSi~ mopaeqre mxareebi iyeneben. sinamdvileSi, Cveni patara
saubrebi ise rTulia, rom dRemde SeuZlebelia iseTi srulyofili kompiuteris Seqmna, romelic
adamianebTan saubars SesZlebda. Cveulebriv, saubarSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi yovelTvis ar
aRniSnavs zust azrs; Cven `vafiqsirebT,~ ra gvsurs vTqvaT imis saSualebiT, rac xmamaRla ar
gamogviTqvams da rac saubris fons warmoadgens. Tu maria ekiTxeba toms: `ras akeTebdi
guSin?~, ar arsebobs cxadi pasuxi, rac TavisTavad, sityvebiT SeiZleba gadmoices. mTeli dRe
sakmao dros moicavs da logikuri iqeba Semdegi pasuxi: `rvis Teqvsmet wuTze gameRviZa, rvis
Tvramet wuTze avdeqi, Sevedi abazanaSi da kbilebi gavixexe. rvis cxramet wuTze CavrTe cxeli
wyali dasabanad...~ Cven gvesmis, rom SekiTxvaze pasuxis tipi moiTxovs mariasgan imis
kargad codnas, Tu ra saxis saqmianobas ewevian isini erTad da ras akeTebs xolme tomi,
Cveulebriv, kviris am konkretul dRes, sxva saqmeebTan erTad.
garfinkelis eqsperimentebi
`safuZvelmdebare molodinebi~, rac yoveldRiuri saubrebis organizebaSi gvexmareba,

garfinkelma rigi eqsperimentebiT gaaSuqa, romelsac igi moxalise studentebTan atarebda.
students saubarSi unda Caeba megobari an naTesavi, da SemTxveviTi SeniSvnebi da zogadi
komentarebi aexsna, raTa maTi mniSvneloba ufro zusti gaexada. Tu vinme ityoda: `mSvenier
dRes gisurveb,~ students unda epasuxa: `mSveniers ra azriT?~, `dRis romel nawils gulisxmob?~
da a.S. erT-erTi aseTi dialogi Semdegnairad warimarTa (Garfinkel, 1963):
S. rogora xar?
F. rogora var rasTan mimarTebaSi? janmrTelobiT, finansurad, saskolo samuSaoTi,
simSvidis TvalsazrisiT...…
S. (gawiTlda da uceb moTmineba dakarga) ici ra! Mme mxolod Tavaziani mindoda
vyofiliyavi. sruliadac ar mainteresebs, rogor xar.
ratom gamodian moTminebidan adamianebi, rodesac saubris savsebiT umniSvnelo
konvenciebi irRveva? pasuxi is aris, rom Cveni youldRiuri socialuri cxovrebis stabiluroba da
sazrisi damokidebulia gamouTqmeli kulturuli varaudebis gaziarebaze imis Taobaze, Tu ra da
ratom iTqva. Tu amas TavisTavad cxadad ar miviRebT, sazrisis mqone komunikacia SeuZlebeli
iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi, nebismier SekiTxvas an saubars mohyveba masiuri `kvlevis
procedura~, rac garfinkelis subieqtebma wamoiwyes, da urTierTqmedeba ubralod Sewydeba.
Aamitom is, rac, erTi SexedviT, saubris umniSvnelo konvenciebad gvesaxeba, sinamdvileSi,
fundamenturia socialuri cxovrebisTvis, amitomacaa, rom maTi darRveva aseT seriozul
Sedegebs iwvevs.
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, zog SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi ganzrax aCveneben, rom ar
esmiT, ra igulisxmeba. es SeiZleba imitom xdeba, rom moigerion sxvebi, dascinon maT,
gamoiwvion uxerxuloba, an yuradReba gaamaxvilon mniSvnelobis orazrovnebaze. magaliTad,
ganvixiloT es klasikuri paeqroba mSobelsa da Tineijers Soris.
m. sad midixar?
T. gareT.
m. ra unda gaakeTo?
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T. araferi.
Tineijeris es pasuxi namdvilad sapirispiroa garfinkelis eqsperimentebis moxaliseTa
pasuxebisa. uars ambobs ra saTanado pasuxis gacemaze, Tineijeri arsebiTad gulisxmobs:
`mixede Sens saqmes.~
pirvelma kiTxvam, SesaZloa, gansxvavebuli pasuxi gamoiwvios sxva adamianisgan,
sxva konteqstSi:
A. sad midixar?
B. me kuTxeSi unda Cavuxvio.
B–s ganzrax ar esmis A-s SekiTxva, raTa ironiaSi gadaitanos aRelveba an wuxili.
komedia da xumroba agebulia im gamouTqmeli ganzraxvebis TiTqosda vergagebaze, rasac
saubari Seicavs. masSi saSiSi araferia, radgan monawile mxareebi acnobiereben erTmaneTis
ganzraxvas, rom gamoiwvion Rimili.
saubris formebi
sakmaod keTilgonieri gamocdilebaa, xmis CamweriT sakuTari saubris mosmena an

Canaweris wakiTxva. saubrebi gacilebiT metad dabneuli, gaubedavi da gaumarTavia, vidre es
bevr adamians warmoudgenia. rodesac yoveldRiur saubrebSi vmonawileobT, migvaCnia, rom
Cveni saubari sakmaod daxvewilia, vinaidan Cven aracnobierad vavsebT, ukana planze,
realurad warmoTqmul sityvebs; Tumca, sinamdvileSi, cocxali saubari sakmaod gansxvavdeba
romanebSi gadmocemuli saubrebisgan, sadac gmirebi saubroben kargad Camoyalibebuli da
gramatikulad gamarTuli winadadebebiT.
Ggofmanis naSromiT samoqalaqo uyuradRebobis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom
yoveldRiuri saubrebis analizi sociologiis mTavar interess naklebad Seesabameba; marTlac,
bevri sociologi swored amis gamo iyo kritikuli eTnomeTodologiuri kvlevis mimarT. Tumca,
zogierTi argumenti, romelic TvalsaCinos xdis, Tu ratomaa gofmanis naSromi ase
mniSvnelovani sociologiisTvis, aseTive warmatebiT SegviZlia ganvavrcoT
eTnomeTodologiaze. yoveldRiuri saubris Seswavlam dagvanaxa, Tu rogori rTulia im enis floba,
rasac Cveulebrivi adamanebi iyeneben. swored amas adasturebs kompiuterebis programirebisas
gamowveuli udidesi sirTuleebi, ganexorcielebinaT is, rasac adamanebi Zalisxmevis gareSe
akeTeben saubrisas. amasTan erTad, saubari socialuri cxovrebis nebismieri sferos arsebiTi
elementia. prezident niqsonis da misi mrCevlebis uotergeitis Canawerebi, sxva araferi iyo, Tu
ara saubris Cawera, Tumca, maT dagvanaxes umaRlesi donis politikuri Zalauflebis gamovlineba
(Molotch and Boden, 1985).
sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi
zogierTi gamonaTqvami ar warmoadgens saubars, aramed gaurkvevel wamoZaxilebs

Seicavs, rasac gofmani sapasuxo wamoZaxilebs uwodebs (Goffman, 1981). vTqvaT, vinme
ambobs òp,~ roca rames ejaxeba an xelidan raime uvardeba. ,,op” mxolod arasaintereso
sapasuxo refleqsad gveCveneba raime SemTxvevisas, msgavsad Tvalebis moxuWvisa, rodesac
vinme mkveTrad gamoswevs xels Seni saxisken. Tumca, es ar aris uneburi reaqcia; rogorc
faqtebi adasturebs, adamianebi SeZaxils ar gamoscemen, rodesac marto arian. òp,~ Cveulebriv,
mimarTulia damswreebze. wamoZaxili uCvenebs garSemomyofebs, rom SemTxveva mxolod
mcire da umniSvneloa da ara iseTi, rac Crdils miayenebda adamianis qmedebas.
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òp~ gamoiyeneba mxolod umniSvnelo marcxis situaciebSi da ara ufro didi incidentebis
an ubedurebis dros, rac aseve aCvenebs, rom wamoZaxili aris socialuri cxovrebis Cvens mier
kontrolirebuli detalebis nawili. Uufro metic, igi SeiZleba gamoiyenos vinmem, vinc Tvalyurs
adevnebs meore individs, an SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes vinmes gasafrTxileblad. òp!~,
Cveulebriv, mokled gamoiTqmis, Tumca ò~ SeiZleba gagrZeldes zogierT situaciaSi. vinmem
SeiZleba grZlad gamoTqvas igi, samuSaos Sesrulebisas kritikuli momentis dasafarad.
magaliTad, mSobelma SeiZleba gaagrZelos ò-opi~ an òopsa-a-mSveniero~, rodesac xumrobiT
haerSi aagdebs bavSvs. Ees SeZaxili faravs im drois mokle monakveTs, rodesac bavSvma
SeiZleba kontrolis dakargva igrZnos, amxnevebs mas da, SesaZloa, imavdroulad, axdens
bavSvis tirilze reaqciis gacnobierebas.
termini òp,~ TavisTavad, kulturulad aris gansazRvruli. magaliTad, rodesac rusebi
raimes Zirs agdeben, isini ar amboben òp~-s, aramed wamoZaxils, romelic JRers, rogorc àii.~
yvelaferi es, SesaZloa, Zalze xelovnurad da gadametebulad JRerdes. Tavs ratom
viwuxebT aseTi umniSvnelo gamonaTqvamis detaluri analiziT? gana, imdenad did yuradRebas
vaqcevT, ras vambobT, rogorc es magaliTi gviCvenebs? ra Tqma unda, ara – cnobier doneze.
Tumca, ZiriTadi azri is aris, rom Cven TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia Zalze rTuli, mudmivi
kontroli Cvens garegnul mxaresa da qmedebebze. urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi Cvengan ar
moelian, rom mxolod moqmedebis adgilze unda viyoT. sxvebi elian Cvengan iseve, rogorc
Cven veliT maTgan, rasac gofmani `kontrolirebad sifxizles~ uwodebs. adamianad yofnis
fundamenturi nawilia, mudmivad vaCvenoT sxvebs Cveni kompetencia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
rutinaSi.
wamocdenebi
òp~ mcire reaqciaa raime patara marcxze. Cven aseve Secdomebs vuSvebT
metyvelebasa da gamoTqmaSi saubrisas, leqciis dros da sxva salaparako situaciebSi. zigmund
froidi, fsiqoanalizis fuZemdebeli, Tavis gamokvlevaSi `yoveldRiuri cxovrebis fsiqopaTologia”
aanalizebda amgvari wamocdenis mraval magaliTs (Freud, 1975). froidis mixedviT, Secdomebi
metyvelebaSi, araswori gamoTqma an sityvebis gadaadgileba da enis waborZikeba,
sinamdvileSi, SemTxveviT arasodes xdeba. isini aracnobierad motivirebulia SegrZnebebiT,
romlebic daTrgunulia Cveni cnobieriT, an romelTa daTrgunvasac warumateblad vcdilobT. es
SegrZnebebi xSirad, Tumca ara yovelTvis, Seicavs seqsualur asociaciebs. magaliTad, vinmes
surs Tqvas òrganizmi~, Tumca amis magivrad ambobs òrgazmi.~ froidis mier motanil
magaliTSi, qals ekiTxebian: `romel batalionSia Tqveni vaJi?~ da igi pasuxobs ,,mkvlelebis
ormocdameore batalionSi~ (Morder germanulad; am sityvis magivrad surda eTqva Morser anu
naRmmtyorcni).
wamocdenebi, xSirad, sasaciloa da SeiZleba xumrobad miiRon. gansxvaveba ubralod
imaSia, gacnobierebulad apirebs Tu ara mosaubre sityvebis ise Tqmas, rogorc aris.
wamocdenebi SeumCnevlad gadadis `Seuferebeli” metyvelebis sxva tipebSi, romlebic, froidis
rwmeniT, xSirad aracnobierad aris motivirebuli, rogorc maSin, roca pirovneba ver amCnevs,
rom mis naTqvams aSkarad ormagi mniSvneloba aqvs. es kvlavac SeiZleba xumrobad iqnes
miRebuli, Tu winaswar ganzraxulia, Tumca aris sxvagvari lafsusebi saubris kontrolirebul
nawilSi, rasac, gvgonia, adamianebi gaiziareben.
Yyvelaze saukeTeso gza amis ilustraciisa, aris lafsusebis ganxilva radios da televiziis
diqtorebis metyvelebaSi. diqtorebis metyveleba ar hgavs yoveldRiur saubars imis gamo, rom igi
ar aris spontanuri, aramed dawerilia. aseve, mosalodnelia, rom igi ufro srulyofili iqneba, vidre
yoveldRiuri saubari, da masSi naklebi gaubedaoba iqneba da ufro mkafio artikulacia. swored
amitom diqtorebis Secdomebi da gaumarTavi teqsti gacilebiT metad Cans, vidre Cveulebriv
saubrebSi. ra Tqma unda, diqtorebs wamoscdebaT xolme da bevri aseTi wamocdena sasaciloa
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an `mxolod Zalze namdvili~ gveCveneba, rasac froidma miaqcia yuradReba. aq motanilia ori
magaliTi sityvebis SecdomiT warmoTqmisa (Goffman, 1981):
ès aris kanadis mauwyeblobis kastracia” (,,korporaciis” nacvlad).
àTqvifeT ori kvercxis guli, daumateT rZe, TandaTan SeurieT Saqris fxvnili. amis
keTebisas, SeamCnevT, rogor avaddeba (,,sqeldebas” nacvlad) comi~.
sxva magaliTebi Seusabamo metyvelebis kategoriidan ormagi mniSvnelobis
gamJRavnebas exeba:
ìm qalbatonebs, romelTac surT Camosvla da gaixdian tansacmels (unda
yofiliyo ,,gadaixdian tansacmlisTvis”), swrafad moemsaxurebian~.
`gamoscadeT Cveni sawolebi. Mme piradad vidgebi yoveli gasayidi sawolis ukan” (unda
yofiliyo ,,TavdebSi vudgebi yovel gasayid sawols”).
`nadavli (unda yofiliyo ,,saqoneli”) da manqana aRricxulia, rogorc moparuli, los-
anjelesis policiis mier~.
àq, holivudSi, miTqma-moTqmaa, rom yofili patara varskvlavi (unda
yofiliyo ,,kinovarskvlavi”) erT TveSi mexuTe bavSvs elodeba~.
Cven ufro metad im sityvier Secdomebze gvecineba, rasac diqtorebi (an maswavleblebi
leqciebze) uSveben, vidre imaze, rac yoveldRiur saubarSi gvxvdeba. Rimils iwvevs ara mxolod
sityvieri Secdomebi, aramed dabneulobac, rasac diqtorebi an maswavleblebi avlenen
arasrulyofili wardgenisas. civi profesionalizmis niRbis miRma, drodadro, Cveulebriv adamians
davinaxavT xolme.
saxe, sxeuli da metyveleba urTierTqmedebaSi
modiT, SevajamoT is, rac aqamde gavigeT. yoveldRiuri urTierTqmedeba damokidebulia

im faqiz urTierTobebze, rac arsebobs Cvens mier saxiTa da sxeuliT gamoxatulsa da sityvebiT
gadmocemuls Soris. Cven viyenebT sxva adamianebis saxis gamometyvelebas da Jestebs
sityvebiT gamoTqmulis Sesavsebad da imis Sesamowmeblad, ramdenad gulwrfelia maTi
sityvebi. sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedebis dros, yoveli Cvengani, umeteswilad
aracnobierad, Tavs iWers da gamudmebiT akontrolebs saxis gamometyvelebas, sxeulis
moZraobas da Jestebs.
Tumca, zogjer, Cven wamogvcdeba raRac, rogorc amas froidis magaliTSi `mkvlelebi~
gviCvenebs; ucabedad mJRavndeba is, rac cnobierad Tu aracnobierad gvsurs davfaroT. mravali
sityvieri wamocdena uneblied amJRavnebs Cvens namdvil SegrZnebebs, rogorc es namcxvris
magaliTSia motanili da sadac diqtori, SesaZloa, namdvilad fiqrobs, rom comi `daavadebulia.~
Aamgvarad, saxe, Jestebi da metyveleba gamoiyeneba garkveuli mniSvnelobebis
gamosaxatavad da sxvebis dasafarad. aseve, Cvenc vaxdenT sakuTari qmedebebis organizebas
socialuri cxovrebis konteqstSi, raTa mivaRwioT imave miznebs, razec amJamad visaubrebT.
kontaqtebi
mraval socialur situaciaSi Cven verTvebiT, rogorc amas gofmani uwodebs,

arafokusirebul urTierTqmedebaSi sxvebTan. arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba maSin xdeba,
rodesac individebi daufaravad gamoxataven, rom SeamCnies erTmaneTi. es, Cveulebriv,
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adamianTa didi TavSeyris adgilebSi xdeba, magaliTad, gadatvirTul quCaze, TeatrSi an

wveulebaze, rodesac adamianebi sxvebis TandaswrebiT arian. Tundac ar hqondeT
erTmaneTTan saubris saSualeba, isini gamudmebiT urTierToben araverbaluri komunikaciis
gziT, kerZod, poziT, saxis gamometyvelebiT da JestebiT.
fokusirebulia urTierTqmedeba, rodesac individebi uSualod adevneben Tvalyurs, Tu ras
amboben an akeTeben sxvebi. garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca vinme marto dgas, vTqvaT,
wveulebaze, mTeli urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs orives, fokusirebul da arafokusirebul gacvlebs.
fokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis SemTxvevas gofmani kontaqts uwodebs. Cveni yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis didi nawili sxva adamianebTan kontaqtebisgan Sedgeba – ojaxTan, megobrebTan,
TanamSromlebTan, rac xSirad mimdinareobs sxva damswre pirebTan arafokusirebuli
urTierTqmedebis fonze. Mmokle saubrebi, seminaruli diskusiebi, TamaSebi da rutinuli pirispir
kontaqtebi (bileTebis gamyidvelebTan, oficiantebTan, maRaziis gamyidvelebTan da a.S.) _
yvela kontaqtebis magaliTebia.
kontaqtebs sWirdeba ,,gaxsna,” rac moqalaqobrivi uyuradRebobisgan ganTavisuflebaze
miuTiTebs. roca ucxos xvdebi da saubars uwyeb, magaliTad, wveulebaze, moqalaqobrivi
uyuradRebobis Sewyveta yovelTvis risks Seicavs, vinaidan, SesaZloa, sworad ver gaigon
kontaqtis motivacia da xasiaTi (Goffman, 1971). amitom, TvalebiT kontaqti, pirvelad, SeiZleba
orazrovani da gamosacdeli iyos. Tu Sesavali nawili miRebuli ar iqna, maSin pirovnebam
SeiZleba imoqmedos ise, TiTqos mas pirdapiri nabiji ar gadaudgams. fokusirebuli
urTierTqmedebisas, TiToeuli pirovneba urTierTobs rogorc saxis gamometyvelebiT da JestebiT,
ise sityvebiT. gofmani individebs gamoxatvis ori tipis mixedviT ganasxvavebs: isini, vinc
`gadmoscemen~ da isini, vinc `gamoscemen.~ pirveli aris sityvebi da saxis gamometyveleba,
rasac adamianebi iyeneben garkveuli STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad. meore aris miniSnebebi,
romliTac sxvebma SeiZleba Seamowmon maTi gulwrfeloba da simarTle. magaliTad, restornis
mepatrone Tavaziani RimiliT usmens stumrebis mtkicebebs, Tu rogor moewonaT kerZebi,
imavdroulad akvirdeba ra, rogori kmayofilebi iyvnen Wamis dros, ramdeni darCaT TefSebze da
xmis intonacias, rac gamoiyenes TavianTi kmayofilebis gamosaxatavad.
markerebi
adamianTa umetesoba, saSualod, dRis ganmavlobaSi, mraval adamians xvdeba da

esaubreba. magaliTad, katerina diliT iRviZebs, ojaxTan erTad sauzmobs, bavSvebs acilebs
skolaSi, skolis karebTan zogjer mokle Tavaziani saubari uxdeba nacnobebTan; Semdeg
miemgzavreba samsaxurSi; gzaSi, savaraudod, radios usmens; dRis ganmavlobaSi kontaqtebi
aqvs TanamSromlebTan da momsvlelebTan, maTTan xanmokle saubrebis da formaluri
Sexvedrebis CaTvliT. yoveli es Sexvedra TiTqos markerebiT an, rogorc gofmani ambobs,
frCxilebiT aris gamoyofili, rac ganasxvavebs fokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis yovel epizods
winasgan da arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedebisgan, rac ukana planze xdeba (Goffman, 1974).
MmagaliTad, wveulebaze, erTad mosaubre adamianebi cdiloben raRac adgili
gamoZebnon, xmasac dauwion ise, rom Seqmnan sxvebisgan gamoyofili erTgvari `jgufi.~ isini,
SesaZloa, erTmaneTis pirispir idgnen da siZnele Seuqmnan danarCenebs, CaerTon maTTan
saubarSi, sanam ar gadawyveten, daiSalon an Searbilon TavianTi fokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis
gancalkevebuloba oTaxSi sxva poziciis dakavebiT. ufro formalur situaciebSi, am
gansakuTrebuli TavSeyris dasawyisis da dasasrulis misaniSneblad, sagangebo saSualebebi
gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, speqtaklis dasawyisis signali Suqis Caqroba da fardis awevaa.
warmodgenis dasasruls Suqi inTeba da farda eSveba.
markerebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, rodesac Sexvedra araordinaluria an rodesac,
SesaZloa, gaurkveveli iyos, ra xdeba. magaliTad, rodesac SiSveli modeli samxatvro studiaSi
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pozirebs, igi, Cveulebriv, jgufis winaSe ar icmevs an ixdis. gancalkevebiT Cacma da gaxda
saSualebas iZleva, sxeuli moulodnelad iqnes warmodgenili da aseve moulodnelad dafaruli. es
arsebuli epizodis sazRvrebze mianiSnebs da miuTiTebs, rom mas seqsualuri datvirTva ara aqvs,
rac sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hqonoda.
Zalze SezRudul sivrceSi, magaliTad, liftSi, Znelia SemosazRvro areali, romelSic
fokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba mimdinareobs. Ees advili ar aris iq damswre sxva
adamianebisTvisac, romlebmac unda daanaxon, rom saubars yurs ar ugdeben. aseve Znelia
ucxoebisTvis, ar uyuron `TvalebSi~ erTmaneTs imaze metad, vidre amas moqalaqeobrivi
uyuradRebobis normebi moiTxovs. amitom, liftSi yofnisas, adamianebi xSirad gadametebulad
àr usmenen~ da àr uyureben~ erTmaneTs; isini sivrces an dasaWer Rilakebs arian
miSterebulni. saubari, Cveulebriv, naZaladevia da mokle frazebiT Semoifargleba. msgavsad
amisa, ofisebSi da saxlebSi, rodesac bevri adamiani erTmaneTs esaubreba, xolo erTma telefonis
zars unda upasuxos, sxvebi mTlad ver amJRavneben srul uyuradRebobas telefonze saubris
mimarT da amis gamo maTi saubari, SesaZloa, zerele da ugulisyuro gaxdes.
Streetwise - gamocdili
Aamerikis qalaqebSi, sadac danaSaulis done, xSirad, maRalia, qalaqis mcxovrebni sifrTxiliTa
da SiSiT cxovroben. erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli mosaxleoba keTilgonieri unda iyos
erTmaneTisa da quCis cxovrebis mimarT. afro-amerikelebsa da TeTrkanian adamianebs
msgavsi Sexedulebebi aqvT sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, Ramis saaTebSi gareT
gamosvlis CaTvliT.
elia andersonma, urbanulma sociologma pensilvaniis universitetidan, Seiswavla qalaqis ori
mimdebare raionis quCaSi socialuri urTierTqmedebis tipebi. misi wigni “Streetwise”
(`gamocdili~) (1990) ganixilavs im wess, romliTac Savkanianebi da TeTrkanianebi
urTierTqmedeben quCaSi, `minimaluri riskiTa da maqsimaluri urTierTpativiscemiT, samyaroSi,
romelic savsea gaurkvevlobiTa da safrTxiT.~ rogorc socialuri urTierTqmedebis mkvlevarma
sxva sociologebma daaskvnes, andersonma aRmoaCina, rom yoveldRiuri socialuri cxovrebis
Seswavla naTels hfens, Tu rogor Seiqmna socialuri wesrigi individualuri urTierTqmedebis
saSualebiT. igi gansakuTrebiT dainteresebuli iyo, gaego urTierTqmedeba, rodesac erTi jgufi
mainc moiazreboda, rogorc saSiSi. rogor xdebodnen ucxoebi naklebad ucxoni erTmaneTisTvis?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, sanam quCebs daakvirdeboda, andersoni daubrunda irvin
gofmanis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Cndeba socialuri definiciebi konkretul
konteqstebSi an adgilebSi: `rodesac individi ucxoTa Soris aRmoCndeba, iq myofT mis Sesaxeb
informaciis mopoveba surT an aamoqmedeben ukve mopovebul informacias.… individis
Sesaxeb informacia situaciis gansazRvras uwyobs xels, saSualebas aZlevs ra sxvebs winaswar
gaarkvion, ras moelis igi maTgan, an ras unda moelodnen isini misgan.~
xelmZRvanelobda ra gofmanis ideebiT, andersoni svamda SekiTxvas, Tu ra qceviTi niSnebi
da gamovlinebebi Seavsebda sazogadoebrivi urTierTqmedebis leqsikons. man daaskvna, rom
kanis feri, genderi, asaki, samegobro wre, Cacmuloba, samkaulebi da sagnebi, romlebsac
adamianebi atareben, exmareba maT identificirebas; ase yalibdeba Sexedulebebi da
komunikaciac SesaZlebelia. moZraobebi (Cqari Tu Senelebuli, mcdari Tu gulwrfeli, gasagebi
Tu gaugebari) kidev ufro srulyofils xdis sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs. faqtorebi, rogoricaa dRis
monakveTi an aqtivoba, rac pirovnebis iq yofnas àgvixsnis,~ aseve gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu
ra gziT da ramdenad swrafad aris neitralizebuli ùcxos~ imiji. Tu ucxo ver gaivlis Semowmebas
da ar iqneba Sefasebuli, rogorc ùsafrTxo,~ SeiZleba warmoiqmnas ,,mtaceblis” imiji da sxva
monawileebi Seecadon am imijis Sesabamisi distanciis dacvas.
ra saxis adamianebi gadian Semowmebas quCebSi? andersonis mixedviT, `bavSvebi iolad
gadian Semowmebas, TeTrkaniani qalebi da mamakacebi amas ufro nela akeTeben; Savkaniani
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qalebi, mamakacebi da ymawvilebi ki yvelaze ufro nela.~ mxolod gamocdilebiT swavloben

qalaqis macxovreblebi, ganasxvaon namdvili saSiSroeba da cru safrTxe.
STabeWdilebis marTva
gofmani da socialuri urTierTqmedebis sxva mkvlevarebi, socialuri urTierTqmedebis

analizisas, xSirad iyeneben Teatralur terminologias. magaliTad, cneba socialuri roli, Teatralur
garemoSi warmoiSva. rolebi socialurad gansazRvruli molodinebia, rom pirovneba mocemul
socialur pozicias iziarebs. maswavleblad yofna niSnavs specifikuri poziciis dakavebas;
maswavleblis roli gulisxmobs, Taviseburi formiT warsdges Tavisi moswavleebis winaSe.
gofmani socialur cxovrebas ganixilavs, rogorc scenaze an bevr scenebze rolis Sesrulebas,
vinaidan Cveni moqmedeba damokidebulia im rolebze, romlebsac konkretul droSi vasrulebT. es
midgoma miekuTvneba dramaturgiul models, romelic ganixilavs socialur cxovrebas, rogorc
Teatralur dramas. adamianebi mgrZnobiareni arian imis mimarT, Tu rogor aRiqvamen maT
sxvebi, da iyeneben STabeWdilebis marTvis formebs, rom aiZulon sxvebi, iseTi reaqcia
hqondeT maTze, rogoric Tavad surT. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogjer amas gamiznulad
vakeTebT, Cveulebriv, es gacnobierebis gareSe xdeba. rodesac filipe saqmian Sexvedrebs
eswreba, mas kostumi acvia, yelsaxvevi ukeTia da saukeTesod iqceva; rodesac fexburTis
matCze isvenebs megobrebTan erTad, mas jinsebi da svitri acvia da Zalian bevrs xumrobs. es
aris STabeWdilebis marTva.
wina da ukana plani
gofmani Tvlida, rom socialuri cxovrebis didi nawili SeiZleba gaiyos wina da ukana
planebad. wina plani moicavs socialur situaciebs an kontaqtebs, romlebSic individebi asruleben
formalur rolebs; es `scenuri warmodgenebia.~ wina planis warmodgenebis Seqmna, xSirad,
gunduri muSaobiT xorcieldeba. or cnobil politikoss, saerTo gundidan, SeuZlia, dadgas kargad
damuSavebuli warmodgena erTianobisa da megobrobis Sesaxeb satelevizio kameris win,
maSinac ki, Tu mTeli guliT sZulT erTmaneTi. col-qmarma SeiZleba damalos uTanxmoeba
bavSvebis winaSe, SeinarCunon ra harmoniis wina plani da mxolod maSin waekidon
erTmaneTs, roca bavSvebi usafrTxod arian Cawolili loginSi.
ukana plani is aris, sadac adamianebi agroveben rekvizits da emzadebian
urTierTqmedebisTvis ufro formalur garemoSi. ukana plani Teatris kulisebs an, filmis
gadaRebisas, gadamRebi kameris ukan aqtivobas hgavs. rodesac adamianebi scenis ukan
usafrTxod arian, maT SeuZliaT ganitvirTon, Tavisuflad gamoxaton grZnobebi da qcevis stili
Tavisufali gaxadon, rasac isini akontroleben wina planze yofnisas. ukana plani uSvebs
`profanacias, Ria seqsualur SeniSvnebs, buzRuns... feTxumi tansacmeli, ~daudevari~ Jestebi,
dialeqtis xmareba an arastandartuli metyveleba, burtyuni da yvirili, xumrobiT agresiuloba da
`bavSvuroba,~ sxvebisTvis angariSgauwevloba, wvrilmanebiT dakavebuloba, stvena, ReWva,
boyini, gazebisgan ganTavisufleba da a.S.~ (Goffman, 1969). amgvarad, oficianti qali SeiZleba
saocrad Tavaziani iyos, rodesac momsvlels emsaxureba, magram agresiuli da myvirala xdeba,
rodesac samzareulos karebs miefareba. albaT, Zalze cota restorans eyoleboda klientebi, maT
rom imis danaxva SeeZloT, ra xdeba samzareuloebSi.
rolebis SeTviseba: intimuri saxis gamocda
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STabeWdilebis marTvaSi TanamSromlobis magaliTis mosatanad, rac aseve Teatridan

aris nasesxebi, ganvixiloT erTi konkretuli gamokvleva ramdenadme detalurad. jeims henslinma
da mei brigsma gamoikvlies kontaqtis specifikuri da metad delikaturi tipi: qalis viziti
ginekologTan (Henslin and Brigs, 1971). im droisTvis, am tipis Semowmeba mamakaci
eqimebis mier tardeboda da amitom am proceduras, orive mxridan, potenciuri uxerxuloba axlda
(zogjer axlac asea). dasavleTSi mamakacebi da qalebi im azriT izrdebian, rom genitaliebi
adamianis sxeulis yvelaze intimuri nawilia da maTi danaxva, gansakuTrebiT ki Sexeba,
seqsualur kontaqtTan aris dakavSirebuli. zogierTi qali isea Sewuxebuli amgvari gasinjvis
perspeqtiviT, rom uars ambobs eqimTan vizitze, qali iqneba is Tu kaci, maSinac ki, rodesac
amisTvis seriozuli samedicino mizezebi arsebobs.
henslinma da brigsma gaaanalizes brigsis, gamocdili eqTnis, mier Segrovebuli masala
ginekologiuri gasinjvebis didi ricxvidan da aRmoaCines, rom am proceduras ramdenime tipiuri
stadia gaaCnia. xelmZRvanelobdnen ra dramaturgiuli metaforiT, isini miiCnevdnen, rom yoveli
stadia SeiZleba calkeul scenad iqnes ganxiluli, sadac msaxiobebis mier Sesrulebuli rolebi
epizodis damTavrebasTan erTad icvleba. prologSi, qali mosacdelSi Sedis, emzadeba ra pacientis
rolSi Sesasvlelad da droebiT Tavidan icilebs Tavis garegnul identobas. sakonsultacio oTaxSi
Sesvlisas, igi iTvisebs `pacientis~ rols da pirveli scenac iwyeba. eqims saqmiani, profesiuli
manerebi aqvs; pacients eqceva, rogorc wesier da kompetentur pirovnebas, uyurebs TvalebSi da
Tavazianad usmens, Tu risi Tqma surs qals. Tu eqimi gadawyvets, rom gasinjva saWiroa, amas
pacients atyobinebs da oTaxs tovebs; pirveli scena mTavrdeba.
Eeqimis wasvlis Semdeg, Semodis eqTani. igi mniSvnelovani monawilea im mTavari
scenisa, romelic male unda daiwyos. igi pacients amSvidebs, moqmedebs ra, erTi mxriv, rogorc
gandobili, romelmac icis zogierTi ram, rasac `qali unda Seeguos~ da, meore mxriv, rogorc
xelSemwyobi, romelsac pacienti unda dahyves. arsebiTad, eqTani pacients exmareba,
pirovnebidan ùpirovno~ arsebad iqces, rac ZiriTadi scenisTvis aris saWiro da awesrigebs
sxeuls, romlis mxolod erTi nawili unda gamoaSkaravdes. menslinis da brigsis gamokvlevaSi,
eqTani ara mxolod Tvalyurs adevnebs pacientis tansacmlis gaxdis process, aramed imas
akeTebs, rasac, Cveulebriv, Tavad pacienti akontrolebs, magaliTad, igi awesrigebs pacientis
tansacmels da alagebs mas. qalebs surT, TavianTi qveda sacvali ar daanaxon eqims da eqTani
pasuxismgeblobas iRebs, rom asec iqneba. igi miuZRvis pacients gasasinji magidisken da
zewriT ufaravs sxeuls eqimis mosvlamde.
Eaxla ki, warmogvidgeba centraluri scena, sadac eqTanic monawileobs da eqimic.
eqTnis daswreba gvexmareba davrwmundeT, rom urTierTqmedebas eqimsa da pacients Soris
seqsualuri elferi ara aqvs; is, aseve, warmoadgens kanonier mowmes eqimis araprofesionaluri
qmedebis dadanaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi. gasinjva ise mimdinareobs, TiTqos pacientis
pirovnuloba arc arsebobdes. Semoxveuli zewari gamoacalkevebs genitaliis adgils danarCeni
sxeulisgan, xolo misi pozicia saSualebas ar aZlevs eqims, Tvalyuri adevnos mas; wminda
samedicino kiTxvebis garda, eqimi savsebiT ugulebelyofs pacients, dabal skamze mjdomi,
pacientis TvalTaxedvis miRma. pacienti, Tavis mxriv, TanamSromlobs masTan imiT, rom
droebiT pirovnebis armqone gaxda, araviTar iniciativas ar amJRavnebs saubris dasawyebad da
nebismieri moZraoba minimumamde dahyavs.
winamdebare scenasa da finalur scenas Soris intervalia; eqTans aqac wamyvani roli
aqvs; igi exmareba pacients kvlav srulyofil pirovnebad gadaqcevaSi. aseT pirobebSi, es orni
SeiZleba kvlav CaerTon saubarSi. pacienti Svebas gamoxatavs gasinjvis dasrulebis gamo.
Cacmisa da Tavis wesrigSi moyvanis Semdeg, pacienti mzad aris, warsdges daskvniT scenaSi.
eqimi brundeba, saubrobs pacientTan gamokvlevis Sedegebze da eqceva mas, rogorc srulyofil
da pativsacem pirovnebas. eqimi, Tavisi Tavaziani, profesiuli maneriT eubneba pacients, rom
misi damokidebuleba pacientis mimarT aranairad ar Secvlila imis gamo, rom kontaqti hqonda
mis sxeulTan. epilogi TamaSdeba, rodesac pacienti tovebs eqimis misaRebs da ibrunebs Tavis
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identobas gare samyaroSi. pacientma da eqimma iTanamSromles imgvarad, rom moaxdines

urTierTqmedebisa da TiToeuli monawilis STabeWdilebis marTva.
pirovnuli sivrce
pirovnuli sivrcis definaciaSi kulturuli gansxvavebebi arsebobs. dasavlur kulturaSi

adamianebi, romlebic sxvebTan fokusirebul urTierTqmedebaSi arian CarTulni, Cveulebriv, sam
fut distancias (90 sm) mainc icaven erTmaneTisgan; Tumca, maT SeuZliaT ufro axlos idgnen
erTmaneTTan. Sua aRmosavleTSi adamianebi xSirad ufro axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, vidre es
dasavleTSia miRebuli. dasavlelebi, am qveynebSi vizitebisas, Tavs uxerxulad grZnoben aseTi
siaxlovis gamo.
Eeduard T. holi, romelic araverbalur komunikaciebs ikvlevs, pirovnuli sivrcis oTx zonas
ganasxvavebs. intimuri distancia, rac erTnaxevar futs (45 sm) Seadgens, gankuTvnilia socialuri
kontaqtebis Zalze mcire ricxvisaTvis, sadac daSvebulia regularulad sxeulTan Sexeba.
magaliTad, Seyvarebulebi an mSobeli da bavSvebi pirovnuli sivrcis am zonaSi operireben.
pirovnuli distancia _ erTnaxevridan oTx futamde (45 – 120 sm) aris Cveuli manZili
megobrebTan, axlo nacnobebTan SexvedrisaTvis. garkveuli intimuroba daSvebulia, Tumca igi
mkveTrad gansazRvrulia. socialuri distancia oTxidan Tormet futamde (120 – 360 sm) is zonaa,
romelic miRebulia formalur garemoSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, interviuebi. meoTxe zonaa sajaro
distancia, Tormeti futis iqiT, rac gankuTvnilia imaTTvis, vinc auditoriis winaSe warsdgebian.
Cveulebriv, urTierTqmedebaSi yvelaze gadatvirTulia intimuri da pirovnuli distancia. Tu
vinme am zonaSi SemoiWra, adamianebi cdiloben, daibrunon TavianTi sivrce. daupatiJebel
stumars Cven SeiZleba TvaliT vaniSnoT: `daikarge aqedan!~ an mxari vkraT momxdurs.
rodesac adamianebi iZulebulni arian, imaze axlos iyvnen, vidre isini sasurvelad Tvlian, maT
SeuZliaT Seqmnan raRac fizikuri sazRvris magvari; magaliTad, Tu mkiTxveli biblioTekis
merxTan bevri xalxiTaa garSemortymuli, mas SeuZlia sakuTari sivrcis demarkacia moaxdinos
wignebis garSemo SemowyobiT (Hall, 1959, 1966).
urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSi
imis codna, Tu rogoraa ganawilebuli aqtivobebi drosa da sivrceSi, fundamenturia

kontaqtebis analizisas da, zogadad, socialuri cxovrebis gasagebad. yvela urTierTqmedeba
situaciuria – xdeba konkretul adgilas da specifikuri xangrZlivoba aqvs droSi. dRis
ganmavlobaSi Cveni qmedebebi rogorc sivrciT, ise droiT zonebadaa dayofili. ase, magaliTad,
adamianebis umetesoba samuSaoze atarebs `zonas~ dilis 9 saaTidan saRamos 5 saaTamde.
maTi yovelkvireuli dro aseve zonebadaa dayofili: isini, rogorc Cans, samuSao dReebSi
muSaoben da kviris bolos saxlSi atareben, cvlian ra aqtivobebis saxes SabaT-kviras. dRis
zonebis cvlis kvaldakval, Cven sivrceSic vmoZraobT: qalaqis erTi zonidan meoreSi samsaxurSi
misasvlelad, SesaZloa, avtobusi gamoviyenoT. rodesac socialur urTierTqmedebas vaanalizebT,
xSirad, sasargebloa, davakvirdeT adamianebis gadaadgilebas da vicodeT droiT-sivrciTi
konvergencia.
cneba regionalizacia dagvexmareba gavigoT, Tu rogor aris socialuri cxovreba dayofili
zonebad drosa da sivrceSi. magaliTisTvis aviRoT kerZo saxli. Tanamedrove saxli
regionalizebulia oTaxebad, koridorebad da sarTulebad, Tu saxli erT sarTulze maRalia. es
sivrceebi ar aris mxolod fizikurad gamoyofili adgilebi, aramed droSic ,,zonirebulia.” sastumro
oTaxebi da samzareulo, umTavresad, dRis saaTebSi gamoiyeneba, sawoli oTaxebi – RamiT.
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urTierTqmedeba, romelic am regionebSi xdeba, droiTi da sivrciTi sazRvrebiTaa SezRuduli.

saxlis zogierTi adgili ukana plans qmnis, sxvebSi ki `warmodgenebi sruldeba.~ drodadro, mTeli
saxli SeiZleba ukana planad iqces. Ees idea SesaniSnavad aqvs warmodgenili gofmans:
`kvira diliT mTel ojaxs SeuZlia gamoiyenos saxlis garSemo arsebuli kedeli, raTa
dafaron gantvirTviT gamowveuli daudevari Cacmuloba: es araformaluroba saxlis yvela oTaxzec
vrceldeba, rac, Cveulebriv, mxolod samzareuloTi da sawoli oTaxebiT Semoifargleboda. asevea
amerikuli saSualo klasis raionebSic: naSuadRevs, gamyofi xazi bavSvebis saTamaSo moedansa
da saxls Soris SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc dedebis ukana plani; isini dadian iq jinsebSi
Cacmulebi, sportuli fexsacmliT da kosmetikis minimumiT.... da, ra Tqma unda, regioni,
romelic mondomebiT Camoyalibda, rogorc wina plani, gansakuTrebuli rutinis regularuli
SesrulebisaTvis, xSirad funqcionirebs, rogorc ukana plani, yovel Sesrulebamde da mis Semdeg,
vinaidan am droisaTvis mudmivi mowyobiloba SeiZleba SekeTdes, aRdges da Tavidan
gaimarTos, an Semsruleblebma Caataron generaluri repeticia. amisaTvis, sakmarisia Seixedo
restoranSi, maRaziaSi an saxlSi, ramdenime wuTiT adre, vidre isini gaixsneba miRebisaTvis
(Goffman, 1969).
yoveldRiuri cxovreba kulturul da

istoriul WrilSi
socialuri urTierTqmedebis zogierTi meqanizmi, romelic gofmanma, garfinkelma da

sxvebma gaaanalizes, rogorc Cans, universaluria. magaliTad, markerebis gamoyeneba kontaqtis
dasawyisisa da dasasrulis misaniSneblad, adamianur urTierTqmedebas yvelgan axasiaTebs.
kontaqtebis organizebis gzebi, magaliTad, saubris gasabmelad sxvebTan zurgSeqceviT dgoma,
yvela adamianur jgufSi moiZebneba. Tumca, gofmanis msjeloba samoqalaqo uyuradRebobisa
da urTierTqmedebis sxva formebis Sesaxeb, uSualod im sazogadoebebs exeba, sadac
ucxoelebTan kontaqti Cveulebrivi ambavia. magram ra SeiZleba vTqvaT im mcire zomis
tradiciuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb, sadac ar arian ucxoebi da Zalze cota adgilia, sadac erT
muWa adamianebs SeuZliaT erTdroulad TavSeyra?
imisaTvis, rom davinaxoT gansxvaveba socialur urTierTqmedebebs Soris Tanamedrove
da tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, magaliTis saxiT movitanoT, teqnologiebis TvalsazrisiT, erT-erTi
yvelaze nakleb ganviTarebuli kultura, romelic ki msoflios SemorCa; es aris kunis kultura, zogjer
buSmenebad cnobili, romlis warmomadgenlebic samxreT afrikaSi, namibiisa da botsvanas
teritoriaze, kalaharis udabnoSi cxovroben (Lee, 1968, 1969). miuxedavad imisa, rom gareSe
zegavlenebiT maTi cxovrebis wesi icvleba, socialuri cxovrebis tradiciuli formebi maTTan
kvlavindeburad SemorCenilia.
Kkunis tomi 30-40-kacian jgufebad cxovrobs droebiT dasaxlebebSi, wyalsatevebis
maxloblad. maT siaxloves sakvebi Zalze mwiria da mis mosapoveblad isini sakmaod Sors unda
wavidnen. amgar mogzaurobebs dRis umetesi nawili eTmoba. qalebi da bavSvebi, umetesad,
banakSi rCebian, Tumca, sakmaod xSirad, mTeli jgufi mTel dRes mogzaurobaSi atarebs. Temis
wevrebi, zogjer, dRis ganmavlobaSi asi milis radiuss gadian; RamiT, saWmelad da
dasaZineblad, banakSi brundebian. mamakacebi dRis umetes nawils marto an or-sam-kacian
jgufebad atareben. Tumca, aris erTi periodi weliwadSi, rodesac maTi yoveldRiuri aqtivobebis
rutina icvleba: zamTris wvimiani sezoni, rodesac wyali adidebulia da saWmlis mopoveba
advildeba, am periodSi kunis tomis yoveldRiuri cxovreba mimarTulia ritualur da ceremoniul
aqtivobebze, romelTa momzadebas da ganxorcielebas bevri dro miaqvs.
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Kkunis tomis wevrTa umetesobas arasodes unaxavs vinme, visac sakmaod kargad ar
icnobdes. am bolo wlebamde, rodesac kontaqtebi gare samyarosTan gaxSirda, maT leqsikonSi
sityva ùcxo~ ar iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom am tomis mamakacebs SeuZliaT TiTqmis mTeli
dRe sxvebTan kontaqtis gareSe gaataron, Tavad Temis SigniT gancalkevebiT yofnis
SesaZlebloba TiTqmis ar aris. Oojaxebs Ria, farRalala saxlebSi sZinavT, sadac maTi mTeli
aqtivobebi Riaa sajaro daTvalierebisTvis. aravis Seuswavlia kunis tomi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
gofmaniseuli gamokvlevis TvalsazrisiT; Tumca advili dasanaxia, rom misi naSromis zogierTi
aspeqti naklebad Seesabameba kunis socialur cxovrebas. magaliTad, Zalze cota SesaZleblobaa
wina da ukana regionebis SeqmnisTvis. sxvadasxva Tavyrilobebisa da kontaqtebis oTaxis
kedlebiT, calke SenobebiT da qalaqis sxvadasxva ubnebiT SemosazRvra, rac Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebisTvisaa Cveuli, Zalze daSorebulia kunis tomis aqtivobebs.
siaxlovis Zaldataneba
kunis tomisgan gansxvavebiT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi – rogorc es momdevno

TavebSi iqneba gamokvleuli – Cven mudmivad vurTierTqmedebT sxvebTan, romelTac,
SesaZloa, verasodes SevxvdeT. TiTqmis mTeli yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT, vTqvaT, maRaziebSi
sursaTis SekveTiT an sabanko depozitis gakeTebiT, Cven kontaqtSi varT – Tumca arapirdapir
kontaqtSi – adamianebTan, romlebic, SesaZloa, Cvengan Zalian Sors cxovrobdnen. magaliTad,
sabanko sistema saerTaSorisoa. nebismieri Tanxa, romelsac daabandeb, finansuri investiciebis
mcire nawilia, rasac banki mTel msoflioSi avrcelebs.
Eaxla, roca es SedarebiT advilia, ratom ar aris sxvebTan Cveni urTierTqmedebebis
umravlesoba arapirdapiri? ratom ar viyenebT yovelTvis telefons, faqss an komunikaciis
saSualebebs megobrebTan da kolegebTan kontaqtisTvis? magaliTad, saqmiani adamianebi
eswrebian Sexvedrebs, Tundac naxevar msoflioze gadafrena mouwioT, maSin roca gacilebiT
ioli da efeqturia biznesis warmoeba kompiuteris an mravalmxrivi satelefono xazis gamoyenebiT.
daird bodenma da harvi molotCma gamoikvlies, rasac Tavad uwodeben, ,,siaxlovis
Zaldataneba”: individebis moTxovnileba, uSualod Sexvdnen erTmaneTs pirispir
urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi. bodenisa da molotCis azriT, adamianebi Sexvedrebze
dasaswrebad imitom midian, rom, rogorc gofmani dokumenturad adasturebs Tavis kvlevebSi
urTierTqmedebis Sesaxeb, pirispir urTierTqmedebis situaciebi gacilebiT met informacias
Seicavs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ras fiqroben da grZnoben adamianebi, da ramdenad gulwrfelebi arian
isini, vidre amas eleqtronuli komunikaciebis nebismieri forma akeTebs. mxolod im adamianebis
garemocvaSi yofniT, romlebic CvenTvis mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs Rebuloben, SegviZlia
gavigoT, Tu ra xdeba, da gvjera, rom Cveni SexedulebebiTa da gulwrfelobiT, STabeWdilebas
movaxdenT maTze. bodeni da molotCi amboben: `Tandaswreba xelmisawvdoms xdis sxeulis im
nawils, romelic àrasdros tyuis~ - Tvalebs, `sulis sarkmels.~ TvalebiT kontaqti TavisTavad
iZleva siaxlovisa da ndobis xarisxis signalebs; Tanadamswreni mudmivad amowmeben sxeulis
am yvelaze faqizi nawilis faqiz moZraobebs~ (1994).
mikrosociologia da makrosociologia
Ppirispir urTierTqmedebis situaciebSi yoveldRiuri qcevis Seswavlas, Cveulebriv,

mikrosociologia ewodeba. makrosociologia iseTi farTomasStabiani socialuri sistemebis analizia,
rogoricaa politikuri an ekonomikuri sistema. igi, aseve, Seicavs cvlilebis grZelvadiani
procesebis analizs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, industrializacia. EerTi SexedviT, SeiZleba vifiqroT,
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rom mikro da makro donis analizebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. faqtobrivad, es ori mWidro
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan (Knorr-Cetina and Cicourel, 1981), rogorc es mocemul TavSi vnaxeT.
Mmakro donis analizi arsebiTia yoveldRiuri cxovrebis instituciuri safuZvlebis
gasagebad. adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis wesi didad aris damokidebuli ufro farTo
instituciur struqturaze, rac cxadi xdeba, rodesac kulturis aqtivobebis yoveldRiur cikls, rogoric,
magaliTad, kunis kulturaa, SevadarebT industriuli qalaqis garemoSi cxovrebas. rogorc ukve
aRiniSna, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, Cven gamudmebul kontaqts vamyarebT ucxoebTan.
es kontaqti SeiZleba arapirdapiri da upirovno iyos. Tumca, dRes mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ramden
arapirdapir Tu eleqtronul urTierTobaSi SevalT; yvelaze kompleqsur sazogadoebebSic ki, sxva
adamianebis Tandaswreba gadamwyveti rCeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven SegviZlia
avirCioT da internetSi e-mail-iT gavagzavnoT mokiTxva, aseve SegviZlia aTasobiT miliT
daSorebuli manZili davfaroT imisaTvis, rom dasvenebis dReebi megobarTan erTad gavataroT.
Tavis mxriv, mikro donis kvlevebi aucilebelia farTo instituciuri formebis gasaSuqeblad.
Ppirispir urTierTqmedeba namdvilad ZiriTad safuZvels warmoadgens socialuri organizaciis
yvela formisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad farTomasStabiania igi. DdavuSvaT, Cven
vikvlevT biznes korporacias. SegveZlo bevri gagvego misi aqtivobebis Sesaxeb qcevaze uSualo
dakvirvebiT. magaliTad, SegveZlo gagveanalizebina direqtorebis urTierTqmedeba maT
kabinetebSi, adamianebisa - sxvadasxva ofisebSi, an muSebisa - maRaziis sarTulze. am gziT
mainc ver Segveqmneboda sruli warmodgena mTlianad korporaciaze, vidre misi saqme ar
iqneboda ganxiluli nabeWdi masalebis, werilebis, telefonisa da kompiuterebis saSualebiT.
Tumca, namdvilad SevZlebdiT, mniSvnelovani wvlili Segvetana imis dadgenaSi, Tu rogor
muSaobs organizacia.
Mmomdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT damatebiT magaliTebs, Tu rogor gavlenas axdens
mikro konteqstebSi urTierTqmedeba ufro farTo socialur procesebze da, Tavis mxriv, rogor
zemoqmedebs makro sistemebi socialuri cxovrebis ufro viwro garemoze.
Sejameba
1. socialuri urTierTqmedeba aris procesi, romlis saSualebiTac vmoqmedebT da

vreagirebT garSemomyofebze. Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis bevri, savsebiT trivialuri aspeqti
socialuri urTieTrqmedebis kompleqsur da mniSvnelovan elementebs warmoadgens; magaliTad,
sxva adamianebis gamWoli mzera. urTierTqmedebaTa umravlesobaSi, TvalebiT kontaqti
sakmaod swrafia. sxva pirovnebis gamWoli mzera SeiZleba aRqmul iqnes, rogorc mtrobis
niSani, an, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, rogorc siyvarulis gamoxatuleba. socialuri urTierTqmedebis
Seswavla fundamenturi sferoa sociologiaSi, rac socialuri cxovrebis mraval aspeqts aSuqebs.
2. adamianis saxis meSveobiT mravali sxvadasxva gamometyveleba gamoisaxeba.
farTod miRebulia, rom emociis garegnuli gamoxatulebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi Tandayolilia.
kulturaTaSorisi kvlevebi adasturebs sakmaod axlo msgavsebas gansxvavebuli kulturebis
warmomadgenlebs Soris, rogorc saxis gamometyvelebiT, aseve adamianis saxeze aRbeWdili
emociebis interpretaciiT. SesaZloa, `saxe~ ufro farTo azriT iyos gagebuli, rogorc individis
reputaciasTan dakavSirebuli. sxva adamianebTan urTierTqmedebisas, Cveulebriv, Cven
vzrunavT ,,saxis SenarCunebaze~ - sakuTari Rirsebis grZnobis dacvaze.
3. yoveldRiuri saubris Seswavlas eTnomeTodologia daerqva _ termini, romelic harold
garfinkelma SemoiRo. EeTnomeTodologia aris im saSualebebis analizi, romliTac Cven aqtiurad
viazrebT – rac, Cveulebriv, TavisTavad cxadad migvaCnia – ras gulisxmoben sxvebi, rodesac
raimes amboben an akeTeben.
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4. bevri ramis gageba SeiZleba saubris xasiaTis Sesaxeb – sapasuxo SeZaxilebis

(wamoZaxili) da wamocdenebis SeswavliT (ra xdeba, rodesac adamianebi SecdomiT
gamoTqvamen an iyeneben sityvebs da frazebs). wamocdenebi, xSirad, iumoristulia da,
faqtobrivad, fsiqologiurad axlosaa gonebamaxvilobasa da xumrobasTan.
5. arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba aris individebis mier erTmaneTis ormxrivi
gacnobiereba did TavyrilobebSi, Tumca maT Soris uSualo saubari ar mimdinareobs.
Ffokusirebul urTierTqmedebas, rac SeiZleba dayofil iyos sxvadasxva saxis kontaqtebad an
urTierTqmedebis epizodebad, adgili aqvs, rodesac ori an meti individi uSualod akvirdeba, Tu
ras ambobs da akeTebs sxva an sxvebi.
6. socialuri urTierTqmedeba, SesaZloa, Seswavlil iqnes dramaturgiuli modelis
gamoyenebiT – TiTqos socialuri urTierTqmedebis monawileni iyon msaxiobebi scenaze,
dekoraciebiTa da rekvizitiT. iseve, rogorc TeatrSi, socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva konteqstSic
SeiZleba iyos garkveuli gansxvaveba wina plansa (Tavad scena) da ukana plans Soris, sadac
msaxiobebi emzadebian SesrulebisTvis an gantvirTvisTvis speqtaklis Semdeg.
7. socialuri rolebi aris individis socialurad gansazRvruli molodinebi mocemul statussa an
socialur poziciaSi.
8. socialuri urTierTqmedeba drosa da sivrceSia ganTavsebuli. Cven SegviZlia
gavaanalizoT, Tu rogor aris `zonirebuli~ Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba drosa da sivrceSi;
amasTan erTad, davakvirdeT, Tu rogor mimdinareobs aqtivobebi gansazRvrul periodebSi, rac
imavdroulad sivrciT gadaadgilebasac gulisxmobs.
9. pirispir urTierTqmedebis Seswavlas, Cveulebriv, mikrosociologias uwodeben; igi
gansxvavdeba makrosociologiisgan, romelic ufro farTo jgufebs, institutebs da socialur sistemebs
swavlobs. Mmikro da makro donis analizebi, sinamdvileSi, Zalze mWidro kavSirSia da
erTmaneTs avsebs.
MMichael Argile, Experiments in Social Interaction (Aldershot, 1993).

pirovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebis socialuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis mimoxilva.
Erving Goffman, Behaviour in Public Places (New York: Free Press, 1963) im
ritualebis analizi, romelTac individebi sazogadoebriv adgilebSi axorcieleben.
Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Harmondsworth: Penguin,
1969). gofmanis erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromi, romelSic igi msjelobs imaze, Tu rogor axdenen
individebi sxvebTan urTierTqmedebis organizebas, sakuTar Tavze sasurveli Sexedulebis
Sesaqmnelad.
Henri Lefebvre, Everyday Life in the Modern World (London: Allen Lane, 1971).
diskusia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove socialurma cvlilebam
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis xasiaTze.
Eric Livingstone, Making Sense of Ethnomethodology (London: Routledge and Kegan
Paul, 1987).EeTnomeTodologiis zogadi daxasiaTeba. NnaTlad gadmoscems naSromis ZiriTad
ideebs.
Phil Manning, Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992).
gofmanis naSromebis, rogorc mTelis, saukeTeso mimoxilva.
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moqalaqeobrivi uyuradReboba STabeWdilebis marTva

araverbaluri komunikacia wina plani
Laparaki ukana plani
Saubari pirovnuli sivrce
eTnomeTodologia socialuri distancia
urTierTgageba sazogadoebrivi distancia
sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi droiT-sivrciTi konvergencia
wamocdenebi Regionalizacia
arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba
fokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba Mikrosociologia
dramaturgiuli modeli Makrosociologia
Tavi 5
Ggenderi da seqsualoba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
sqesi, genderi da biologia

genderuli gansxvavebebi: buneba aRzrdis sapirispirod
genderuli socializacia
mSoblebisa da zrdasrulebis reaqciebi. Ggenderuli daswavla.
wignebi da televizia. BbavSvebis araseqsisturad aRzrdis siZneleebi.
,,genderis keTeba”
genderuli identoba da seqsualoba: ori Teoria

froidis Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Codorous Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
adamianis seqsualoba
biologia da seqsualuri qceva. socialuri zegavlena seqsualur qcevaze. seqsualoba dasavlur
kulturaSi. Hhomoseqsualoba. prostitucia
daskvna: genderi, seqsualoba da uTanasworoba
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
sqesi. genderi
ras niSnavs iyo mamakaci? ras niSnavs iyo qali? Jan morisi, cnobili avtori da mogzauri,
winaT mamakaci iyo. jeims morisis saxeliT igi ser edmund hilaris xelmZRvanelobiT mowyobili
im eqspediciis wevri iyo, romelmac warmatebiT dalaSqra everesti. is Zalze `mamakacuri~ kaci
iyo – avtomrboleli da aqtiuri sxvadasxva saxeobis sportSi. Tumca, mainc mudam mamakacis
sxeulSi myof qalad SeigrZnobda Tavs. man sqesis Secvlis operacia Caitara da mas Semdeg
cxovrobda, rogorc qali.
morisi Tavis wignSi aRwers sqesis Secvlis gamocdilebas, sadac iZleva im gansxvavebuli
samyaroebis perspeqtiul xedvas, romelSic qalebi da mamakacebi cxovroben:
Cven gveubnebian, rom sqesTa Soris daSoreba mcirdeba; magram minda giTxraT, rom meoce saukunis
meore naxevarSi, orive rolSi (mamakacis da qalis) gamovcade cxovreba da, Cemi azriT, ar arsebobs cxovrebis
aspeqti, dRis arcerTi momenti, kontaqti Tu reaqcia, romelic gansxvavebuli ar iyos mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis.
xmis is intonacia, romliTac axla mommarTaven, Cems gverdze myofi pirovnebis is Jestebi, is SegrZneba, rac
haerSi garSemo trialebs Cemi oTaxSi Sesvlis dros an restoranSi magidasTan yofnisas, mudmivad xazs usvams
Cemi statusis Secvlas.
Tu sxvebis reaqciebi Cems mimarT icvleboda, aseve icvleboda Cemic. rac ufro metad meqceodnen, rogorc
qals, ufro metad qali vxdebodi. Zalauneburad Sevegue am mdgomareobas. Tu arakompetenturad macxadebdnen
manqanis gadayenebaSi an boTlebis gaxsnaSi, vgrZnobdi, rom arakompetenturi vxdebodi. Tu iTvleboda, rom yuTi
Zalze mZime iyo CemTvis asawevad, ucnauria, magram Tavadac ase vTvlidi...
MmagaliTad, rodesac Cems erT-erT axlobel megobar mamakacTan erTad lanCze var, marTobs imis
gafiqreba, rom arc ise bevri wlis win, es laquca oficianti mec iseve momeqceoda, rogorc axla Cems megobars
eqceva. maSin igi mokrZalebuli seriozulobiT momesalmeboda. axla igi Cems xelsaxocs kekluci ceremoniulobiT
Slis, TiTqos maqezebs. maSin igi Cems SekveTas seriozuli yuradRebiT moismenda, axla ki elodeba, rom raRac
araseriozuls vityvi (da asec vakeTeb) (Morris, 1974).
Uumetesoba Cvengani ver xvdeba, rom pirovneba, romelic iyo ìs~ (kaci), SeiZleba
gaxda ìs~ (qali), radgan seqsualuri gansxvavebebi aseT gavlenas axdens Cvens cxovrebaze.
Cveulebriv, Cven verc ki vamCnevT maT – swored amitom arian isini ase gavrcelebulni; isini
Tavidanve mtkiced arian fesvgadgmulni CvenSi.
winamdebare TavSi, SevecdebiT SeviswavloT adamianis seqsualuri qcevis buneba,
iseve rogorc gavaanalizoT seqsualobis kompleqsuri xasiaTi – adamianis seqsualuri modelebi –
da seqsualuri gansxvavebebi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi seqsualuri cxovreba, iseve rogorc
bevri sxva ram, mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis, rac gavlenas axdens mravali Cvenganis
emociur cxovrebaze. Cven gavigebT am cvlilebebis raobas da SevecdebiT gavaanalizoT maTi
farTo mniSvneloba mocemuli Tavis bolos.
daviwyebT biWebsa da gogonebs, mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris gansxvavebebis
warmoSobis SeswavliT. mecnierebi iyofian im Sexedulebis safuZlevze, Tu ra moculobiT
axdens gavlenas Tandayolili biologiuri maxasiaTeblebi Cvens genderul identobaze da seqsualur
aqtivobebze. debatebi mimdinareobis imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad aris es Seswavlili. aravis
epareba eWvi imaSi, rom Cveni seqsualoba instinqturia imave azriT, rogoriTac mravali ufro
dabali klasis cxovelebTan, magaliTad, CitebTan da futkrebTan. Tumca, zogierTi mecnieri,
genderis da seqsualobis analizisas, socialur zegavlenebs aniWebs upiratesobas.
sqesi, genderi da biologia
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sityva `sqesi,~ rogorc igi yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi gamoiyeneba, orgvari

mniSvnelobisaa; igi miekuTvneba rogorc pirovnebis kategorias, aseve qmedebebs, romelSic
adamianebi monawileoben, rogoricaa `sqesobrivi urTierToba.~ meti garkveulobisTvis, unda
ganvasxvavoT sqesi, rogorc biologiuri mniSvnelobis mqone, anu anatomiuri gansxvaveba
qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris, sqesobrivi aqtivobisagan. aseve saWiroa kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis dadgena sqessa da genders Soris. Tu sqesi sxeulis fizikur
gansxvavebas miuTiTebs, genderi mamakacsa da qals Soris fsiqologiur, socialur da kulturul
gansxvavebebs exeba. gansxvaveba sqessa da genders Soris fundamenturia, miT ufro, rom
mravali gansxvaveba mamakacsa da qals Soris, Tavisi warmoSobiT, biologiuri ar aris.
genderuli gansxvavebebi: buneba aRzrdis sapirispirod
Ggansxvavebebi qalebis da mamakacebis qcevaSi ufro metad sqesis Sedegia Tu

genderis? sxva sityvebiT, ramdenad aris es gansxvavebebi biologiuri faqtoris Sedegi? zogierT
avtors miaCnia, rom qalebis da mamakacebis qcevebs Soris Tandayolili gansxvavebebi yvela
kulturaSi arsebobs, da rom sociobiologiis aRmoCenebi swored amaze miuTiTebs. es mkvlevarni
im faqtze amaxvileben yuradRebas, rom TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi mamakacebi ufro metad
monawileoben nadirobasa da omebSi, vidre qalebi. maTi azriT, gana es ar miuTiTebs, rom
mamakacebSi arsebobs agresiisadmi biologiurad gamyarebuli tendencia, rac qalebs ara aqvT?
sxva mkvlevarni am arguments aradamajereblad miiCneven. MmaTi azriT,
mamakacebis agresiulobis done sxvadasxva kulturaSi sxvadasxvagvaria, da mosalodnelia,
qalebic erT kulturaSi ufro pasiurni da uwyinarni iyvnen, vidre sxva kulturebSi (Elstain, 1987).
ufro metic, imis gamo, rom xasiaTis Tviseba met-naklebad sayovelTaoa, es ar niSnavs, rom
Tavisi warmoSobiT igi biologiuria; aq SeiZleba saqme gvqondes zogadi saxis kulturul
faqtorebTan, rac amgvar damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs warmoSobs. magaliTad, umetes kulturebSi,
qalebis umravlesoba cxovrebis did nawils bavSvebze zrunvaSi atarebs da ar SeuZliaT,
Tavisuflad miiRon monawileoba nadirobaSi an omSi. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, gansxvavebebi
qalebisa da mamakacebis qcevaSi, umTavresad, qalisa da mamakacis identobis _ feminurobisa
da maskulinobis _ socialuri daswavlis Sedegia.
samxili cxovelTa samyarodan
ras gviCvenebs faqtebi? informaciis erT-erTi wyaroa sqesTa Soris gansxvavebebi

hormonalur struqturaSi. zogi mkvlevari acxadebda, rom mamakacis sqesobrivi hormoni,
testosteroni, dakavSirebulia mamakacis midrekilebasTan Zaladobisken. magaliTad, kvlevebSi
aRiniSna, rom, Tu mamri maimuni dabadebisTanave iqna kastrirebuli, igi naklebad agresiuli
xdeba; da piriqiT, rodesac mdedr maimuns aZleven testosterons, igi normalur mdedr maimunze
ufro agresiuli xdeba. Tumca, aseve dadginda, rom, Tu maimuns mieca saSualeba, ibatonos
sxvebze, mas testosteronis done ezrdeba. amgvarad, SesaZloa, agresiulma qcevam gavlena
moaxdinos hormonis warmoSobaze da ara hormoni iyos gazrdili agresiis mizezi.
Mmtkicebis kidev erTi SesaZlo wyaro cxovelis qcevaze uSualo dakvirvebaa. Aavtorebi,
romlebic mamakacur agresias biologiur faqtors ukavSireben, xSirad, xazs usvamen mamakacur
agresias primatebs Soris. maTi azriT, Simpanzes qcevas Tu davakvirdebiT, mamrebi yovelTvis
ufro agresiulebi arian, vidre mdedrebi. Tumca, sinamdvileSi, didi gansxvavebaa cxovelTa tipebs
Soris. magaliTad, gibonebis SemTxvevaSi, sqesTa Soris TiTqmis SeumCneveli gansxvavebaa;
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ufro metic, bevri mdedri maimuni zogierT situaciaSi Zalze agresiulia, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
roca Svilebs safrTxe emuqreba.
samxili adamianTa samyarodan
adamianebis SemTxvevaSi, informaciis ZiriTadi wyaro identuri tyupebis

gamocdilebidan modis. identuri tyupebi erTi kvercxujredidan arian da zustad erTnairi genetikuri
struqtura aqvT. moxda erTi gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva, rodesac mamrobiTi sqesis identuri
tyupebidan erT-erTi seriozulad daSavda windacveTis procesSi; gadawyda, misi genitalia
gadaekeTebinaT qalisad. amis Semdeg igi izrdeboda, rogorc gogona. tyupebi eqvsi wlis asakSi
dasavleTis kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebel tipiur mamakacur da qalur Tvisebebs amJRavnebdnen.
patara gogonas uyvarda sxva gogonebTan TamaSi, exmareboda saxlis saqmeebSi da surda
gaTxoveba, rodesac gaizrdeboda. biWuna sxva biWebis garemocvaSi amjobinebda yofnas, misi
sayvareli saTamaSoebi avtomobilebi da satvirTo manqanebi iyo, surda, mexanZre an policieli
gamxdariyo.
Aim droisTvis es SemTxveva interpretirebul iqna, rogorc genderul gansxvavebebze
socialuri daswavlis damajerebeli zegavlenis demonstrireba. Tumca, rodesac gogonam Tineijeris
asaks miaRwia, mas gamosvla hqonda satelevizio programiT da misma intervium aCvena, rom
igi erTgvar uxerxulobas grZnobda Tavisi genderuli identobis gamo, albaT imitom, rom is
`realurad~ biWi iyo. mogvianebiT man gaigo Tavisi uCveulo istoriis Sesaxeb da, SesaZloa,
amis codna Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo sakuTari Tavis sxvagvarad aRqmisTvis (Ryan, 1985).
es SemTxveva ar uaryofs imis SesaZleblobas, rom biologiuri faqtorebi gavlenas axdens
qceviT gansxvavebebze mamakacsa da qals Soris. Tuki isini arsebobs, maTi fsiqologiuri
warmoSoba jer kidev ar aris identificirebuli. sakiTxi kvlav winaaRmdegobrivi rCeba, Tumca
genetikos riCard levontinis daskvnas albaT bevri daeTanxmeba:
`pirovnebis Tavdapirveli TviTidentifikacia, rogorc mamakacis an qalisa, Tavisi
damokidebulebebiT, ideebiTa da survilebiT, rac am identifikacias Tan axlavs, gamowveulia
imiT, Tu ra kategorias miakuTvnes is (qali an mamakaci) bavSvobaSi. Mmovlenebis
normalurad ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, es kategoria Seesabameba SeTanxmebul biologiur
gansxvavebas qromosomebSi, hormonebsa da morfologiaSi. amgvarad, biologiuri
gansxvavebebi ufro signalia, vidre diferenciaciis mizezi socialur rolebSi (Lewontin, 1982).
genderuli socializacia
miuxedavad imisa, rom biologiuri samxili gvexmareba genderuli gansxvavebebis

warmoSobis gagebaSi, kidev erTi saSualebaa genderuli socializaciis kvleva, genderuli rolebis
Seswavla iseTi socialuri faqtorebis safuZvelze, rogoricaa ojaxi da media.
mSoblebisa da zrdasrulebis reaqciebi
Mmravali gamokvleva Catarda imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad warmoadgens genderuli

gansxvavebebi socialuri gavlenebis Sedegs. dedisa da patara bavSvis urTierTobis Seswavla
gviCvenebs gansxvavebebs biWisa da gogos mimarT damokidebulebaSi maSinac ki, rodesac
mSoblebs sjeraT, rom orives erTnairad eqcevian. roca zrdasrulebs Cvili bavSvis daxasiaTebas
sTxoven, gansxvavebul pasuxebs iZlevian imis mixedviT, Tu romeli amoicnes masSi - gogo Tu
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biWi. EerTi klasikuri eqsperimentis dros, xuT axalgazrda dedaze Catarda dakvirveba, maTi
urTierTqmedebis dros eqvsi Tvis bavSvTan, romelsac saxelad beTi erqva. isini uRimodnen
bavSvs da Tojinas awvdidnen saTamaSod. bavSvs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc `sayvarels~ da `nazi
xmis~ mqones. dedebis meore jgufis reaqcia igive asakis bavSvze, romelsac adami erqva,
sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo. bavSvs awvdidnen matarebels an raime sxva `mamakacur~
saTamaSos. sinamdvileSi, beTi da adami erTidaigive bavSvi iyo, gansxvavebul tansacmelSi
Cacmuli (Will et. al, 1976).
genderuli daswavla
BbavSvebis mier genderuli daswavla, garkveulwilad, aracnobierad mimdinareobs. sanam

bavSvebi SeZleben, sworad miakuTvnon sakuTari Tavi gogonebs Tu biWebs, amas win uZRvis
preverbaluri miniSnebebis mTeli rigi. magaliTad, zrdasruli mamakacebi da qalebi, Cveulebriv,
gansxvavebulad eqcevian bavSvebs. kosmetikas, romelsac qalebi xmaroben, gansxvavebuli
surneleba aqvs imisgan, romelsac bavSvi SeiZleba mamakacebs ukavSirebdes. sistematuri
gansxvavebebi CacmulobaSi, Tmis stilSi da sxv. daswavlis procesSi vizualur miniSnebebs
awvdis bavSvs. ori wlis asakisaTvis bavSvebs nawilobrivi warmodgena aqvT imaze, Tu ra aris
genderi. maT ician, gogonebi arian Tu biWebi da, Cveulebriv, SeuZliaT sxvebis sqesis garCeva.
Tumca, xuT an eqvs wlamde bavSvma ar icis, rom pirovnebis sqesi ar icvleba, rom yovel
adamians aqvs genderi da rom gansxvaveba sqesis mixedviT gogonebsa da biWebs Soris
anatomiazea dafuZnebuli.
saTamaSoebi, naxatebi, wignebi da satelevizio programebi, romelTanac bavSvebs saqme
aqvT, yvela Taviseburad xazs usvams gansxvavebebs qalisa da mamakacis niSan-Tvisebebs
Soris. saTamaSoebis maRaziebi da dakveTis mimRebi katalogebi TavianT saqonels,
Cveulebriv, genderis mixedviT axarisxeben. iseTi saTamaSoebic ki, romlebic neitraluri
gveCveneba genderis TvalsazrisiT, praqtikaSi ar arsebobs. magaliTad, saTamaSo fisuniebi da
kurdRlebi gogonebisTvis aris rekomendebuli, xolo lomebi da vefxvebi umetesad biWebisTvis
aris gankuTvnili.
vanda luCia zamunerma gamoikvlia, romel saTamaSos aniWeben
upiratesobas Svididan aT wlamde bavSvebi italiasa da holandiaSi (Zammuner,
1987). gaanalizebul iqna bavSvebis damokidebulebebi sxvadasxva saxis
saTamaSoebis mimarT. stereotipul mamakacur da qalur saTamaSoebSi
CarTul iqna saTamaSoebi, romlebic ar iyo gansazRvruli romelime sqesiT.
rogorc bavSvebs, aseve maT mSoblebs sTxoves, ganesazRvraT Sesaferisi
saTamaSoebi gogonebisa da biWebisTvis. aRmoCnda, rom mozrdilebsa da
bavSvebs Soris sruli Tanxmoba sufevda. saSualod, meti italieli bavSvi
irCevda sqesis mixedviT gansxvavebul saTamaSos, vidre holandieli bavSvi.
am kvlevebma daadastura molodinebi, rom italiuri kultura metad uWers
mxars genderuli dayofis tradiciul xedvas, vidre es holandiur sazogadoebaSia.
rogorc amas sxva kvlevebic adasturebs, gogonebma orive sazogadoebidan
amoirCies gacilebiT meti genderulad neitraluri an biWebisTvis gankuTvnili
saTamaSoebi, vidre biWebma _ gogonebis saTamaSoebi.
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wignebi da televizia
OocdaxuTi wlis win lenora vaicmanma da misma kolegebma moaxdines

genderuli rolebis analizi skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnil, yvelaze popularul
moTxrobebis wignebSi da aRmoaCines mravali aSkara gansxvaveba genderul rolebSi
(Weitzman et al., 1972). mamakacebi gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen moTxrobebSi
da naxatebSi, vidre qalebi, koeficientiT 11/1. genderuli identobis mqone cxovelebis CaTvliT ki
es koeficienti Seadgenda 95/1. mamakacebisa da qalebis aqtivobebic gansxvavdeboda.
mamakacebi monawileobdnen gare saTavgadasavlo situaciebSi, rac damoukideblobasa da Zalas
moiTxovda. sadac ki personaJi gogonebi gamoCndebodnen, isini daxasiaTebulni iyvnen, rogorc
pasiuri arsebebi, romlebic Sinauri saqmeebiT iyvnen dakavebulni. gogonebi sadils amzadebdnen
mamakacebisTvis, saxlSi saqmianobdnen da elodnen maT dabrunebas. TiTqmis aseve iyo
moTxrobebis krebulSi warmodgenili zrdasruli mamakacebi da qalebi. qalebi, romlebic colebi an
dedebi ar iyvnen, warmodgenilni iyvnen iseT warmosaxviT personaJebad, rogoricaa alqajebi an
wmindanebi. mTel wignSi erTi personaJi qali ar iyo, romelic raime saqmianobas saxlis gareT
eweoda. amis sapirispirod, mamakacebi gamoyvanilni iyvnen, rogorc mebrZolebi, policielebi,
mosamarTleebi, mefeebi da a.S.
Uufro gviandeli kvleva gviCvenebs, rom mdgomareoba garkveulwilad Seicvala, Tumca
sabavSvo literaturis umetesi nawili iseTive rCeba (Davis, 1991). zRaprebSi, magaliTad,
tradiciuli midgomaa genderis mimarT, im imedebisa da miswrafebebis mimarT, romlebiTac
gogonebi da biWebi xelmZRvaneloben. òdesme Cemi princi gamoCndeba~ - rac mravali
saukunis win iyo Cadebuli zRaprebis versiebSi, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobda, rom Rarib gogonas
SeeZlo eocneba simdidresa da karg bedze. dRes es azri ufro romantikul siyvaruls ukavSirdeba.
zogierTi feministi Seecada, xelaxla daewera zogierTi yvelaze cnobili zRapari, maxvilebis
gadaadgilebis saSualebiT.
`me namdvilad ver SevamCnie misi sasacilo cxviri.
Dda igi namdvilad ukeT gamoiyureboda, koxtad gamowyobili modur tansacmelSi.
igi sruliadac ar aris iseTi momxibvleli, rogorc im Rames iyo.
ase rom, vfiqrob, Tavs movaCveneb, rom es SuSis qoSi Zalze viwrod maqvs~. (Viorst,
1987).
Mmagram konkias am versiis msgavsad, es xelaxla dawerili zRaprebi, umTavresad,
zrdasruli auditoriisTvis aris gamiznuli da naklebi gavlena aqvs zRaprebze, romlebic uamrav
sabavSvo wignSia moTxrobili.
Tumca arsebobs zogierTi TvalsaCino gamonaklisi; bavSvebisTvis gankuTvnili
satelevizio programebis analizi exmianeba daskvnebs sabavSvo wignebis Sesaxeb. Yyvelaze
popularuli multfilmebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom mTavari gmirebi mamrobiTi
sqesis arian da swored maT mihyavT moqmedeba. msgavsi warmodgenebis mixedviTaa agebuli
reklamebic, romlebic programebs mTel sigrZeze gasdevs.
bavSvis araseqsisturad aRzrdis siZneleebi
jun statamma gamoikvlia mSobelTa erTi jgufis mier SeZenili gamocdileba bavSvis
araseqsisturad aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT. kvlevaSi monawileobas Rebulobda ocdaaTi zrdasruli
Tvrameti ojaxidan; amasTan erTad, masSi CarTulni iyvnen eqvsi Tvidan Tormet wlamde asakis
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bavSvebic. mSoblebi saSualo klasis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, umetesad, akademiuri wreebidan

– maswavleblebi da leqtorebi. statamma aRmoaCina, rom mSobelTa umetesoba ara ubralod
cdilobda tradiciuli seqsualuri rolis modificirebas, raTa gogonebs ufro metad hqonodaT biWebis
Tvisebebi, aramed surda, qalurobisa da mamakacurobis axleburi kombinacia moexdina. maT
surdaT, biWebi ufro gulisxmierni yofiliyvnen sxvebis grZnobebis mimarT da SesZlebodaT
siTbos gamoxatva; xolo gogonebs xels uwyobdnen, raTa moepovebinaT saSualebebi swavlisa
da TviTdamkvidrebisTvis. yvela mSobeli Tvlida, rom genderuli daswavlis arsebuli
mdgomareobis winaaRmdeg brZola Zneli iyo. isini Seecadnen, garkveuli warmatebiT, rom
bavSvebs imgvari saTamaSoebiT eTamaSaT, romlebic genderis mxriv tipiuri ar iyo, Tumca
esec ki imaze metad gauZneldaT, vidre moelodnen. erT-erTi mSobeli aseT komentars akeTebs
mkvlevarTan:
`saTamaSoebis maRaziaSi yofnisas SeamCnevT, rom igi savsea sabrZolo saTamaSoebiT
biWebisTvis da saojaxo tipis saTamaSoebiT gogonebisTvis, rac migvaxvedrebs, Tu rogori
mimarTuleba aqvs sazogadoebas; am gziT xdeba bavSvebis socializacia. nuTu kargia
biWebisTvis, iswavlon, rogor moklan an daasaxiCron? vfiqrob, es saSinelebaa da Zalze
madardebs. me vcdilob ar Sevide saTamaSoebis maRaziaSi; es Zalian mabrazebs.~
Ppraqtikulad, yvela bavSvs aqvs saTamaSo da isini erTobian genderiT gansazRvruli
saTamaSoebiT, romlebsac axloblebi Cuqnian.
DdRes arsebobs wignebi, romlebSic mTavari gmirebi Zlieri gogonebi arian, magram
Zalze mcirea maTi ricxvi, romelic biWebs aratradiciul rols miakuTvnebda. xuTi wlis biWunas
dedam mogviTxro misi Svilis reaqciaze, rodesac man wakiTxvisas moTxrobis gmirebs sqesi
Seucvala.
`mas, faqtobrivad, cotaTi ewyina, rodesac mTeli kiTxvis manZilze, moTxrobaSi, sadac
gogona da biWi tradiciul rolebs asrulebdnen, Sevcvale yvela gogonas roli biWad da biWisa -
gogonad. rodesac es pirvelad gavakeTe, igi mzad iyo eTqva: `Sen ar giyvars biWebi, Sen
mxolod gogonebi mogwons.~ me momixda amexsna misTvis, rom es sul ar iyo ase, rom es
mxolod imitom gavakeTe, rom sakmarisad ar ewera gogonebze~ (Statham, 1986).
MmarTlac, genderuli socializacia Zalze Zlieria da misi gamowveva, SesaZloa, Zalze
arasaxarbielo gamodges. mas Semdeg, rac genderi erTxel `ganisazRvra,~ sazogadoeba moelis,
rom individebi moiqcevian, rogorc `qalebi~ da `mamakacebi.~ Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis
praqtikaSi es molodinebi ganxorcielebuli da asaxulia (Lorber, 1994; Bourdieu, 1990).
,,genderis keTeba”
Cveni Sexedulebebi genderuli identobis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc masTan dakavSirebuli

seqsualuri ganwyobebi da midrekilebebi, ise adre yalibdeba, rom zrdasrulobaSi maT
TavisTavad cxadad miviCnevT. Tumca, genderi ufro metia, vidre gogonasaviT an biWiviT
moqceva.
sxva sityvebiT, genderi ara ubralod arsebobs, aramed, sociologebs rom davesesxoT,
yvela àkeTebs genders~ yoveldRiur socialur urTierTqmedebaSi sxvebTan (West and
Zimmerman, 1987). magaliTad, Jan morisi unda mimxvdariyo, rogor aemoqmedebina genderi,
rodesac dainaxa, rom misgan, rogorc qalisgan, mamakacisgan gansxvavebul qcevas moelodnen
restoranSi. rogorc igi ambobs, àr arsebobs cxovrebis aspeqti,~ romelic genderiT ar iyos
gajerebuli. Tumca man ver SeamCnia, rom es manamdec arsebobda, sanam igi sqess Seicvlida.
is uxilavi gzebi, romliTac CvenSi genderi moqmedebs, Cveni cxovrebis iseT sisxlxorceul nawils
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warmoadgens, rom verc ki vamCnevT, vidre igi xelidan ar gvecleba an radikalurad ar icvleba.
genderis socialur reproduqcias vaxdenT da vimeorebT uamrav wvrilman qmedebebSi mTeli
dRis ganmavlobaSi. Ees procesi gvexmareba, gavigoT genderi, rogorc socialuri instituti, romelic
iqmneba da meordeba Cveni sxvebTan urTierTqmedebebis procesSi. rogorc Semdgom TavebSi
davinaxavT, genderuli gansxvavebebi aseve sxva socialuri institutebis mniSvnelovani nawilia,
magaliTad, ojaxis, religiis, Sromisa da klasis.
genderuli identoba da seqsualoba: ori Teoria
froidis Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
zigmund froidis Teoria genderuli identobis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb, albaT, yvelaze gavleniani
da winaaRmdegobrivi Teoriaa. froidis mixedviT, CvilebSi da patara bavSvebSi genderuli
gansxvavebis Secnoba penisis qona-arqonazea damokidebuli. `me penisi maqvs,~ niSnavs `me
var biWi,~ maSin roca `me var gogo~ niSnavs, `me ara maqvs penisi.~ froidi sifrTxiliT
aRniSnavs, rom es mxolod anatomiur gansxvavebas ar niSnavs; penisis qona Tu arqona
mamakacurobis da qalurobis simboloa.
am Teoriis mixedviT, daaxloebiT oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi, biWi SiSs grZnobs mamis
mimarT, mis mier disciplinis da morCilebis moTxovnis gamo, warmoidgens ra, rom mamas
misTvis penisis moSoreba surs. nawilobriv cnobierad, Tumca, umetesad, aracnobier doneze,
biWi mamas metoqed miiCnevs dedis yuradRebis mopovebaSi. dedis mimarT erotikuli
grZnobebis daTrgunviT da imiT, rom mamas umaRles arsebad miiCnevs, biWi sakuTari Tavis
mamasTan identificirebas axdens da Tavis mamakacur identobas acnobierebs. biWi uars
ambobs dedis mimarT siyvarulze, mamis mier misi kastraciis aracnobieri SiSis gamo. meore
mxriv, gogonebi, savaraudod, `penisis mimarT Surs~ ganicdian, vinaidan maT ara aqvT iseTi
dasanaxi organo, romelic biWebs gamoarCevs. deda gogonas TvalSi fass kargavs imitom, rom
penisi ara aqvs da arc SeuZlia hqondes. rodesac gogona dedasTan identificirebas axdens, igi
daqvemdebarebul pozicias aRiarebs, rac `meorexarisxovan arsebad yofnas~ gulisxmobs.
rodesac es faza sruldeba, bavSvma ukve icis erotikuli grZnobebis darTgunva. froidis
mixedviT, xuTi wlis asakidan sqesobriv momwifebamde latenturi periodia – sqesobrivi aqtivoba
SeCerebulia, vidre biologiuri cvlilebebi ar Caereva sqesobriv momwifebaSi, rac aaqtiurebs
uSualod erotikul survilebs. latenturi periodi emTxveva skolaSi swavlis adreul da Sua wlebs,
rodesac imave sqesis TanatolTa jgufebi yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben bavSvis
cxovrebaSi.
mTeli rigi argumentebi gamoiTqva froidis Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT,
feministebis mier, Tumca, sxva mravali avtoris mierac (Mitchell, 1973; Coward, 1984). pirveli,
froidi, rogorc Cans, genderul identobas Zalze mWidrod aigivebda genitalur gacnobierebasTan;
Tumca, aq sxva nakleb TvalsaCino faqtorebic iyo CarTuli. meore, froidis Teoria, Cans,
eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom peniss upiratesoba eniWeba vaginasTan SedarebiT, romelic
miCneulia ubralod mamakacuri organos arqonad. Tumca, ratom ar unda iyo miCneuli qaluri
genitaliebi mamakacis organoze upiratesad? mesame, froidi mamas disciplinis gamtareblad
miiCnevs maSin, roca mraval kulturaSi deda TamaSobs ufro mniSvnelovan rols disciplinis
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gatarebaSi. meoTxe, froids miaCnia, rom genderuli daswavla oTxi-xuTi wlis asakSi iwyeba.
gviandeli avtorebis umetesoba ki xazs usvams ufro adreuli daswavlis mniSvnelobas, rac
Cvilobidan iwyeba.
Codorous Teoria genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
froidis midgoma genderuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb bevrma avtorma gaiziara, Tumca maT
mravali kuTxiT moaxdines am midgomis modificireba. erT-erT maTgans sociologi nensi
Codorou warmoadgens (1978, 1988). Codorou amtkicebs, rom mamakacurobis da qalurobis
SegrZneba bavSvebSi Zalze adreul asakSi, mSoblebis mimarT siyvarulidan warmoiSoba.
froidisgan gansxvavebiT, igi, mamasTan SedarebiT, dedis rolis mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
Cvili emociurad ufro metad dedasTan aris dakavSirebuli da amitomac deda axdens yvelaze met
gavlenas mis adreul cxovrebaze. es siyvaruli erTgvarad irRveva bavSvis mier sakuTari me-s
gacnobierebis Semdeg; igi nakleb damokidebuli xdeba dedaze.
Codorous azriT, es daSorebis procesi svadasxvagvarad mimdinareobs biWebsa da
gogonebSi. gogonebi ufro axlo urTierTobas inarCuneben dedasTan, magaliTad, ufro metad
exvevian da eferebian dedas da mis qcevebs baZaven; imis gamo, rom dedisgan daSoreba
mkveTri ar aris, gogonas da Semdeg zrdasrul qals uyalibdeba me-s SegrZneba, romelic ufro
myaria sxva adamianebTan urTierTobaSi. misi identoba TiTqos ufro uTavsdeba sxvebs an ufro
damokidebuli xdeba maTze - Tavdapirvelad dedaze, mogvianebiT mamakacze. Codorous azriT,
swored es ayalibebs qalebSi TanagrZnobisa da Sebralebis gancdas. biWebi sakuTari me-s
gacnobierebas dedebTan Tavdapirveli siaxlovis ufro radikaluri uaryofiT aRweven. isini
TavianTi mamakacurobis gacnobierebas imiT axerxeben, rac qaluri ar aris. isini swavloben, ar
iyvnen `nazebi~ an `dedikos biWebi.~ amitom biWebi naklebad gawafulni arian sxva
adamianebTan axlo urTierTobebSi; isini ufro analitikurad ganixilaven samyaros, ufro aqtiurad
udgebian cxovrebas, met Zalisxmevas iyeneben warmatebis misaRwevad, Tumca Trgunaven
unars, Caswvdnen rogorc sakuTar, aseve sxvis grZnobebs.
Codorou, garkveulwilad, anacvlebs froidis aqcentebs. masTan mamakacuroba da ara
qaluroba xasiaTdeba dedasTan xangrZlivi axlo urTierTobis dakargviT. mamakacuri identoba
gancalkevebis saSualebiT yalibdeba, amitom mamakacebi mTeli cxovreba aracnobierad
grZnoben, rom maT identobis safrTxe daemuqrebaT, Tu sxvebTan mWidro emociur
urTierTobebSi CaerTvebian. qalebi, Tavis mxriv, grZnoben, rom sxvebTan mWidro emociuri
urTierTobis gareSe maTi TviTganmtkiceba ar Sedgeba. es magaliTebi Taobidan Taobas
gadaecema; amitomaa, rom bavSvebis adreul socializaciaSi qalebi TamaSoben upirveles rols.
qalebi sakuTar Tavs, umetesad, urTierTqmedebis gziT gamoxataven da gansazRvraven.
mamakacebi Trgunaven am moTxovnilebebs da ufro manipulaciur pozicias avlenen samyaros
mimarT.
Codorous Sromam sxvadasxvagvari kritikuli gamoxmaureba gamoiwvia. magaliTad,
jenet seierss miaCnia, rom Codoroum ver gaaanaliza qalebis brZola damoukideblobisa da
avtonomiurobis mosapoveblad, gansakuTrebiT, Cvens droSi (Sayers 1986). igi aRniSnavs, rom
qalebi (da mamakacebi) TavianTi fsiqologiuri struqturiT gacilebiT winaaRmdegobrivni arian,
vidre amas Codorous Teoria gvTavazobs. qalurobam SeiZleba SeniRbos agresiulobis an
TviTdamkvidrebis grZnoba, rac mxolod iribad an garkveul konteqstebSi vlindeba (Brennan,
1988). Codorou, aseve, gaakritikes misi ojaxis koncefciis SezRudulobis gamo, romelic mxolod
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TeTrkanian da saSualo klasis modelze iyo dafuZnebuli. ra xdeba, magaliTad, martoxela

mSoblian ojaxebSi, an iq, sadac bavSvebze erTze meti zrdasruli zrunavs?
E es kritika sruliadac ar akninebs Codorous ideebs, romlebic dRemde inarCunebs
aqtualobas. isini mniSvnelovan codnas gvawvdis feminurobis fenomenis Sesaxeb da
gvexmareba e.w. `mamakacuri araeqspresiulobis~ safuZvlebis gagebaSic - im sirTuleebisa, rac
mamakacebs axasiaTebT grZnobebis gamoxatvasTan dakavSirebiT.
adamianis seqsualoba
Ggenderuli gansxvavebebis Seswavlisas mkvlevarebi, socialur da kulturul

zegavlenebTan erTad, adamianis seqsualur qcevaze biologiuri zegavlenis mniSvnelobasac
usvamen xazs. genderuli gansxvavebebis da seqsualobis kvlevebis ZiriTadi msgavseba imaSia,
rom adamianebis ukeT gasagebad, es orive sfero cxovelTa samyaros swavlobs. Tavdapirvelad,
biologiur argumentebs ganvixilavT da im kritikas, rasac es argumentebi iwvevs. Semdeg
seqsualuri qcevis socialur zegavlenebze visaubrebT, rac adamianis seqsualobis didi
mravalgvarobis Sesaxeb diskusiasTan migviyvans.
biologia da seqsualuri qceva
seqsualobas aSkarad biologiuri safuZveli gaaCnia, Tundac imis gamo, rom qalisa da
mamakacis anatomia erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba da orgazmis gamocdilebac gansxvavebulia.
Aaseve, arsebobs gamravlebis biologiuri imperativi, romlis gareSe adamianuri modgma
gadaSendeboda. zogierTi biologis azriT, arsebobs imis evolucionisturi axsna, Tu ratom aqvT
mamakacebs ufro xSiri SemTxveviTi seqsualuri kavSirebi, vidre qalebs (ixileT me-2 Tavi).
argumenti isaa, rom mamkacebi biologiurad midrekilni arian, gaanayofieron imdeni qali,
ramdenic SesaZlebelia myari rwmenisaTvis, rom maT kvercxujreds gadarCenis saukeTeso
Sansi aqvs. qalebs, romlebsac mocemul momentSi mxolod erTi ganayofierebadi kvercxujredi
aqvT, amgvari biologiuri interesi ar amoZravebT. samagierod, maT stabiluri partniori surT
biologiuri STamomavlobis dasacavad, rac maTi bavSvebis dacvas gulisxmobs. Ees argumenti
ganmtkicebulia cxovelTa seqsualuri qcevis SeswavliT, rac aCvenebs, rom, Cveulebriv, ama Tu
im saxeobis mamrebi ufro xSir seqsualur kavSirebs amyareben, vidre imave saxeobis mdedrebi.
Tumca, ufro gviandelma kvlevebma dagvanaxa, rom mdedris mxridan `Ralati~ sakmaod
gavrcelebuli movlenaa cxovelTa samefoSi da bevri cxovelis seqsualuri aqtivoba ufro
kompleqsuria, vidre manamde iTvleboda. EerT dros sjerodaT, rom mdedrebi wyvildebian iseT
mamrebTan, romlebsac potenciali aqvT, saukeTeso genetikuri memkvidreoba gadascen TavianT
STamomavlobas. Mmagram mdedri Citebis bolo kvlevebma es argumenti sakamaTo gaxada da
dagvanaxa, rom mdedri Citebi damatebiT patniors ara misi genebis gamo irCeven, aramed
imitom, rom es partniori, SesaZloa, ukeTesi mSobeli iyos da ukeTesi adgilsamyofeli
SesTavazos STamomavlobis gasazrdelad. am kvlevis Tanaxmad, àq ufro metad kopulaciasTan
(dawyvilebasTan) gvaqvs saqme, vidre spermis gadacemasTan. es mdedrebi, SesaZloa, TavianT
momavalze zrunaven~ (citirebulia Angier, 1994).
amgvari kvlevebidan Ddaskvnebis gakeTeba mxolod erTgvari mcdelobaa,
gansakuTrebiT, roca msgavs daskvnebs adamianis seqsualur qcevebze vazogadebT. rogorc
Semdeg davinaxavT, seqsualoba gacilebiT rTuli fenomenia imisaTvis, rom mxolod biologiuri
niSnebiT moxdes misi sruli axsna.
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socialuri zegavlena seqsualur qcevaze
yvela sazogadoebaSi adamianebis umetesoba heteroseqsualia – isini sapirispiro sqess

emociuri urTierTobisa da seqsualuri siamovnebis planSi ganixilaven. Yyvela sazogadoebaSi
qorwinebisa da ojaxis safuZvels heteroseqsualoba warmoadgens.
Tumca, arseboben umciresobebic gansxvavebuli seqsualuri gemovnebiTa da
miswrafebebiT. judi lorberi adamianebSi aTi saxis seqsualur identobas ganasxvavebs:
heteroseqsuali mamakaci, heteroseqsuali qali, lesboseli qali, gei mamakaci, biseqsuali qali,
biseqsuali mamakaci, transvestiti qali (qali, romelic mudmivad kacis tansacmels atarebs),
transvestiti mamakaci (mamakaci, romelic mudmivad qalis tansacmels atarebs), transseqsuali
qali (mamakaci, romelic qali xdeba, Jan morisis msgavsad) da transseqsuali mamakaci (qali,
romelic mamakaci xdeba). seqsualuri praqtika kidev ufro mravalgvaria. froidi adamianebs
`polimorfulad gadaxrilebs~ uwodebs, raSic gulisxmobs, rom adamianebs seqsualuri gemovnebis
farTo speqtri aqvT da SeuZliaT misdion mas maSinac ki, roca mocemul sazogadoebaSi es
amoralurad da arakanonieradaa miCneuli. froidma Tavisi kvlevebi mecxramete saukunis bolo
wlebSi daiwyo, rodesac adamianebi seqsualur sakiTxebSi metismetad morcxvebi iyvnen;
Tumca, misi pacientebi mainc amJRavnebdnen seqsualuri midrekilebebis saocar
mravalgvarobas. SesaZlo seqsualur praqtikebs Soris SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi: mamakacs
an qals SeuZlia hqondes seqsualuri urTierToba qalebTan, mamakacebTan an orivesTan. es
SeiZleba moxdes erTi erTze an sami da meti adamianis monawileobiT. individs SeiZleba
hqondes seqsi Tavis TavTan (masturbacia) an aravisTan (dauqorwinebloba, celibati). zogierTs,
SesaZloa, hqondes seqsualuri urTierToba transseqsualebTan an adamianebTan, romlebic
erotikuli miznebiT sawinaaRmdego sqesis tansacmels atareben; iyeneben pornografias an
mimarTaven sado-mazoxizms (tkivilis gamowveva erotikuli mizniT), aqvT sqesobrivi kavSiri
cxovelebTan da a.S. (Lorber, 1994). yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs seqsualuri normebi, romelTa
mixedviT, zogierTi am saxis praqtika miRebulia, xolo sxvebi _ dagmobili da gakicxuli. Tumca,
sxvadasxva kulturaSi amgvari normebi Zalze gansxvavebulia. homoseqsualoba swored es
SemTxvevaa, rogorc amas mogvianebiT ganvixilavT. zogierT kulturaSi homoseqsualizmi
garkveul konteqstebSi an nebadarTulia, an aqtiurad mxardaWerilic ki. magaliTad, Zvel
berZnebTan mamkacebis patara biWebisadmi siyvaruli idealizebuli iyo da seqsualuri siyvarulis
umaRles formad iyo miCneuli.
seqsualuri qcevis miRebuli tipebic aseve gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva kulturaSi, rac erT-
erTi gzaa imis dasadgenad, rom seqsualuri reaqciebi ufro SeZenilia, vidre Tandayolili. yvelaze
farTo kvleva am sakiTxebze ganxorcielebuli iyo ramdenime aTwleulis win klelan fordisa da
frenk biCis mier (1951), romlebmac orasze meti sazogadoebis anTropoliguri monacemebi
gamoikvlies. is, rac `bunebriv~ seqsualur qcevad da sqesobrivi mimzidvelobis normad aris
miCneuli, saocrad mravalgvari aRmoCnda. magaliTad, zogierT kulturaSi uSualod sqesobrivi
kavSiris wina periodi, rac zogjer saaTobiT grZeldeba, aucilebel da sasurvel pirobad aris
miCneuli; sxva kulturebSi es wina periodi saerTod ar arsebobs. zog sazogadoebaSi iTvleba, rom
metismetad xSiri kavSiri fizikur sisustesa da avadmyofobas iwvevs. wynari okeanis samxreTSi
mcxovreb senangebs Soris uxucesi iZleva rCevas, ramdenad sasurvelia es kavSiri, da sjera, rom
qeraTmian individs yovel Rame SeuZlia sasiyvarulo urTierTobis qona!
Uumetes kulturebSi seqsualuri mimzidvelobis normebi (rasac rogorc mamakacebi, ise
qalebi misdeven) ufro metad qalebis fizikur monacemebzea fokusirebuli, vidre mamakacebis
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Sesaxedaobaze. es situacia dasavleTSi, rogorc Cans, TandaTanobiT icvleba, vinaidan qalebi

gacilebiT aqtiurni xdebian saxlis gareT arsebul sferoebSi. Strixebi, romlebic ganmsazRvrelad
iTvleba qalis silamazisTvis, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. Tanamedrove dasavleTSi qalis
gamxdari, koxta agebuleba moswonT maSin, rodesac sxva kulturebSi ufro mimzidvelad qalis
sruli formebia miCneuli (ixileT me-6 Tavi). zogjer mkerdi ar aRiqmeba seqsualuri mizidulobis
obieqtad maSin, rodesac zogierT sazogadoebaSi mas Rrma erotikuli datvirTva aqvs. aris
sazogadoebebi, romlebic did mniSvnelobas saxis nakvTebs aniWebs maSin, rodesac sxvebi
Tvalebis moyvanilobasa da fers aZleven upiratesobas, aseve cxvirisa da tuCebis formas.
seqsualoba dasavlur kulturaSi
seqsualuri qcevis dasavluri xedva daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi qristianuli
religiis gavlenas ganicdida. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva qristianul seqtebsa da
moZRvrebebs gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi hqondaT seqsualobis adgilis Sesaxeb cxovrebaSi,
qristianul eklesiaSi gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, nebismieri seqsualuri qceva eWvis
qveS iyo dayenebuli da gamonakliss mxolod gamravlebis sakiTxi warmoadgenda. iyo periodebi,
rodesac es Sexeduleba sircxvilis gansakuTrebul grZnobas iwvevda sazogadoebaSi. Tumca, sxva
dros, mravali adamiani ugulebelyofda an winaaRmdegobas uwevda eklesiis swavlebas da
erToblivad erTvebodnen qmedebebSi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, adiulteri), romelic akrZaluli iyo
religiur avtoritetTa mier. wignis 1 TavSi motanili idea, rom sqesobrivi urTierToba SeiZleba da
unda ganxorcieldes qorwinebaSi, iSviaTad sruldeboda.
Mmecxramete saukuneSi religiuri valdebulebebi seqsualobis Sesaxeb, nawilobriv,
samedicino mosazrebebiT iqna Canacvlebuli, Tumca isinic iseTive simkacriT gamoirCeoda,
rogorc eklesiis Sexedulebebi. zogierTi amtkicebda, rom nebismieri seqsualuri aqtivoba, rac
gamravlebasTan ar iyo dakavSirebuli, organizms seriozul fizikur zians ayenebda. magaliTad,
naTqvami iyo, rom masturbacia sibrmaves, sigiJes, gulis da sxva saxis daavadebebs iwvevda,
xolo oraluri seqsi kibos mizezi iyo. viqtorianuli periodi sqesobrivi farisevlobiT iyo aRvsili.
iTvleboda, rom patiosani qalebi indiferentulebi iyvnen seqsis mimarT da qmrebis mier
gamoxatul yuradRebas mxolod valdebulebis moxdad Rebulobdnen. Tumca, sul ufro mzard
qalaqebSi prostitucia gavrcelebuli iyo, rasac xSirad Riad aRiarebdnen, da am `dakargul~ qalebs
aRiqvamdnen, rogorc TavianTi pativcemuli debisagan sruliad gansxvavebulebs.
Mmravali viqtorianeli mamakaci, gareT keTilgonier, wesier moqalaqed rom iTvleboda
da, TiTqosda, colis erTgulebiT gamoirCeoda, mudmivad stumrobda meZavebs da sayvarlebs
meurveobda. marTalia, amgvar saqciels did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebdnen, magram
`respeqtabeluri~ qalebi, romlebsac sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi hqondaT, maTi saqcielis
gamoaSkaravebis SemTxvevaSi, wesier sazogadoebaSi skandals da zizRs iwvevdnen. qalisa da
mamakacis seqsualuri aqtivobebis mimarT gansxvavebulma midgomam ormagi standarti
Seqmna, rac didi xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda da romlis naSTebi dResac SemorCenilia.
Cvens droSi tradiciuli damokidebuleba seqsualobis mimarT gacilebiT liberalur
damokidebulebebTan erTad arsebobs, rac gansakuTrebiT Zlier ganviTarda 1960-ian wlebSi.
adamianebs, gansakuTrebiT maT, vinc qristianuli moZRvrebis gavlenas ganicdian, swamT, rom
seqsualuri urTierTobebi qorwinebamde arasworia da qorwinebis sazRvrebSi, zogadad, uaryofen
seqsualuri qcevis yvela formas heteroseqsualuris garda. Tumca, dRes gacilebiT metad aris
aRiarebuli, rom seqsualuri siamovneba sasurveli da mniSvnewlovani Tvisebaa. amis
sapirispirod, sxvebi amarTleben an aqtiurad uWeren mxars qorwinebamdel seqss da tolerantulni
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arian seqsualuri cxovrebis mravalgvarobis mimarT. bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTis
qveynebis umetes nawilSi, seqsualuri damokidebulebebi gacilebiT Tavisufali gaxda. filmebSi da
TeatrSi warmodgenilia scenebi, romlebic winaT savsebiT miuRebeli iqneboda, xolo
pornografiuli masala savsebiT xelmisawvdomia zrdasrulTa umravlesobisTvis, visac misi
mopoveba surs.
seqsualuri qceva: kinsis gamokvleva
Cven gacilebiT meti damajereblobiT SegviZlia visaubroT seqsualobis sazogadoebrivi

Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, vidre kerZo praqtikebis Sesaxeb, radgan aseTi praqtikebi, umeteswilad,
aRnusxuli ar aris. rodesac 1940-1950-ian wlebSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, alfred kinsi Seudga
Tavis gamokvlevas, es pirveli mniSvnelovani naSromi iyo realuri seqsualuri
qcevis Sesaxeb. rodesac kinsi da misi TanamSromlebi sastikad iyvnen
gakicxulni religiuri organizaciebis mier, da gazeTebsa da kongresSi maT
naSroms amoraluri uwodes, kinsim ukan ar daixia da droTa ganmavlobaSi
Seagrova Tvrameti aTasi adamianis monacemebi seqsualuri cxovrebis
Sesaxeb, moaxdina ra amerikis TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis sakmaod
reprezentatuli SerCeva (Kinsey et al., 1948; 1953).
Kkinsis Sedegebi umravlesobam gakvirvebiT miiRo da mravali ubralod Sokirebuli iyo,
vinaidan maT didi sxvaoba aRmoaCines seqsualuri qcevis im dros gavrcelebul sazogadoebriv
molodinebsa da realur seqsualur praqtikas Soris. kinsim aRmoaCina, rom mamakacebis
TiTqmis 70 procenti meZavebTan dadioda da 84 procents qorwinebamdeli sqesobrivi
urTierTobebis gamocdileba hqonda. Tumca, ormagi standartis gaTvaliswinebiT, mamakacebis
40 procenti moeloda, rom maTi colebi qalwulebi iqnebodnen daqorwinebisas. mamakacebis 90
procentze meti masturbacias eweoda da daaxloebiT 60 procenti raime formis oralur seqsualur
aqtivobas. qalebs Soris, daaxloebiT 50 procents qorwinebamdeli seqsualuri gamocdileba
hqonda, Tumca, umetesad, TavianT momaval meuRleebTan, daaxloebiT 60 procenti
masturbacias eweoda da igive procents oralur-genitaluri kontaqtebi hqonda.
sazogadoebrivad miRebul damokidebulebebsa da realur qcevas Soris garRveva, rac
kinsis gamokvlevebma aCvena, albaT, namdvilad didi iyo im periodSi, uSualod meore msoflio
omis Semdeg. seqsualuri liberalizaciis faza gacilebiT adre daiwyo - 1920-ian wlebSi, rodesac
mravalma axalgazrdam im moraluri valdebulebebisgan ganTavisuflebulad igrZno Tavi, riTic
wina Taobebi xelmZRvanelobdnen. seqsualuri qceva, albaT, didad Seicvala, magram
seqsualobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ise Riad ar ganixileboda, rogorc es dRes xdeba.
seqsualur aqtivobebSi monawile adamianebi, romelTa qmedebebi mainc miuRebeli iyo
sazogadoebriv doneze, malavdnen maT da ar esmodaT, ramdenad didi iyo msgavs praqtikebSi
CarTuli adamianebis ricxvi. 1960-iani wlebidan dawyebulma ufro permisiulma epoqam
realobad aqcia seqsualuri ganwyobebis Riad gacxadeba.
seqsuali qceva kinsis Semdeg
1960-iani wlebis socialuri moZraoba, romelmac brZola gamoucxada arsebul wesrigs da,
aseve, asocirdeba kontrkulturasTan anu `hipuri~ cxovrebis stilTan, daupirispirda arsebul
seqsualur normebs. es moZraoba seqsualur Tavisuflebas qadagebda. qalebisTvis
kontraceptivebis SemoReba saSualebas iZleoda, seqsualuri siamovneba da reproduqcia
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erTmaneTisgan savsebiT gamijnuliyo. qalTa gaerTianebebma daiwyes zewola mamakacuri

seqsualuri Rirebulebebisgan meti damoukideblobis mosapoveblad, ormagi standartis uaryofisa
da meti seqsualuri siamovnebis misaRwevad, qalebis moTxovnilebebis gacnobierebisaTvis.
bolo dromde Zneli iyo imis zustad dadgena, ramdenad Seicvala seqsualuri qceva kinsis
gamokvlevebis Semdeg. 1980-iani wlebis bolos, lilian rubinma gamohkiTxa cametidan
ormocdarva wlamde aTasi amerikeli imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis cvlilebebi moxda seqsualur
qcevaSi da damokidebulebebSi, daaxloebiT bolo 30 wlis manZilze. misi kvlevebis mixedviT, ra
Tqma unda, bevri mniSvnelovani cvlileba dafiqsirda. seqsualuri aqtivoba, Cveulebriv, ufro
adreul asakSi iwyeboda, vidre es wina TaobaSi iyo; ufro metic, Tineijerebis seqsualuri praqtika
ufro mravalgvari da farTo iyo, vidre zrdasrulebSi. Oormagi standarti jer kidev inarCunebda
Zalas, Tumca igi ise Zlieri ar iyo, rogorc wina TaobaSi. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom qalebi ufro momTxovni gaxdnen seqsualuri urTierTobis mimarT. maT
surdaT, ara mxolod uzrunveleyoT, aramed Tavadac mieRoT seqsualuri kmayofileba – fenomeni,
rac, rubinis azriT, orive sqesisTvis umTavres Sedegs warmoadgens.
wina periodTan SedarebiT, qalebi gacilebiT Tavisufalni gaxdnen; Tumca, am
winsvlasTan erTad, rasac mamakacebi miesalmebian, gaCnda axali moTxovnebi, romlebic
mamakacebisTvis Znelad misaRebia. rubini gadmogvcems, rom mamakacebi xSirad
saubrobdnen, rom isini àraadekvaturad grZnoben Tavs,~ SiSoben, rom `verasodes gaakeTeben
raimes Sesabamisad~ da miaCniaT, rom dRevandel dRes `SeuZlebelia qalebis dakmayofileba~
(Rubin, 1990).
Mmamakacebi araadekvaturad grZnoben Tavs? Ggana es ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas,
rasac Cven moveliT? Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mamakacebs kvlav gabatonebuli adgili
uWiravT umetes sferoebSi da isini met Zaladobas iCenen qalebis mimarT, vidre es ukanasknelni
mamakacebis mimarT. amgvari Zaladoba miznad isaxavs qalebis kontrolsa da mudmiv
daqvemdebarebas. Tumca, arian avtorebi, romlebic gvarwmuneben, rom mamakacuroba - es
tvirTia, iseve rogorc jildo. amas umateben imasac, rom mamakacis seqsualoba ufro metad
ZaldatanebiTia, vidre kmayofilebis momgvreli. Tu mamakacebi Sewyveten seqsualobis
gamoyenebas kontrolis mizniT, amiT ara marto qalebi, aramed Tavadac mogebulni darCebian.
axali tipis erTguleba?
1994 wels, mkvlevarTa gundma gamoaqveyna naSromi `seqsualobis socialuri

organizacia: seqsualuri praqtika SeerTebul StatebSi,~ romelic am qveyanaSi seqsualuri qcevis
yvelaze farTo kvlevas warmoadgens, kinsis naSromebis Semdeg. bevris gasakvirad, am gundis
mignebebi miuTiTebs arsebiT seqsualur konservatizmze amerikelTa Soris. magaliTad,
gamokiTxulTa 83 procents mxolod erTi partniori (an saerTod arc erTi) hyavda wina wels da
daqorwinebul adamianebs Soris es ricxvi 96 procentamde gaizarda. aseve, savsebiT Cveulia
erTguleba meuRlis mimarT: qalebis mxolod 10 procentma da mamakacebis 25 procentma
ganacxada sasiyvaruli kavSirebis qonis Sesaxeb col-qmruli cxovrebis periodSi. Aam kvlevis
mixedviT, amerikelebs, saSualod, mxolod sami partniori hyavT mTeli sicocxlis manZilze.
miuxedavad seqsualuri qcevis gawonasworebuli xasiaTisa, garkveuli cvlilebebi mainc
TvalsaCinoa am kvlevidan; yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba SeimCneva qorwinebamde
seqsualuri gamocdilebis zrdaSi, gansakuTrebiT, qalebs Soris. faqtobrivad, dRes amerikelebis 95
procents seqsualuri gamocdileba qorwinebamde aqvs miRebuli (Laumann et. al, 1994).
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seqsualur qcevaze dakvirvebas bevri siZnele axlavs. Cven, ubralod, ar viciT, amboben
Tu ara simarTles adamianebi TavianTi seqsualuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb mkvlevris winaSe.
`seqsualobis socialuri organizacia~ cdilobs dagvanaxos, rom amerikelebi gacilebiT naklebad
arian Tavgadasavlebis moyvarulni TavianT seqsualur cxovrebaSi, vidre es kinsis angariSSi iyo
mocemuli. SeiZleba isic iyos, rom Tavad es angariSia arazusti. SesaZloa, AIDS-is SiSiT
mravalma adamianma SezRuda seqsualuri aqtivoba an, SesaZloa, Tanamedroveobis sakmaod
konservatul politikur viTarebaSi, adamianebi metad cdiloben, dafaron TavianTi seqsualuri
aqtivobebis aspeqtebi. Cven darwmunebulni ver viqnebiT.
seqsualuri qcevis kvlevis sandooba bolo dros intensiuri debatis sagani gaxda (Lewontin,
1995). ganxiluli kvlevis kritikosebi acxadebdnen, rom amgvari dakvirvebebi ver uzrunvelyofs
saimedo informacias seqsualuri praqtikis Sesaxeb. am kamaTis erTi nawili gamokiTxuli moxuci
adamianebis pasuxebs exeba. mkvlevarebma ganacxades, rom 80-85 wlis mamakacebi
amboben, rom maT aqvT seqsi TavianT partniorTan. kritikosebis azriT, es iseTi cxadi tyuilia,
rom igi mTel dakvirvebas eWvis qveS ayenebs. mkvlevarebma Tavi daicves am braldebidan da
erTgvari mxardaWera moipoves moxuci adamianebis Semswavleli specialistebis mxridan,
romlebmac daadanaSaules kritikosebi, moxucebulobis Sesaxeb negatiuri stereotipis qonaSi.
maT aRniSnes, rom erT-erT kvlevaSi instituciebis gareT mcxovrebi moxuci mamakacebis
Sesaxeb, 74 procenti seqsualurad aqtiuri iyo. erT-erT kvlevaSi aseve aRniSnulia, rom
mamakacebis umravlesoba 90 wlis asakSic ki seqsiT aris dainteresebuli.
homoseqsualoba
homoseqsualoba yvela kulturaSi arsebobs. Tumca, homoseqsuali pirovnebis idea –

adamianisa, romelic mkveTrad aris gamijnuli mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan misi seqsualuri
gemovnebis TvalsazrisiT – SedarebiT axali movlenaa. seqsualobis Sesaxeb Tavis kvlevaSi,
miSel fukom aCvena, rom me-18 saukunemde es cneba, rogorc Cans, ar arsebobda (Foucault,
1878). sodomis aqti gauqmebuli iyo saeklesio mmarTvelobisa da kanonis mier; inglisSi da sxva
bevr evropul qveyanaSi es sikvdiliT isjeboda. Tumca sodomi ar ganixileboda, rogorc
specifikurad homoseqsualuri codva, aramed exeboda urTierTobebs mamakacebsa da qalebs,
mamakacebsa da cxovelebs, iseve rogorc Tavad mamakacebs Soris. termini `homoseqsualoba~
pirvelad 1860-ian wlebSi iqna gamoyenebuli da mas Semdeg homoseqsualebi sul ufro metad
ganixilebodnen, rogorc adamianebis gansakuTrebuli tipi, gansakuTrebuli seqsualuri gadaxrebiT
(Weeks, 1986). termin `lesboselis~ gamoyeneba, rac qalTa homoseqsualobas aRniSnavs, odnav
gviandeli droiT TariRdeba.
sikvdiliT dasja àrabunebrivi qmedebebisTvis~ SeerTebul StatebSi gauqmebuli iyo
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, xolo evropaSi _ me-18 saukunis bolos da me-19 saukunis
dasawyisSi. Tumca, jer kidev ramodenime aTwleulis win, homoseqsualoba kriminalur
qmedebad rCeboda, faqtobrivad, yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi. es faqti imis axsnaSi gvexmareba,
Tu ratomaa, rom antagonizmi homoseqsualebis mimarT, miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoniT
aRaraa ganmtkicebuli, mainc aisaxeba mravali adamianis emociur damokidebulebaSi.
damokidebuleba homoseqsualobis mimarT
Hhomoseqsualobis mimarT aratolerantoba warsulSi imdenad gavrcelebuli iyo, rom

mxolod bolo wlebSi gaxda SesaZlebeli am sakiTxis garSemo arsebuli zogierTi miTis
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gaqarwyleba. homoseqsualoba avadmyofoba ar aris da arc fsiqikuri aSlilobis raime formas

ukavSirdeba. homoseqsualebi ar Semoifarglebian mxolod raime profesiiT, magaliTad,
parikmaxerobiT an interieris mowyobiTa da mxatvrobiT.
Mmamakaci geebis zogierTi qceva, SesaZloa, ganxilul iyos, rogorc maTi mcdeloba,
Secvalon tradiciulad mamakacobasa da ZalasTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi; es, SesaZloa, erT-erTi
mizezia imisa, Tu ratom moiazrebs homoseqsualebs safrTxed heteroseqsualebis sazogadoeba.
gei mamakacebi cdiloben, moicilon qaluri imiji, rasac, Cveulebriv, maT ukavSireben; amas isini
ori saSualebiT emijnebian. erTi, TvalSisacemi qalurobis kultivirebiT – mamakacurobis
`banakiT,~ rac stereotipis parodirebas axdens. meore, `vaJkacurobis~ imijis SeqmniT. arc esaa
namdvili mamakacuroba; mamakacebi motomrbolelebis da kovbois tansacmelSi arian
gamowyobilni da kvlavac mamakacurobis parodirebas axdenen, misi gazviadebulad
warmodgeniT (Bertelson, 1986).
Tumca, bolo periodSi, homoseqsualoba ufro normalizebuli gaxda – yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis ufro misaReb nawilad iqca.
Eevropis mraval qveyanaSi - daniaSi, norvegiaSi da SvedeTSi - ukve nebadarTulia
homoseqsuali wyvilebis daregistrireba da qorwinebis uflebis mopoveba. holandiaSi, safrangeTSi
da belgiaSi qalaqebma da adgilobrivma mmarTvelobamac daiwyes homoseqsualuri
urTierTobebis aRiareba. havais kunZulebze homoseqsualuri qorwinebis ufleba SeiZleba
kanonierad moipovon sasamarTlos gziT.
sul ufro meti gei aqtivisti cdilobs homoseqsualuri qorwinebis sruli legalizebis
mopovebas. ratom zrunaven ase maSin, rodesac heteroseqsualuri wyvilebis qorwineba sul ufro
metad kargavs mniSvnelobas? zrunaven imitom, rom maT imave statusis, uflebebis da
movaleobebis mopoveba surT, imave mdgomareobaSi yofna surT, rac yvela danarCens aqvs.
qorwineba dRes yvelaze emociur valdebulebas warmoadgens, Tumca, masSi gansazRvruli
legaluri mosazrebebia Cadebuli. igi partniorebs uflebas aZlevs, miiRon sikvdilze an sicocxleze
gadawyvetilebebi, memkvidreobis ufleba da pensiis da sxva ekonomiuri daxmarebebis miRebis
ufleba. `valdebulebis ceremoniebi~ - aralegaluri qorwinebebi – rac popularuli gaxda amerikaSi
rogorc homoseqsualebs, ise heteroseqsualebs Soris, ar atarebs am uflebebs da valdebulebebs. es
erT-erTi mizezia imisa, rom heteroseqsuali wyvilebi an gadaavadeben xolme qorwinebas, an
saerTod ar qorwindebian.
Hhomoseqsualuri qorwinebis oponentebi ewinaaRmdegebian am saxis qorwinebebs misi
araseriozuli da arabunebrivi xasiaTis gamo. isini amas ganixilaven, rogorc seqsualuri orientaciis
legitimacias, rac sinamdvileSi qveyanam unda aRkvecos. amerikaSi arsebobs gavlenis mqone
jgufebi, romlebic yvela Rones xmaroben, miaRwon imas, rom homoseqsualebma Seicvalon
orientacia da sawinaaRmdego sqesze daqorwindnen. zogierTs axlac sjera, rom homoseqsualoba
gadaxraa da Zlier ewinaaRmdegebian misi normalizebis nebismier mcdelobas.
Tumca, gei adamianebis umravlesobas surs, isini Cveulebrivad miiRon. isini xazs
usvamen, rom homoseqsualebs iseTive ekonomikuri da emociuri usafrTxoeba sWirdebaT,
rogorc sxvebs. Tavis wignSi `virtualurad normaluri~ endriu salivani (1995) cdilobs,
dagvisabuTos homoseqsualuri qorwinebis upiratesobebi. Tavad kaTolike da homoseqsuali, is
itanjeboda imiT, Tu rogor SeeTavsebina misi religiuri rwmena homoseqsualobasTan. mas
miaCnia, rom homoseqsualoba nawilobriv mainc devs adamianis bunebaSi – es ar aris raRac
iseTi, rac ubralod àirCeva.~ imis moTxovna vinmes mimarT, uari Tqvas homoseqsualobaze,
niSnavs, mosTxovo mas (qals an mamakacs), uari Tqvas siyvarulis SesaZleblobaze an imaze,
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rom vinmes uyvardes. misi azriT, imisaTvis, rom homoseqsualebi ar gaxdnen gaucxoebuli
umciresoba, gei qorwineba legalizebuli unda iyos.
Mmocemuli Tavis daskvniT nawilSi, Cven ganvixilavT sakiTxs postituciis Sesaxeb.
Mmamakacebis prostitucia gavrcelebulia zogierT gei subkulturaSi. Tumca, qalTa prostitucia
ufro farTodaa gavrcelebuli sazogadoebaSi da amitom masze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
prostitucia
prostitucia SeiZleba ganisazRvos, rogorc seqsualuri momsaxurebis gaweva fulis

mopovebis mizniT. sityva `prostitutis~ gamoyeneba me-18 saukunis bolodan daiwyo. Zvel
msoflioSi seqsualur momsaxurebas, ase vTqvaT, safasuris miRebis TvalsazrisiT, kurtizani
qalebi, xarWebi da monebi eweodnen. kurtizan qalebsa da xarWebs, xSirad, maRali
mdgomareoba ekavaT tradiciul sazogadoebebSi.
Tanamedrove prostituciis ZiriTad niSans is warmoadgens, rom qalebi da maTi klientebi
ucnobebi arian erTmaneTisTvis; miuxedavad imisa, rom kacebi SeiZleba gaxdnen `mudmivi
klientebi,~ maTi urTierToba adrindeli nacnobobiT ar aris ganpirobebuli. es ase ar iyo warsulSi
seqsualuri momsaxurebis materialuri dainteresebiT gawevis dros. prostitucia uSualodaa
dakavSirebuli mcire zomis Temebis daSlasTan, didi, upirovno urbanuli sivrcis ganviTarebasTan
da socialuri urTierTobis komercializaciasTan. mcire zomis tradiciul TemebSi seqsualuri
urTierTobebi martivad kontroldeboda, radgan advili dasanaxi iyo. axladganviTarebul urbanul
sivrceSi ufro anonimuri socialuri urTierTobebi advilad iqna Camoyalibebuli.
prostitucia dRes
GgaerTianebul samefoSi prostitucia, umTavresad, uRaribesi fenebidan wamovida,

rogorc es warsulSic iyo, Tumca, maT saSualo klasis qalebis mniSvnelovani nawili SeuerTda.
ojaxuri gayrebis ricxvis zrdam xeli Seuwyo gaWirvebaSi Cavardnili qalebis prostituciaSi
Cabmas. amasTan erTad, arian qalebi, romlebic ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg, muSaoben
masaJistebad an gogonebad gamoZaxebiT da, imavdroulad, eZeben sxva samuSaos Sovnis
SesaZleblobebs.
Ppol j. GgoldStainma prostituciis klasificireba moaxdina profesiuli valdebulebis da
profesiuli konteqstis TvalsazrisiT. valdebuleba exeba sixSires, riTac qali prostituciaSia Cabmuli.
mravali qali droebiT aris CarTuli, sul ramdenjerme Tu Caidina es, Tumca, Semdeg didi xniT an
sulac samudamod rCeba prostitutad. `SemTxveviTi prostitutebi~ arian isini, vinc sakmaod
xSirad iReben fuls seqsisTvis, Tumca araregularulad, da TavianT Semosavals sxva wyaroebiTac
avseben. sxvebi mudmivad arian prostituciaSi CarTulni da am saqmianobiT iReben ZiriTad
Semosavals. profesiuli konteqsti niSnavs samuSao garemos da urTierTqmedebis procesis tips,
romelSic qalia CarTuli. `quCaSi moseirne~ quCaSi sTavzobs Tavs mamakacebs; `gogona
gamoZaxebiT~ klientebs telefoniT uTanxmdeba da an mamakacebi midian mis saxlSi, an Tavad
midis maTTan. `saxlis prostituti~ aris qali, romelic muSaobs kerZo klubSi an bordelSi. `masaJis
saxlis prostituti~ uzrunvelyofs seqsualur momsaxurebas, romelic, TiTqosda, kanonier masaJs da
gamajansaRebel procedurebs sTavazobs.
Bbevri qali barterSia (sanacvlod raime saqonlis an sxva momsaxurebis miReba) CarTuli
seqsualuri momsaxurebisTvis. `gamoZaxebiT gogonebis~ umetesoba, goldStainis
gamokvlevebis mixedviT, regularulad eweva seqsualur barters – seqsi satelevizio mowyobilobis,
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manqanis SekeTebis da eleqtro saqonlis, tansacmlis, saadvokato an stomatologiuri

momsaxurebis sanacvlod (Goldstein, 1979).
1951 wels miRebuli gaerTianebuli erebis rezoluciis Tanaxmad, brali edebaT prostituciis
organizatorebs an maT, visac mogeba aqvs am saqmidan, Tumca, Tavad prostitucias ar
krZalavs. ormocdacametma qveyanam, gaerTianebuli samefos CaTvliT, formalurad,
erTsulovnad miiRo es rezolucia, Tumca, maTi kanonmdebloba prostituciis Sesaxeb mkveTrad
gansxvavebulia. zogierT qveyanaSi prostitucia imTaviTve arakanonieria. sxvebSi, magaliTad,
rogoric britaneTia, akrZalulia mxolod garkveuli tipi, magaliTad, quCis an bavSvTa prostitucia.
zogierT qveyanaSi erovnuli an adgilobrivi xelisufleba oficialur licenzias aZlevs bordelebs an
seqs-salonebs, rogoricaa èrosis centrebi~ germaniaSi an seqsis saxlebi amsterdamSi. Zalze cota
qveyana iZleva licenzias mamakacebis prostituciaze.
Kkanonmdebloba prostituciis winaaRmdeg didad ar aSinebs klientebs. MmaT, vinc
yidulobs seqsualur momsaxurebas, ar apatimreben an sjian, da sasamarTlo procesebzec maTi
vinaoba SeiZleba ar gamomJRavndes. gacilebiT mcirericxovani kvlevebia Catarebuli
klientebze, vidre imaTze, vinc seqsualobas yidis, da es kvlevebi Zalian iSviaTad Tu asabuTebs,
rogorc es xSirad xdeba prostitutebis mimarT, rom isini fsiqologiurad aSlilebi arian. kvlevaSi
disbalansi namdvilad gamoxatavs arakritikul damokidebulebas seqsualobis orTodoqsuli
stereotipebis mimarT, romelTa Tanaxmad, mamakacisTvis `normalurad~ iTvleba, aqtiurad
eZebos sxvadasxvagvari seqsualuri siamovneba, xolo isini, vinc momsaxurebas uwevs am
saWiroebas, gakicxulni arian.
Bratom arsebobs prostitucia? udavoa, is mudmivi fenomenia, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba
mTavrobis mcdelobebs, aRkveTos igi. aseve, TiTqmis yovelTvis, es aris qalis mier
mamakacisTvis seqsualuri siamovnebis miniWeba, vidre piriqiT; Tumca, arsebobs magaliTebi,
rogorc es germaniaSi, hamburgSia, sadac `siamovnebis saxlebi~ imisTvisaa, rom seqsualuri
momsaxureba mamakacebma qalebs gauwion. ra Tqma unda, aseve SesaZlebelia biWebi an
mamakacebi sxva mamakacebTanac eweodnen prostitucias.
raime erT faqtors ar SeuZlia axsnas prostitucia. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos,
rom mamakacebs ufro Zlieri da daJinebuli seqsualuri moTxovnilebebi aqvT, vidre qalebs, da
amitomac moiTxoven siamovnebebs, romlebsac prostitucia uzrunvelyofs. magram amgvari
axsna aradamajerebelia. qalebis umravlesobas SeuZlia, ganaviTaros seqsualoba ufro intensiurad,
vidre imave asakis mamakacebs.
Pprostitucia, ubralod, seqsualuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisTvis rom arsebobdes,
maSin imave raodenobis mamakaci prostituti iarsebebda qalebisTvis.
Yyvelaze ufro damajerebeli zogadi daskvna unda iyos is, rom prostitucia gamoxatavs da
ramdenadme xels uwyobs mamakacisTvis im tendenciis SenarCunebas, rom qali obieqtia,
romelic SeiZleba seqsualuri miznebisTvis gamoiyeno. garkveul konteqstSi, prostitucia
mamakacsa da qals Soris ZalTa uTanasworobas gamoxatavs. ra Tqma unda, aq mravali sxva
elementicaa CarTuli. prostitucia sTavazobs seqsualuri siamovnebis miRwevis saSualebas im
adamianebs, romlebic TavianTi fizikuri naklovanebebis an moraluri kodeqsis gamo, ver
pouloben partniorebs. prostituti qalebi gamosavalia mamakacebisTvis, romlebic saxlis gareT
imyofebian, surT seqsualuri urTierToba raime valdebulebis gareSe, an uCveulo seqsualuri
gemovneba aqvT, romlebsac sxva qalebi ar dauSveben. Tumca, es faqtorebi ufro prostituciis
sixSires exeba, vidre mis saerTo xasiaTs.
daskvna: genderi, seqsualoba da uTanasworoba

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Bbolo wlebSi sociologiis ramdenime mimarTuleba Tu ganviTarda ise mniSvnelovnad da

iseTi centraluri gaxda disciplinisTvis, rogorc es genderuli urTierTobebis kvlevaa. es yvelaferi
asaxavs cvlilebebs Tavad socialur cxovrebaSi. ukve Camoyalibebuli gansxvavebebi mamakacur
da qalur identobas Soris, Sexedulebebi da qcevis tipuri modelebi, axali monacemebis Suqze
unda ganvixiloT.
Ggenderis Seswavla rTul problemebs ayenebs Tanamedrove sociologiis winaSe, miT
ufro, rom, tradiciulad, igi am disciplinis erT-erT centralur saqmed ar iyo miCneuli. ra
koncefciebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT genderis mniSvnelobis gasacnobiereblad sazogadoebaSi?
SeiZleba Tu ara warmovidginoT sazogadoeba, sadac genderuli gansxvavebebi gamqralia
imgvarad, rom yvelani androgenulebi arian (msgavsi genderuli maxasiaTeblebiT)?
seqsualoba warmoadgens adamianuri qcevis saocrad kompleqsur sferos, romelic
fundamentur cvlilebebs ganicdis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. Cveni damokidebuleba sqesis
mimarT da Cveni seqsualuri qceva ufro farTo socialur transformaciebs asaxavs, rasac
momdevno TavebSi ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
1. termini `sqesi~ (sex) araerTgvarovania. Cveulebriv xmarebaSi igi aRniSnavs fizikur

da kulturul gansvxavebebs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris (rogoricaa `mamakacis sqesi,~ `qalis
sqesi~); aseve, aRniSnavs seqsualur aqts. amasTan, saWiroa ganvasxvavoT sqesi fiziologiuri an
biologiuri mniSvnelobiT, da genderi, romelic kulturuli konstruqtia (daswavlili qceviTi
modelebis erToblioba).
2. zogierTi mecnieri amtkicebs, rom sqesTa Soris qcevaSi gansxvaveba genetikurad aris
ganpirobebuli, Tumca, amis damajerebeli mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.
3. genderuli socializacia bavSvis dabadebisTanave iwyeba. is mSoblebic ki, romlebsac
sjeraT, rom bavSvebs erTnairad eqcevian, gansxvavebul reaqciebs amJRavneben gogonebis da
biWebis mimarT. Ees gansxvavebebi Zlierdeba bevri sxva kulturuli gavlenebis meSveobiT.
4. genderuli identobis ganviTarebis ori wamyvani Teoria zigmund froidsa da nensi
Codorous ekuTvnis. froidis mixedviT, penisis arseboba-ararseboba, mamakacurobisa da
qalurobis simboloebi, kritikulia biWis identifikaciis dros mamasTan da gogonasi – dedasTan.
Codorou xazs usvams dedis mniSvnelobas. rogorc gogonebi, aseve biWebi sakmaod adre
axdenen identificirebas dedasTan, Tumca, biWebi wyveten kavSirs dedasTan, TavianTi
mamakacurobis dasamtkiceblad; gogonebi ki ufro didxans rCebian masTan. Codorou anacvlebs
froidis aqcentebs: qalurobaze metad, mamakacuroba xasiaTdeba danakargiT _ dedasTan
mudmivi mWidro urTierTobis dakargviT. es iwvevs mamakacis araeqspresiulobas, anu im
siZneles, rasac mamakaci grZnobebis gamoxatvisas ganicdis.
5. genderi statikuri mocemuloba ar aris; igi iseTi ramaa, rac unda `vakeToT~ Cvens
yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi. transseqsualebis gamocdileba – adamianebis, romlebic samedicino
mkurnalobas daeqvemdebaren TavianTi seqsualuri anatomiis Sesacvlelad – gvidasturebs, Tu
ramdenad Znelia erTi genderis meoriT Secvla.
6. dasavleTSi qristianobam didi gavlena moaxdina seqsualuri damokidebulebebis
Camoyalibebaze. sazogadoebebSi, sadac mkacri seqsualuri kodeqsia, gavrcelebulia ormagi
standarti da TvalTmaqcoba. normebsa da realur praqtikas Soris gansvla SeiZleba uzarmazari
iyos, rogorc es seqsualuri qcevis kvlevam dagvanaxa. seqsualuri praqtika Zalze gansxvavebulia
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kulturebis SigniT da maT Soris. 1960-ian wlebSi dasavleTSi seqsualobis mimarT represiulma
damokidebulebam gza dauTmo ufro permisiul Sexedulebebs, romelTa Sedegebi dRes
TvalsaCinoa.
7. seqsualuri identoba rTuli ramaa. zogierTi avtori daaxloebiT aT gansxvavebul
seqsualur identobas gamoyofs, heteroseqsualebis, homoseqsualebis, biseqsualebis da
transseqsualebis CaTvliT.
8. homoseqsualoba, rogorc Cans, yvela kulturaSi arsebobs, Tumca cneba
`homoseqsuali~ SedarebiT axali warmonaqmnia. mxolod uanaskneli asi wlis ganmavlobaSi iqna
homoseqsualoba ganxiluli, rogorc aqtivoba, romelsac adamianis garkveuli tipi Caidens –
aranormalurobisa da gadaxris kategoria Seiqmna `normaluri heteroseqsualis~ kategoriis
sapirispirod.
9. prostitucia aris safasuris sanacvlod seqsualuri siamovnebis miniWeba. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi prostituciis sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, mamakacebis da bavSvTa prostituciis
CaTvliT. licenzirebuli prostitucia zogierT qveyanaSi erovnuli da regionuli xelisuflebis mier aris
daSvebuli, Tumca, umetes qveynebSi prostitutebi kanonis gareSe moqmedeben.
Henning Bech, When Men Meet (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997). mamakacurobis
bunebis interpretacia da misi kavSirebi homoseqsualobasTan.
Nancy Chodorow, The Reproduction of Mothering (Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1978). genderis Sesaxeb klasikuri gamokevleva, fsiqoanalizis Teoriis gamoyenebiT,
genderuli socializaciis asaxnelad.
R.W. Connell, Masculinities (Combridge: Polity Press, 1995). vrceli Sesavali codnis
axali sferosa da politikisTvis.
Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power (London: Fourth Estate, 1944). im socialuri
pirobebis analizi, romlebic ayalibebs mamakacurobis fsiqologiur aspeqtebs.
Marilyn French, The War Against Women (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1992). detalurad
aRwers, Tu ra grZeli gzaa gasavleli mamakacebTan Tanasworobis misaRwevad.
Lynne Segal, Slow Motion: Changing Masculinities, Changing Men (London: Virago,
1990). sakamaTo diskusia Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi mamakacebis cxovrebisa da
gamocdilebis cvalebadi xasiaTis Sesaxeb.
Maryon Tysoe, Love Isn’t Quite Enough: The Psychology of Male/Female Relationships
(London: Fontana, 1992). saintereso da amaRelvebeli diskusia siyvarulis, romantikisa da
urTierTobebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove socialur cxovrebaSi.
Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and its Discontents: Meaning, Myths and Modern Sexuality
(London: Routlde; 1989). erT-erTi saukeTeso diskusia seqsualobis problemebis Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.
seqsualoba heteroseqsualoba
feminuroba homoseqsualoba
maskulinoba lesboseloba
genderuli socializacia prostitucia
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mamakacuri araeqspresiuloba
Tavi 6
sxeuli: kveba, avadmyofoba da dabereba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
sxeuli da sazogadoeba
kvebis darRveva da sxeulis kultivireba
sxeuli da reproduqciuli teqnologiebi
bavSvis dabadeba. Ggenuri inJineria: konstruirebuli bavSvebi
debati abortis Sesaxeb
sxeulis gamarTuli funqcionireba: warmodgenebi janmrTelobaze da avadmyofobaze
janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi
avadmyofoba, rogorc stigma: Sidsis gavlena
jandacvis sistemebi
jandacva gaerTianebul samefoSi
jandacva SeerTebul StatebSi
Sefaseba
janmrTeloba da garemo
janmrTeloba da dabereba
daberebis fizikuri Sedegebi
daskvna
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
sxeulis sociologia. buneba
sxeulis mdgomareoba da sazogadoeba
sxeulis sociologia ikvlevs, Tu ra gziT zemoqmedebs socialuri gavlenebi Cvens sxeulze.

rogorc adamianebi, Cven materialuri arsebebi varT – yovel Cvengans sxeuli gaaCnia. Tumca,
Cven marto sxeuli ar gvaqvs, da igi mxolod raRac fizikuri ar aris, romelic sazogadoebis gareT
arsebobs. Cveni sxeuli Rrmad ganicdis Cveni socialuri gamocdilebis, iseve rogorc im jgufebis
normebisa da Rirebulebebis gavlenas, romelsac is miekuTvneba. sociologebma mxolod am bolo
dros daiwyes im Rrma urTierTkavSiris gaazreba, rac socialur cxovrebasa da adamianis sxeuls
Soris arsebobs. amitom es sfero sruliad axalia, Tumca erT-erTi yvelaze sainteresoc.
sxeulis sociologia Tavs uyris ramdenime ZiriTad Temas, romlebsac mTeli warmodgenili
Tavis manZilze ganvixilavT. erT-erTi mTavari Tema exeba Cvens sxeulze socialuri cvlilebis
gavlenis Sedegebs (Tavad socialuri cvlilebis Tema xazgasmulia mTels wignSi). meore Tema
aris sxeulis sul ufro meti daSoreba `bunebisgan~ - imisgan, rac cxovrebaSi TavisTavad cxadad
gveCveneba. Cveni sxeuli ganicdis mecnierebisa da teqnologiis gavlenas, rac axal dilemebs
wamoWris. magaliTad, mTeli rigi reproduqciuli teqnologiebis Seqmnam axali SesaZleblobebi
mogvca, Tumca, imavdroulad, intensiuri socialuri dapirispirebebi warmoSva. am TavSi Cven
ganvixilavT ori saxis dapirispirebas, dakavSirebuls genur inJineriasTan da abortTan.
termini `teqnologia~ aq ar unda iyos viwrod gagebuli. ZiriTadad, igi materialur
teqnologiebs exeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, Tanamedrove medicina – aseTi magaliTia skanirebis
aparati, romelic saSualebas aZlevs eqims, aRnusxos bavSvis ganviTareba mis dabadebamde.
magram, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT isic, rasac miSel fuko (1988) socialur teqnologiebs
uwodebs, da rac zegavlenas axdens sxeulze; am frazaSi igi gulisxmobs, rom sxeuli ufro metad is
aris, rasac Tavad `vqmniT,~ vidre is, rasac ubralod viRebT. socialuri teqnologia nebismieri saxis
regularuli Carevaa Cveni sxeulebis funqcionirebaSi, raTa isini specifikuri mimarTulebiT
warvmarToT. Aamisi magaliTia dieta, romelic ase mniSvnelovania anoreqsiis dros.
Aamis Semdeg, Cven unda gavaanalizoT is, Tu ratom gaxda ase gavrcelebuli kvebis
darRveva. Semdeg unda ganvixiloT reproduqciuli teqnologiebis sociologiuri mniSvneloba.
amisaTvis, Cven SeviswavliT sxeulze zrunvis sakiTxebs Tanamedrove socialur pirobebSi, sxva
sityvebiT, janmrTelobas da jandacvas. daBbolos, Cven ganvixilavT sxeulis daberebis sakiTxs.
msgavsad Cveni cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebisa, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi dabereba aRar aris is,
rac odesRac iyo! daberebis procesi ubralod fizikuri movlena ar aris da dRes asakovani
adamianebis pozicia sazogadoebaSi mniSvnelovnad icvleba.
Kkvebis darRveva da sxeulis kultivireba
imis gasagebad, Tu ratom gaxda kvebis darRveva ase gavrcelebuli Cvens droSi, unda
davubrundeT socialur cvlilebebs, rac wina TavebSi iyo gaanalizebuli. kvebis darRvevebis zrda
dasavleTis qveynebSi, uSualod emTxveva kvebis warmoebis globalizacias, romelic sami-oTxi
aTwleulis win daCqarda. axali modelis samacivro mowyobilobebma da gadasazidma
konteinerebma, sakvebis didi xniT Senaxvisa da msoflios erTi nawilidan meoreSi transportirebis
SesaZlebloba mogvca. 1950-iani wlebidan moyolebuli (da imaTTvis, visac amis saSualeba aqvs
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– esaa dasavluri sazogadoebebis mosaxleobis umravlesoba), supermarketebis daxlebi savsea

sakvebi produqtiT msoflios yvela nawilidan. amgvari sakvebi produqti weliwadis yvela dros
xelmisawvdomia, rac winaT SeuZlebeli iyo, vinaidan igi adgilobriv mohyavdaT sezonurad.
warsuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, TiTqmis yoveli adamiani britaneTSi da sxva
ganviTarebul qveyanaSi, dietazea. es srulebiTac ar niSnavs, rom yoveli adamiani
TavgamodebiT cdilobs gaxdomas. ufro sworad, maSin, rodesac yvela saxis sakvebis SeZena,
weliwadis yovel dros aris SesaZlebeli, Cven unda gadavwyvitoT, ra mivirTvaT – anu
SevadginoT dieta, sadac `dieta~ niSnavs sakvebs, romelsac Cveulebisamebr movixmarT.
pirveli, Cven unda gadavwyvitoT, ra mivirTvaT axali samedicino informaciis gaTvaliswinebiT,
romelsac amJamad mecniereba gvaxvevs Tavs – magalTad, is, rom qolesterolis done gulis
daavadebebs iwvevs. meore, Cven Zalze gvawuxebs kaloriebis Semadgenloba sxvadasxva
sakvebSi. sazogadoebaSi, sadac sakvebi Warbadaa, Cven SegviZlia forma mivceT sxeuls, Cveni
cxovrebis stilis Sesabamisad (sirbili, aerobika) da imiT, Tu ras vWamT. kvebis darRvevas
Tavisi sawyisebi SesaZleblobebis qonaSi udevs, Tumca am Rrma daZabulobasa da stresebs
situacia warmoSobs.
ratom axdens kvebis darRveva zegavlenas qalebze, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrda qalebze?
unda aRiniSnos, rom kvebis darRveviT mxolod qalebi ar itanjebian. daaxloebiT 10 procenti
mamakacia, Tumca, mamakacebs ise xSirad ara aqvT anoreqsia an bulemia, rogorc qalebs,
nawilobriv imitom, rom farTod gavrcelebuli socialuri normebi xazs usvams fizikuri
mimzidvelobis mniSvnelobas ufro metad qalebisTvis, vidre mamakacebisTvis, da nawilobriv
imitom, rom mamakacis sasurveli sxeulis Sesaxeb warmodgena gansxvavebulia qalis sxeulze
warmodgenisgan.
rodesac mamakaci Tavisi sxeulis kultivirebas aqcevs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, misi
ideali dakunTuli sxeulia. bevri mamakacisTvis, romelic amaSi Caeba, kunTebis kultivireba
iseve iZulebiTi gaxda, anu Cvevad gadaeqcaT, rogorc kvebis darRveva qalebisTvis. magaliTad,
Tavis wignSi `Muscle~ sem fiuseli aRwers, rogor daiwyo kunTebis kultivireba, raTa
gaekontrolebina sakuTari araadekvaturobis SegrZneba, misi, rogorc `sustis~ Sesaxeb. ra Tqma
unda, Zalze gamxdari adamianidan, igi Zalian kunTiani gaxda, Tumca, veRar SeZlo SeCereba.
mas aRar SeeZlo Cveulebrivi aqtivobebis ganxorcieleba, Tu yoveldRiurad saaTebs ar
dauTmobda simZimeebis awevas. kunTebis kultivirebiT gatacebuli, verasodes iqneba kmayofili
Tavisi kunTebiT, iseve rogorc anoreqtiki verasodes igrZnobs Tavs sakmarisad gamxdrad
(Fussell, 1991).
AamJamad zogierTma qalmac mihyo xeli kunTebis kultivirebas, Tumca, umravlesobas
ar itacebs es aqtivoba, rodesac idealuri sxeulis miRwevas cdilobs.MmaTi mRelvareba,
umTavresad, simsuqnis SiSzea koncentrirebuli. sasurveli qalis Tanamedrove ideali sigamxdre da
karg formaSi yofnaa. anoreqsia da bulemia aqtiuri qalebis daavadebaa. isini TavisTavad ar
Cndeba, aramed aqtiurad miiRweva. anoreqtiki mkacr, minimalur dietas icavs da SeuZlia
yoveldRe daitvirTos aerobikiT.
Aanoreqsia da kvebis sxva saxis darRveva asaxavs situacias, roca qalebi farTo
sazogadoebaSi gacilebiT did rols TamaSoben, vidre es adre iyo, Tumca, maT Sesaxeb,
umetesad, mainc garegnobis mixedviT msjeloben, vidre maTi miRwevebis mixedviT. kvebis
darRveva sxeulis gamo sircxvilis grZnobidan momdinareobs. qali Tavs araadekvaturad da
arasrulyofilad grZnobs, da imis SiSi, Tu rogor aRiqvamen mas sxvebi, ZiriTadad, fokusirebulia
mis mier sakuTari sxeulis aRqmaze. am dros sigamxdris ideali misTvis yovlismomcveli xdeba,
xolo wonis dakargva _ yvelafris saukeTesod mogvarebis saSualebaa. mas Semdeg, rac is iwyebs
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dietas da iZulebulia, ivarjiSos, man SeiZleba uari Tqvas sakvebze an, Tu sakvebs miiRebs,
yvelaferi ukan amoiRos. Tu qcevis es modeli ar iqna daZleuli (aq garkveuli fsiqoTerapiuli da
samedicino mkurnaloba efeqturi aRmoCnda), dazaralebuli, SesaZloa, SimSiliT gardaicvalos.
sxeuli da reproduqciuli teqnologiebi
kvebis darRvevebis gavrceleba asaxavs mecnierebisa da teqnologiis gavlenas

Tanamedrove cxovrebis yofaze: kaloriebis daTvla mxolod teqnologiis miRweviT gaxda
SesaZlebeli. Tumca, teqnologiis zegavlena yovelTvis socialuri faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli.
Cven gacilebiT meti avtonomia gvaqvs Cvens sxeulze, vidre odesme; amgvari situacia axal
pozitiur SesaZleblobebs qmnis, Tumca, axal sazrunavsa da problemebsac warmoSobs.
es yvelaferi imis Semadgeneli nawilia, rasac sociologebi bunebis socializacias
uwodeben. es fraza im faqts aRniSnavs, rom fenomenebi, romlebic `bunebrivad~ anu bunebaSi
mocemulad iTvleboda, axla socialur fenomenebad gadaiqca, anu isini Cvens socialur
gadawyvetilebebzea damokidebuli. amisi magaliTia adamianis reproduqciis unari. aswleulebis
ganmavlobaSi, qalebis umetesobis ZiriTad movaleobas Svilebis gaCena da maTi aRzrda
Seadgenda. premodernul periodSi kontracepcia miRebuli ar iyo, xolo zogierT sazogadoebaSi –
saerTod ar icodnen amis Sesaxeb. evropaSic ki, meTvramete saukunis bolomde, qalebSi
sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo ocze meti orsulobis gamocdileba (rasac xSirad muclis moSla an Cvil
bavSvTa sikvdilianoba mosdevda). kontracepciis gaumjobesebulma meTodebma am situaciis
fundamenturad Secvlas Seuwyo xeli. mas Semdeg, rac reproduqcia `bunebrivi~ fenomeni aRar
aris, industriul qveynebSi mcxovrebi qalebisTvis TiTqmis ucnobia amdeni orsuloba.
warmatebebma kontraceptul teqnologiaSi TiTqmis yvela qalsa da mamakacs misca saSualeba,
akontrlon, hyavdeT Tu ara, an rodis iyolion Svilebi.
Kkontracepcia reproduqciuli teqnologiis mxolod erTi magaliTia. sxva sferoebi, sadac
bunebrivi procesebi socialur procesebad gadaiqca, qvemoT iqneba aRwerili.
Sobadoba
Mmedicina yovelTvis ar iyo CarTuli cxovrebis umTavres gardamaval periodebSi,

dabadebidan dawyebuli sikvdilamde. orsulobisa da Sobadobis samedicino momsaxureba neli
nabijiT viTardeboda; es maSin moxda, rodesac mkurnalebi da bebia qalebi pediatrma
specialistebma Secvales. dRes, industriul sazogadoebebSi, mSobiarobis umetesoba
saavadmyofoebSi xdeba specializebuli samedicino gundis daxmarebiT.
warsulSi mSoblebi mxolod bavSvis dabadebis dRes igebdnen mis sqessa da
janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. dRes muclis Rrus Semowmeba, rogoricaa sonograma (nayofis
gamosaxuleba ultrasonuri talRebis gamoyenebiT) da amniosenTezisi (romelic iRebs amniotur
siTxes nayofis irgvliv) SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes struqturuli an qromosomuli anomaliebis
aRmosaCenad, bavSvis dabadebamde. amgvari axali teqnologia wyvilebsa da sazogadoebas
axali eTikuri da iuridiuli gadawyvetilebebis winaSe ayenebs. rodesac darRvevebi aRmoCenilia,
wyvili gadawyvetilebis miRebis winaSe dgas, iyolios Tu ara bavSvi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
icis, rom mas seriozuli fizikuri darRvevebi aqvs.
Ggenuri inJineria: konstruirebuli bavSvebi
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dResdReobiT, mecnieruli Zalisxmevis didi nawili genuri inJineriis gafarToebas eTmoba,

rac gulisxmobs nayofis genetikur struqturaSi Carevas imgvarad, rom gavlena moaxdinos mis
Semdgom ganviTarebaze. genuri inJineriis SesaZlo socialuri gavlena TiTqmis iseTive
intensivobis debatebs iwvevs, rogoric abortis sakiTxs axlavs Tan. misi mxardamWerebis
Tanaxmad, genuri inJineria did sargeblobas mogvitans. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia iseTi gnetikuri
faqtorebis identificireba, rac zogierT adamians garkveuli daavadebebis mimarT midrekils xdis,
genetikurad Tavidan daprogrameba ki uzrunvelyofs imas, rom es daavadebebi Taobidan Taobas
aRar gadaecema. SesaZlebeli gaxdeba, dabadebamde movaxdinoT Cveni sxeulis `konstruireba~
kanis feris, Tmisa da Tvalebis, wonisa da a.S. mixedviT.
SeuZlebeli iqneboda, SesaZleblobebisa da problemebis aRrevis imaze ukeTesi magaliTis
gamonaxva, rasac bunebis mzardi socializacia gviqmnis. ra arCevans gaakeTeben mSoblebi,
rodesac maT TvianTi Svilebis konstruireba SeeZlebaT, da ra SezRudvebi unda dawesdes maT
arCevanze? SeuZlebelia, genuri inJineria iafi iyos. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom mSoblebi, romelTac
gasamrjelos gadaxdis saSualeba aqvT, SeZleben TavianTi Svilebis programidan amoiRon iseTi
ram, rac maT socialurad arasasurvel fizikur niSnad miaCniaT? ra moeliT ufro uqonel jgufTa
bavSvebs, romlebic bunebrivad ibadebian?
zogierT sociologs miaCnia, rom genuri inJineriisadmi diferencirebulma midgomam,
SesaZloa, `biologiuri qveklasis~ gaCenasTan migviyvanos. adamianebs, romlebsac ara aqvT
fizikuri upiratesobebi, rac genurma inJineriam SeiZleba moutanos, SesaZloa, diskriminaciis
obieqtebi gaxdnen imaTi mxridan, visac es upiratesobebi aqvT. maTTvis, SesaZloa, garTuldes
samuSaos monaxva an sicocxlisa da janmrTelobis dazRveva.
Ddebati abortis Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove reproduqciuli teqnologiebis mier warmoqmnili yvelaze sakamaTo eTikuri

dilema Semdegia: ra pirobebSia dasaSvebi qalebisTvis aborti? Ddebati abortis Sesaxeb ase
intensiuri imitomaa, rom igi exmianeba eTikis Zireul sakiTxebs, rac advilad gadasawyveti ar
aris. maT, vinc `sicocxlis momxreni~ arian, sjeraT, rom aborti yovelTvis Secdomaa,
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda, vinaidan igi mkvlelobis tolfasia. maTTvis eTikuri sakiTxi
yvela im Rirebulebaze maRla dgas, rac ki adamians unda gaaCndes. isini, vinc àrCevanis
momxreni~ arian, Tvlian, rom dedis kontroli sakuTar sxeulze – misi ufleba icxovros Rirseulad –
misi upirvelesi sazrunavi unda iyos.
Ddebats Zaladobis mravali epizodi mohyva. SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi gadaWra?
socialuri da samarTlis Teoriis cnobil Teoretikoss ronald dvorkins (1993) miaCnia, rom es
SesaZlebelia. igi Tvlis, rom am or mxares Soris, anu imaT Soris, vinc `sicocxlis momxreni~
arian da vinc àrCevans~ emxrobian, SeTanxmebis Zlieri SesaZleblobebia dafaruli, rac
imedismomcemia. istoriis adreul periodSi, sicocxles SedarebiT naklebi fasi hqonda. Tumca,
amJamad, Cven gacilebiT metad vafasebT adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxeblobas.Yyoveli mxare
aRiarebs am Rirebulebas, Tumca sxvadasxvagvarad esmiT igi; erTni upiratesobas bavSvis
interesebs aniWeben, meoreni – dedis interesebs iTvaliswineben. Tu orive mxares
davarwmunebT, rom isini saerTo eTikur Rirebulebas iziareben, dvorkinis azriT, SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba ufro konstruqciuli dialogi.
sxeulis gamarTuli funqcionireba: warmodgenebi janmrTelobaze da avadmyofobaze
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adamianis sicocxlis xelSeuxebloba is upirvelesi Rirebulebaa, rac safuZvlad udevs

jandacvis sistemebis ganviTarebas Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. `janmrTeloba~ da
àvadmyofoba~ kulturulad da socialurad gansazRvruli terminebia. kulturebi erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ras arqmeven janmrTels da normalurs, rogorc es kvebis
darRvevebis Sesaxeb diskusiam dagvanaxa. yvela kulturisTvis cnobilia janmrTelobisa da
avadmyofobis cnebebis mniSvneloba, Tumca is, rac Cven axla medicinad migvaCnia, dasavluri
sazogadoebis bolo sami saukunis ganviTarebis Sedegia. premodernul kulturebSi ojaxi iyo
ZiriTadi instituti, romelic avadmyofobasa da ubedur SemTxvevebs umklavdeboda. yovelTvis
arsebobdnen individebi, romlebic mkurnalobaSi specializdebodnen; iyenebdnen fizikur da
magiur samkurnalo saSualebebs; dRes mkurnalobis es tradiciuli sistemebi SemorCenilia
aradasavlur kulturebSi, mTeli msoflios masStabiT. magaliTad, auroveduri medicina (tradiciuli
mkurnaloba) indoeTSi daaxloebiT ori aTasi wlis manZilze iyo gavrcelebuli. igi eyrdnoboda
pirovnebis fizikuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis wonasworobis Teorias, romelTa disbalansi
ikurneboda dietiT da balaxeuli saSualebebiT. Cinuri xalxuri medicinac pirovnebis sruli
harmoniulobis koncefcias eyrdnoba, rac gulisxmobs balaxeulis da akupunqturis gamoyenebas,
romlis teqnika mdgomareobs pacientis kanis qsovilis strategiul adgilebSi nemsebis
ganTavsebaSi.
Tanamedrove medicinam axali Tvalsazrisi warmoadgina avadmyofobis Sesaxeb, romelic
mis warmoSobasa da mkurnalobas fizikur bunebasTan kavSirSi xedavs da mas mecnieruli
terminebiT ganmartavs. samedicino diagnostikasa da mkurnalobaSi mecnieruli midgomebis
gamoyeneba Tanamedrove jandacvis sistemis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebaa. sxva, masTan mWidrod
dakavSirebuli maxasiaTebeli, saavadmyofoebis SemoRebaa _ iseTi garemosi, sadac seriozuli
daavadebebi ikurneba da viTardeba samedicino profesia, rogorc organizacia, romelsac eTikis
gansazRvruli kodeqsi da mniSvnelovani socialuri Zala gaaCnia. daavadebisadmi mecnieruli
midgoma dakavSirebulia moTxovnasTan, rom samedicino momzadeba sistematuri da
grZelvadiani iyos; TviTnaswavli mkurnalebi gamoricxulia. miuxedavad imisa, rom profesiuli
samedicino praqtika ar SemoisazRvreba mxolod saavadmyofoebiT, saavadmyofo uzrunvelyofs
garemos, sadac eqimebs, pirvelyovlisa, saSualeba aqvT, umkurnalon da gamoikvlion pacientebis
didi ricxvi iseT garemoSi, sadac Tavmoyrilia samedicino teqnologia.
Sua saukuneebis ZiriTadi daavadebebi iyo infeqciuri daavadebebi, rogoricaa tuberkulozi,
qolera, malaria da Savi Wiri. MmeToTxmete saukuneSi Savma Wirma anu `Savma sikvdilma~
(romelic rwyilebiT gavrcelda, romelTa gadamtani virTxebi iyvnen) inglisis mosaxleobis
meoTxedi gawyvita da daacariela evropis didi teritoriebi. axla industriul qveynebSi infeqciuri
daavadebebi TiTqmis aRar iwvevs sikvdilianobas, xolo mravali maTgani arsebiTad
gankurnebadia. sikvdilianobis mizezi industriul qveynebSi umTavresad arainfeqciuri
daavadebebia, rogoricaa simsivne da gulis daavadebebi. Tu premodernul qveynebSi
sikvdilianobis yvelaze maRali done Cvil da patara bavSvebSi aRiniSneboda, dRes es ricxvi
asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba (mosaxleobis yovelwliuri sikvdilianobis proporciulobis
mixedviT).
Mmiuxedavad im prestiJisa, romelic Tanamedrove medicinam moipova, meoce
saukunemde jandacvis gaumjobeseba mxolod sikvdilianobis donis SemcirebiT aRiniSneboda.
efeqturi sanitaruli pirobebi, ukeTesi kveba, gaumjobesebuli sakanalizacio sistemebi da saerTo
higiena ufro Sedegiani aRmoCnda, gansakuTrebiT, Cvilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianobis
SemcirebaSi. axalma preparatebma da warmatebebma qirurgiaSi, aseve, antibiotikebis
gamoyenebam, mniSvnelovnad ver Seamcira sikvdilianobis done me-20 saukunemde.
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96
antibiotikebi, rasac baqteriuli infeqciebis samkurnalod iyenebdnen, misawvdomi pirvelad 1930-

40-ian wlebSi gaxda, xolo imunizacia (Sratebis gamoyeneba iseTi daavadebebis
sawinaaRmdegod, rogoricaa poliomeliti) kidev ufro gvian iqna SemoRebuli.
janmrTeloba da avadmyofoba ganviTarebul qveynebSi
industriuli qveynebis farglebSi saocari gansxvaveba SeiniSneba ZiriTadi daavadebebis

gavrcelebis mxriv. dasavleTis qveynebSi sivdilianobis daaxloebiT 70 procenti ganisazRvreba
daavadebis oTxi ZiriTadi tipiT, es aris: simsivne, gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi, insultebi da
filtvebis daavadeba. erTgvari progresia miRweuli am daavadebebis mizezebis dadgenaSi da
maTi mkurnalobis efeqturobaSi; magram arc erTi ar aris bolomde gankurnebadi. Tumca, am
oTxi daavadebis gavrcelebis masStabi meryeobs qveynebis, regionebis da klasebis mixedviT. es
cxadyofs, rom maTi gavrceleba kvebasa da cxovrebis wess ukavSirdeba. adamianebi, romlebsac
ufro maRali socioekonomikuri pozicia ukaviaT, saSualod, ufro janmrTelebi, maRlebi da
Zlierebi arian, da ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre isini, romlebsac socialur safexurze dabali
poziciebi ukaviaT. yvelaze metad es gansxvaveba Cvilebisa da bavSvebis sikvdilianobis
raodenobaSi Cans, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Raribi adamianebis sikvdilis riski yvela asakSi ufro
didia, vidre ufro uzrunvelyofili adamianebisa.
amas mravali mizezi uwyobs xels. sazogadoebis uzrunvelyofil nawilSi, adamianebi
ukeTesad ikvebebian da samedicino momsaxurebis meti saSualebebiT sargebloben. samuSao
pirobebic uSualo zegavlenas axdens janmrTelobaze; isini, vinc ofisebSi an Sinaur pirobebSi
muSaoben, raime dazianebis an saSiS masalasTan Sexebis naklebi riskis qveS arian.
warmoebaSi muSaobiT gamowveuli daavadebebis dadgena Znelia, vinaidan yovelTvis ar
SeiZleba gansazRvro, daavadeba samuSao pirobebiT aris gamowveuli Tu raime sxva mizeziT.
Tumca, samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi daavadeba kargad aris dadgenili: filtvebis
daavadeba gavrcelebulia meSaxteebSi, rac gamowveulia mtvris SesunTqviT; asbestis
xmarebasTan dakavSirebulma samuSaom aCvena, rom igi zogierTi saxis simsivnes iwvevs.
jeik neimanma axlaxans gamoikvlia janmrTelobis aSkara kavSiri ekonomikur
uTanasworobasTan. igi imasac ganixilavda, Tu rogori strategia SeiZleboda yofiliyo saukeTeso,
sazogadoebaSi uRaribesi jgufebis janmrTelobis gasaumjobeseblad. mraval sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi monacemebis Seswavlis Sedegad, man daaskvna, rom Semosavlis TvalsazrisiT
uRaribes 20 procents Soris, sikvdilianoba 1,5 - 2,5-jer maRali iyo, vidre im 20 procentSi, visac
saTanado Semosavali hqonda. Semcirebis nacvlad, es kontrasti ufro izrdeba. igive SeiZleba
iTqvas sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb – esaa asaki, sadamde sicocxlesac indvidi
moelis dabadebisas.
rogor SeiZleba win aRvudgeT siRaribis zegavlenas janmrTelobaze? erT-erTi saSualebaa
janmrTelobis Seswavlisa da avadmyofobis prevenciis farTo programebi. Tumca, amgvari
programebi ukeT muSaobs ufro SeZlebul, kargad ganswavlul jgufebSi da, nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, mxolod patara cvlilebebi Seaqvs samuSao reJimSi. janmrTelobis momsaxurebis
meti xelmisawvdomoba dagvexmareba, Tumca, mainc SezRuduli xarisxiT. neimans miaCnia,
rom erTaderTi realurad efeqturi polisi Tavad siRaribis daZlevaa, mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris
Semosavlis sxvaobis SemcirebiT (Najman, 1993).
Aavadmyofoba, rogorc stigma: Sidsis gavlena
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97
Aaris daavadebebi, romlebic ufro metad materialurad uzrunvelyofil jgufebSi gvxvdeba,

vidre Raribebs Soris. magaliTad, anoreqsia ufro xSirad maRali socioekonomikuri
mdgomareobis adamianTa daavadebaa. igive SeiZleba iTqvas Sidsis Sesaxeb (imunodeficituri
sindromi), yovel SemTxvevaSi, britaneTSi da sxva industriul qvynebSi.
Sidsi idumalebiT moculi daavadebaa, romelic arsaidanaa mosuli, da romelic
janmrTelobis mTavar safrTxed iqca bolo ocdaxuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. Sidsi angrevs sxeulis
imunur sistemas; igi TavisTavad ar iwvevs sikvdils, magram dazaralebuli sabediswero
daavadebebis msxverpli xdeba. yovel adamians, romelic inficirebulia aiv virusiT, (adamianis
imunodeficitis virusi), adre Tu gvian Sidsi uviTardeba. miCneulia, rom Sidsi gadaecema an
uSualod sisxliT (rac sisxlis gadasxmisas an narkotikebis moxmarebisas xdeba, roca
narkomanebi saerTo nemsiT sargebloben), an sqesobrivi urTierTobiT (spermis an vaginaluri
sekreciis saSualebiT).
Aaravin icis, ukavSirdeba Tu ara Sidsis warmoSoba bunebis socializacias, rogorc
garesamyaroSi adamianis Carevis gauTvaliswinebel Sedegs. Tumca, zogierTs asec miaCnia.
magaliTad, iyo mosazrebebi, rom daavadeba, SesaZloa, yofiliyo baqteriologiuri iaraRis
formebze eqsperimentis Sedegi, ramac moulodnelad sasikvdilo virusi warmoSva. sxvebs
miaCniaT, rom Sidsi da adamianis imunodeficitis virusi didi xania Cvens irgvlivaa, SesaZloa,
saukuneebis manZilze, msoflios garkveul nawilebSi. am Teoriis mixedviT, simptomebi,
romlebic axla Sidsis simptomebad miiCneva, SesaZloa, adre sxva daaadebebSi eSlebodaT.
Sidsis gamorCeuli maxasiaTebeli, sxva daavadebebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, is
aris, rom igi sqesobrivi urTierTobiT gadaicema. daavadeba, Tavdapirvelad, CrdiloeT amerikaSi
dafiqsirda, mamakaci homoseqsualebis jgufebSi da rogorc medikos mkvlevarTa Soris, aseve
sazogadoebis TvalSi, igi homosequalebis daavadebad iyo miCneuli. Sidsi sazogadoebam adreul
1980-ian wlebSi gaacnobiera, rodesac Canda, rom mravali mikerZoebuli ganwyoba
homoseqsualobis mimarT ingreoda. Tumca, homosequalizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi da,
gansakuTrebiT, zogierTi religiuri jgufi, TavianT mtrul damokidebulebas am daavadebis
arsebobiT amarTlebdnen. im azrma, rom Sidsi RmerTis mier gamogzavnili ubedurebaa
garyvnilebis dasasjelad, Tavisi gamoxatuleba zogierT respeqtabelur samedicino gamocemebSic
hpova. erT-erTi samedicino Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegia svamda SekiTxvas: àmJamad
gavrcelebuli uwesrigobis mdgomareobaSi, SegveZleba Tu ara davinaxoT, wminda pavles
qadagebis aRsruleba: ,maTi codvebisaTvis sasjelis jerovani mizRva’?~ (Altman, 1986).
Sidsis swrafi gavrceleba, eWvgareSea, garkveulwilad, imiTac iyo gamowveuli, rom gei
subkulturebs sul ufro meti SesaZleblobebi hqondaT SexvedrebisTvis rogorc CrdiloeT
amerikaSi, aseve bevr sxva adgilas. faqtobrivad, Tavdapirvelad, Sidsi gei mosaxleobis soliduri
wiliT gamoirCeoda da amerikis udidesi qalaqebiT SemoisazRvreboda. presis saTaurebi
ubiZgebda sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis formirebas: ,,medicinis mkvlevarebi SeaSfoTa
homoseqsualizmis epidemiam” (Philadelphia Daily News, 9 August 1982); iyo gei _
janmrTelobisTvis saSiSia~ (Saturday Evening Post, October 1982); `gei ubedureba kanadaSic
movida~ (Toronto Star). im dros, ukve cnobili iyo, rom SeerTebul StatebSi SidsiT
daavadebulTa mesamedi ar iyo homoseqsuali, Tumca, Tavdapirvel publikaciebSi es faqti
ugulebelyofili iyo. imis mikvlevam, rom Sidsi heteroseqsualuri kontraqtebiTac SeiZleba
gavrceldes, movlenebis gadafaseba gamoiwvia; amis yvelaze cxadi mtkicebuleba afrikis
kontinentidan movida, sadac Sidsi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da ar iyo aucileblobiT dakavSirebuli
mamakacebis homoseqsualizmTan. `gei ubedureba~ presis mier male axlidan iqna ganmartebuli,
rogorc `heteroseqsualuri koSmari.~
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98
Sidsi da heteroseqsualuri mosaxleoba
samedicino TvalsazrisiT, Sidsi moZravi samiznea, axali da mouxelTebeli. samedicino

codna am daavadebis Sesaxeb Zalze swrafad Zveldeba. dResdReobiT igi globalur epidemiad
iqceva. aiv virusiT inficirebulebis realuri ricxvi ucnobia, Tumca yvelaze mokrZalebuli
gamoangariSebiT, mTels msoflioSi TiTqmis 13 milionia (ix. diagrama 6.1).
diagrama 6.1. Sidsi: mzardi saSiSroeba

wyaro: Michael Kidron and Ronald Segal. The State of the World Atlas, 5th ed., 1995.
Sidsis virusTan dakav- Sidsis virusiT inficirebuli

Sirebuli sikvdilianoba zrdasrulebi
zrdasrulebSi
2 mln. 8 mln. 13-14 mln. 20 mln.
1994 wlisTvis 2000 wlisTvis 1994 wlisTvis 2000 wlisTvis
aqedan, daaxloebiT 500 000 modis evropaze, TiTo milioni _ Crdilo amerikasa, laTinur
amerikasa da karibis auzis kunZulebze, da 8 milionze meti _ afrikaze. epidemiis ZiriTadi
gavrceleba sul ufro fexs ikidebs, vinaidan droTa ganmavlobaSi aiv (imunodeficitis virusi)
infeqcia sruli saxis Sidsad yalibdeba. dRes msoflioSi aiv infeqciiT daavadebuli adamianebis
umetesoba heteroseqsualebia; heteroseqsualuri gziT gadadebuli daavadebis Sefardeba
homoseqsualuri gziT gadadebis SemTxvevebTan aris oTxi erTTan.
im faqtma, rom Tavdapirvelad Sidsi, umetesad homosequalTa Soris Warbobda, xeli
Seuwyo maT mimarT mtruli ganwyobis ganaxlebas. Tumca, axali da iseTi saSineli daavadeba,
rogoric Sidsia, SiSsa da mtrul ganwyobas amisgan damoukidebladac iwvevs. amis magaliTi film
`filadel-fiaSia~ warmodgenili, sadac SidsiT daavadebuli, romlis rolsac tom henksi asrulebs,
kargavs samuSaos mas Semdeg, rac misi damqiraveblebi Seityoben misi daavadebis Sesaxeb.
igi samsaxuridan daTxovnilia ara imisTvis, rom igi homoseqsualia, aramed im aRSfoTebis
gamo, rasac misi avadmyofoba iwvevs. filmi asaxavs mis medgar brZolas usamarTlo daTxovnis
gamo.
Sidsi iseTi daavadebis magaliTia, romelic stigmad aRiqmeba. stigma iseTi
maxasiaTebelia, rac individs an adamianTa jgufs acalkevebs mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan, da
ris Sedegadac, individis an adamianTa jgufis mimarT eWviTa da mtruli ganwyobiT arian
damuxtulni. daavadebis umetesi formebi TanagrZnobas iwvevs danarCen adamianebs Soris.
Tumca, rodesac daavadeba uCveulo infeqciis matareblad iTvleba, an sircxvilisa da uRirsobis
niSnad aRiqmeba, am seniT daavadebulebi, SesaZloa, uaryofil iyvnen `janmrTeli~ mosaxleobis
mier. ase iyo Sua saukuneebSi keTriT daavadebuli adamianebis mimarT, romlebic RmerTis
mier dasjil codvilebad iTvlebodnen, da amitom aiZulebdnen maT, gancalkevebulad
leprozoriumebSi ecxovraT. ra Tqma unda, naklebad mkacr formebSi, magram Sidsi dResac
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99
iwvevs amgvari daRdasmulobis SegrZnebas – im faqtis miuxedavad, rom keTrisgan

gansxvavebiT, daavadebis gadacemis saSiSroeba, Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur situaciebSi TiTqmis
ar arsebobs.
Sidsis samkurnalo efeqturi saSualeba ar arsebobs, Tumca zogierTi preparati, Cans,
anelebs mis progress. miuxedavad imisa, rom pirovnebas, romelic aiv virusis matarebelia,
SeiZleba wlebis manZilze ar ganuviTardes Sidsi, rodesme daavadeba gamJRavndeba da misi
ganaCeni sikvdilia. misi Sedegi gansakuTrebiT tragikulia, vinaidan igi yvelaze metad
axalgazrdebis jgufebSia gavrcelebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, is ar hgavs dRes industriul qveynebSi
gavrcelebul sxva momakvdinebeli daavadebebs, romlebic umTavresad xanSiSesulTa jgufebs
ayenebs dartymas.
Ddabereba da avadmyofobisadmi midrekileba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris sinonimuri,
rogorc es mocemuli Tavis bolos gamoCndeba. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac iseTi infeqciuri
daavadebebi, rogoricaa qolera da tuberkulozi, daZleuli iqna industriul qveynebSi, jandacvis
sistemebi, ZiriTadad, orientirebulia im daavadebebTan brZolaze da maT mkurnalobaze,
romlebic asakovani adamianebisTvis ufro Cveulia. momdevno nawilSi ufro dawvrilebiT
ganvixilavT janmrTelobis dacvis sistemebs da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT
jandacvis sistemebze britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. Semdeg ki uSualod daberebis problemas
SevexebiT.
jandacvis sistemebi
jandacva gaerTianebul samefoSi
TiTqmis yvela industriul qveyanas, SeerTebuli Statebis gamoklebiT, aqvs

sazogadoebrivad uzrunvelyofili samedicino momsaxureba. MmagaliTad, inglisSi nacionaluri
janmrTelobis samsaxuri (NHS) 1948 wels dafuZnda. Mmisi dafuZnebis ganmsazRvreli principi
iyo, rom jandacvis xelmisawvdomoba unda emyarebodes ufro samedicino saWiroebas, vidre
gadaxdis unars.
Nnacionaluri samedicino samsaxuri (NHS) centraluri mTavrobis wliuri SemosavliTaa
dafinansebuli, rac wliuri begaris nawils warmoadgens. saerTo profilis eqimi-praqtikosis (GP)
monaxuleba da saavadmyofoSi mkurnaloba yvela momxmareblisTvis ufasoa. eqimis mier
receptebiT gacemuli wamlebi Tavdapirvelad ufaso iyo, Tumca arsebuli mTavrobis mier
SemoRebul iqna nawilobrivi gadasaxadis sistema. rodesac NHS–ma pirvelad SemoiRo
sazogadoebrivi jandacva, medikosTa zewolis Sedegad da aseve sxva mosazrebebiT, ZalaSi
darCa kerZo jandacvac.MmaSin, rodesac eqimi-praqtikosebis umetesoba muSaobs mxolod
nacionaluri jandacvis sistemisTvis (NHS), konsultantebis didi wili, aseve, kerZo praqtikiTac aris
dakavebuli. arsebobs zogierTi kerZo saavadmyofo da jandacvis momsaxureba, im personalTan
erTad, romelic mxolod kerZo seqtors ganekuTvneba; maTi dafinanseba da momsaxurebis
gadasaxadi, xSirad, janmrTelobis dazRvevis kerZo programebTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tumca,
amgvari programebis monawile mxolod mosaxleobis umciresobaa.
saerTo profilis eqimebs ZiriTadi roli akisriaT pacientebis warsadgenad ama Tu im
specializebuli samedicino mkurnalobisTvis. britaneTis saSualo moqalaqe, saerTo profilis
eqimTan, weliwadSi daaxloebiT oTxjer midis vizitad. saerTo profilis eqimebi uSualod
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mkurnaloben mTeli daavadebebis 90 procents; yovel saerTo profilis eqims daregistrirebuli

pacientebis mTeli `sia~ aqvs, romlebic masze arian miwerili (zogjer maTi ricxvi NHS-is mier
dadgenili ricxvis maqsimums aRwevs). pacientebs, romlebic miwerili arian saerTo profilis
eqimTan, ufleba ara aqvT, uSualod mimarTon specialistebs; es praqtikosis gadasawyveti
saqmea. imis gamo, rom specialistebs ar SeuZliaT sakuTari Tavis wardgena, kerZo
konsultaciebze maTTan misvlac ki ar aris advili, saerTo profilis eqimis dasturis gareSe.
ZiriTadi erTeuli, romelic dRes nacionaluri jandacvis sistemas marTavs, janmrTelobis
saolqo xelisuflebaa (DHA). igi Sedgeba adgilobrivi mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis, medikosebis
da araprofesionali adamianebisgan, romlebic adgilobrivi interesTa jgufebis da nebayoflobiTi
asociaciebis warmomadgenelni arian. principSi, DHA-m ufro farTo erTobis struqtura unda
asaxos, rogoricaa klasi da eTnikuri warmomavloba, Tumca praqtikaSi isini ufro saSualo klasis
damcvelebi arian.
1989 wels, konservatuli mTavrobis mier warmodgenilma TeTrma wignma NHB-is
Sesaxeb, warmoadgina ZiriTadi cvlilebebi janmrTelobis momsaxurebaSi. YyuradReba
gamaxvilebuli iyo biurokratiasTan brZolaze, ufro Zlier `Sida konkurenciaze~ da ufro farTo
samenejero qmediTunarianobaze. Aadgilobriv moTxovnebze dafuZnebuli adgilobrivi
menejmenti, rasac reforma gulisxmobda, efeqturobis saukeTeso garantia iyo. janmrTelobis
sferos unda mieces meti Tavisufleba maRali samTavrobo struqturebis zedamxedvelobisgan.
NHS organizaciebi unda gaxdnen mrewvelobaSi gaCenili `moqnili firmebis~ msgavsni (ix.
Tavi 12, `samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba~).
EerT-erTi yvelaze metad sadavo inovacia kerZo saavadmyofoebs Seexeboda, romelTac
TviTmmarTvelobaze gadasvla SeeZloT. am proeqtis mixedviT, saavadmyofoebs avtonomiuri
dafinanseba unda hqonodaT. maT SeeZloT, SeecvalaT saerTo SeTanxmebuli xelfasis done,
komerciuli wyaroebiT gaezardaT kapitali da SeeqmnaT namati. rogorc es 1996-Si moxda,
bevrma didma saavadmyofom igive gza airCia, xolo danarCenebi cdilobdnen, maTTvis
miebaZaT. Tumca, am saqmis kritikosebi acxadeben, rom amgvari saavadmyofoebi mxolod ufro
mdidar raionebSia warmatebuli, rom isini araaucilebel ZviradRirebul aRWurvilobas iZenen,
romelic SeiZleba mezobel saavadmyofoebsac hqondes, da maT, SesaZloa, uari ganacxadon im
pacientebis miRebaze, romelTa mkurnaloba Zviri daujdebaT (Mohan, 1991).
rogorc jandacvis umetesi aspeqtis SemTxvevaSi, NHS-is reformebis Sefasebac advili ar
aris. misi Sedegebi kompleqsuria; reformebis Sesaxeb mcire kvlevebi Tu Catarebula da
grZlvadiani Sedegebi mraval wels moiTxovs SefasebisTvis. ufro metic, reformebi organizaciuli
cvlilebebis farTo speqtrs gulisxmobs. mocemul mtkicebulebaze dakvirvebiT, julian le grandi
askvnis, rom arsebobs imis potenciali mainc, rom realuri warmateba iyos miRweuli pacientis
movlis xarisxsa da efeqturobaSi. mas miaCnia, rom NHS-is sxvadasxva seqtorebs Soris
konkurentulobis warmoCenam, SesaZloa, ufro metad warmateba moitana, vidre uaryofiTi
Sedegebi (Le Grand, 1994).
jandacva SeerTebul StatebSi
SeerTebul StatebSi, yovel wels, uamravi fuli ixarjeba jandacvaze – faqtobrivad,

mTliani gasavlis ufro maRali wili, vidre romelime sxva qveyanaSi (ix. cxrili 6.1). amerikuli
samedicino momsaxureba, ZiriTadad, kerZo sadazRvevo programebs eyrdnoba, rasac
samTavrobo programebic emateba – samedicino mzrunveloba moxucebisTvis da samedicino
100
101
daxmareba RaribTaTvis. SeerTebul StatebSi, jandacvis sistema gacilebiT metad danawevrebuli

da mravalferovania, vidre sxva qveynebSi, sadac mTavrobis mier marTuli nacionaluri
janmrTelobis programebi arsebobs. magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi, saavadmyofoebs flobs
federaluri an Statis mTavrobebi, qalaqis an administraciis xelisufleba, kerZo organizaciebi,
religiuri ordenebi, nebayoflobiTi jgufebi, an maTi erTgvari kombinacia.
Mmiuxedavad qveynis keTildReobis maRali donisa da im udidesi fulisa, rac jandacvis
industriaze ixarjeba, janmrTelobis indeqsebis Tanaxmad, SeerTebul Statebs ara aqvs saukeTeso
maCveneblebi. magaliTad, qveyana sakmaod dabal adgilzea mosaxleobis fizikuri uzrunvelyofis
saerTo maCveneblebiT: sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobiTa da bavSvTa sikvdilianobiT. Eevropis
umetes qveynebSi sicocxlis xan.grZlivoba ufro maRalia da bavSvTa sikvdilianoba _ ufro dabali.
erT-erTi mizezi isaa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi 37 milion adamians ara aqvs kerZo samedicino
dazRveva da, faqtobrivad, xeli ar miuwvdeba sazogadoebriv jandacvaze.
Aamerikuli jandacvis sistemis logika efuZneba ideas, rom konkurencia warmoqmnis
yvelaze iaf momsaxurebas, vinaidan is saSualebas aZlevs momxmarebels, eZebos da airCios.
am poziciis sisuste kargad aris cnobili. Mmomxmarebels ar SeuZlia iaros da airCios, rodesac igi
avad aris, da mas ar ZaluZs teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT Seafasos SeTavazebuli momsaxureba. imaT,
visac Sesabamisi resursi ara aqvs, SezRudulia samedicino momsaxurebis miRebaSi. SeZlebul
adamianebs ufro xSirad SeuZliaT miiRon Sesabamisi samedicino daxmareba. adamianebi,
romlebsac sruli samedicino dazRveva aqvT, naklebad eZeben ufro iaf momsaxurebas. Sedegad,
viRebT jandacvis sistemas, romelic ZviradRirebulia janmrTelobis miRweul donesTan
SedarebiT da romelsac seriozuli xarvezebi aqvs mosaxleobis sruli samedicino momsaxurebis
TvalsazrisiT.
Sefaseba
jandacvis programebis Sefasebas, sabolood, garkveul Zireul SekiTxvebamde mivyavarT,

romlebic pasuxgacemuli unda iyos. Cven koleqtiurad unda miviRoT zogierTi ZiriTadi
gadawyvetileba. magaliTad, aqvs Tu ara mniSvneloba pacientis asaks? romels unda
movandomoT meti Zalisxmeva, moxucis Tu axalgazrdis sicocxlis gadarCenas? SeiZleba Tu ara
janmrTelobis da garegnobis zogierTi aspeqti ufro mniSvneovnad iqnes klasificirebuli, vidre
danarCeni? Tu asea, ra aris amis mizezi? am SekiTxvebze pasuxi advili ar aris. britaneTSi da
sxva industriul qveynebSi momavali, savaraudod, Zevs im iniciativebSi, romlebic unda
ganxorcieldes ara fasTan dakavSirebiT, aramed arsebuli praqtikis amaRlebis mimarT:
daavadebis mkurnaloba ùkanaskneli sisxlis wveTamde~ principis gareSe, prevenciuli medicinis
mimarTulebiT da, aseve, cxovrebis ufro janmrTeli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad.
cxrili 6.1. sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, janmrTeloba da

Mmaterialuri keTildReoba
qveynebi sicocxlis rigiToba sicocxlis saSualo mTliani gasavali janmrTelobaze
saSualo msoflioSi xangrZlivoba janmrTelobaze gasavali erT sul
xangrZlivobis dabadebisas, GDP-is % mosaxleze, 1991
rigiTobis 1992, wlebis (aSS dolari)
mixedviT mixedviT
iaponia 1 78,6 6,8 1,1771
101
102
SvedeTi 4 77,7 8,8 2,372

espaneTi 5 77,4 6,5 877
saberZneTi 6 77,3 4,8 274
kanada 7 77,2 9,9 1,847
niderlandebi 8 77,2 8,7 1,664
avstralia 11 76,7 8,6 1,446
safrangeTi 12 76,6 9,1 1,912
israeli 13 76,2 4,2 509
gaerTianebuli 14 75,8 6,6 1,003
samefo
germania 17 75,6 9,1 1,782
SeerTebuli Statebi 18 75,6 13,3 2,932
irlandia 22 75,0 8,0 886
wyaro: The World Bank, The World Development Report 1994; janmrTelobaze mTliani
danaxarjis monacemebi GDP-is % mixedviT, igive iyo 1996 wels; ixileT The Economist, The
Pocket World in Figures, 1996.
janmrTeloba da garemo
Cveni janmrTeloba uSualo kavSirSia Cvens irgvliv arsebul garemosTan, rogorc lokalur,
aseve globalur doneze. zustad aravin icis, Tu ramdenad aris dakavSirebuli janmrTelobisa da
avadmyofobis SemTxvevebi im saSiSroebebTan, rac amJamad globalur ekosistemasTanaa
dakavSirebuli; Tumca, garemos cvlilebebis zogierTi forma namdvilad warmoSobs saSiSroebas
janmrTelobisTvis. amitom garemos dacva prevenciuli medicinis mniSvnelovani nawilia.
magaliTisTvis aviRoT qalaqis smogi, romelsac, umTavresad, manqanis gamonabolqvi
iwvevs. smogi londonisTvis mudmivi problemaa, iseve rogorc sxva evropuli da amerikuli
qalaqebisTvis.
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom haeris dabinZurebas mavne zemoqmedeba
mxolod asTmiTa da emfizemiT daavadebulebze aqvs – gansakuTrebiT, bavSvebze.Aaxla
miaCniaT, rom filtvis funqciis Sesusteba da sxva respiratoruli problemebi, SesaZloa, nebismier
zrdasruls Seeqmnas, rodesac haeris xarisxi standartulze dabla iwevs. ra SeiZleba gakeTdes am
SemTxvevaSi? erTaderTi SesaZlebeli gadawyvetilebaa, movspoT manqanis mxuTavi
gamonabolqvi da mTlianad gadaverToT eleqtro satransporto saSualebebze.
Tumca, Tanamedrove ekonomika TiTqmis mTlianadaa damokidebuli saavtomobilo da
masTan dakavSirebul mrewvelobasTan, saWiro iqneba Zireuli socialuri cvlilebebi ufro sufTa da
janmrTeli garemos Sesaqmnelad. manqanebis gamonabolqvis problema da haeris dabinZureba
mxolod erTia garemos dacvis problemebis CamonaTvalSi. erTi cnobili gamonaTqvamis
mixedviT, `bolo 40 wlis manZilze, mas Semdeg, rac globalurma ganviTarebam realurad waiwia
win, biosferos myife struqturas meti ziani miadga, vidre wina ori-sami milioni wlis manZilze~
(Goldsmith, 1988). ros hium hols miaCnia, rom jandacvis sistemebi, faqtobrivad, unda miebas
garemos dacvas:
erTi mxriv, Cven gvyavs garemos damcvelebi, romlebic detalurad ikvleven dedamiwis ekologiis
TandaTanobiT dakninebas; meore mxriv, gvyavs medicinis avtoritetebi, romlebic ver xedaven am dakninebas...…
[am momentSi] Cven janmrTelobisTvis saSiSroebis identificirebas vaxdenT da masTan dakavSirebul mkurnalobas.
…am midgomis sapirispirod, prevenciuli meTodi naklebad aris dainteresebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi jaWvis
102
103
gansakuTrebuli mtkicebebis identificirebiT. Cven, ubralod, vambobT, rom zustad ar viciT, ra Sedegebi moaqvs
janmrTelobisTvis nebismier zegavlenas garemos mxridan, amitom Cven ar davanagvianebT garemos toqsikuri
narCenebiT da ar davangrevT ekosistemis cikls (Hall, 1990).
janmrTeloba da dabereba
jandacvis reformis problemebi ar SeiZleba gancalkevebuli iyos im faqtidan, rom Cven

daberebul sazogadoebaSi vcxovrobT, sadac samocdaxuTi da meti wlis adamianebis ricxvi
gamudmebiT izrdeba. Aamave dros, sakiTxi moxucebulobis socialuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
farTo ganxilvis sagania. xandazmuli asakis mniSvneloba, im SesaZleblobebiT, rasac is
gvTavazobs da im tvirTiT, romelsac atarebs – dramatulad icvleba.
Aaq ori winaaRmdegobrivi procesia CarTuli. erTi mxriv, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi
xandazmul adamianebs ufro dabali statusi da naklebi Zalaufleba aqvT, vidre premodern
kulturebSi. am kulturebSi, msgavsad Tanamedrove aradasavluri sazogadoebebisa (magaliTad,
indoeTi an CineTi), moxucebulobis xana iTvleboda sibrZnis momtanad, da nebismier TemSi,
swored xandazmuli adamianebi iRebdnen mniSvnelovan gadawyvetilebebs. dRes, xandazmul
asaks, Cveulebriv, sapirispiro moaqvs. mudmivad cvalebad sazogadoebaSi, rogoric Cvenia,
xandazmuli adamianebis dagrovili codna axalgazrdebs xSirad aRar miaCniaT Rirebul sibrZned,
an ubraod mas araaqtualurad Tvlian. Tumca, meore mxriv, xanSiSesuli adamianebi, dRes,
naklebad arian midrekilni imisken, rom dabereba miiRon, rogorc sxeulis daZabunebis
gardauvali procesi. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven kidev erTxel unda gadavavloT Tvali bunebis
socializaciis gavlenas. daberebis procesi imTaviTve aRiqmeba, rogorc drois damangreveli Zalis
dadastureba. Tumca, moxucebuloba aRar aris raRac TavisTavad cxadi, bunebrivi movlena;
miRwevebma medicinaSi da kvebis sakiTxebSi dagvanaxa, rom is, rac odesRac gardauvalad
gveCveneboda xandazmulobis asakSi, an Tavidan iqna acilebuli, an Semcirda. saSualod,
adamianebi cocxloben ufro didxans, vidre es saukunis win iyo, kvebis, higienisa da jandacvis
gaumjobesebis wyalobiT (ix. cxrili 6.2).
1850 wels, britaneTSi, samocdaxuT wels zemoT myofi adamianebis ricxvi mosaxleobis
5 procents Seadgenda. dRes es maCvenebeli 15 procents ascda da agrZelebs zrdas (ix. cxrili
6.3). britaneTSi adamianebis saSualo asaki izrdeboda saukune naxevris manZilze. 1800 wels
saSualo asaki daaxloeiT 16 weli iyo. Mme-20 saukunis dasawyisisTvis igi 23 wlamde gaizarda.
1970 wlisaTvis igi 28 wels Seadgenda, da dRes es cifri ocdaaTs ascda. saSualo asakis zrda
gagrZeldeba momavalSic, Tu mimdinare demografiuli tendenciebi arsebiTad ar Seicvleba. es
daaxloebiT 35 weli iqneba 2000 wlisaTvis, xolo 2030 wlisaTvis, SesaZloa, 37 wels miaRwios.
Aaseve, izrdeba Zalze xandazmulebis ricxvi. zogierTi Sefasebis mixedviT, britaneTSi
oTxmocdaxuTs gadacilebuli adamianebis ricxvi 2000 wlisaTvis 50 procentiT gaizrdeba
dRevandelTan SedarebiTYda mTeli mosaxleobis 1,2 procenti iqneba.
cxrili 6.2. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba gaerTianebul samefoSi,

sqesis da asakis mixedviT
1901 1931 1961 1991 1993 1996 2001 2021
mamakacebi
dabadebisas 45,5 57,7 67,8 73,2 73,6 74,4 75,4 77,6
asakidan: 54,6 62,4 69,5 73,8 74,1 74,8 75,7 77,9
1 wlis
103
104
10 wlis 60,4 65,2 69,9 73,9 74,2 75,0 75,9 78,0

20 wlis 61,7 66,3 70,3 74,2 75,5 75,3 76,1 78,2
40 wlis 66,1 69,3 71,4 75,1 75,4 76,3 77,2 79,3
60 wlis 73,3 74,3 74,9 77,7 77,8 78,6 79,5 81,4
80 wlis 84,9 84,7 85,2 86,4 86,4 86,8 87,2 88,2
qalebi
dabadebisas 49,0 61,6 73,6 78,7 78,9 79,7 80,6 82,6
asakidan: 56,8 65,3 75,1 79,2 79,3 80,1 80,9 82,8
1 wlis
10 wlis 62,7 67,9 75,4 79,4 79,5 80,3 81,1 83,0
20 wlis 64,1 69,0 75,6 79,5 79,6 80,4 81,2 83,1
40 wlis 68,3 71,9 76,3 80,0 80,1 80,9 81,7 83,5
60 wlis 74,6 76,1 78,8 81,9 81,9 82,6 83,3 84,9
80 wlis 85,3 85,4 86,3 88,3 88,3 88,8 89,1 90,0
Aam cxrilSi mocemuli sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba im wlebis mTliani ricxvia, rac
adamians SeuZlia icocxlos.
Source: Government Actuary’s Department. Social Trends, 1996. gv. 130.
daberebis fizikuri Sedegebi
xandazmuli asaki TavisTavad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos avadmyofobad an uZlurebad,

Tumca momatebul wlebs, ra Tqma unda, moaqvs janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi
problemebi. daaxloebiT bolo oci welia, rac biologebi Seecadnen, ganesxvavebinaT daberebis
fizikuri gamovlinebebi daavadebiT gamowveuli Sedegebisgan. Tumca, zustad ramdenad icvleba
sxeuli wlebis matebasTan erTad, es sadavo sakiTxia. Znelia aseve erTmaneTs ar daukavSiro
socialuri da ekonomikuri danaklisi da fizikuri gamofitvis Sedegebi. megobrebisa da naTesavebis
dakargva, sakuTar SvilebTan daSoreba, romlebic sadRac cxovroben, da samuSaos dakargva _
yvelaferi es fizikur janmrTelobaze aisaxeba. zogadad, kvlevis Sedegebi gvaCvenebs, rom cudi
janmrTeloba da xandazmuli asaki araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris sinonimuri cnebebi. arsebobs
samocdaxuT wels gadacilebuli bevri adamiani, vinc acxadebs, rom savsebiT janmrTelia.
sxeulis dabereba socialuri zegavlenis Sedegia, Tumca igi genetikur faqtorebzecaa
damokidebuli. biologebs, ZiriTadad, miaCniaT, rom adamianis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba misi
genebiTaa ganpirobebuli – rac, iTvleba, rom 120 wels unda Seadgendes. yvela cxovelis
msgavsad, adamianis sxeuli sikvdilisTvis genetikurad programirebulia.
Tumca, sakiTxavia, ramdenia misi xangrZlivoba? Tu genetikosebi moZebnian
saSualebas, gaakontrolon dabereba da sikvdili, es iqneba adre aRniSnuli bunebis socializaciis
yvelaze Rrma da mniSvnelovani aspeqti. mecnierebma ukve gvaCvenes, rom cxovelebSi
xandazmuli ujredebis manipulireba ise SeiZleba, rom maT axalgazrda ujredebis msgavsad
imoqmedon. ronald klatcma, daberebis sawinaaRmdego medicinis amerikuli akademiis
xelmZRvanelma, Semdegi komentari gakeTa: `me mjera, rom Cven moveswrebiT sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis mkveTr zrdas Cveni sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi. axali teqnologiebi ukve xelTa
gvaqvs. saWiroa maTi ganviTareba. saWiroa daviwyoT mzadeba uasako sazogadoebis
104
105
Sesaqmnelad. dabereba daavadebaa, romelsac SegviZlia vumkurnaloT~ (citirebulia Kelsey,

1996, gv. 2).
Ddaskvna
mocemul TavSi Cven ganvixileT sxvadasxva socialuri gavlenebi, romelic zemoqmedebs

Cvenze, rogorc xorciel arsebebze – Cveni sxeulis dacvasa da zrunvaze. socialuri da teqnologiuri
ganviTarebis Sedegad, Cven aRar ganvicdiT Cvens sxeuls, rogorc mxolod cxovrebis mocemul
nawils. arsebobs Cveni sxeulebrivi gamocdilebebis aspeqtebi, romelSic axla mecniereba da
teqnologia iWreba – Sereuli SedegebiT. mravali warmateba iqna miRweuli medicinaSi da
jandacvaSi, ramac saSualeba misca adamianebs, icocxlon imaze metxans, vidre odesRac iyo
SesaZlebeli. amave dros, xandazmulobam Seicvala Tavisi mniSvneloba da asakovani
adamianebi moiTxoven uflebas, SeinarCunon sazogadoebis sruluflebiani wevroba, da ar surT,
iyvnen `pensiaze gaSvebulni~ axalgazrdebis mier. es movlenebi mniSvnelovania rogorc
politikurad, aseve socialurad. Seadgines ra mosaxleobis, rogorc mTelis, mzardi nawili,
xandazmuli adamianebi, potenciurad, warmoadgenen jgufs sakmaod didi politikuri ZalauflebiT.
Sejameba
1. sxeulis sociologia Seiswavlis, Tu rogor zemoqmedebs Cvens sxeulze socialuri

gavlenebi. anoreqsia da sxva kvebiTi darRvevebi iZleva am gavlenebis magaliTs. anoreqsia da
kvebis problemebi, rac, umTavresad, axalgazrda qalebTan gvxvdeba, dakavSirebulia im Zireul
cvlilebebTan, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi mimdinareobs – gansakuTrebiT, cvlilebebTan
sakvebis moxmarebis xasiaTsa da qalebis sazogadoebriv poziciaSi.
2. kvebis darRveva, aseve, dakavSirebulia bunebis socializaciis ufro farTo procesebTan.
bunebis socializacia niSnavs, rom bevri fenomeni, romelic iTvleboda `bunebrivad~ _ bunebis
nawilad – axla socialuri faqtorebiTa da teqnologiuri cvlilebiT aris gansazRvruli. amis magaliTi
reproduqciaa. qalebis cxovreba ukve aRar ganisazRvreba SobadobiTa da bavSvebis aRzrdiT,
rogorc es adre xdeboda. Tanamedrove kontracepcia da sxva inovaciebi niSnavs, rom àrCevani~
anacvlebs `bunebas.~
3. yvela sazogadoebas `kargad funqcionirebadi sxeulis~ Taviseburi warmodgenebi aqvs
_ sxva sityvebiT, janmrTelobis da avadmyofobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebi. janmrTelobisa da
avadmyofobis Seswavla sxeulis sociologiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sferoa.
4. sociologiuri kvleva aCvenebs mWidro kavSirs avadmyofobasa da uTanasworobas
Soris. industriuli qvynebis farglebSi, uRaribesi jgufebis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ufro
naklebia da isini metad arian midrekilni avadmyofobis mimarT, vidre uzrunvelyofili strata. ufro
mdidar qveynebSi, aseve, sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ufro maRalia, vidre Rarib qveynebSi.
5. Tumca, zogierTi daavadeba ar aris Zalze gavrcelebuli Raribebs Soris. amis magaliTi
Sidsia, romelic industriul qveynebSi, umetesad, gavrcelebulia maRali socioekonomiuri
warmomavlobis mqone adamianebSi. Sidsi dRes globaluri epidemia gaxda. jer kidev ar Cans am
saSiSi da sruliad axali daavadebis efeqturi mkurnalobis gzebi.
6. jandacvis sistemebi gansxvavdeba gansxvavebul sazogadoebebSi. gaerTianebul
samefos mkacrad Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi jandacvis sistema aqvs – nacionaluri
janmrTelobis samsaxuri. zogierT sxva qveyanaSi, rogoric, magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebia,
jandacva ufro metadaa damokidebuli kerZo jandacvis programebze; aq sazogadoebriv jandacvas
105
106
naklebi roli eniWeba. mravali dava arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra mimarTulebiT unda
warimarTos jandacva momavalSi.
7. garemosTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi sul ufro mzard gavlenas axdens janmrTelobasa
da avadmyofobaze. magaliTad, haeris dabinZurebam, SesaZloa, imoqmedos aTasobiT an
milionobiT adamianis janmrTelobaze. amas mosdevs azri, rom jandacvam momavalSi
yuradReba unda gadaitanos ufro xelsayreli garemo pirobebis Seqmnaze adamianebisTvis,
romlebic masSi cxovroben da Sromoben.
8. Semdgomi mniSvnelovani sfero sxeulis sociologiaSi aris daberebis Seswavla.
daberebis procesi radikalurad damokidebulia bunebis socializaciaze. Tu rogor vberdebiT, sul
ufro metad damokidebulia socialur faqtorebze: adamianebi, saSualod, gacilebiT didxans
cocxloben, vidre winaT.
9. xandazmuloba mraval SesaZlelobas uqmnis adamianebs, Tavi gainTavisuflon mZime
samuSaos SezRudvebisagan. Tumca, imavdroulad, igi socialur, ekonomikur da fsiqologiur
problemebsac warmoqmnis individebisTvis (da xSirad ojaxebisTvis). adamianebis
umravlesobisTvis pensiaze gasvla mniSvnelovani garamavali periodia, rac dakavSirebulia
statusis dakargvasTan. amas SeiZleba martooba da dezorientacia mohyves, radgan
adamianebma unda Secvalon maTTvis Cveuli cxovrebiseuli rutina.
10. bolo wlebSi asakovanma adamianebma, romlebic axla mosaxleobis did procents
Seadgenen industriul qveynebSi, daiwyes zewola maTi gansakuTrebuli interesebisa da
saWiroebebis aRiarebis mizniT. brZola èijizmis~ winaaRmdeg (adamianebis mimarT
diskriminacia maTi wlovanebis safuZvelze) am procesis mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.
DdamatebiTi literatura
Ellen Annandale, The Contemprorary Sociology of Health and Illness (Cambridge:

Polity Press, 1996). diskusia tradiciuli da axali sakiTxebis Sesaxeb am sferoSi; janmrTelobis,
avadmyofobis da jandacvis sociologiis mdgomareobis uaxlesi Sefaseba.
Kenneth R. Dutton, The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Physical Development
(London: Cassell, 1995). Sesavali ,,bodibildingis” xelovnebaSi.
Ross Hume Hall, Health and the Global Environment (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990).
ganixileba jandacvis sistemis srulyofili gadafasebis saWiroeba; yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
prevenciaze da garemos dacvaze.
Sarah Nettleton, The Sociology of Health and Illness (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
Tanamedrove mniSvnelovani debatebis Sesavali janmrTelobisa da avadmyofobis sociologiis
farglebSi.
Michael Young and Tom Schuller, Life After Work: The Arrival of the Ageless Society
(London: Harper Collins, 1991). gamomwvevi diskusia asakovani adamianebis rolis Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.
anoreqsia
bulemia
bunebis socializacia
reproduqciuli teqnologiebi
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sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba

Sidsi
stigma
sazogadoebrivi jandacva
kerZo jandacva
eijizmi
Tavi 7
ojaxi, qorwineba da piradi cxovreba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
sakvanZo cnebebi
ojaxis istoria
ojaxuri cxovrebis ganviTareba
ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba msoflios masStabiT
cvlilebis mimarTulebebi
ojaxi da qorwineba gaerTianebul samefoSi
zogadi daxasiaTeba. ganviTarebis tendenciebi
ganqorwineba da gaSoreba dasavleTSi
ganqorwinebaTa raodenobis zrda. ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli gamocdileba.

ganqorwineba da bavSvebi. erTmSobliani ojaxebi. “saxeze armyofi mama”
xelaxali qorwineba da axlad SeZenili mSoblebi
xelaxali qorwineba. ojaxi, romelSic bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs. davemSvidoboT

bavSvebs?
ojaxis bneli mxare
bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba da incesti. Zaladoba ojaxSi
qorwinebisa da ojaxis alternativebi
komunebi. Tanacxovreba. geimSobliani ojaxebi. marto cxovreba
debati “ojaxuri Rirebulebebis” Sesaxeb
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
ojaxi. naTesaoba. qorwineba
am wignis ZiriTadi Tema cvlilebaa. Cven Zalze aqtiur, rTul da moulodnelobebiT aRsavse
samyaroSi vcxovrobT. rogorc ar unda vecadoT, am samyarosTan dakavSirebul SesaZleblobebsa
da risks Tavs ver avaridebT. es yvelaze kargad Cvens pirad da emociur cxovrebaSi vlindeba.
pirad cxovrebaSi “urTierTobebis” mogvareba gviwevs. rodesac vinme gekiTxeba: “rogori

urTierToba gaqvT?”, Cveulebriv, is seqsualur kavSirs gulisxmobs. magram Cven xSiri
urTierToba gvaqvs mSoblebTan, megobrebTan da sxva adaminebTanac. terminis “urTierToba”
pirad cxovrebasTan mimarTebaSi gamoyeneba 20-30 wlis win daiwyo; swored am dros gaCnda
ideac, rom piradi cxovreba “intimurobasa” da garkveul “valdebulebas” moiTxovs.
is faqti, rom umravlesoba Cvengani, misaRebia misTvis es cvlilebebi Tu ara, did yuradRebas
uTmobs maT, im ZiriTadi transformaciebis maniSnebelia, romlebic, ukanaskneli ramdenime
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, did gavlenas axdens Cvens pirad da emociur cxovrebaze. urTierToba
aqtiur qmedebas moiTxovs – mis mogvarebas Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. urTierTobis
SesanarCuneblad, meore pirovnebis ndoba unda moipovo. seqsualur urTierTobaTa umravlesoba
da qorwineba, dResdReobiT, amgvar damokidebulebazea agebuli.
imisTvis, rom gavigoT, ra procesebi mimdinareobs Cvens dRevandel intimur cxovrebaSi, unda
vicodeT, rogor cxovrobdnen adamianebi warsulSi. am TavSi, pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu
rogor viTardeboda Zvelad ojaxi da qorwineba, Semdeg ki Tanamedrove cvlilebaTa Sedegebs
gavaanalizebT.
sakvanZo cnebebi
pirvel rigSi, zogierTi ZiriTadi cneba unda ganvsazRvroT, rogoricaa ojaxi, naTesaoba da
qorwineba. ojaxi naTesaur kavSirze damyarebuli adamianTa jgufia, romelSic zrdasrul wevrebs
bavSvebze zrunvis pasuxismgebloba ekisrebaT. naTesauri kavSirebi adamianebs Soris
qorwinebis an STamomavlobis safuZvelze myardeba, romelic akavSirebs sisxliT naTesavebs
(dedebs, mamebs, Svilebs, bebiebs, babuebs da a.S. Soris). qorwineba or zrdasrul individs Soris
socialurad aRiarebuli seqsualuri kavSiria. rodesac ori adamiani qorwindeba, isini erTmaneTis
naTesavebi xdebian. qorwineba naTesaur jgufSi bevr sxva adamiansac aerTianebs. mSoblebi,
Zmebi, debi da sxva sisxlis naTesavebi, qorwinebis Semdeg, maTi ojaxis wevris meuRlis
naTesavebi xdebian.
ojaxur urTierTobebs yovelTvis farTo naTesauri jgufi aRiarebs. TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi
arsebobs fenomeni, romelsac sociologebi da anTropologebi nuklearul ojaxs eZaxian. es aris
ojaxi, romelSic ori adamiani sakuTar an naSvileb SvilebTan erTad cxovrobs. umravles tradiciul
sazogadoebebSi, nuklearuli ojaxi garkveuli tipis didi sanaTesao qselis nawilad moiazreboda.
rodesac daqorwinebuli wyvilisa da maTi Svilebis axlo naTesavebi erT ojaxad cxovroben, an
erTmaneTTan mWidro da xangrZlivi urTierToba akavSirebT, aseT fenomens gafarToebul
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ojaxs vuwodebT. gafarToebul ojaxSi, SesaZloa, bebiebi da babuebi, Zmebi da maTi colebi, debi
da maTi qmrebi, deidebi, mamidebi, ZmisSilebi da disSvilebi cxovrobdnen.
dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, qorwineba, Sesabamisad, ojaxi monogamiasTan asocirdeba. aq

qalisa da mamakacis erTdroulad erTze met adamianze daqorwineba aralegalurad miiCneva.
monogamia mTel msoflioSi damkvidrebuli forma ar aris. jorj merdokma erTmaneTs ramdenime
aseuli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba Seadara da daadgina, rom 80%-ze met SemTxvevaSi,
nebadarTuli iyo poligamia, rodesac qmars an cols erTze meti meuRlis yolis ufleba aqvs
(Murdock, 1949). ori tipis poligamia arsebobs: poliginia, rodesac mamakacs SeuZlia,
erTdroulad, erTze met qalze daqorwindes da, naklebad gavrcelebuli, poliandria, rodesac qals
SeiZleba erTad ori an meti qmari hyavdes.
ojaxis istoria
sociologebs adre miaCndaT, rom Tanamedrove qorwinebamde arsebuli ojaxis dominanturi

forma, gafarToebuli tipis ojaxi iyo. kvlevis Tanaxmad, es mosazreba mcdari aRmoCnda.
nuklearuli ojaxi, didi xania, upiratesobiT sargeblobs. Zveli tipis ojaxi dRevandel ojaxze didi iyo,
magram maT Soris ar aris gansakuTrebuli gansxvaveba. magaliTad, inglisSi me-17-19
saukuneebSi, ojaxi, saSualod, 4.75 wevrisgan Sedgeboda. gaerTianebuli samefos dRevandeli
saSualo maCvenebeli ki 3.04-ia. Zveli monacemi Sinamosamsaxureebsac gulisxmobs, amitom
gansxvaveba Zalze mcirea. gafarToebuli ojaxis formebi ufro aRmosavleT evropasa da aziaSi
gvxvdeba.
Zvelad, evropaSi bavSvebi, xSirad, Svidi-rva wlis asakidan muSaobdnen da mSoblebs fermaSi
exmarebodnen. is, vinc ojaxis saqmianobaSi ar iRebda monawileobas, mSobliur ojaxs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, adreul asakSi tovebda, sxvis ojaxSi Sinamosamsaxured muSaobda an xelobas
eufleboda. bavSvebi, romlebic sxva ojaxebSi midiodnen samuSaod, sakuTar mSoblebs iSviaTad
xedavdnen.
imis miuxedavad, rom dRes ganqorwinebis Zalian maRali maCvenebelia, Zveli ojaxuri jgufebi
mainc naklebad stabiluri iyo, Tumca es sul sxva faqtorebiT iyo gamowveuli. yvela asakis
adamianebs Soris, Zalze maRali iyo sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli (weliwadSi mosaxleobis aTas
sulze asaxuli sikvdilis SemTxvevebi). adreul Tanamedrove evropaSi, Cvil bavSvTa meoTxedi
an meti erTi wlis asaks ver aRwevda (dRevandel dRes Tu SevadarebT, es 1 procentic ar aris).
qalebi xSirad kvdebodnen mSobiarobisas. bavSvebis da erTi an orive meuRlis gardacvaleba,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, arRvevda ojaxur urTierTobebs.
ojaxuri cxovrebis ganviTareba
istoriis sociologma lorens stounma aRnusxa zogierTi cvlileba, romelmac gamoiwvia evropaSi
premodernulidan modernuli tipis ojaxze gadasvla. stounma 1500-1800-ian wlebSi ojaxis
ganviTarebis sami faza gamoyo. adreul periodSi ojaxis ZiriTadi forma nuklearuli, SedarebiT
mcire zomis ojaxi iyo, romelic Temis wevrebTan da sxva naTesavebTan mWidro urTierTobebs
inarCunebda. ojaxis struqtura Temisgan mkveTrad ar iyo gamijnuli. stounis Tanaxmad (misi
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Tvalsazrisi zogierTma istorikosma ar gaiziara), im periodis ojaxi ar iyo is ZiriTadi birTvi,

romelzec adamiani emociurad iyo mijaWvuli da damokidebuli. adamianebs maSin ar hqondaT
da arc surdaT iseTi emociuri intimuri urTierTobebi, romelic dRevandel ojaxTan asocirdeba.
qorwinebis farglebSi seqsi ara siamovnebis wyarod, aramed gamravlebisTvis aucilebel
qmedebad aRiqmeboda.
qorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli individualuri arCevani da ojaxuri cxovrebis sxva aspeqtebi,

mSoblebis, naTesavebisa da Temis interesebs eqvemdebareboda. aristokratuli wris
warmomadgenlis erotikul da romantikul sasiyvarulo urTierTobas misi wodebisTvis Seuferebel
adamianTan, moralistebi da Teologebi sisusted miiCnevdnen, Tumca, zogjer Tavad
sazogadoebis SigniT, amgvari kavSirebi misaRebi iyo. stouni am periodis ojaxs “arasaimedo,
aramyar, uemocio, avtoritarul instituts uwodebs... es, xSir SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi kavSiri ar
iyo, radgan ojaxis rRveva qmris an colis gardacvalebiT, an ojaxidan bavSvebis naadrevi wasvliT
iyo gamowveuli” (Stone, 1977).
am tipis ojaxi gardamavalma formam Secvala, romelmac meCvidmete saukunis dasawyisidan

meTvramete saukunis dasawyisamde iarseba. amgvari ojaxi, ZiriTadad, maRali
sazogadoebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli; amis miuxedavad, mas didi mniSvneloba hqonda,
radgan misi wyalobiT gavrcelebulma atitudebma TiTqmis univesaluri datvirTva
SeiZina.Anuklearuli ojaxi naTesavebisgan da adgilobrivi Temisgan mowyvetil, calkeul erTeulad
iqca. ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda meuRleebis erTmaneTis mimarT, da mSoblebis Svilebis
mimarT siyvaruli, aseve gaizarda mamebis avtoritetic.
mesame fazaSi gaCnda umravlesoba CvenganisTvis kargad nacnobi dasavluri ojaxuri sistemis
tipi. es piradi emociuri kavSirebiT ganmtkicebuli ojaxia, romelic umTavresad bavSvebis
aRzrdiT aris dakavebuli. mas afeqturi individualizmis zrda da piradi SerCevis, seqsualuri
mizidulobisa da romantikuli siyvarulis safuZvelze, saqorwino kavSirebis formireba axasiaTebs.
qorwineba siyvarulis seqsualur aspeqtebTan gaigivda, qorwinebis gareT ki amgvari urTierToba
naklebad misaRebi gaxda. Sinaur garemos mowyvetili samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis wyalobiT,
ojaxma momxmareblis da ara mwarmoeblis saxe miiRo.
jon bosueli, romelic pirvel TavSi movixsenieT, aRniSnavs:
Zvelad, evropaSi adamianebi kerZo sakuTrebaze zrunvis mizniT qorwindebodnen, qorwinebis Sua periodSi isini
bavSvebis aRzrdiT iyvnen dakavebulni, qorwinebis bolos ki, maTSi erTmaneTis mimarT siyvarulis grZnoba
iRviZebda. “siyvaruliT” Zalian cota adamiani qorwindeboda, magram, droTa ganmavlobaSi, ojaxuri
Tanacxovrebis, bavSvebis aRzrdisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gaziarebis periodSi, maT erTmaneTi
uyvardebodaT. amas meuRleebisadmi miZRvnili Zveli epitafiebic adasturebs. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove
dasavleTSi, qorwineba, ZiriTadad, siyvaruliT iwyeba, Sua periodSi Svilebis aRzrdiT grZeldeba (Tu ojaxs Svilebi
hyavs) da kerZo sakuTrebaze zrunviT sruldeba. siyvaruli am dros an saerTod ar arsebobs, an Soreul mogonebad
rCeba (Boswell, 1995, gv. xxi).
ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba msoflios masStabiT
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mTeli msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi ojaxis mravalgvari forma dResac arsebobs. zogierT
qveyanaSi, magaliTad, aziis, afrikisa da wynari okeanis auzis Soreul regionebSi, tradiciulma
ojaxurma sistemebma mcire cvlilebebi ganicada; umravles qveynebSi ki masStaburi cvlilebebi
mimdinareobs. am cvlilebaTa mizezebi kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, magram maTgan SegviZlia
ramdenime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani faqtori gamovyoT. erT-erTi maTgani dasavluri
kulturis gavrcelebaa. magaliTad, romantikuli siyvarulis dasavluri idealebi iseT sazogadoebebSi
gavrcelda, sadac adamianebs maT Sesaxeb manamde aranairi warmodgena ar hqondaT. meore
faqtori, manamde mcire avtonomiuri sazogadoebebisgan Semdgar regionebSi, centralizebuli
mTavrobis Seqmnaa. adamianTa cxovrebaze erovnul politikur sistemaSi CarTvac axdens
gavlenas; garda amisa, mTavroba aqtiurad cdilobs qcevis tradiciuli stilis Secvlas. magaliTad,
swrafad mzardi mosaxleobis gamo, CineTsa da monRoleTSi, saxelmwifo xSirad afinansebs
programebs, romlebic kontracepciis moxmarebas, mcire ojaxebis popularizacias da a.S. uwyobs
xels.
am cvlilebebma mTel msoflioSi safuZveli Cauyara moZraobas, romelmac gafarToebuli ojaxuri

sistemebisa da sxva tipis naTesauri jgufebis rRveva da nuklearuli ojaxis gavrceleba gamoiwvia.
es procesi, pirvelad, ocdaaTi wlis win, wignSi World Revolution in Family Patterns (1963)
uiliam j. gudma asaxa, rasac Sesabamisi kvleva mohyva.
cvlilebis mimarTulebebi
qvemoT mogvyavs msoflioSi mimdinare yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi:
1. gafarToebuli ojaxisa da sxva naTesauri jgufebis gavlena mcirdeba;

2. SeimCneva meuRlis sakuTari surviliT SerCevis zogadi tendencia;
3. sul ufro farTod xdeba qalTa uflebebis aRiareba, qorwinebis iniciativasa da ojaxSi
gadawyvetilebis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT.
4. naklebad gvxvdeba naTesauri qorwinebebi;
5. Zalze SezRudul sazogadoebebSi seqsualuri Tavisuflebis xarisxi matulobs;
6. igrZnoba bavSvTa uflebebis gafarToebis zogadi tendencia.
am tendenciebis gazviadeba da imis miCneva, rom nuklearuli ojaxi yvela sazogadoebaSi

dominanturi formaa, mcdari mosazrebaa. dRevandel sazogadoebaTa umravlesobaSi,
gafarToebuli ojaxi kvlav normad miiCneva da tradiciuli ojaxuri praqtika grZeldeba. garda
amisa, cvlilebebi sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebuli tempiT, tendenciebiTa da
winaaRmdegobebiT mimdinareobs. magaliTad, filipinebze warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad,
urbanul teritoriebze gafarToebuli ojaxebis ufro didi wili gamovlinda, vidre garSemo ganlagebul
soflis regionebSi. es gafarToebuli, magram axali tipis ojaxebia. sofelSi mcxovrebi biZaSvilebi,
deidaSvilebi da mamidaSvilebi sakuTar ojaxebs toveben da, xelmisawvdomi samuSao adgilebis
gamo, qalaqSi naTesavebTan midian sacxovreblad.
ojaxi da qorwineba gaerTianebul samefoSi
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Tanamedrove britaneTis mravalferovani mosaxleobis gamo, am qveyanaSi ojaxisa da

qorwinebis Zalze gansxvavebuli tipebia. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia TeTrkanian da
araTeTrkanian ojaxebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba. axla am movlenis mizezze vimsjelebT.
Semdeg ojaxuri cxovrebis Tanamedrove nimuSebTan mimarTebaSi, ganqorwinebas, xelaxal
qorwinebasa da iseT ojaxebs SeviswavliT, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs.
pirvel rigSi, im ZiriTad niSnebs aRvwerT, romelic TiTqmis yvela britanul ojaxs axasiaTebs.
zogadi daxasiaTeba
gaerTianebuli samefoSi ojaxs, zogadad, Semdegi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs:
1. sxva dasavluri ojaxebis msgavsad, britanuli ojaxi, kanonis mixedviT, monogamiuria.

Tumca, mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom gaerTianebul samefoSi amJamad arsebuli
ganqorwinebis maRali maCveneblis gamo, britanul qorwinebas SeiZleba seriulad
monogamiuri ewodos. es imas niSnavs, rom adamians ufleba aqvs, droTa
ganmavlobaSi, ramdenime meuRle gamoicvalos, magram erTdroulad ramdenime
meuRlis yolis ufleba ara aqvs. kanoniT dadgenili monogamia seqsualur praqtikaSi ar
unda avurioT. yvelasTvis naTelia, rom bevr britanels, meuRlesTan kavSiris garda, sxva
seqsualuri urTierToebebic aqvs.
2. britanuli qorwineba romantikuli siyvarulis ideas efuZneba. masze Zalian didi gavlena
moaxdina afeqturma individualizmma. yvelas aqvs imis molodini, rom qorwinebaSi
myof wyvils erTmaneTTan, pirad grZnobebsa da urTierTgagebaze dafuZnebuli siyvaruli
unda akavSirebdes. saqorwino urTierTobebs swored amgvari kavSiri amyarebs.
Tanamedrove britaneTSi qorwineba romantikul siyvarulTan aris gaigivebuli; es ufro
adamianuri arsebobis bunebrivi nawilia, vidre Tanamedrove kulturis gamorCeuli
Tviseba. ra Tqma unda, realoba ideologiisgan gansxvavdeba. britaneTSi qorwinebiT
kmayofileba dadebiTad fasdeba, magram amgvari molodini yovelTvis ar amarTlebs.
ganqorwinebis maRali maCvenebeli swored am faqtoriT aris gamowveuli.
3. britanuli ojaxi mamis xaziT gansazRvruli da neolokaluria. mamis xaziT memkvidreoba
gulisxmobs, rom bavSvebs mamis gvari gadaecemaT da kerZo sakuTreba mamrobiTi
sqesis memkvidreebze gadadis (msoflioSi bevri dedis xaziT gansazRvruli sazogadoebaa
– Svilebi dedis gvars iReben da kerZo sakuTreba mdedrobiTi sqesis memkvidreebs
gadaecemaT). neolokalurad mcxovrebi daqorwinebuli wyvili calke, sakuTari
ojaxebisgan gamijnulad saxldeba. neolokalizmi yvela britanuli ojaxisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba ar aris. bevri ojaxi, gansakuTrebiT dabali klasis ubnebSi,
matrilokaluria – axlad daqorwinebulebi colis mSoblebis maxloblad saxldebian.
4. britanuli ojaxi nuklearulia. is erTi an ori mSoblisgan da Svilebisgan Sedgeba. Tumca,
nuklearuli ojaxi naTesauri kavSirebisgan srulad izolirebuli ar aris.
ganviTarebis tendenciebi
ojaxis nimuSebis nairsaxeobebi
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rapoportis Tanaxmad, “adre britanul ojaxs erT dadgenil normasTan uxdeboda Segueba, dRes ki
is iseT gardamaval fazaSi imyofeba, rodesac sazogadoeba normebis pluralizms legitimur da
sasurvelad movlenad miiCnevs” (Rapoport and Rapoport, 1982, gv. 476). am argumentis
gasamyareblad, rapoporti xuTi tipis mravalgvarobas gamoyofs: organizaciuli, kulturuli,
klasobrivi, cxovrebiseuli da kohortuli.
ojaxebi sxvadasxvagvarad axdenen maTi Sinauri individualuri movaleobebisa da farTo socialur

garemosTan kavSirebis organizebas. orTodoqsuli ojaxi, romelSic qali “diasaxlisia,” mamakaci
ki “ojaxis marCenali,” Zlier gansxvavdeba erTmSobliani an iseTi ojaxisgan, romelSic orive
mSobeli dasaqmebulia. kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania ojaxebis rwmenebisa da
RirebulebaTa mravalgvaroba. eTnikurma umciresobebma (vest indoelebma, azielebma,
berZnulma da italiurma Temebma) da iseTma moZraobebma, rogoric feminizmia, ojaxuri
formebis kulturuli mravalgvaroba gamoiwvies. Raribebs, profesional mosamsaxureTa da
saSualo da maRali klasis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebuli mudmivi klasobrivi dajgufeba
ojaxur struqturaSi mniSvnelovan variaciebs ganapirobebs. aSkaraa, rom ojaxuri gamocdileba
icvleba cxovrebiseuli gzis ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, individis mSoblebs SeiZleba myari
qorwineba hqondeT, magram TviTon ganqorwindes. meore pirovneba SeiZleba erTmSoblian
ojaxSi aRizardos, ramdenjerme daqorwindes da TiToeuli qorwinebidan bavSvi SeeZinos.
termini kohortuli ojaxebSi arsebul Taobebs niSnavs. magaliTad, mSoblebsa da bebia-babuebs

Soris urTierTobebi, warsulTan SedarebiT, naklebad myaria. meore mxriv, amJamad xandazmul
asakamde ufro meti adamiani aRwevs da erTmaneTTan axlo urTierToba SeiZleba ojaxis sam
Taobas hqondes: daqorwinebul SviliSvilebs, maT mSoblebsa da bebia-babuebs.
samxreT aziuri ojaxebi
britanuli ojaxis tipebs Soris mkveTrad gamoirCevian samxreT aziuri warmoSobis ojaxebi.
gaerTianebul samefoSi, samxreT aziuri mosaxleoba milions aWarbebs. migracia 1950-ian
wlebSi indoeTis subkontinentis sami ZiriTadi regionidan – panjabidan, gujaraTidan da
bengalidan daiwyo. emigrantebma britaneTSi religiis, warmomavlobis, kastisa da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, naTesaobis safuZvelze, Seqmnes Temebi. bevr emigrants miaCnda, rom
Rirsebasa da ojaxisadmi erTgulebasTan dakavSirebiT, maT ZirZveli britanuli mosaxleobisgan
sruliad gansxvavebuli ideebi aqvT. isini ojaxis erTianobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen, magram
amaSi maT gansaxlebis problema uSlida xels. didi Zveli saxlebis moZieba mxolod
keTilmouwyobel ubnebSi iyo SesaZlebeli; pirobebis gaumjobeseba, sacxovreblad patara
saxlebSi gadasvlas da, Sesabamisad, gafarToebuli ojaxis rRvevas gulisxmobda.
gaerTianebul samefoSi dabadebuli samxreT azieli bavSvebi, dResdReobiT, or sruliad

gansxvavebul kulturas eziarebian. saxlis pirobebSi mSoblebi am bavSvebisgan TanamSromlobis
normebis aRiarebas, pativiscemasa da ojaxisadmi erTgulebas moiTxoven. skolis konkurentul da
individualistur socialur garemoSi ki akademiuri warmatebis miRweva moeTxovebaT.
umravlesoba Sinaur da pirad cxovrebas eTnikuri subkulturis safuZvelze agebs, radgan maTTvis
tradiciul ojaxur cxovrebasTan asocirebuli axlo urTierTobebia Rirebuli. amis miuxedavad,
britanul kulturasTan kavSirma cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. orive sqesis axalgazrdebi, maTi
qorwinebis mowyobisas, met Carevas iTxoven.
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rogorc gaerTianebuli samefoSi, ise aziur qveynebSi mcxovrebi azieli ojaxebis siZliere, didi
diskusiis sagnad iqca. frensis fukuiama (1994) aziuri ojaxis mier Seqmnil “socialur kapitalze” –
aziur qveynebSi ojaxis mier uzrunvelyofili ndobisa da urTierTgatanis formebze – saubrobs. misi
azriT, iseTi aziuri sazogadoebebis, rogoricaa taivani, hong kongi da singapuri, swrafi
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, swored socialuri kapitalia.
britaneTSi aziuri ojaxis tradiciul formebs safrTxe emuqreba, magram igive mdgomareobaa
Tavad aziur qveynebSic. zemoT CamoTvlil qveynebSi ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli izrdeba,
Sobadobisa ki _ ecema. ekonomikuri ganviTareba da demokratizaciis zrda individualizmisa da
sqesTa Tanasworobis zrdas uyris safuZvels.
SavkanianTa ojaxebi
britaneTSi mcxovreb vest induri warmoSobis ojaxebs axlac gansxvavebuli struqtura

axasiaTebT. qmarTan erTad 20-dan 45 wlamde asakis gacilebiT naklebi Savkaniani qali
cxovrobs, vidre igive asakobrivi jgufis TeTrkanaini qali. igive mdgomareobaa SeerTebul
StatebSi afro amerikel qalebs Soris, sadac am faqtma cxare debatebi gamoiwvia. ocdaaTi wlis
win, senatorma deniel patrik moinihenma SavkanianTa ojaxebs “araorganizebuli” da
“paTologiuri” (Moynihan 1965) uwoda.
SeerTebul StatebSi SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTaA ojaxis nimuSebs Soris gansxvaveba 1960-

iani wlebis dasawyisidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda. moinihanis kvlevac swored am periodSi
Catarda. 1960 wels, afro- amerikuli ojaxebis 21%-s qalebi uZRvebodnen; TeTrkanianTa ojaxebs
Soris es maCvenebeli 8%-s udrida. 1993 wels, SavkanianTa ojaxebSi am proporciam 58%-s
gadaaWarba, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi ki 26%-s miaRwia. ojaxebi, romlebsac qalebi uZRvebian,
Rarib Savkanianebs Soris ufro gvxvdeba. gasuli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, qalaqis Sida
ubnebSi mcxovrebi afro-amerikelebis sacxovrebeli pirobebi didad ar gaumjobesebula. maTi
umravlesoba dabalanazRaurebad samuSaozea dasaqmebuli an, met-naklebad, mudmivad
umuSevrebi arian. es situacia xels uSlis xangrZliv saqorwino urTierTobas. londonis Rarib
ubnebsa da gaerTianebuli samefos sxva qalaqebSi mcxovreb SavkanianTa ojaxebzec igive
faqtorebi axdens gavlenas.
SavkanianTa ojaxebSi arsebuli situacia mxolod uaryofiTi mxridan ar unda davinaxoT. vest
indoelTa jgufebSi Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs gafarToebul naTesaur qselebs – gacilebiT ufro
didi, vidre umravles TeTrkanianTa TemebSi saqorwino kavSirebs. dedas, romelic erTmSoblian
ojaxs uZRveba, naTesavTa qseli uWers mxars. es mosazreba ewinaaRmdegeba ideas, TiTqos
Savkaniani martoxela mSoblebisa da maTi Svilebis ojaxebi yovelTvis arastabilurobiT
gamoirCeva. iseT afro-amerikul ojaxebSi, sadac ojaxs qali uZRveba, sxva naTesavebic
cxovroben, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebSi ki sxvagvari mdgomareobaa.
ganqorwineba da gaSoreba dasavleTSi
ganqorwinebis maCveneblis zrda
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saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTSi qorwineba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, urRvev kavSirad

miiCneoda. ganqorwineba mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, magaliTad, uSvilobisas, iyo
daSvebuli. zogierTi industriuli qveyana dResac ar scnobs ganqorwinebas. Tumca, es iSviaTi
gamonaklisia. umravles qveynebSi ganqorwinebis procedura Zlier gamartivda. TiTqmis yvela
industriul qveyanaSi arsebobda e.w. momCivanTa sistema. ganqorwinebis aRiarebisTvis erT-
erT meuRles meores winaaRmdeg (sisastikis, gulgrili damokidebulebis an Ralatis gamo)
braldeba unda waeyenebina. zogierT qveyanaSi Sua 1960-iani wlebidan pirvelad SemoiRes
”ubraldebod” ganqorwinebis kanoni. mas Semdeg mTel rig dasavlur qveynebSi, ganqorwinebis
moTxovniT, gansxvavebuli saqmeebi irCeva. 1969 wels gaerTianebul samefoSi dadebiTad
Sefasda kanoni ganqorwinebis reformis Sesaxeb, romelic ganqorwinebis proceduris
gamartivebasa da braldebis gareSe dakmayofilebas isaxavda miznad. kanoni 1971 wels
amoqmedda. “ubraldebod” ganqorwinebis principi, 1996 wlis axali kanonproeqtis SemuSavebis
Semdeg kidev ufro gamyarda.
1960-1970 wlebSi britaneTSi ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli, Tanmimdevrulad, yovel wels 9

procentiT izrdeboda, aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi is orjer gaizarda, rac, nawilobriv, 1969 wlis
kanonis amoqmedebiT iyo gamowveuli. am kanonis wyalobiT, formalur qorwinebaSi myof bevr
wyvils ganqorwinebis saSualeba mieca. 1980 wlidan ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli, garkveuli
xarisxiT, stabiluri gaxda, magram nebismier wina periodTan SedarebiT, is mainc bevrad
maRalia (Clark and Haldane, 1990).
ganqorwineba sul ufro Zlier gavlenas axdens bavSvebis cxovrebaze. Sefasebebis Tanaxmad,
gaerTianebul samefoSi 1980 wels dabadebuli bavSvebis TiTqmis 40 procenti, zrdasruli asakis
miRwevamde, erTmSobliani ojaxis wevrebi iqnebian. Tumca, ganqorwinebuli qalebis 75 da
mamakacebis 83 procenti ganqorwinebis Semdeg, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, meored
qorwindeba, amitom bavSvebi mainc ojaxur garemoSi izrdebian.
ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli uiRblo qorwinebasTan pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris. amis erT-erTi

mizezi is aris, rom procentuli maCveneblis gamoTvlisas, ar xdeba gaSorebuli wyvilebis
aRnusxva, romlebic iuridiulad ganqorwinebulni ar arian. amasTan, uiRblo qorwinebaSi myofi
wyvili, SesaZloa, qorwinebisadmi sakraluri damokidebulebis, gaSorebis Tanmxlebi finansuri da
emociuri problemebis Tavidan aridebis, an bavSvebisTvis ojaxuri garemos SenarCunebis
mizeziT, ar ganqorwindes.
ratom gaxSirda ganqorwinebis SemTxvevebi? es farTo socialur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli

ramdenime faqtoriT aixsneba. mdidari adamianebis Zalze mcire wilis gamoklebiT, qorwinebas
dRes aRaravin ukavSirebs kerZo sakuTrebisa da statusis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemas. qali
ekonomikurad ufro damoukidebeli gaxda, amitom is materialurad aRar aris SezRuduli. zogadad,
ukeTesi ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, qorwinebiT ukmayofilebis SemTxvevaSi, warsulTan
SedarebiT, ufro metad iZleva calke dasaxlebis saSualebas. es cvlilebebi umniSvnelo stigmis
arsebobas ganapirobebs, magram, amave dros, SeiZleba stimuladac iqces. kidev erTi
mniSvnelovani faqtoria is mzardi tendencia, rom qorwineba imis mixedviT unda Sefasdes, Tu
pirovnulad ramdenad akmayofilebs is qorwinebaSi myof adamianebs. ganqorwinebis zrdis
faqtori, TavisTavad, qorwinebiT ukmayofilebis indikatori ki ar aris, aramed imas adasturebs,
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rom adamianebi sul ufro cdiloben, meuRleebTan srulyofili da damakmayofilebeli urTierTobebi

aagon.
ganqorwinebis gamocdileba
Znelia, zustad gansazRvro, Tu rogor abalansebs erTmaneTs ganqorwinebis socialuri sargebeli

da is maRali sazRauri, romelic Tan axlavs aRniSnul movlenas. ganqorwinebisadmi ufro
tolerantuli damokidebuleba niSnavs, rom wyvils ufleba aqvs, usargeblo urTierToba Sewyvitos
da amisTvis mas socialuri devna ar elodeba. meore mxriv, ganqorwineba, emociuri
TvalsazarisiT, TiTqmis yovelTvis stresuli movlenaa da SeiZleba erT an orive mxares finansuri
problemebi Seuqmnas.
wyvilebis daSla
daian voenma gaaanaliza partniorebis urTierTobebi gaSorebis an ganqorwinebis periodSi

(Vaughan, 1986). man axlad gaSorebuli an ganqorwinebuli asze meti wyvili (ZiriTadad saSualo
klasis warmomadgeneli) gamokiTxa. misi mizani erTad cxovrebidan partnioris gareSe
cxovrebaze gardamavali periodis aRwera iyo. wyvilis daSla xangrZlivi intimuri urTierTobis
Sewyvetas niSnavs. daian voenma daadgina, rom, bevr SemTxvevaSi, fizikur gaSorebas win
socialuri gaSoreba uZRvis – erTerTma partniorma axali cxovrebiseuli gza airCia, axali
interesebi da megobrebi gaiCina, am situaciaSi meore partniori ar figurirebda, rasac informaciis
gasaidumloeba mohyva, gansakurebiT maSin, roca saqme sasiyvarulo urTierTobas exeboda.
voenis kvlevis Tanaxmad, wyvilebis daSla, Tavidan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, uneburad xdeba. erT-
erT individs – romelsac is iniciators uwodebs –meore partniorTan SedarebiT, maTi urTierToba
naklebad akmayofilebs da is wyvilis saerTo aqtivobebisgan gamijnul, damoukidebel teritorias
iqmnis. manamde, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, iniciatori SeiZleba warumateblad ecados
partnioris qcevis Secvlas ise, rom is misTvis misaRebi gaxdes da SesaZlebeli iyos saerTo
interesebis gaziareba. garkveul momentSi, iniciatori grZnobs, rom misma mcdelobam ar
gaamarTla da urTierTobam fundamenturi marcxi ganicada. mas Semdeg, is gamudmebiT
fiqrobs araefeqtur urTierTobasa da Seuferebel partniorze. voeni acxadebs, rom es sasiyvarulo
urTierTobis dawyebis procesis sapirispiro procesia. urTierTobis dasawyisSi, adamiani, piriqiT,
meore adamianis mimzidvel Tvisebebzea fokusirebuli da misTvis naklebad misaReb Tvisebebs
ignorirebas ukeTebs.
iniciatorebi, romlebic seriozulad fiqroben partniorTan daSorebas, maT urTierTobebze

sxvebTanac aqtiurad msjeloben da gamoTqmul azrebs erTmaneTs adareben. isini
iTvaliswineben, Tu ramdenad maRali iqneba sazRauri da gadaswonis Tu ara daSorebiT
ganpirobebul dadebiT mxareebs. SevZleb Tu ara marto Tavis gatanas? rogori iqneba
megobrebisa da mSoblebis reaqcia? dazaraldebian Tu ara bavSvebi? finansurad uzrunvelyofili
viqnebi? am da sxva problemebze fiqris Sedegad, zogierTebi urTierTobis SenarCunebas
cdiloben. mas ki, vinc am dabrkolebaTa miuxedavad, mainc daSorebis sasargeblod iRebs
gadawyvetilebas, es kiTxvebi sakuTar arCevanSi kidev ufro daarwmunebs. iniciatorTa
umravlesoba TviTganviTarebas sxva pirovnebis winaSe aRebul valdebulebaze ufro
mniSvnelovan pasuxismgeblobad miiCnevs.
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ra Tqma unda, wyvilebis daSla yovelTvis mxolod erTi adamianis iniciativiT ar aris gamowveuli.
gadawyvetileba imis Sesaxeb, rom maT urTierTobas veRaraferi ixsnis, SeiZleba orive
partniorma erTdroulad miiRos. zogierT situaciaSi rolebis uecari Canacvleba xdeba. pirovneba,
romelsac Tavidan urTierTobis SenarCuneba surda, uecrad mis dasrulebas indomebs, iniciatori ki
urTierTobis gagrZelebas iTxovs.
atitudebis cvla
ojaxuri cxovrebis cvlilebasa da ganqorwinebis maRali xarisxis mimarT gamovlenil reaqciebze

klasobrivi gansxvaveba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. wignSi Families on the Fault Line
(1994) lilian rubinma siRrmiseuli interviu Cautara muSaTa klasis 32 ojaxis wevrebs. man
daaskvna, rom saSualo klasis ojaxebTan SedarebiT, muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli mSoblebi
ufro tradiciulebi arian. saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli mSoblebisTvis misaRebi normebi,
magaliTad, qorwinebamde seqsualuri urTierTobebi, muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli
mSoblebisTvis, umravles SemTxvevaSi, miuRebelia, maSinac ki, Tu isini gansakuTrebiT
religiurebi ar arian. aqedan gamomdinare, muSaTa klasis ojaxebSi ufro xSiria Taobebs Soris
konfliqtebi.
rubinis kvlevaSi axalgazrdebi erTxmad acxadeben, rom maTi atitudebi seqsualuri qcevis,
qorwinebisa da sqesobrivi uTanasworobis mimarT, mSoblebis atitudebisgan gansxvavdeba.
magram isini daJinebiT acxadeben, rom maTi sazrunavi mxolod siamovnebis Zieba ar aris.
ubralod, maT ufrosi Taobisgan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi aqvT.
rubinma daadgina, rom mis mier gamokiTxuli axalgazrda qalebi, qorwinebasTan mimarTebaSi,
bevrad ufro ambivaleturni arian, vidre maTi mSoblebis Taoba warsulSi. maTTvis mamakaci
srulyofilebis simbolo aRar aris. isini maTi dedebisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli SesaZleblobebis
moZiebas cdiloben, raTa ufro srulyofili da Tavisufali cxovreba hqondeT. mamakacTa atitudebi,
Taobebis mixedviT, ase mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ar aris.
rubinis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganxorcielda, magram misi Sedegebi britaneTsa da evropul
qveynebSi warmoebuli kvlevebis Sedegebis msgavsia. Hhelen vilkinsonma da jef mulganma,
gaerTianebul samefoSi, 18-dan 34 wlamde asakis mamakacebisa da qalebis ori masStaburi
kvleva Caatares (Wilkinson, 1994; Wilkinson and Mulgan, 1995). maT Zireuli cvlilebebi
aRmoaCines, gansakurebiT, axalgazrda qalebis SexedulebebSi. britaneTSi mcxovrebi 18-34
wlis asakis Taobis Rirebulebebi, zogadad, gansxvavdeboda ufrosi Taobis Rirebulebebisgan.
axalgazrda qalebs “samuSaosa da ojaxSi avtonomiisa da TviTrealizaciis survili aqvT da

maTTvis Rirebulia riski, vnebaTa Relva da siaxle.” am mxriv, mamakacebis tradiciul
Rirebulebebsa da qalebis axal Rirebulebebs Soris sul ufro mzardi gansxvaveba aRiniSneba.
vilkinsonisa da mulganis azriT, axalgazrda Taobis Rirebulebebis formireba, Zveli TaobebisTvis
xelmiuwvdomeli Tavisuflebis – qalTaA samuSao uflebis, reproduqciis kontrolis, orive sqesis
Tavisufali mobilobisa da sakuTari cxovrebis gankargvis SesaZleblobis _ safuZvelze moxda.
amgvari Tavisufleba ufro met gaxsnilobas, guluxvobasa da tolerantobas iwvevs. magram aman
SeiZleba viwro egoisturi individualizmisa da undoblobis warmoSobac ganapirobos.
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gamokiTxulTagan, qalTa 29 da mamakacTa 51 procenti “Svilebis gaCenas rac SeiZleba Soreul

momavalSi gegmavda.” 15-24 wlis qalebis 75 procents miaCnda, rom martoxela mSobels iseve
kargad SeuZlia Svilebis aRzrda, rogorc wyvils. kvlevam daadastura, rom am asakobriv jgufSi,
rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs Soris, qorwinebaze moTxovnileba mcirdeba.
ganqorwineba da bavSvebi
Znelia, gansazRvro, Tu ra gavlenas axdens Svilebze mSoblebis ganqorwineba. Seguebis

procesze SeiZleba mravalma faqtorma imoqmedos – ramdenad xSiri iyo ganqorwinebamde
mSoblebs Soris konfliqti; ra asakis iyo bavSvi ganqorwinebis momentSi; hyavT Tu ara
bavSvebs debi da Zmebi; aqvT Tu ara urTierToba bebiebTan, babuebTan da sxva
naTesavebTan, bavSvebis urTierToba TiToeul mSobelTan, ra sixSiriT xvdebian orive mSobels
da a.S. Znelia imis Sefaseba, Tu ra Sedegi moaqvs ganqorwinebas bavSvebisTvis, radgan
bavSvisTvis saziano SeiZleba warumateblad daqorwinebuli mSoblebis Tanacxovrebac da misi
Tanmdevi daZabulobac aRmoCndes.
kvleva adasturebs, rom mSoblebis ganqorwinebis Semdeg bavSvs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, emociuri
SfoTva aReniSneba. judiT valerStainma da joan kelim kaliforniaSi, merinis olqSi, samoci
gaSorebuli wyvilis Svilebi Seiswavles (Wallerstein and Kelly, 1980). isini bavSvebs pirvelad im
dros daekontaqtdnen, rodesac maTi mSoblebis ganqorwinebis saqme sasamarTloSi irCeoda,
mere weliwadnaxevris Semdeg Sexvdnen da bolos _ xuTi wlis Semdeg. avtorebi amboben, rom
TiTqmis yvela _ 131 bavSvi, ganqorwinebis procesSi, emociur daZabulobas ganicdida.
skolamdeli asakis bavSvebi dabneulebi da SeSinebulebi iyvnen. isini mSoblebis
ganqorwinebaSi sakuTar Tavs adanaSaulebdnen. maTze ufrosi asakis bavSvebisTvis, mSoblebis
ganqorwinebis motivacia ufro gasagebi iyo, magram isini, xSirad, Relavdnen im SesaZlo
zemoqmedebis gamo, romelsac mSoblebis ganqorwineba maT momavalze moaxdenda da
daufaravad gamoxatavdnen sibrazes. xuTi wlis Semdeg, mkvlevrebma daadgines, rom
bavSvebis ori mesamedi Sinaur cxovrebasa da valdebulebebs sakmaod kargad umklavdeboda.
darCenili mesamedi sakuTari cxovrebiT Zlier ukmayofilo iyo da depresiasa da martoobas
ganicdida.
valerStainma bavSvTaA imave jgufis Seswavla ganagrZo da, aTi-TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg, 131-
dan 116 maTgani zrdasrul asakSi gamohkiTxa. gamokiTxviT dadasturda, rom mSoblebis
ganqorwinebasTan dakavSirebuli mogonebebi da grZnobebi maTY romantikul urTierTobebSic
aisaxeba. yovel maTgans miaCnda, rom mSoblebis mier daSvebulma Secdomebma, garkveuli
xarisxiT, maTzec imoqmeda. ar aris gasakviri, rom am bavSvebis umravlesoba imaze
ocnebobda, rasac maTma mSoblebma ver miaRwies. es myari, urTierTndobaze, siyvarulsa da
erTgulebaze dafuZnebuli qorwinebaa. jgufis TiTqmis naxevari _ rogorc qali, ise mamakaci _
zrdasrul asakSi “SfoTavda, warmatebas ver aRwevda, dabali TviTSefaseba hqonda da zogjer
agresiulic iyo.” miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri maTgani daqorwinda, mSoblebis ganqorwinebis
procesi maT verasodes daiviwyes. is, vinc yvelaze metad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, xSirad, erT-
erTi an orive mSoblis mxardaWeriT sargeblobda (Wallerstein and Blakeslee, 1989).
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martin riCardsma (1995) gaaanaliza britaneTSi, SeerTebuli StatebSi, avstraliaSi, axal zelandiasa
da sxva qveynebSi warmoebuli kvlevebis monacemebi, bavSvebze mSoblebis gaSorebisa da
ganqorwinebis zegavlenis Sesaxeb. is acxadebs, rom am kvlevis Sedegebi saimedoa. erTi
socialuri warmomavlobis gaSorebuli an ganqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebi zrdasrul asakSi
umniSvnelod, magram yovelTvis gansxvavdebian im bavSvebisgan, visi mSoblebic erTad
cxovroben. isini, saSualod, dabali TviTSefasebiT gamoirCevian da skolaSi uaresi Sedegebi
aqvT; zrdasrul asakSi ufro xSirad icvlian samuSaos da ganqorwinebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli
aReniSnebaT.
Tanmimdevrulobis miuxedavad, amgvari Sedegebis interpretacia rTulia. zogierTi bavSvi,

romelsac ganqorwinebuli mSoblebi hyavs, skolaSi warmatebulia da arc dabal TviTSefasebas
avlens. aseve, bevr bavSvs, romelTa mSoblebi erTad cxovroben, sevdiani bavSvoba aqvs,
skolaSi cudad swavlobs da samsaxurSic warumatebelia.
kvlevis Sedegebis interpretaciis ZiriTadi sirTule imaSi mdgomareobs, rom problemis xangrZlivi
Seswavla warsulze dakvirvebas gulisxmobs. ganqorwinebisadmi damokidebuleba swrafad
icvleba. sul ramdenime wlis win, ganqorwineba stigmasTan ufro iyo gaigivebuli, vidre es
dRevandel dRes xdeba. ganqorwinebisadmi damokidebulebis garda, mniSvnelovania
keTildReobis samsaxuris, sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyofis, bavSvze zrunvis SesaZleblobisa da sxva
faqtorebis gavlena. arsebobs faqtebi, rom wyvilebis gaSoreba da ganqorwineba naklebad
sazianoa skandinaviaSi, radgan aq keTildReobis yvelaze kargad ganviTarebuli sistemaa.
Tumca es faqtebi ar aris bolomde saimedo.
SekiTxva TiTqos martivia: aris Tu ara wyvilebis gaSoreba da ganqorwineba bavSvebisTvis

saziano? magram es sakmarisi ar aris. ojaxis bunebis cvlileba ise unda Sefasdes, rom
ganisazRvros, Tu ramdenad maRalia sazRauri dadebiT mxareebTan mimarTebaSi. SeiZleba is
faqti, rom bavSvs orive mSobeli saxeze hyavs, mis cxovrebaSi naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre
mSoblebis buneba da maTi qcevis stili. bavSvebi yvelaze warmatebulebi maSin arian, rodesac
isini uyvarT, mSoblebi avtoritetiT sargebloben da ara avtoritarulebi arian, da bavSvebis
moTxovnilebebs kargad grZnoben (Amato, 1993). ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, amgvari stilis
SenarCuneba, savaraudod, Zneli iqneba. magram aseve saziano SeiZleba aRmoCndes
bavSvisTvis erTad mcxovrebi mSoblebis konfliqtebi.
erTmSobliani ojaxebi
am bolo dros Zalze gaxSirda erTmSobliani ojaxebi. amgvari ojaxebis umravlesobas qalebi
uZRvebian, radgan bavSvze meurveoba, ganqorwinebis Semdeg, Cveulebriv, dedas ekisreba
(iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, erTmSoblian ojaxSi mSobeli, umetesad qali, aRar qorwindeba).
britaneTSi dRes milionze meti erTmSobliani ojaxia da maTi raodenoba izrdeba (ix. cxrili 7.1).
xuTidan erTi ojaxi, sadac bavSvebi keTildReobis samsaxurze arian damokidebulni,
erTmSobliania. saSualod, es Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yvelaze Raribi jgufia. bevri martoxela
mSobeli, imis miuxedavad, iyo Tu ara odesme daqorwinebuli, dResac sazogadoebis uaryofiT
ganwyobas grZnobs da ekonomikuradac daucvelia. Tumca, warsulSi damkvidrebuli kritikuli
terminebi _ “mitovebuli colebi,” “umamo ojaxebi” da “dangreuli ojaxebi” _ nel-nela qreba.
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erTmSobliani ojaxis kategoria Sinaganad mravalgvaria. magaliTad, qvrivi dedebis naxevarze

meti sakuTari saxlebis mflobelebi arian, magram martoxela dedebi, romlebic qorwinebaSi
arasodes yofilan, daqiravebul binebSi cxovroben. martoxela mSoblis gageba cvlilebas
eqvemdebareba da am fenomenis sazRvrebi bundovania. daqvrivebis SemTxvevaSi, martoxela
mSoblis statusSi gadasvla uecrad xdeba, Tumca, Tu partniori saavadmyofoSi imyofeba,
gardacvalebamde garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, meuRle marto cxovrobdes.
dRevandeli erTmSobliani ojaxebis 60 procenti wyvilebis gaSorebis an ganqorwinebis Sedegad
warmoiSva. aseT SemTxvevebSi, adamianebma SeiZleba, sakmaod xangrZlivi drois
ganmavlobaSi, erTad sporadulad icxovron.
adamianTa umravlesobas bavSvis marto aRzrda ar surs, magram izrdeba imaTi raodenobac,
vinc Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebas bavSvis aRzrdasTan dakavSirebiT, meuRlis an partnioris
mxardaWeris gareSe. zogierT martoxela mSobels SegviZlia “nebayoflobiT martoxela deda”
vuwodoT. es qalebi, Cveulebriv, ojaxis marTvisTvis saWiro resursebs floben. Tumca
ganqorwinebuli Tu qorwinebaSi armyofi dedebis umravlesoba gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba. qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebis mSoblebi siRaribesa da socialur deprivacias
ganicdian. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, gaerTianebul samefoSi vest induri warmomavlobis ojaxebs
Soris erTmSobliani ojaxebis simravle swored am gavleniT aixsneba.
“saxeze armyofi mama”
1930-ani wlebis bolodan 1970-ian wlebamde periods, zogjer, “saxeze armyofi mamebis”
periods eZaxian. meore msoflio omis ganmavlobaSi, samxedro samsaxurSi yofnis gamo,
mamebi Svilebs iSviaTad xedavdnen. omis Semdgom periodSi qalebis umravlesobas ar hqonda
anazRaurebadi samuSao, isini, ZiriTadad, Sin iyvnen da bavSvebs uvlidnen. ojaxis ZiriTadi
marCenali mama iyo da, Sesabamisad, mTel dRes gareT, samuSaoze atarebda; is bavSvebs
mxolod saRamoobiT da uqmeebze xedavda.
ukanasknel wlebSi, ganqorwinebis maCveneblisa da erTmSobliani ojaxebis raodenobis zrdis

Sedegad, “saxeze armyofi mamis” Temam axali datvirTva SeiZina. amJamad saxeze armyof
mamas, wyvilis gaSorebis an ganqorwinebis Sedegad, SvilebTan iSviaTi kontaqti aqvs an
saerTod ara aqvs kavSiri. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebis yvelaze maRali
maCvenebelia msoflios masStabiT, amitom am Temam intensiuri debatebi gamoiwvia.
umamo ojaxebis raodenobis zrda socialuri problemebis mravalgvarobiT aixsneba, danaSauliT

dawyebuli da keTildReobis samsaxurze damokidebulebiT damTavrebuli. diskusiaze, romelic
gaerTianebul samefoSi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gaimarTa, didi gavlena iqonies amerikelma
avtorebma. devid blenkenhorni wignSi “Fatherless America” (1995) acxadebs, rom is
sazogadoebebi, romlebsac ganqorwinebis maRali maCvenebeli aqvT, mxolod umamobis
problemas ki ar ganicdian, aramed am qveynebSi, SesaZloa, Tavad mamobis idea aRmoifxvras.
es movlena socialur Sedegebs gamoiwvevs, radgan, amJamad, bevr bavSvs ar hyavs ojaxSi
iseTi pirovneba, romelic avtoritetiT sargeblobs da SeuZlia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,
mimarTos. dRemde, nebismier sazogadoebaSi, qorwineba da mamoba seqsualuri da agresiuli
energiis gamovlenis saSualeba iyo. am fenomenebis aRmofxvris SemTxvevaSi, energia
danaSaulsa da sisastikeSi gamovlindeba. rogorc blenkenhornis wignis erT-erTi mimomxilveli
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aRniSnavs: “sjobs, gyavdes mama, romelic cudi samsaxuridan Sin dabrundeba da televizoris
win luds dalevs, vidre saerTod ar gyavdes mama” (The Economist, 8 aprili, 1995, gv. 121).
marTlac asea, ara? saxeze armyofi mamebis Tema ufro zogad sakiTxs _ bavSvebze
ganqorwinebis gavlenas – ukavSirdeba. aq, rogorc vnaxeT, xelmisawvdomi faqtebi naTel suraTs
ar qmnis. rogorc igive mimomxilveli ambobs: ”gana cudi mamebi cud vaJiSvilebs ar zrdian?
zogierTi mama ojaxisTvis xom uvargisia?”
am mosazrebas SvedeTSi moZiebuli faqtebi adasturebs (es dasavleT evropaSi erTaderTi

qveyanaa, romelSic, 1970 wlis mere, Sobadoba gaizarda). SvedeTSi dabadebuli bavSvebis
naxevarze mets qorwinebaSi armyofi dedebi hyavT (ix. cxrili 7.1). ocidan cxramets ojaxSi
mama elodeba, magram bevri maTgani mamis gareSe gaizrdeba, radgan SvedeTSi qorwinebaTa
naxevari ganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba, da dauqorwinebeli mSoblebi, daqorwinebulebTan
SedarebiT, samjer ufro xSirad Sordebian. 1994 wels, SvedeTSi erTmSoblian ojaxebSi
bavSvebis 20 procenti cxovrobda.
SvedeTSi warmoebuli kvlevis mixedviT, umamoba socialur problemebs ar warmoSobs.

gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi danaSaulsa da Zaladobas ara ojaxi, aramed
siRaribe ganapirobebs. SvedeTis keTldReobis samsaxuri erTmSoblian ojaxebs uxvad
afinansebs, amitom maT siRaribe ar emuqrebaT. 1994 wels SvedeTSi bavSvebis mxolod 6,4
procenti cxovrobda iseT ojaxebSi, romelTa Semosavali saSualo Semosavlis naxevarze naklebi
iyo, rac britaneTsa da SeerTebul Statebze gacilebiT dabali maCvenebelia (The Economist, 9
seqtemberi, 1995).
cxrili 7.1 qorwinebaSi armyofTa Sobadobis da martoxela mSoblebis saerTaSoriso

Sedareba
qorwinebaSi armyofi qalebis Sobadobis procentuli maCvenebeli erTmSobliani ojaxebis procentuli

maCvenebeli
qveyana 1960 1990 1960 1988
gaerTianebuli samefo 5 28 6 13
SeerTebuli Statebi 5 28 9 23
kanada 4 24 9 15
dania 8 46 17 20
safrangeTi 6 30 9 12
germania 6 11 8 14
italia 2 6 n.a n.a
holandia 1 11 9 15
SvedeTi 11 47 9 15
wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, SeerTebuli Statebis statistikuri mimoxilva, 1993; konstans
sorentino, “ojaxis cvlileba saerTaSoriso perspeqtivaSi”, Monthly Labor Review (marti, 1990), gv. 41-58. sara
maklanahenisa da gari sandeferis wignidan “aRzrda martoxela mSoblis mier: ra gtkens guls, ra gexmareba”
(Harvard University Press, 1994).
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xelaxali qorwineba da axlad SeZenili mSoblebi
xelaxali qorwineba
meore qorwinebas SeiZleba sxvadasxva garemoebebi axldes. zogierTi meored daqorwinebuli

wyvili oc wels aris gadacilebuli da bavSvi ar hyavs. rodesac meored ocdaaT, ormoc an
ormocdaaT wlamde asakis wyvili qorwindeba, maT SeiZleba pirveli qorwinebidan erTi an meti
Svili hyavdeT, romelic mSobelTan da mis axal partniorTan erTad iwyebs cxovrebas. Tu meored
asakovani adamiani qorwindeba, mas SeiZleba zrdasruli Svilebi hyavdes, romlebic mSoblis
axladSeqmnil ojaxTan erTad arasodes isurveben dasaxlebas. Svilebi axali qorwinebis Semdegac
Cndebian. erT-erTi partniori manamde SeiZleba dauqorwinebeli, ganqorwinebeli an qvrivi iyos.
aq kidev rva kombinacia aris SesaZlebeli. aqedan gamomdinare, meore qorwinebis
ganzogadebul gagebas sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, Tumca, arsebobs zogadi sayuradRebo
Tvalsazrisebi.
1900 wels gaerTianebul samefoSi yvela qorwinebaTa, daaxloebiT, cxra meaTedi, pirveli
qorwineba iyo. umravles meored daqorwinebul wyvilebs Soris erT-erTi maTgani qvrivi
gaxldaT. ganqorwinebis maCveneblis zrdasTan erTad, meore qorwinebaTa ricxvmac imata;
meored, ZiriTadad, ganqorwinebuli adamianebi qorwindebodnen. 1960-ian wlebSi meore
qorwinebaTa raodenoba swrafad gaizarda, 1980-ian-1990-ain wlebSi ki ricxvma sul ufro imata.
dRes asidan 28 wyvilis SemTxvevaSi, erT-erTi maTgani meored aris daqorwinebuli. 35 wlamde
asakis meored daqorwinebuli wyvilebi, ZirTadad, ganqorwinebuli adamianebi arian. 35 wlis
zemoT asakis wyvilebSi qvrivebis raodenoba izrdeba, 55 wlis asakisTvis ki, meored
daqorwinebul ganqorwinebul wyvilebs, proporciulad, meored daqorwinebuli qvrivebi
aWarbeben.
rogor ucnauradac ar unda JRerdes, orive sqesis SemTxvevaSi, manamde qorwinebaSi myofi
adamianebi ufro advilad qorwindebian. asakobrovi jgufis ganqorwinebuli adamianebi,
savaraudod, ufro qorwindebian, vidre imave asakobrivi jgufis qorwinebaSi armyofi adamianebi.
yvela asakobriv doneze, ganqorwinebuli mamakacebi, ganqorwinebul qalebTan SedarebiT,
meored ufro xSirad qorwindebian. oTx ganqorwinebul qals Soris meored sami qali qorwindeba,
eqvs ganqorwinebul mamakacs Soris ki xuTi mamakaci. statistikuri monacemebiT, meore
qorwineba, pirvel qorwinebasTan SedarebiT, naklebad warmatebulia. meore qorwinebis Semdeg
ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli ufro maRalia, vidre pirveli qorwinebis Semdeg.
es imas ar niSnavs, rom meore qorwineba yovelTvis ganwirulia. ganqorwinebuli adamianebi

qorwinebisgan ufro mets elian, vidre is, vinc qorwinebaSi arasodes yofila. meored
daqorwinebuli adamianebi, savaraudod, ufro advilad arRveven saqorwino kavSirs, vidre erTxel
daqorwinebuli adamianebi. magram stabiluri kavSiris SemTxvevaSi, wyvilebi meore
qorwinebiT, saSualod, pirvel qorwinebasTan SedarebiT, ufro kmayofilebi arian.
ojaxi, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs
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amgvar ojaxebSi erT_erTi mSobeli dedinacvali an maminacvalia. aseTi ojaxebis ricxvi

gacilebiT ufro didia, vidre es oficialuri xelmisawvdomi statistikiT fiqsirdeba, radgan aq mxolod
is ojaxebia aRnusxuli, romlebSic bavSvi cxovrobs. bevri meored daqorwinebuli adamiani
gerTan erTad saerTo ojaxSi ar cxovrobs, magram bavSvi mas regularulad estumreba.
iseTi ojaxebic arsebobs, romlebSic mSoblebi naSvileb bavSvebs zrdian. brenda medoqsis
gamoTvlebis mixedviT, SeerTebul StatebSi gaSvilebuli bavSvebis erT mesameds dedinacvali,
an maminacvali yavda. britaneTSi es maCvenebeli ufro dabalia, magram is sul ufro izrdeba.
aRmzrdeli mSoblebi bavSvis sakuTar Svilad aRiarebis gziT ararsebuli genetikuri kavSiris
Sevsebas cdiloben. maT naSvileb bavSvebze kanonieri uflebebi da maT winaSe garkveuli
valdebulebebi aqvT. dedinacvalsa da maminacvals aseTi valdebulebebi ara aqvs, amitom
qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, maTi bavSvebTan urTierToba mTavrdeba. umravles
qveynebSi moqmedi kanonis Sesabamisad, aseT ojaxSi biologiuri mSoblis gardacvalebis an
wyvilis ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, dedinacvals an maminacvals bavSvze meurveobis ufleba
ara aqvs, maSinac ki, Tu bavSvi dedinacvlaTan an maminacvalTan didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
izrdeboda. biologiuri mSoblis gardacvalebis dros, Tu meore biologiur mSobels bavSvze
meurveoba surs, mas, samarTlebrivad, dedinacvalze da maminacvalze gacilebiT ufro meti
uflebebi aqvs.
iseT ojaxebSi, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavT, garkveuli problemebi iCens
Tavs. pirvel rigSi, rogorc wesi, meore biologiuri mSobelic arsebobs, romelic calke cxovrobs da
bavSvze an bavSvebze garkveuli gavlena aqvs. meore, rodesac ganqorwinebuli wyvilidan erT-
erTi meored qorwindeba, es, xSir SemTxvevaSi, urTierTobis daZabvas iwvevs. magaliTad,
orSvilian qals SeiZleba orSviliani qmari hyavdes da mTeli ojaxi erTad cxovrobdes. Tu
biologiuri mSoblebi bavSvebTan Sexvedras Zveleburi ganrigis mixedviT moiTxoven, es
axladSeqmnil ojaxs problemebs Seuqmnis. magaliTad, axali ojaxi ver SeZlebs uqmeebis erTad
gatarebas.
mesame, bavSvs, misi warmomavlobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba ojaxSi misaRebi qcevis

Sesaxeb dedinacvlisgan an maminacvlisgan gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba hqondes. amgvari
bavSvebis umravlesoba or ojaxad izrdeba, rac gansxvavebuli Cvevebisa da Tvalsazrisebis gamo,
urTierTobis daZabvas iwvevs.
ganqorwinebis Semdeg meored Seqmnil ojaxSi axali sirTuleebi iwyeba. ojaxis wevrebi
maTTvis manamde ucnob garemoebebs ergebian. dRes zogierTi avtori binuklearul ojaxze
saubrobs. ori ojaxi, bavSvebis gamo, ganqorwinebis Semdeg erT ojaxur sistemas qmnis.
davemSvidoboT bavSvebs?
1976 wels, britanuli ojaxis formirebis kvlevis mizniT Catarebuli gamokiTxviT, dadasturda, rom
im dros qalebis mxolod 1 procents ar surda dedoba. amis sapirispirod, mosaxleobis aRwerisa da
Seswavlis ofisis mier warmodgenil angariSSi vkiTxulobT, rom 1960-dan 1990 wlamde
dabadebuli qalebis 20 procenti, sakuTari surviliT, uSvilo iqneba. britaneTSi mcxovrebi qalebi
bavSvTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebas sxva motivaciebis – warmatebuli samuSaosa da piradi
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cxovrebis avtonomiurobis _ konteqstSi ganixilaven. Sobadobis maCvenebeli TiTqmis yvela

sxva dasavlur qveyenaSic ecema.
uSvilo qali sevdian SinaberasTan aRar asocirdeba. daqorwinebulma Tu qowinebaSi armyofma

qalma, Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniT, SeiZleba Tavad Tqvas uari dedobaze. Tumca zogjer
amgvar gadawyvetilebas uaryofiTi mizezebic ganapirobebs. keTidReobis samsaxuris mier,
dekretSi myofi dedisTvisa da bavSvisTvis gamoyofili Tanxebi, warmatebuli karieris pirobebSi,
gamomuSavebul Semosavalze gacilebiT naklebia. zogierTma qalma bavSvis gaCenaze Tavi
SeiZleba imis gamo Seikavos, rom SesaZlebeli ganqorwinebisa da siRaribis SeeSindes.
ojaxis bneli mxare
ojaxsa da naTesaur kavSirebs nebismieri adamianis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs,

amitom ojaxi emociuri gamocdilebis farTo speqtrs moicavs. ojaxuri – col-qmruli, mSoblebisa da
Svilebis, da-Zmebis, an Soreul naTesavebs Soris arsebuli – urTierTobebi SeiZleba Tbili da
srulyofili iyos. magram daZabuli urTierTobebic arsebobs, romelTa gamo adamianebs
sasowarkveTileba, danaSaulis grZnoba da SfoTva euflebaT. ojaxis “bneli mxare” sakmaod
Zlieria da is satelevizio reklamebsa da popularul mediaSi vardisfer ferebSi gamosaxul, ojaxis
harmoniul imijs ewinaaRmdegeba. ojaxis damTrgunveli mxare mraval aspeqtSi, magaliTad,
konfliqtebsa da erTmaneTisadmi mtrul damokidebulebaSi, vlindeba. am procesebs, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, ganqorwinebamde mivyavarT. amis gamo adamianebi ojaxur urTierTobebs,
xSirad, fsiqikur daavadebas ukavSireben. konfliqturi ojaxuri urTierTobebis yvelaze mZime
Tanmxlebi garemobebi incesti da ojaxuri Zaladobaa.
bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba da incesti
bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba farTod gavrcelebuli movlenaa da, ZiriTadad, ojaxSi vlindeba.
bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba zrdasruli adamianebis mier (britaneTSi srulwlovan asakad
Teqvsmeti weli iTvleba) arasrulwlovan bavSvebTan ganxorcielebuli seqsualuri aqtia. incesti
axlo naTesavebs Soris damyarebuli seqsualuri kavSiria. incesti yovelTvis ar aris bavSvze
seqsualuri Zaladoba. magaliTad, da-Zmas Soris seqsualuri kavSiri incestia, magram mas
Zaladobas ver vuwodebT. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis dros, zrdasruli adamiani bavSvs
seqsualuri mizniT uwevs eqspluatacias (Ennew, 1986). magram incestis yvelaze gavrclebuli
forma _ mamebisa da mcirewlovani qaliSvilebis seqsualuri kavSiri _ seqsualur Zaladobasac
gulisxmobs.
incesti da bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis fenomeni gasuli aTi-oci wlis win “aRmoaCines.”
rasakvirvelia, amgvari seqsualuri aqtebi manamdec xorcieldeboda, magram, socialuri
mkvlevrebis azriT, aseTi qceva mkacrad iyo dagmobili da amitom Zalze iSviaTad iCenda Tavs.
dRes sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba SemaSfoTebeli sixSiriT vlindeba.
is, savaraudod, dabali klasis ojaxebSi ufro iCens Tavs, magram socialuri ierarqiis yvela doneze
arsebobs.
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amis gamo, dRes am problemas keTildReobis saagentoebisa da policiis mxridan ufro meti
yuradReba eTmoba. magram aSkaraa, rom statistika realur suraTs srulad ar asaxavs. 1980-ian
wlebSi britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, qalebis erTi
mesamedi bavSvobaSi seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpli aRmoCnda. es imas niSnavs, rom maT
gamoscades arasasurveli seqsualuri urTierToba. mamrobiTi sqesis msxverplTa raodenoba
daaxloebiT 10 procentia (Russel, 1984).
ratom miipyro incestma da bavSvze seqsualurma Zaladobam, ase uecrad, sazogadoebis

yuradReba? es, albaT, nawilobriv imis bralia, rom am Temaze warsulSi arsebuli tabus gamo,
keTildReobis samsaxuris muSakebi da socialuri mkvlevrebi, bavSvebsa Tu mSoblebs am
sakiTxebze Tamamad ver esaubrebodnen. bavSvze Zaladobis problebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi
interesis gaRvivebaSi mniSvnelovani roli qalTa moZraobam Seasrula da es sakiTxi seqsualuri
Zaladobisa da eqspluataciis winaaRmdeg wamowyebuli farTo kampaniis erT-erT elementad
iqca. rodesac mkvlevrebma bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladobis saeWvo SemTxvevebis gamoZieba
daiwyes, kidev ufro meti danaSauli gamoaSkaravda. bavSvze seqsualuri Zaladoba SeerTebul
StatebSi “aRmoaCines” da mas mere is saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis fenomeni gaxda (La
Fontaine, 1990).
Zalian didi masala arsebobs, romelic adasturebs, rom bavSvebze seqsuluri Zaladobis Sedegebi
maTze didi xnis ganmavlobaSi axdens gavlenas. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom meZavebis, qurdebis,
saxlidan gaqceuli mozardebisa da narkotikebis momxmareblebis sakmaod did wilze warsulSi
seqsualuri Zaladoba ganxorcielda. Tumca, amgvari kavSiris sixSire imas ar niSnavs, rom am
qmedebis mizezi mxolod Zaladobaa. am kategoriis adamianebi seqsuluri Zaladobis msxverplni
aRmoCdnen, magram mainc ver ganvacxadebT, rom maTi qceva ZaladobiT aris gamowveuli.
aq, savarudod, sxva mravali faqtori, ojaxuri konfliqtebi, mSoblis mxridan bavSvisadmi gulgrili
damokidebuleba da fizikuri Zaladoba, moqmedebs.
imisTvis, rom ganvmartoT, Tu ratom iCens Tavs incesti, an ufro zogadad, seqsualuri Zaladoba,
ori sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT. pirveli, ratom uCndeba zrdasrul adamians bavSvebTan
seqsualuri aqtivobis ganxorcielebis survili da, meore, ratom arian moZaladeebi, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, mamakacebi? aqtebisa da urTierTobebis mravalgvari bunebidan gamomdinare,
orive Tema kompleqsur sakiTxebs wamoWris. darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
moZaladeebs Soris fsiqikurad daavadebul adamians iSviaTad SexvdebiT. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, zrdasrulTa mxridan bavSvebTan seqsualuri kontaqtis damyarebis survili fsiqikuri
moSlilobiT ar aixsneba.
moZaladeTa umravlesoba, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan SedarebiT, bavSvebTan seqsualur

urTierTobas upiratesobas ar aniWebs. es, albaT, ufro xelmisawvdomobiT da Zaluflebis
SegrZnebiT aixsneba. ojaxSi mcxovrebi bavSvebi sxva ojaxis wevrebze arian damokidebulni,
isini mSoblebis moTxovnebsa da zewolaze mtkivneulad reagireben. zrdasruli adamianebi,
romlebic sakuTar SvilebTan incestur kavSirs amyareben, xSirad, sxva zrdasrul adamianebTan
urTierTobaSi gaubedavi, mouqneli da araadekvaturi pirovnebebi arian. zogierT maTgans
seqsualuri impulsebi ar akmayofilebs da iseT SegrZnebebs eZiebs, romlebzec sxvagan xeli ar
miuwvdeba. amitomac moZaladeTa umravlesoba mamakacebia. me-5 TavSi “genderi da
seqsualoba” Cven mamakacTa araeqspresiulobaze vimsjeleT. sakuTari grZnobebis gamoxatva
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bevr mamakacs uWirs. am fenomens, albaT, Rrma fsiqologiuri safuZveli aqvs. mamakaci
grZnobebis gamoxatvas uSualod seqsualobas ukavSirebs, qali ki ufro mTlian urTierTobebze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas. mamakacebisTvis seqsualoba Zalauflebis SegrZnebasa da partnioris
misdami daqvemdebarebasTan asocirdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, mamakacebisTvis, qalebisgan
gansxvavebiT, zrdasruli adamianebis seqsualobasa da bavSvebisadmi seqsualur ltolvas Soris
naklebi gansxvavebaa.
Zaladoba ojaxSi
ojaxSi ganxorcielebuli Zaladobis iniciatorebic, ZiriTadad, mamakacebi arian. ojaxuri Zaladoba

erTi ojaxis wevris mier sxva, erT an ramdenime, ojaxis wevrze ganxorcielebuli fizikuri
Zaladobaa. kvleva gviCvenebs, rom Zaladobis msxverplni, ZiriTadad, am SemTxvevaSic,
bavSvebi, gansakuTrebiT, mcirewlovani, eqvs welze naklebi asakis, bavSvebi arian. Zaladobis
meore gavrcelebuli tipi qmris mier colze ganxorcielebuli Zaladobaa. Tumca, ojaxSi fizikuri
moZalade zogjer qalia, romelic qmarsa da mcirewlovan Svilebs sastikad epyroba.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, faqtobrivad, yvelaze saxifaTo adgili ojaxia. statistikuri

monacemebiT, nebismieri asakisa da sqesis pirovnebas Tavs fizikurad Sin ufro esxmian, vidre
RamiT quCaSi. gaerTianebul samefoSi, oTxi mkvlelobidan erT SemTxvevaSi, ojaxis erTi wevri
meores klavs.
amboben, rom ojaxSi qalebi qmrisa da Svilebis mimarT iseTive sisastikiT gamoirCevian, rogorc
mamakacebi. zogierTi gamokiTxva adasturebs, rom colebi qmrebs TiTqmis iseTive sixSiriT
urtyamen, rogorc qmrebi colebs. magram qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro
TavSekavebulebi arian, maT mier ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba epizodur xasiaTs atarebs da,
savaraudod, naklebad iwvevs xangrZliv fizikur zians. “colebis cemas” – qmrebis mier colebis
mudmiv fizikur Seuracxyofas _ ekvivalenti ar gaaCnia. mamakacebi, romlebic Svilebs
mudmivad cemen, maT ufro xangrZliv zians ayeneben, vidre qalebi.
ratom aris ojaxuri Zaladoba ase gavrcelebuli? amas sxvadasxva faqtorebi ganapirobebs. erT-erTi
faqtori ojaxisTvis damaxasiaTebeli emociuri intensiurobisa da pirovnuli intimurobis nazavia.
ojaxuri kavSirebi, Cveulebriv, Zlier emociebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aq erTmaneTSia aRreuli
siyvaruli da siZulvili. ojaxSi dawyebuli konfliqti antagonizms warmoSobs, sxva socialur
konetqstSi ki es naklebad igrZnoba. erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo incidenti, SesaZloa, meuRleebs
an mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris seriozuli mtrobis mizezi gaxdes. sxva qalebis eqscentriuli qcevis
mimarT tolerantuli mamakaci, SesaZloa, saSinlad gaRiziandes, Tu misi coli wveulebaze Zalian
bevrs isaubrebs, an misTvis arasasurvel, pirad informacias gaamJRavnebs.
meore faqtori imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Zaladobas ojaxSi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iTmenen da
zogjer dadebiTadac ki afaseben. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialurad sanqcirebuli ojaxuri
Zaladoba SedarebiT SezRuduli xasiaTisaa, is SeiZleba ufro Seuracxmyofel formebSi
gadaizardos. britaneTSi ver naxav bavSvs, romelic erT-erT mSobels, Tundac msubuqad,
arasodes ucemia. amgvar qmedebas sxva adamianebi, Cveulebriv, dadebiTad afaseben da mas
“Zaladobad” ar Tvlian. magram, Tu bavSvs maRaziaSi ucnobi adamiani daartyams im mizeziT,
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rom mis naTqvams an saqciels ar moiwonebs, es SemTxveva sxvagvarad Sefasdeba. Tumca,

bavSvi orive SemTxvevaSi erTnairad zaraldeba.
meuRleebs Soris Zaladoba warsulSic dadebiTad fasdeboda. ojaxuri Zaladoba kulturulad

misaRebi fenomeni rom iyo, es kargad gaJRerda Zvel xalxur simReraSi: ,,qals, cxensa da xes
rac mets urtyam, miT ukeTes Sedegs iReb.”
samsaxurSi da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi, SesaZloa, vinme gamaRizianeblad moiqces,

magram, wesebis mixedviT, fizikuri Seuracxyofis miyeneba yvela adamians ekrZaleba. ojaxSi
sxva mdgomareobaa. kvlevebis mixedviT, bevr wyvils miaCnia, rom garkveul garemoebebSi,
meuRles SeuZlia cols an qmars daartyas. orive sqesis oTxi amerikelidan erTi Tvlis, rom qmars
ufleba aqvs cols daartyas. SedarebiT nakleb raodenobas miaCnia, rom amgvarad SeiZleba qalic
moiqces (Greenblat, 1983).
ojaxSi ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba Zaladobrivi qcevis ufro farTo nimuSebs avlens. qmrebs,
romlebic colebsa da Svilebs sastikad eqcevian, Zaladobrivi qmedeba warsulSic aqvT Cadenili.
jefri feganma, sxva mkvlevrebTan erTad, nacemi colebis erovnuli SerCeviTi erToblioba
Seiswavla da daadgina, rom maTi qmrebis naxevarze meti sxvebs da yofil partniorebsac sastikad
eqceodnen. 80 procentze meti, ojaxis gareT ganxorcielebuli ZaladobisTvis, erTxel mainc iyo
patimrobaSi namyofi (Fagan et al., 1983).
qorwinebisa da ojaxis alternativebi
komunebi
ojaxs, didi xania, bevri adamiani akritikebs. mecxramete saukuneSi, mraval moazrovnes
miaCnda, rom ojaxi Tanacxovrebis ufro komunaluri formebiT unda Seicvalos. zogierTi idea
ganxorcielda kidec. amis erT-erTi saukeTeso magaliTi, mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi,
SeerTebul StatebSi, axal inglisSi daarsebuli oneidas Temia. is jon hamfri noisis religiuri
rwmenis safuZvelze Seiqmna. TemSi mcxovrebi yvela mamakaci da qali erTmaneTze iyo
daqorwinebuli da TiToeuli maTgani Temis bavSvebis mSoblad iTvleboda. garkveuli sirTuleebis
gadalaxvis Semdeg, Temi gafarTovda da mis SemadgenlobaSi samasi adamiani gaerTianda.
Temma daaxloebiT ocdaaTi weli iarseba, Semdeg ki daiSala. mas Semdeg britaneTsa da sxva
dasavlur qveynebSi bevri komuna daarsda. axali komunaluri jgufebis simravliT 1960-iani wlebi
gamoirCeoda. Temebi Tavisufal seqsualur urTierTobebsa da bavSvebis erTobliv aRzrdas
qadagebdnen. amgvari komunebi, mcire raodenobiT, dResac arsebobs.
komunaluri saojaxo cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tanamedrove magaliTi israelSi

gavrcelebuli kibucizmia. kibucizmi ojaxebisa da individebisgan Semdgari Temia, romelSic
adamianebi bavSvebis aRzrdaSi erToblivad monawileoben. kibucizmi, Tavidan, umetesad
fermaSi momuSave koleqtiuri sawarmo iyo, magram dRes amgvari Temebi industriul
warmoebaSic gaCnda. israelSi 240-ze meti kibucizmia, romlebic 100 000 wevrs aerTianebs.
mcire, ormocdaaTwevriani jgufebic arsebobs, zogierTi Temi ki SeiZleba 2 000 wevrisgan
Sedgebodes. yoveli kibuci erTi ojaxis msgavsad moqmedebs, bavSvze zrunva mTel Tems
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ekisreba da ara erT calkeul ojaxs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebi ara mSoblebTan, aramed
specialur “bavSvTa saxlebSi” cxovroben, uqmeebs ki sakuTar ojaxebSi atareben.
kibucizmi Tavidan radikaluri mosazrebiT dafuZnda. sakuTrebis komunaluri floba da bavSvebis

erToblivi aRzrda Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli individualisturi da
konkurentuli garemosTvis Tavis aridebas isaxavda miznad. kibucizmis mimdevrebi am idealebs
uaryofdnen. magram umravlesobisTvis, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, adreul safexurze arsebuli ideebi
ufro misaRebi sacxovrebeli pirobebiT Seicvala. magaliTad, warsulTan SedarebiT, bavSvebi
axla Rames mSobliur saxlSi ufro xSirad aTeven. dRevandeli kibucis bavSvTa saxlebi ufro
bavSvebze zrunvisTvis aucilebel pirobebs uzrunvelyofs, vidre maT aRzrdaze komunalur
pasuxismgeblobas.
Tanacxovreba
Tanacxovreba – seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi dauqorwinebeli wyvilis erToblivi cxovreba –

umetes dasavlur qveynebSi Zlier aris gavrcelebuli. britaneTSi, bolo dromde, Tanacxovreba,
zogadad, skandalur movlenad iTvleboda. 1980-ian wlebSi, qorwinebaSi armyofi Tanamcxovrebi
qalebisa da mamakacebis raodenoba ukiduresad gaizarda. Tanacxovreba kolejisa da universitetis
studentebis yofis gavrcelebul formad iqca. SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebuli gamokiTxva
gviCvenebs, rom, kolejSi swavlis periodSi, daaxloebiT oTxidan erTi studenti partniorTan erTad
cxovrobs da masTan seqsualuri urTierToba aqvs.
dRevandel britaneTSi Tanacxovreba qorwinebis wina, eqsperimentul safexurad iTvleba.

axalgazrdebs Soris es urTierToba, Cveulebriv, daugegmavad, spontanurad iwyeba. seqsualur
urTierTobaSi myofi wyvili erTad sul ufro met dros atarebs da bolos erT-erTi an orive tovebs
Tavis individualur sacxovrebels. Tanamcxovrebi axalgazrdebi TiTqmis yovelTvis gegmaven
momavalSi daqorwinebas, magram ar aris savaldebulo, rom amJamindeli partniori adamianis
momavali meuRle gaxdes. finansebs, saziarod, amgvari wyvilebis mxolod mcire raodenoba
xarjavs.
gasuli ormoci wlis ganmavlobaSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, qorwinebamde Tanamcxovreb

adamianTa raodenoba 400 procentiT gaizarda. partniorTan, daqorwinebis gareSe, 1920-ian
wlebSi dabadebul qalTa sul 4 procenti, 1940-ian wlebSi dabadebul qalTa _ 19, xolo 1960-ian
wlebSi dabadebul qalTa TiTqmis naxevari cxovrobda. navaraudebi iyo, rom 2000 wlisTvis
xuTidan oTxi wyvili qorwinebis gareSe erTad icxovrebda (Wilkinson and Mulgan, 1995).
zogierT evropul qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT soflebSi, Tanacxovrebis legitimacias xangrZlivi

istoria aqvs. amgvari situaciaa skandinaviur qveynebSi, romlebic dRes Tanacxovrebis yvelaze
maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva. Tumca, warsulSi aq sul sxvagvari suraTi iyo. magaliTad,
SvedeTSi 1960 wels qorwinebis gareSe wyvilebis sul 1 procenti cxovrobda, dRes ki am
maCveneeblma 40 procents miaRwia. evropis sxva qveynebis msgavsad, qorwinebaSi armyofi
Tanamcxovrebi wyvilebis umravlesoba, garkveuli drois an Svilebis gaCenis Semdeg,
qorwindeba. Tanacxovrebas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, legaluri statusi aqvs da, daSorebis Semdeg,
sakuTrebis ganawilebisa da finansuri anazRaurebis moTxovniT, adamianebs SeuZliaT
sasamarTlos mimarTon.
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geimSobliani ojaxebi
dRevadel dRes bevr homoseqsual mamakacsa da qals erTmaneTTan stabiluri urTierToba aqvs
da zogierTi maTgani “formaluradac” aris daqorwinebuli, Tuncad es ceremonia kanoniT
ganmtkicebuli ar iyos. homoseqsualobis mimarT warsulSi arsebuli aratolerantuli
damokidebuleba gacilebiT ufro liberaluri ganwyobiT Seicvala, ramac, lesboseli dedebisTvis
bavSvebze meurveobis miniWebasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, sasamarTlos
politikac Searbila. xelovnuri ganayofierebis teqnikis wyalobiT, lesbosel dedebs Svilebis gaCena
da geimSobliani ojaxis Seqmna, heteroseqsualuri kontaqtis gareSe SeuZliaT. Tumca
britaneTSi, TiTqmis yvela geimSoblian ojaxSi, orive mSobeli dedaa, 1960-1970-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi, SeerTebuli Statebis ramdenime qalaqSi, socialuri keTildReobis saagentoebma
usaxlkaro gei zrdasrul biWebze meurveoba gei mamakacTa wyvilebs daakisres. sazogadoebis
mwvave reaqciis gamo, am praqtikam did xans ar iarseba (ix. Tavi 5 “genderi da seqsualoba”).
marto cxovreba
Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, marto mcxovrebi adamianebis ricxvi, ramdenime

faqtoris gamo, gaizarda. erT-erTi faqtori gvian daqorwinebis tendenciaa – adamianebi axla,
saSualod, 1960 welTan SedarebiT, sami wliT gvian qorwindebian. meore faqtori ganqorwinebis
mzardi maCvenebelia. kidev erTi faqtori iseTi xandazmuli adamianebis momravlebaa,
romlebsac partniori gardacvlili hyavT. marto cxovrebis forma cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodSi
gansxvavebulia. warsulTan SedarebiT, axla oci wlis da oc welze zemoT asakis ufro meti
adamiania dauqorwinebeli. ocdaaTi wlis zemoT asakSi, qalebisa da mamakacebis Zalze mcire
raodenoba arasodes yofila daqorwinebuli, ocdaaTidan ormocdaaT wlamde adamianebis
umravlesoba ganqorwibelia da “qorwinebebs Soris” periodSi imyofeba. ormocdaaT wels zemoT
asakis martoxela adamianebis umravlesoba qvrivebi arian.
piter steinma 25-dan 45 wlamde asakis samoci martoxela adamiani gamohkiTxa (Stein, 1980).
umravlesobam marto cxovrebasTan dakavSirebiT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba gamoavlina.
isini aRiarebdnen, rom martooba, xSirad, xels uwyobda maTi karieris ganviTarebas, radgan
maT mTeli energiis samuSaoze koncentrireba SeeZloT; cxovrebis am formis wyalobiT, maT
mravalgvari seqsualuri gamocdileba da sruli Tavisufleba da avtonomia hqondaT. meore mxriv,
isini imasac acnobierebdnen, rom iseT samyaroSi marto cxovreba, sadac maTi asakis
adamianTa umravlesoba qorwinebaSi imyofeba, rTulia da izolaciasa da martoobas ganicdidnen.
mTlianobaSi, qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul zewolas umravlesoba ufro Zlierad miiCnevda, vidre
marto cxovrebis motivacias.
debati “ojaxuri Rirebulebebis” Sesaxeb
“ojaxi gadaSenebis gzaze dgas!” _ Relaven ojaxur RirebulebaTaAadvokatebi. isini am daskvnas

gasul ramdenime aTwleulSi momxdar cvlilebebze – seqsualobis mimarT Ria da liberalur
damokidebulebaze, ganqorwinebis mzard maCvenebelze da tradiciuli ojaxuri valdebulebebis
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xarjze, piradi bednierebis Ziebaze _ dakvirvebis safuZvelze gamoTqvamen. maTi azriT, ojaxuri
cxovrebis moraluri arsi aRdgenas moiTxovs. Cven tradiciuli ojaxi unda davibrunoT. es
gacilebiT ufro stabiluri da mowesrigebuli sistema iyo, vidre urTierTobaTa is CaxlarTuli qseli,
romelSic dRevandel adamianTa umravlesoba aRmoCnda.
kritikosebi am Tvalsazriss ar iziareben. “Tqveni azriT, ojaxi gadaSenebis gzaze dgas.

sinamdvileSi, is ubralod saxecvlilebas ganicdis. Cven erT yalibze moWrili ojaxebi ki ar unda
wavaxalisoT, aramed ojaxuri formebisa da seqsualuri cxovrebis mravalferovneba.”
romeli Tvalsazrisia swori? albaT, kritikas orive mosazreba imsaxurebs. tradiciuli ojaxis
dabruneba SeuZlebelia. amis mizezi mxolod is ki ar aris, rom, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, tradiciuli
ojaxi, sayovelTaod cnobili formiT, warsulSic ar arsebobda, an imitom, rom adre ojaxs mravali
uaryofiTi Tviseba hqonda da is dRevandeli ojaxis nimuSad ar gamodgeba. amis mizezi is aris,
rom qorwinebis adreuli formebisa da ojaxis tranformaciis gamomwvevi socialuri cvlilebebis
ukan dabruneba, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. qalma ojaxuri yofidan Tavi didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad
daixsna da is Zvelebur rols arafriT aRar Seegueba. rogoric ar unda iyos dRevandeli seqsualuri
urTierTobebi da qorwineba, isini Zvelebur saxes veRar miiRebs. pirovnul da ojaxur cxovrebaSi
centraluri adgili emociurma komunikaciam – ufro zustad, urTierTobaTa aqtiurma formirebam
da maT SenarCunebaze zrunvam – daikava.
ra iqneba am procesebis Sedegi? ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli SeiZleba aRar matulobdes,

magram arc qvemoT iwevs. qorwinebis SesanarCuneblad zomebs iReben, magram gasuli wlebis
tendenciebs Tu gadavxedavT, dRevandel qorwinebaTa 60 procenti, aTi wlis Semdeg,
savaraudod, ganqorwinebiT dasruldeba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, ganqorwineba yovelTvis ubedurebas ar niSnavs. uiRblo qorwinebaSi

myofma adamianebma, ganqorwinebis Semdeg, SeiZleba axali cxovreba daiwyon. magram,
eWvgareSea, rom seqsualuri cxovreba, qorwineba da ojaxi zogierTi adamianisTvis SfoTvis
mizezia, zogs ki TviTkmayofilebisa da srulyofilebis grZnobiT uzrunvelyofs.
Tanamedrove mravalgvari ojaxuri formis mxardamWerebi acxadeben, rom amgvari ojaxi

adamians SezRudvebisa da warsulis uaryofiTi gadmonaSTebisgan aTavisuflebs. es Tvalsazrisi,
nawilobriv, sworia. qalsa da mamakacs SeuZliaT saerTod ar daqorwindnen da isini amisTvis
socialur ukmayofilebas ar daimsaxureben. warsulSi aseT adamianebs Sinaberebsa da berbiWebs
eZaxdnen. qorwinebaSi armyof wyvilebs maTi “respeqtabeluri” qorwinebaSi myofi megobrebi
qedmaRlurad aRar uyureben. gei wyvilebs erT ojaxad cxovreba da bavSvebis aRzrda SeuZliaT,
radgan isini veRar grZnoben im mtrul damokidebulebas, romelic warsulSi aseTi adamianebis
mimarT arsebobda.
am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, Znelia ar aRiaro, rom amJamad gzajvaredinze vdgavarT.

momavalSi grZelvadiani qorwinebebi da kavSirebi kidev ufro Semcirdeba? emociuri da
seqsualur cxovreba mtkivneuli da sastiki sul ufro xSirad iqneba? amis Tqma danamdvilebiT
aravis SeuZlia. magram qorwinebisa da ojaxis Cvens mier warmodgenili sociologiuri analizi
adasturebs, rom problemebi, warsuli gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar mogvardeba. Cven
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individualuri Tavisuflebis mopovebas unda vecadoT. imisTvis, rom SevZloT stabiluri da

xangrZlivi urTierTobebis formireba, Cveni piradi cxovrebis dafaseba unda viswavloT.
Sejameba
1. naTesaoba, ojaxi da qorwineba sociologiasa da anTropologiaSi, erTmaneTTan mWidrod

dakavSirebuli, uaRresad mniSvnelovani terminebia. naTesaoba genetikur an qorwinebis
Sedegad warmoqmnil kavSirebs efuZneba. ojaxi naTesauri jgufia, romelsac Svilebis
aRzrdaze pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. qorwineba socialurad aRiarebul seqsualur
urTierTobaSi mcxovrebi ori adamianis kavSiria.
2. nuklearul ojaxSi daqorwinebuli wyvili (an martoxela mSobeli) sakuTar an naSvileb
SvilebTan erTad cxovrobs. Tu daqorwinebul wyvilTan da maT SvilebTan erTad sxva
naTesavebic cxovroben, an erTmaneTTan axlo da xangrZliv urTierTobaSi imyofebian,
es gafarToebul ojaxs niSnavs.
3. dasavlur sazogadoebebSi qorwineba da, Sesabamisad, ojaxi monogamiasTan (rodesac
kultura erT qalsa da erT mamakacx Soris kavSirs aRiarebs) asocirdeba. sxva bevri
kultura poligamiis mimarTac tolerantulia. aseT dros individi SeiZleba erTdroulad or an
met adamianze iyos daqorwinebuli. poliginia poliandriaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi, mamakacs SeiZleba erTze meti coli hyavdes, meore SemTxvevaSi
ki, qali SeiZleba erTdroulad or an met mamakacze iyos daqorwinebuli.
4. dasavleT evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi, nuklearuli ojaxis nimuSebi, industrializaciis
ganviTarebamde didi xniT adre dainerga, magram Semdeg maTze industrializaciam didi
gavlena moaxdina. ojaxis nimuSebis cvlileba centralizebuli mTavrobis Seqmnam,
qalaqebis gafarToebam da ojaxuri gavlenis miRma, organizaciebSi dasaqmebam
gamoiwvia. am cvlilebebma, mTel msoflioSi, nuklearuli ojaxisken swrafvis tendencia
ganapiroba, rasac gafarToebuli ojaxisa da sxva tipis naTesauri jgufebis rRveva mohyva.
5. industriuli qveynebis umravlesoba mravalgvar ojaxur formebs moicavs. magaliTad,
britaneTSi samxreT aziuri da vest induri warmomavlobis ojaxebi dominanturi ojaxis
tipebisgan gansxvavdeba.
6. omisSemdgom periodSi, dasavleTSi ojaxuri cxovrebis nimuSebi sagrZnoblad Seicvala.
qalebis procentulad didi raodenoba anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi CaerTo,
ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli gaizarda, mosaxleobis didi nawili erTmSoblian an iseT
ojaxebSi cxovrobda, sadac bavSvebs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavda. Tanacxovreba
(qorwinebis gareSe seqsualur urTierTobaSi myofi wyvilis erTad cxovreba) bevr
industriul qveyanaSi sul ufro Cveulebriv movlenad iqca.
7. dRes bevri adamiani iseT ojaxSi cxovrobs, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali
hyavs. aseTi ojaxi maSin iqmneba, rodesac Sviliani an Svilebiani mSobeli meored
qorwindeba, an axal partniorTan iwyebs Tanacxovrebas.
8. ojaxuri cxovreba yovlTvis harmoniulobisa da bednierebis simbolo ar aris. ojaxs “bneli
mxarec” aqvs. aq xSirad iCens Tavs seqsualuri da ojaxuri Zaladoba. bavSvebze
seqsualuri Zaladoba, ZiriTadad, mamakacebis mier xorcieldeba, mas sxva tipis sastiki
qcevac ukavSirdeba.
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9. qorwineba aRarc erTi sqesisTvis aRar aris (Tuki odesme yofila) mxolod regularuli
seqsualuri gamocdileba; is aRarc ekonomikuri aqtivobis safuZvelia. TiTqmis
darwmunebiT SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom socialuri da seqsualuri urTierTobis
mravalgvari forma momavalSic ganviTardeba. qorwineba da ojaxi myar institutebad
rCeba, magram maT mravali stresi da daZabuloba ukavSirdeba.
Stewart Asquith and Anne Stafford, Families and the Future (Edinburgh: HMSO, 1995).
bavSvebsa da ojaxis momavalTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis analizi.
Diana Gittins, The Family in Question (London: Macmillan, 1992). Tanamedrove

sazogadoebebSi ojaxuri cxovrebis ZiriTad aspeqtebTan dakavSirebuli aRiarebuli naSromis
ganaxlebuli versia.
Helen O’Connell, Women and the Family (London: Zed Books, 1994). ojaxur urTierTobebSi
qalis rolis gadaxedva.
Roderick Phillips, Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce (Cambridge: Cambridge
Universuty Press, 1991). evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi ganqorwinebis istoriis Seswavla.
Ann Phoenix, Young Mothers? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991). diskusia Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi mozardi dedebis problemebis Sesaxeb.
nuklearuli ojaxi
gafarToebuli ojaxi
monogamia
poligamia
poliginia
poliandria
afeqturi individualizmi
seriuli monogamia
mamis xaziT memkvidreoba
dedis xaziT memkvidreoba
erTmSobliani ojaxi
saxeze armyofi mama
ojaxi, sadac bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs
bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba
incesti
kibucizmi
Tanacxovreba
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geimSobliani ojaxebi
Tavi 8
deviacia da danaSauli
ZiriTadi cnebebi
devianturi qcevis Seswavla
ra aris deviacia?
normebi da sanqciebi
danaSaulisa da deviaciis Teoriebi
biologiuri Tvalsazrisi
fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi
sazogadoeba da danaSauli: sociologiuri Teoriebi
Teoriuli daskvnebi
danaSauli da danaSaulis statistika
axali memarcxene realizmi
cixeebi da sasjeli
dasjis formebis cvlilebebi
cixeebi da moraluri gamosworeba
cixisadmi protesti da cixeSi Casmis alternativebi
sikvdiliT dasja
genderi da danaSauli
mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenil danaSaulTa doneebi
gogonebi bandebSi
danaSauli da `maskulinobis krizisi~
mdidrebis da Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi
,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSauli
mTavrobis danaSauli
organizebuli danaSauli
danaSauli, deviacia da socialuri wyoba
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
deviacia. normebi. konformuloba. danaSauli
yvelam viciT, vin arian deviantebi, an vfiqrobT, rom viciT. deviantebi arian is adamianebi,
romlebic uars amboben, icxovron im wesebis Sesabamisad, romlebsac sazogadoebis
umravlesoba icavs. isini arian moZalade damnaSaveebi, narkomanebi an is pirovnebebi,
romlebmac cxovrebaSi yvelaferi dakarges _ vinc ver egueba imas, rasac adamianTa
umravlesoba normalur, misaReb standartebad miiCnevs. magram faqtebi sruliad ar aris iseTi,
rogoric Cans _ ase gvaswavlis, xSirad, sociologia; igi gvexmareba, davinaxoT is, rac Tvalxilulis
miRmaa. rogorc vnaxavT, deviantis cnebis gansazRvra, sinamdvileSi, ar aris advili.
adre Cven vnaxeT, rom adamianTa socialur cxovrebas marTavs wesebi da normebi. Cveni
saqmianoba qaosuri gaxdeboda, Tu zustad ar davicavdiT im wesebs, romelTa mixedviTac
zogierTi qceva garkveul konteqstebs Seesabameba, xolo sxva konteqstebisTvis - Seuferebelia.
magaliTad, gzebze wesebis Sesabamisad moZraoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu mZRolebi
marcxniv moZraobis wesebs ar daicavdnen. Tqven SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es ar aris devianturi
qceva da mZRoli, albaT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi aris devianti, Tu is mTvralia an Tavze
xelaRebuli. Tu Tqven marTlac ase ifiqrebdiT, ar iqnebodiT marTali. mZRolTa umetesoba ara
mxolod deviantebi, aramed krinimalebic arian. mZRolTa umravlesoba, mudmivad, sakmaod
aWarbebs dasaSveb siCqares, roca darwmunebulia, rom axlomaxlo ar dgas policiis manqana.
Cven yvelani varT rogorc wesis damrRvevebi, ise konformistebi. Cven aseve vqmniT
wesebs. mZRolebma SeiZleba avtomagistralebze daarRvion kanoni, magram, sinamdvileSi,
isini qmnian araformalur wesebs, romlebic legalur wesebzea damyarebuli. rodesac avtostradaze
kanoniT dawesebuli siCqaris zRvari aris 70 mili saaTSi, mZRolebis umravlesoba 80-s ar
aWarbebs da kidev ufro nela atarebs manqanas, rodesac qalaqis farglebSi moZraobs.
erTmaneTisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli wesebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
aris da ra ar aris manqanis Tavze xelaRebuli tareba. magaliTad, Crdilo evropelebi, romlebic
manqaniT mogzauroben italiis samxreTSi, sadac mZRolebi moZraobis sxva wesebsac
arRveven, yovelTvis awydebian iseT SemTxvevebs, rodesac adamians Tma yalyze udgeba.
braziliaSi SuqniSnebsa da sxva makontrolebel saSualebebs ganixilaven ara rogorc savaldebulo
wesebs, aramed ubralo miniSnebebs. rio de JaneiroSi mZRolebi wiTel Suqze ar aCereben
manqanebs, Tu gzajvaredinze sxva manqana ar Semodis. iq, sadac mTavari quCa kveTs ufro
patara quCas, mZRoli, romelic mTavar quCaze moZraobs, Tavis Tavs uflebas aZlevs, moipovos
gzaze moZraobis privilegia, miuxedavad imisa, ras aCvenebs sagzao niSnebi. mZRolma,
romelic ufro patara quCidan moZraobs, signali unda misces an aanTos manqanis farebi, sxva
mZRolebi rom gaafrTxilos (Lull, 1995).
rodesac viwyebT devianturi qcevis Seswavlas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, romel wesebs
icaven da romels arRveven adamianebi. arc erTi adamiani ar arRvevs yvela wess; aseve, aravin
emorCileba yvela wess. is adamianebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, saerTod ar miekuTvnebian wesier
sazogadoebas, magaliTad, bankis mZarcvelebi, Cans, icaven im jgufebis wesebs, romelTa
wevrebic isini arian. zogierT aSkarad cudi reputaciis mqone jgufebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
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136
motociklistTa bandebi, TavianTi wevrebisTvis dawesebuli aqvT qcevis mkacri wesebi. vinc
maT arRvevs, sjian da jgufidan agdeben.
devianturi qcevis Seswavla
devianturi qcevis Seswavla sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da rTuli sferoa. is

gvaswavlis, rom arc erTi Cvengani ar aris savsebiT iseTi normaluri, rogorc Tavad migvaCnia.
is, agreTve, gvexmareba, davinaxoT, rom adamianebi, visi qcevac, SesaZloa, gaugebari da ucxo
Candes, SeiZleba gonier arsebebad miviCnioT, Tu gavacnobierebT maTi moqmedebis realur
mizezs.
deviaciis, iseve rogorc sociologiis sxva sferoebis, Seswavla, Cvens yuradRebas amaxvilebs
socialur Zalauflebaze, agreTve socialuri klasis gavlenaze _ mdidarsa da Raribs Soris
gansxvavebaze. rodesac deviacias ganvixilavT socialuri wesebisadmi an normebisadmi
konformulobis TvalsazrisiT, yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes kiTxva - visi wesebi? rogorc vnaxavT,
socialur normebze Zalian did gavlenas axdens Zalauflebis ganawileba da klasobrivi
gansxvaveba.
ra aris deviacia?
deviacia SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc arakonformuloba normebis garkveuli
erTobliobisadmi, romelic adamianTa erTobis an sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis mier aris
aRiarebuli. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ar SeiZleba, sazogadoeba adamianTa mxolod or kategoriad
davyoT: adamianebi, romlebic normebs arRveven da adamianebi, romlebic maT misdeven. zog
SemTxvevaSi, bevri Cvengani qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebs arRvevs. magaliTad,
Cven, SesaZloa, garkveul momentSi wvrilmani qurdoba CavidineT, rogoricaa, maRaziidan
raRacis moparva an, piradi moxmarebis mizniT, samuSaodan patara nivTebis waReba
(rogoricaa ofisis safosto qaRaldi da kalmistrebi).
rogorc magaliTebi gviCvenebs, deviaciis cnebis gamoyenebis sfero Zalian farToa.
miliarderma hovard hiuzma Tavisi uzarmazari qoneba mZime Sromis, Rrma Canafiqrebisa da
praqtikuli gadawyvetilebebis Serwymis saSualebiT daagrova. warmatebisaken swrafvis
TvalsazrisiT, misi saqmianoba dasavleTis sazogadoebebis ZiriTad Rirebulebebs
Seesabameboda, im Rirebulebebs, romlebic materialur dajildovebasa da individualur
miRwevebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebs. meore mxriv, zog sferoSi misi qceva sayovelTaod
miRebuli normebidan mkveTrad gadaxrili iyo. h. hiuzma cxovrebis bolo ramdenime weli
gaatara gare samyarodan sruliad izolirebulad. TiTqmis arasdros bedavda sastumros im luqsis
nomris datovebas, romelic misTvis saxlad iqca. igi Tmebs saerTod ar iWrida, grZeli, awewili
wveri mouSva da ase ufro bibliur winaswarmetyvels daemsgavsa, vidre warmatebul
biznesmens.
Tavisi qceviT, hiuzi rogorc araCveulebrivad warmatebuli, ise Zalian devianturi pirovneba
iyo. amis sapirispiro magaliTad ted bandis kariera SegviZlia moviyvanoT. bandis cxovrebis gza,
erTi SexedviT, kargi moqalaqis qcevis normebs Seesaabameboda. garegnulad is ara ubralod
normalur, aramed Zalian Rirseul cxovrebas eweoda. is Zalian aqtiur rols TamaSobda
samaritelebis sazogadoebaSi, kerZod, asociaciaSi, romelic ocdaoTxsaaTian satelefono
momsaxurebas uwevs im adamianebs, romlebic stresul mdgomareobaSi arian an
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TviTmkvlelobas apireben. magram, miuxedavad amisa, bandim ramdenime saSineli mkvleloba

Caidina. mosamarTlem sasamarTlo procesze, sanam sikvdils miusjida, bandi misi unarebis
gamo Seaqo (bandim Tavad moamzada Tavisi dacva), magram Tavisi sityvis bolos man
aRniSna, rom msjavrdadebulma cxovreba fuWad ganvlo. bandis kariera gviCvenebs, rom
pirovneba, SesaZloa, normaluri Candes da, amave dros, farulad iyos CarTuli ukiduresad
deviantur qmedebebSi.
deviacia ara mxolod individualur qcevas, aramed jgufis saqmianobasac exeba. amis naTeli
magaliTia hare kriSnas kulti, religiuri jgufi, romelic britaneTis mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan
sarwmunoebrivi moZRvrebiTa da cxovrebis wesiT gansxvavdeba. kulti Seiqmna 1960-ian
wlebSi. Sril prabhupada dasavleTSi indoeTidan Camovida, rom gaevrcelebina ambavi kriSnas
cnobierebis Sesaxeb. misi qadageba, ZiriTadad, im axalgazrdebisken iyo mimarTuli, romlebic
narkotikebis momxmareblebi iyvnen. is acxadebda, rom adamians SeeZlo `mudmivad
amaRlebul mdgomareobaSi darCena da samaradiso netarebis aRmoCena,~ Tu mis moZRvrebas
gahyveboda. hare kriSnas mimdevrebis cekva da galoba quCebSi, aeroportebsa da Sekrebis sxva
adgilebSi, Cveulebrivi sanaxaoba gaxda. mosaxleobis umravlesoba maT mimarT tolerantulad
iyo ganwyobili, maSinac ki, Tu maTi Sexedulebebi eqscentruli Canda. hare kriSnas mimdevrebi
devianturi subkulturis magaliTs warmoadgenen. Tumca, dRes maTi ricxvi Semcirda, mTel
msoflioSi maT SeZles, sakmaod advilad, TavianTi kultis SenarCuneba. es organizacia mdidaria,
igi misi wevrebisa da misdami simpaTiiT ganwyobili adamianebis SewirulebebiT finansdeba.
misi mdgomareoba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva devianturi subkulturis _ mudmivi
usaxlkaroebis _ mdgomareobidan; es arian adamianebi, romlebmac cxovrebaSi yvelaferi
dakarges, dRisiT quCebSi cxovroben, parkebsa da sazogadoebriv SenobebSi (magaliTad,
biblioTekebSi) atareben dros. maT quCebSi an TavSesafrebSi sZinavT. sazogadoebisgan
gariyuli mudmivi usaxlkaroebis umravlesobas gaWirvebiT gaaqvs Tavi.
normebi da sanqciebi
yvela socialur normas Tan axlavs sanqciebi, romlebic xels uwyobs konformulobas da
gvicavs arakonformulobisgan. sanqcia aris individis an jgufis qcevaze sxvebis nebismieri
reaqcia, romlis mizania, pirovnebam an jgufma imoqmedos normebis Sesabamisad. sanqciebi
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri (konformulobisTvis dajildoveba) an negatiuri (arakonformuli qcevis
gamo dasja). sanqciebi, SesaZloa, iyos formaluri da araformaluric. formalur sanqciebs
adamianTa garkveuli jgufi an organizacia iyenebs im mizniT, rom daculi iyos gansazRvruli
normebi. araformaluri sanqciebi ki naklebad organizebuli da ufro spontanuri reaqciebia
arakonformulobaze. magaliTad, rodesac students megobrebi imis gamo abrazeben, rom is Zalian
bevrs muSaobs an mosawyeni pirovnebaa, radgan urCevnia, saRamos imecadinos, vidre
wveulebaze wavides.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi formaluri sanqciis ZiriTadi saxeebi gamoiyeneba
sasamarTloebsa da cixeebSi. policia, ra Tqma unda, aris organizacia, romlis movaleobaa
damnaSaveebis sasamarTloSi gadacema da, SesaZloa, Semdeg maTi cixeSi Casma. kanonebi
aris formaluri sanqciebi, romlebsac xelisufalni gansazRvraven, rogorc principebs, romlebic
maTi qveynebis moqalaqeebma unda daicvan. maT im adamianebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben,
romlebic konformulebi ar arian. sadac aris kanonebi, iq danaSaulic arsebobs, radgan danaSauli
SeiZleba yvelaze advilad ganisazRvros, rogorc nebismieri tipis qceva, romelic kanons arRvevs.
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axla SegviZlia ganvixiloT is ZiriTadi Teoriebi, romlebic Seiqmna deviaciis axsnisa da

gaanalizebis mizniT. deviaciis SefasebaTa umravlesoba, umTavresad, efuZneba danaSaulebrivi
qmedebebis im gamokvlevebs, romlebzec Cvenc gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
danaSaulisa da deviaciis Teoriebi
biologiuri Tvalsazrisi
danaSaulis axsnis zogierTi pirveli mcdeloba, ZiriTadad, biologiuri xasiaTis iyo. italieli
kriminologi Cezare lombrozo, romelic 1870-ian wlebSi muSaobda, Tvlida, rom SesaZlebelia
kriminaluri tipebis gansazRvra Tavis qalis formis mixedviT. is aRiarebda, rom socialur
swavlebas SeuZlia, gavlena moaxdinos kriminaluri qcevis ganviTarebaze, magram mas
miaCnda, rom damnaSaveebis umravlesoba biologiurad ganuviTareblebi an defeqturebi arian.
lombrozos ideebi Semdeg mTlianad uaryves. miuxedavad amisa, sxva mecnierebma male
wamoayenes msgavsi Sexedulebebi. isini cdilobdnen, eCvenebinaT memkvidreobiTobis gavlena
individebis kriminalur midrekilebebze. erT-erTi aseTi tipis popularuli meTodi iyo geneologiuri
xeebis Seswavla. magram, es, faqtobrivad, arafers miuTiTebs memkvidreobiTobis gavlenaze,
radgan SeuZlebelia, erTmaneTisgan ganvacalkevoT memkvidreobiTi da garemos zegavlenebi.
ufro gviandeli Teoria adamianebs sxeulis agebulebis mixedviT ganasxvavebda. is
gamohyofda 3 tips da amtkicebda, rom erT-erTi tipi uSualod iyo dakavSirebuli
damnaSaveobasTan. kunTebiani, aqtiuri tipebi (mezomorfebi), Cans, ufro xdebian
damnaSaveebi, vidre gamxdrebi (eqtomorfebi) an ufro msuqnebi (endomorfebi) (Sheldon, 1949;
Glueck and Glueck, 1956). aRniSnuli Sexedulebebi farTod gaakritikes. romc arsebobdes
yovelmxrivi kavSiri adamianis sxeulis tipsa da damnaSaveobas Soris, is mainc ver daadgens
memkvidreobiTobis zegavlenas. kunTebiani adamianebi, SesaZloa, CarTulni iyvnen kriminalur
qmedebebSi, radgan es maT saSualebas aZlevs, aCvenon TavianTi Zala. ufro metic, am sferoSi
Catarebuli TiTqmis yvela gamokvleva Semoifargleboda gamosasworebel skolebSi moTavsebuli
damnaSaveebis SeswavliT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs raime kavSiri sxeulis agebulebasa
da damnaSaveobas Soris, albaT, mxolod imitom, rom Zlieri, aTleturi aRnagobis damnaSaveebs
ufro agzavnian aseT skolebSi, vidre sust, gamxdar damnaSaveebs.
zogierTi pirovneba SeiZleba iyos Zalian ficxi an agresiuli da es aisaxos sxvebis mimarT
Cadenil danaSaulSi, magaliTad, fizikur TavdasxmaSi. da mainc, ar arsebobs udavo
mtkicebulebebi, rom pirovnebis romelime Tviseba memkvidreobiT aris miRebuli; asec rom
yofiliyo, maTi kavSiri damnaSaveobasTan mxolod Soreuli iqneboda.
fsiqologiuri Tvalsazrisi
danaSaulis fsiqologiuri Teoriebi, biologiuri axsnis msgavsad, damnaSaveobas pirovnebis
garkveul tipebTan akavSirebs. zogi Tvlis, rom adamianebis mcire nawili amoralur, fsiqopaTur
pirovnebad yalibdeba. fsiqopaTebi arian gariyuli, uemocio adamianebi, romlebsac siamovnebas
aniWebs Tavad Zaladoba ZaladobisTvis.
fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi zogjer sCadian mZime danaSauls, magram
Tavad fsiqopaTiis cnebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mniSvnelovani problemebi. sulac ar aris
aucilebeli, rom fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebi kriminaluri xasiaTis iyos. im adamianebTan Catarebuli
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TiTqmis yvela gamokvleva, romlebsac, miiCnevdnen, rom fsiqopaTuri Tvisebebi

axasiaTebdaT, exeboda sasjelmisjil patimrebs. es pirovnebebi, ra Tqma unda, uaryofiTad iyvnen
warmodgenilni. Tu Cven imave Tvisebebs dadebiTad aRvwerT, miviRebT pirovnebis sruliad
gansxvavebul tips. aseT SemTxvevaSi, albaT, aRar iqneba imis mtkicebis safuZveli, rom
amgvari tipis adamianebi TavianTi bunebiT damnaSaveebi arian.
damnaSaveobis fsiqologiur Teoriebs, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, SeuZliaT, axsnan
danaSaulis mxolod zogierTi aspeqti. SesaZloa, zogierT damnaSaves hqondes iseTi pirovnuli
Tvisebebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs mas mosaxleobis danarCeni nawilisgan, magram yovlad
warmoudgenelia, rom damnaSaveebis umravlesobas axasiaTebdes aseTi Tvisebebi. arsebobs
uamravi saxis danaSauli da daujerebelia, vifiqroT, rom im adamianebs, romlebic danaSauls
sCadian, zogierTi msgavsi gansakuTrebuli fsiqologiuri Tviseba axasiaTebT. maSinac ki, Tu
Cven danaSaulis erTi kategoriiT SemovifarglebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mZime danaSaulebi,
unda gaviTvaliswinoT maTi Cadenis sxvadasxva garemoeba. zogierTi maTgani Cadenilia
calkeuli individebis mier, sxvebi ki - organizebuli jgufebis mier. SeuZlebelia, martoxela
damnaSaveebis fsiqologiuri xasiaTi iseTive iyos, rogorc mWidrod dakavSirebuli bandis
wevrebis. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu SesaZlebelia myari fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebis dakavSireba
damnaSaveobis sxvadasxva formasTan, mainc ver avxsniT, rogor moqmedebs aseTi
mizezobrivi kavSiri. SesaZloa, kriminalur jgufebSi CarTva ufro axdendes gavlenas adamianebis
Sexedulebebze, vidre Tavad Sexedulebebi iwvevdes kriminalur qcevas.
sazogadoeba da danaSauli: sociologiuri Teoriebi

danaSaulis bunebis nebismieri damakmayofilebeli axsna unda iyos sociologiuri, radgan
danaSauli dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis socialur institutebTan. danaSaulis Sesaxeb sociologiuri
Tvalsazrisi Zalian did yuradRebas amaxvilebs konformulobisa da deviaciis urTierTkavSirze
sxvadasxva socialur konteqstSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi arsebobs uamravi gansxvavebuli
subkultura. qceva, romelic Seesabameba romelime subkulturis normebs, SeiZleba am
subkulturis farglebs gareT ganvixiloT, rogorc devianturi. magaliTad, SesaZloa, biWebis bandis
romelime wevrze did zewolas axdendnen, rom man, Tavis gamoCenis mizniT, manqana
moiparos. garda amisa, sazogadoebaSi arsebobs didi gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis
mixedviT, rac did gavlenas axdens sxvadaxva jgufis SesaZleblobebze. ar aris gasakvirveli, rom
jibis qurdobasa da qurdobas gatexviT, ZiriTadad, mosaxleobis Zalian Raribi nawilis
warmomadgenlebi sCadian; gaflangvebi da gadasaxadebidan Tavis arideba, definiciis
Tanaxmad, damaxasiaTebelia im adamianebisTvis, romlebic SeZlebulad cxovroben.
daswavlili deviacia: diferenciuli asociacia

edvin h. sazerlendi danaSauls akavSirebda imasTan, rasac man diferencirebuli asociacia
uwoda (Sutherland, 1949). es idea Zalian martivia. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac arsebobs
sxvadasxva subkultura, zogierTi socialuri garemo xels uwyobs ukanono moqmedebebs, zogierTi
ki _ ara. individebi damnaSaveebi xdebian im adamianebTan urTierTobis Sedegad, romlebic
kriminalur normebs misdeven. sazerlendis mixedviT, kriminalur qcevas, umetesad, swavloben
pirvelad jgufebSi, gansakuTrebiT, TanatolTa jgufebSi. es Teoria upirispirdeba im Tvalsazriss,
rom fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebi aris damnaSaveebis sxva adamianebisgan gansxvavebis mizezi.
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am Teoriis mixedviT, kriminaluri saqmianobis daswavla TiTqmis iseve SeiZleba, rogorc kanons
daqvemdebarebuli moqmedebebis. orive saxis moqmedebebi mimarTulia erTi da imave
moTxovnilebebisa da Rirebulebebisaken. qurdebi iseve cdiloben fulis gakeTebas, rogorc is
adamianebi, romlebsac Cveulebrivi samsaxuri aqvT, magram amis gasakeTeblad isini
arakanonier saSualebebs irCeven.
struqturuli daZabuloba: anomia, rogorc danaSaulis mizezi

robert k. mertoni, danaSaulis interpretaciis dros, damnaSaveobas akavSirebs devianturi
qcevis sxva tipebTan da, amgvarad, xazs usvams damnaSavis normalurobas (Merton, 1957).
mertonma mimarTa anomiis cnebas, rom Seeqmna Zalian mniSvnelovani Teoria deviaciis
Sesaxeb. rogorc I TavSi vnaxeT, anomiis cneba pirvelad Semoitana emil diurkemma, sociologiis
erT-erTma fuZemdebelma. igi Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi normebi da
standartebi irRveva da ar xdeba maTi axliT Secvla. anomia warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac
socialuri cxovrebis garkveul sferoSi ar arsebobs qcevis mkafio standartebi. diurkems miaCnda,
rom aseT pirobebSi adamianebi Tavgzaabneulebi da SeSfoTebulebi arian; amitom anomia aris
erT-erTi socialuri faqtori, romelic gavlenas axdens TviTmkvlelobisken midrekilebaze.
mertonma moaxdina anomiis cnebis modificireba, im daZabulobis aRsaniSnavad, romlis
qveSac xvdeba individi, roca miRebuli normebi upirispirdeba socialur realobas. amerikul
sazogadoebaSi da, garkveulwilad, sxva industriul qveynebSi, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
Rirebulebebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs materialur warmatebas. warmatebis miRwevis mTavar
saSualebebad iTvleba TviTdisciplina da Seupovari muSaoba. amgvarad, adamianebs, romlebic
namdvilad bevrs muSaoben, SeuZliaT warmatebis miRweva, mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra iyo maTi
cxovrebis sawyisi pozicia. sinamdvileSi, es ase ar aris, radgan im adamianebis umravlesobas,
romlebic Tavidanve araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi imyofebian, warmatebis misaRwevad mxolod
SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi aqvT, an saerTod araviTari SesaZlebloba ar eZlevaT. isini, vinc ver
aRweven `warmatebas,~ ganwirulad Tvlian Tavs, TavianTi aSkara uunarobis gamo, miaRwion
materialur progress. am situaciaSi, didi zewola xdeba, miaRwion warmatebas nebismieri
saSualebiT, kanonieriT Tu ukanonoTi. mertonis mixedviT, deviacia aris ekonomikuri
uTanasworobis Tanamdevi Sedegi.
mertoni gamoyofs xuT SesaZlo reaqcias im daZabulobebze, romlebic warmoiSoba
socialurad mowonebul Rirebulebebsa da maTi miRwevis SezRudul saSualebebs Soris.
konformistebi aRiareben rogorc sayovelTaod miRebul Rirebulebebs, ise maTi ganxorcielebis
sayovelTaod mowonebul saSualebebs, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, warmatebulia isini Tu ara.
mosaxleobis umravlesoba am kategorias ganekuTvneba. inovatorebi aRiareben socialurad
mowonebul Rirebulebebs, magram maT misaRwevad ukanono da akrZalul saSualebebs
iyeneben. ukanono saqmianobiT gamdidrebuli kriminalebi am tipis deviaciis nimuSia.
ritualistebi eguebian socialurad aRiarebul standartebs, Tumca isini ukve aRar aqceven
yuradRebas im Rirebulebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven am standartebs. wesebs Tavad wesebis
gamo icaven, yovelgvari miznis gareSe, TiTqos iZulebiT. ritualistebi, rogorc wesi, arian is
adamianebi, romlebic mondomebiT asruleben mosawyen samuSaos. Tumca, aseT samuSaoze
karieris gakeTebis araviTari perspeqtiva ar arsebobs da fuladi anazRaurebac umniSvneloa.
retretistebi arian isini, vinc mTlianad uars amboben konkurenciis perspeqtivaze da, amgvarad,
uaryofen rogorc gabatonebul Rirebulebebs, aseve maTi miRwevis saSualebebs. amis magaliTia
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damoukidebeli erTobis wevrebi. bolos, meamboxeebi uaryofen arsebul Rirebulebebs da

saSualebebs, magram Zalian surT, isini Secvalon axali RirebulebebiTa da saSualebebiT, da
gardaqmnan socialuri sistema. radikaluri politikuri jgufebis wevrebi miekuTvneba am
kategorias.
mogvianebiT, zogma mkvlevarma sazerlendis diferenciuli asociaciis cneba (Sexeduleba,
rom adamianebis jgufi, romelTanac individebi dakavSirebulni arian, gavlenas axdens danaSaulis
mimarT maT damokidebulebaze) daakavSira mertonis tipoligiasTan. TavianT gamokvlevaSi
biWebis damnaSave bandebis Sesaxeb, riCard a. qlouardi da loid e. olini (1960) amtkicebdnen,
rom aseTi bandebi warmoiSoba subkulturul erTobebSi, sadac kanonieri gziT warmatebis
miRwevis SesaZleblobebi Zalian mcirea, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gaWirvebuli eTnikuri
umciresobebi. mkvlevrebis naSromSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda swored
konformulobasa da deviacias Soris kavSirs. warmatebis miRwevis SesaZleblobis nakleboba,
ufro farTo sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT, aris mTavari ganmasxvavebeli faqtori kriminalur
saqmianobaSi CarTul adamianebsa da kanonmorCil pirovnebebs Soris.
Cven sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT im Sexedulebis mimarT, rom adamianebi ufro Raribi
erTobebidan da ufro mdidrebi erTnairad iswrafvian warmatebisaken. sinamdvileSi, adamianebis
umravlesoba cdilobs, sakuTari miswrafebebi miusadagos imas, rac realisturad miaCnia. ar
iqneba swori, Tu CavTvliT, rom miswrafebebisa da SesaZleblobebis Seusabamoba
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod naklebad privilegirebuli adamianebisTvis. sxva jgufebSic arsebobs
zewola kriminaluri saqmianobis mimarT, magaliTad, e.w. TeTrsayeloianTa danaSaulebi _
gaflangva, TaRliToba, gadasaxadebisgan Tavis arideba, rasac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT.
stigmatizaciis Teoria
erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan midgomas, romlis mizania damnaSaveobis gageba,
stigmatizaciis (iarliyis miwebebis) Teoria ewodeba, Tumca Tavad es termini aRniSnavs
urTierTdakavSirebuli ideebis jgufs da ara erTian Tvalsazriss. stigmatizaciis Teoretikosebi
deviacias gansazRvraven ara rogorc individebisTvis an jgufebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-
Tvisebebis erTobliobas, aramed rogorc deviantebsa da aradeviantebs Soris urTierTqmedebis
process. maTi azriT, imisaTvis, rom gavigoT Tavad deviaciis buneba, upirveles yovlisa, unda
gamovikvlioT, ratom awebeben `deviantis~ iarliys zogierT adamians.
ZiriTadad, swored is adamianebi awebeben iarliys, romlebic kanonisa da wesrigis damcvel
Zalebs warmoadgenen, an SeuZliaT, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zneobis definiciebi sxvebs
moaxvion Tavs. amgvarad, iarliyebi, romlebic deviaciis kategoriebs qmnian, asaxavs
sazogadoebis Zalauflebis struqturas. saerTod, wesebi, romelTa mixedviTac deviacia
ganisazRvreba, Seqmnilia mdidrebis mier RaribebisTvis, kacebis mier qalebisTvis, asakovani
adamianebis mier ufro axalgazrdebisTvis da eTnikuri umravlesobebis mier umciresobebis
jgufebisTvis. magaliTad, bevri bavSvi Zvreba da daxetialobs sxva adamianebis baRebSi, iparavs
xils an acdens gakveTilebs. mdidar samezobloSi, bavSvebis es qcevebi mSoblebma,
maswavleblebma da policiam, SesaZloa, Seafason erTnairad, rogorc ubralo bavSvuri garToba.
Rarib raionebSi ki, es qmedebebi, SesaZloa, CaTvalon mozardTa damnaSaveobisadmi
midrekilebis damadasturebel faqtebad.
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rogorc ki bavSvs damnaSavis (delinquentis) iarliys miawebeben, is ukve xdeba

damnaSavis stigmis matarebeli da, albaT, maswavleblebi da, momavalSi, samsaxurSi
damqiraveblebi, mas arasando pirovnebad miiCneven. Semdeg, individi kvlav sCadis kriminalur
qmedebas da amiT ufro Sordeba sayovelTaod miRebul socialur wesebs. edvin lemerti (1972)
kanonis darRvevis Tavdapirvel aqts uwodebs pirvelad deviacias. meoradi deviacia xdeba maSin,
rodesac individisTvis misaRebi xdeba miwebebuli iarliyi da Tavis Tavs deviantad miiCnevs.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT lukas qceva. biWma vitrinis fanjara Caamtvria, rodesac SabaTs,
RamiT, amxanagebTan erTad qalaqgareT imyofeboda. es qmedeba, albaT, Sefasdeba, rogorc
aRgznebuli qcevis SemTxveviTi Sedegi, rac axalgazrdebs epatiebaT xolme. luka, albaT, dasjas
gadaurCeba da dasjerdebian mxolod miTiTebas, sayvedurs an mcire jarimas. Tu is
`respeqtabeluri~ ojaxidan aris, albaT, Sedegi aseTi iqneba. fanjris gatexvas CaTvlian pirvelad
deviaciad, Tu mas miiCneven wesier, kargi xasiaTis axalgazrdad, romelic im SemTxvevaSi
Zalian Tavqarianad moiqca. meore mxriv, Tu policia da sasamarTlo gamoitanen pirobiT sasjels
da aiZuleben lukas, mimarTos socialur muSaks, incidenti, SesaZloa, gaxdes pirveli nabiji
meoradi deviaciisaken mimaval gzaze. `devianturi qcevis daswavlis~ procesze swored is
organizaciebi amaxvileben yuradRebas, romlebic, savaraudod, Seiqmna misi gamosworebis
mizniT _ cixeebi da TavSesafrebi.
stigmatizaciis Teoria Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan is Tvlis, rom arc erTi moqmedeba ar
aris kriminaluri Tavisi bunebiT. damnaSaveobis gansazRvrebebs qmnian Zalauflebis mqone
adamianebi. isini amas axorcieleben kanonebis SeqmniTa da policiis, sasamarTloebisa da
gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis mier am kanonebis interpretaciis saSualebiT. stigmatizaciis
Teoriis kritikosebi zogjer amtkiceben, rom arsebobs garkveuli moqmedebebi, romlebic,
sinamdvileSi, yvela kulturaSi mkacrad aris akrZaluli, rogoricaa mkvleloba, gaupatiureba da
yaCaRoba. es Sexeduleba, ra Tqma unda, ar aris swori. Tqvens sakuTar kulturaSic ki, mokvlas
yovelTvis ar ganixilaven, rogorc mkvlelobas, danaSauls. omis dros mtris mokvla dadebiTad
aRiqmeba; bolo dromde, britaneTis kanonebis Tanaxmad, qmris mier colis mimarT ZaliT
ganxorcielebuli sqesobrivi kavSiri ar iTvleboda gaupatiurebad.
Cven SegviZlia ufro dasabuTebulad gavakritikoT iarliyis miwebebis Teoria sxva
mizezebis gamo. pirveli, stigmatizaciis Teoretikosebi did mniSvnelobas aniWeben iarliyis
miwebebis aqtiur process, xolo is procesebi, romlebic iwveven deviantur moqmedebebs, maTi
yuradRebis miRma rCeba. aSkaraa, rom garkveuli qmedebebisTvis deviantis iarliyis miwebeba
ar aris mTlianad TviTneburi; socializaciis, atitudebisa da SesaZleblobebis gansxvavebebi
gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu ramdenad arian adamianebi CarTulni qcevaSi, romelsac, albaT,
devianturis iarliys awebeben. magaliTad, Zalian Raribi ojaxis bavSvebi, SesaZloa, ufro xSirad
iparaven maRaziidan, vidre ufro mdidari bavSvebi. jer erTi, isini iarliyis miwebebis gamo ki ar
iparaven, aramed im mdgomareobis gamo, romelSic cxovroben. meore, sinamdvileSi, ar aris
cxadi, iarliyis miwebeba axdens Tu ara gavlenas devianturi qcevis ricxvis gazrdaze. Cveulebriv,
msjavris dadebis Semdeg, delinquenturi qceva izrdeba, magram es Tavad iarliyis miwebebis
Sedegia? SesaZloa, aq sxva faqtorebic erTveba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, sxva delinquentebTan
urTierTqmedebis gazrda an axali kriminaluri SesaZleblobebis gacnoba.
Teoriuli daskvnebi
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rogori daskvnis gakeTeba SegviZlia danaSaulis Teoriebis ganxilvis Semdeg? upirveles

yovlisa, Cven unda gavixsenoT adre gakeTebuli SeniSvna: miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSauli
aris mTeli devianturi qcevis mxolod erTi qvekategoria, is moicavs saqmianobis iseT
mravalferovnebas _ maRaziaSi Sokoladis filis SeumCnevlad moparvidan masobriv
mkvlelobamde _ rom sruliad SeuZlebelia iseTi erTiani Teoriis Seqmna, romelic axsnis
kriminaluri qcevis yvela formas.
zemoT ganxiluli TiToeuli Teoria gvexmareba, kargad gavigoT danaSaulis zogierTi aspeqti
an tipi. biologiuri da fsiqologiuri midgomebis saSualebiT, SesaZlebelia im pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis gansazRvra, romlebic socialuri codnisa da gamocdilebis calkeul konteqstSi,
winaswar ganawyobs garkveul individebs, ifiqron kriminaluri moqmedebebis Cadenaze.
magaliTad, adamianebi, visac axasiaTebT iseTi niSnebi, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, fsiqopaTurs
uwodeben, SeiZleba ufro metad iyvnen warmodgenilebi mZime damnaSaveebis zogierT
kategoriaSi, vidre mTel mosaxleobaSi. meore mxriv, SesaZloa, isini Zalian bevrni iyvnen im
adamianebs Soris, romlebic udides gmirobas sCadian an sarisko saqmianobas ewevian.
danaSaulis sociologiuri Teoriebis wvlili orjer ufro didia. pirveli, es Teoriebi samarTlianad
aniWebs did mniSvnelobas kriminalur da `wesier~ qcevas Soris arsebul uwyvet kavSirs. is
situaciebi, sadac garkveuli tipis saqmianobebi kriminalurad miaCniaT da isini kanoniT isjeba,
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebulia. meorec, yvela Tanxmdeba, rom konteqsti mniSvnelovania
kriminalur saqmianobaSi. socialuri codna da socialuri garemo arsebiT gavlenas axdens imaze,
CaerTveba Tu ara pirovneba kriminalur aqtivobaSi da ganixilaven Tu ara mas kriminalad.
miuxedavad zogierTi xarvezisa, stigmatizaciis Teoria yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebuli
midgomaa, romelic gamoiyeneba danaSaulisa da devianturi qcevis asaxsnelad. am Teoriis
saSualebiT, Cven gansakuTrebul yuradRebas vaqcevT im pirobebs, romlebSic zogierTi
saqmianoba ganisazRvreba, rogorc kanoniT dasjadi, da Zalauflebis im urTierTobebs, romlebic
aseT warmodgenebs ganapirobebs, aseve, im garemoebebs, romlebSic garkveuli individebi
kanons arRveven.
axla uSualod im kriminaluri qmedebebis buneba ganvixiloT, romlebic Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi xdeba, da gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxviloT danaSaulze gaerTianebul
samefoSi.
danaSauli da danaSaulis statistika
sinamdvileSi, ramdeni danaSauli arsebobs da sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis romeli formebia

yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli:? am kiTxvebze pasuxi rom gavceT, SegviZlia gavecnoT danaSaulis
oficialur statistikas. radgan aseTi statistika regularulad qveyndeba, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos Zneli
ar aris danaSaulis raodenobis gansazRvra, magram es varaudi mcdaria. statistika danaSaulisa da
mozardTa damnaSaveobis Sesaxeb, albaT, yvelaze nakleb sarwmunoa socialuri sakiTxebis
Sesaxeb oficialurad gamoqveynebul yvela monacems Soris.
danaSaulis oficialuri statistikis yvelaze mTavari nakli is aris, rom igi Seicavs mxolod im
danaSaulebs, romlebic, faqtobrivad, policiis mier aris registrirebuli. SesaZlo danaSaulsa da
policiis mier mis registracias Soris arsebobs problemuri gadawyvetilebebis grZeli jaWvi.
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danaSaulebis umravlesobis, gansakuTrebiT, wvrilmani qurdobis, Sesaxeb policias arasdros

atyobineben. adamianebi gansxvavdebian unariT, gamoicnon danaSauli, da surviliT, acnobon
policias amis Sesaxeb. im danaSaulebidan, romelTac policias atyobineben, garkveuli nawili ar
aris aRniSnuli statistikur monacemebSi, magaliTad, policia, SesaZloa, skeptikurad iyos
ganwyobili Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb misTvis miwodebuli informaciis sandoobis mimarT.
gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom yvela seriozuli danaSaulis, sul cota, naxevars (maT Soris,
Zaladobrivi gaupatiurebis, Zarcvis, mZime Sedegebis mqone Tavdasxmis), ar atyobineben
policias.
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 1973 wlidan atarebs intervius
SemTxveviTi SerCevis gziT arCeul 60000 ojaxSi, wina eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva
saxis danaSaulebis msxverplTa raodenobis dadgenis mizniT. am gamokvlevas ewodeba
`danaSaulis erovnuli gamokiTxva.~ am gamokvlevam daadastura, rom policias ar awvdian
informacias seriozuli danaSaulebis umetesobis Sesaxeb. yvelaze xSirad atyobineben komerciuli
xasiaTis Zarcvis Sesaxeb (86 procenti), xolo yvelaze iSviaTad _ binaSi 50 dolarze naklebi
Tanxis qurdobis Sesaxeb (15 procenti). 1982 da 1984 wlebis `danaSaulis britanul
gamokiTxvamde~ (BCS), ar arsebobda gaerTianebul samefoSi araregistrirebuli danaSaulis
oficialuri Sefaseba. britaneTSi araregistrirebuli danaSaulebis magaliTebi, romlebic gamovlinda
danaSaulis Sesaxeb britanuli gamokiTxvis Sedegad, zustad Seesabameba amerikul
monacemebs.
danaSaulis namdvili raodenobis gasagebad ar aris sakmarisi, rom policiis mier oficialurad
registrirebuli danaSaulebis raodenobas, ubralod, davumatoT is danaSaulebi, romlebic policias ar
Seatyobines, radgan gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva adgilobrivi policiis Zalebis mier danaSaulis
registrirebis praqtika. zogierTi policia ufro nakleb danaSauls aRniSnavs, vidre sxvebi. es an
maTi muSaobis araefeqturobis gamo xdeba, an imitom, rom maT mier Sedgenili dapatimrebis
pataki ukeTesi gamoCndes. britaneTSi mTavroba regularulad atarebs ojaxebis sayovelTao
gamokiTxvas, erovnuli SerCevis safuZvelze. gamokiTxvam moicva 1972, 1973, 1979 da 1980
wlebSi binebis Zarcvis Sesaxeb SekiTxvebic. ojaxebs sTxovdnen, aReniSnaT nebismieri aseTi
Zarcva, romelic moxda intervius Catarebamde, wina Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi. 1981 wels
Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom 1972-1980 wlebSi TiTqmis ar Secvlila binis Zarcvis
SemTxvevis ricxvi, Tumca, im periodSi, britaneTis danaSaulis oficialurma statistikam, romelic
emyareboda informacias policiisaTvis Setyobinebul danaSaulTa Sesaxeb, aCvena, rom aseTi
tipis danaSauli 50 procentiT gaizarda (Bottomley and Pease, 1986, gv. 22-23). albaT, es aSkara
zrda imis Sedegi iyo, rom amaRlda danaSaulis Sesaxeb mosaxleobis informirebulobis done, rac
iwvevs met Setyobinebas; da kidev, ufro efeqturi gaxda policiis mier monacemebis Segrovebis
meTodebi.
im danaSaulebis statistikuri gazomvis mixedviT, romlebsac policias atyobineben,
gaerTianebul samefoSi, naxevar saukuneze metia, danaSaulis raodenoba, met-naklebad,
mudmivad izrdeba. 1920 wlamde, policia inglissa da uelsSi yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 100.000
danaSaulis Sesaxeb iRebda Setyobinebas. 1950 wlisTvis am ricxvma daaxloebiT 500.000-s
miaRwia, xolo 1991 wels 5 milions gadaaWarba. amgvarad, dRes policia yovelwliurad
aregistrirebs cxraze met danaSauls yovel as kacze. SesaZloa, CrdiloeT irlandia asocirdeba
teroristuli Zaladobis maRal donesTan, magram, policiis statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, iq
danaSaulis saerTo done sakmaod Camouvardeba inglisisa da uelsis dones da warmoadgens
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mxolod oTx danaSauls yovel as kacze. oficialuri statistikiT, Zaladobis gamoyenebiT Cadenili
danaSaulis raodenoba mkveTrad gaizarda bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi. danaSaulis britanuli
gamokvlevebis monacemebi imasac aCvenebs, rom 1981 wlidan 1991 wlamde, sakuTrebis
xelyofasTan dakavSirebuli danaSauli 95 procentiT gaizarda, xolo pirovnebis mimarT Cadenili
danaSauli _ 21 procentiT. Cans, aq aris sakmaod mWidro urTierTkavSiri danaSaulis aseT
zrdasa da mamakacTa umuSevrobis donis matebas Soris. 16-29 wlis umuSevari axalgazrda
mamakacebis raodenoba danaSaulis orive kategoriaSi Zalian didia. regionuli analizi
gviCvenebs, rom aseTi kavSiri realurad arsebobs. qveyanaSi dasaqmebis ZiriTadi ,,Savi laqebi,”
rogoricaa mersisaidi, didi manCesteri, dasavleTi midlendi, samxreTi uelsi da didi londoni,
agreTve warmoadgenen danaSaulis `Sav laqebs~ (Wells 1995).
axali memarcxene realizmi

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, kriminologebs, gansakuTrebiT, ufro liberaluri an memarcxene
Sexedulebis kriminologebs, undodaT, minimumamde daeyvanaT danaSaulis oficialuri
maCveneblis zrdis mniSvneloba. isini cdilobdnen, eCvenebinaT, rom mediam gamoiwvia
zedmeti saxalxo mRelvareba aRniSnuli sakiTxis gamo. isini amtkicebdnen, rom danaSauli,
yvelaze metad, uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli protestis SeniRbuli formaa. am pozicias
daSorda axali memarcxene realizmi, romelic asocirdeba joq iangis naSromTan (Young, 1988).
axali memarcxene realizmi acxadebs, rom danaSauli, sinamdvileSi, gaizarda da rom
sazogadoeba samarTlianad wuxs am faqtis gamo. Sesabamisad, es midgoma cdilobs, ufro metad
danaSaulis msxverplze gaamaxvilos yuradReba da naklebad ainteresebs mxolod is adamianebi,
romlebic danaSauls sCadian. amtkiceben, rom msxverplTa gamokiTxvebi ufro sarwmuno
suraTs gvaZlevs danaSaulis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebiT, vidre oficialuri statistikuri
monacemebi an danaSaulis britanuli gamokiTxva (Ewans, 1992). iangis azriT, msxverplTa
Seswavla aCvenebs, rom policia agebs brZolas danaSaulis winaaRmdeg, gansakuTrebiT,
qalaqis Sida, uRaribes, umuSevarTa raionebSi. quCis danaSauli, maT Soris, sxvadasxva saxis
Zaladoba, narkotikebiT vaWroba da vandalizmi, mkveTrad gaizarda.
es midgoma eyrdnoba qlouordisa da olinis, mertonisa da sxvebis Sexedulebebs. is
miuTiTebs, rom Sida qalaqebSi viTardeba kriminaluri subkulturebi. aseTi subkulturebi ar
warmoiqmneba Tavad siRaribis gamo, aramed imitom, rom iq mcxovrebi adamianebi ar arian
CarTulni ufro did erTobaSi. magaliTad, kriminaluri axalgazrduli jgufebi moqmedeben
`respeqtabeluri sazogadoebis~ zRvarze da upirispirdebian mas. is faqti, rom Savkanianebis mier
Cadenili danaSaulis raodenoba bolo wlebSi gaizarda, imiT aixsneba, rom rasobrivi integraciis
politikam marcxi ganicada.
am midgomis kritikosebi aRiareben, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania danaSaulis msxverplze
yuradRebis gamaxvileba, magram isini miuTiTeben, rom sazogadoebis mier danaSaulis aRqma,
xSirad, stereotipebs anu mcdar warmodgenebs efuZneba. SesaZloa, axali memarcxene realizmi
uneblied mxars uWers stereotips: Savkaniani = kriminali. es midgoma gaakritikes imis gamoc,
rom mas zedmetad gadaaqvs yuradReba msxverplze. saWiroa, rogorc msxverplis, ise
damnaSavis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis gamokvleva (Hughes, 1991).
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cixeebi da sasjeli
dasjis formebis cvlilebebi

mecxramete saukunis adreul periodamde, cixeSi Casma, rogorc sasjeli danaSaulisTvis,
iSviaTad gamoiyeneboda. nebismieri zomis qalaqebis umetesobaSi iyo adgilobrivi cixe, magram
es cixeebi, Cveulebriv, Zalian mcire zomis iyo da iq erTdroulad sam an oTxze meti patimris
moTavseba SeuZlebeli iyo. isini gamoiyeneboda Ramis ganmavlobaSi mTvralebis
`gasagrileblad~, iSviaTad ki, rogorc adgilebi, sadac braldebulebi sasamarTlo process
elodebodnen. did evropul qalaqebSi, cixeebi sxvadasxva zomis iyo. maTSi aTavsebdnen
adamianebs, romelTa umetesoba ukve damnaSaved scnes da isini ganaCenis sisruleSi moyvanas
elodebodnen. es dawesebulebebi Zalian gansxvavdebodnen im cixeebisgan, romlebic didi
raodenobiT aaSenes mecxramete saukunis bolosa da Semdgom periodSi. disciplina cixeSi
Zalian susti iyo an saerTod ar arsebobda. zogjer maT, vinc unda daesajaT, miwisqveSa
sapyrobileSi agdebdnen da ganaCenis aRsrulebamde isini mxolod sapyrobilis zedamxedvels
xedavdnen, magram, ufro xSirad, cixis atmosfero saocrad Tavisufali da mSvidi iyo,
Tanamedrove standartebTan SedarebiT.
jonaTan aTolma, danaSaulis istorikosma, aRwera cxovreba niugeitSi, londonis erT-erT
Zvel cixeSi. es iyo xmauriani, mxiaruli adgili, mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi uamravi mnaxveliT.
1790 wels, erT-erTma msjavrdebulma cixeSi mejlisi moawyo. Cans, es ar iyo uCveulo movlena:
`Cai miarTves SuadRis 4 saaTze, violinosa da fleitis musikis TanxlebiT, amis Semdeg
kompania cekvavda 8 saaTamde, roca civi vaxSami moitanes. saRamos wveuleba daiSala 9
saaTze, rodesac, Cveulebriv, cixe iketeboda” (Jonathon Atholl, 1954, gv. 66). mecxramete
saukunemde, danaSaulisTvis sasjelis mTavari formebi iyo: adamianebis xundebSi Casma,
gamaTraxeba, cxeli rkiniT daRis amowva an CamoxrCoba. ganaCeni sisruleSi mohyavdaT
saxalxod da mas bevri adamiani eswreboda. zogi dasja aTasobiT adamians izidavda.
CamosaxrCobad gamzadebul patimrebs SeeZloT sityvis warmoTqma, TavianTi moqmedebebis
gamarTleba da Tavis udanaSaulod gamocxadeba. brbo msjavrdebulebs amxnevebda mowonebis
SeZaxilebiT, an gamkicxavi SeZaxilebiT gamoTqvamda Tavis damokidebulebas an ustvenda
imisda mixedviT, iq damswre sazogadoeba rogor afasebda damnaSavis warmoTqmul sityvas.
Tanamedrove cixeebi saTaves iRebs warsulis Sroma-gasworebis banakebidan da ara
sapatimroebidan an miwisqveSa sapyrobileebidan. Sroma-gasworebis banakebi Tavdapirvelad
Seiqmna meCvidmete saukuneSi, evropis qveynebis udides nawilSi da gavrcelda feodalizmis
rRvevis periodSi; bevrma glexma ver SeZlo miwis damuSavebis samuSaos miReba da amitom
gaxda mawanwala. Sroma-gasworebis banakebSi maT aWmevdnen, magram aiZulebdnen, drois
udidesi nawili am dawesebulebaSi gaetarebinaT da Zalian bevri eSromaT. miuxedavad amisa,
SromiTi saxlebi gaxda is adgilebi, sadac aTavsebdnen sxva jgufebs, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gareT
aravin zrunavda maTze. eseni iyvnen: avadmyofebi, xandazmulebi, gonebasustebi da suliT
avadmyofebi.
meTvramete saukuneSi, cixeebi, TavSesafrebi da samkurnalo dawesebulebebi
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli gaxda. reformatorebi protests gamoTqvamdnen tradiciuli
sasjelebis gamo. maTi azriT, Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iyo ufro efeqturi saSualeba kriminaluri
saqmianobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. mkvleloba yvelaze ufro saSiS danaSaulad aRiares,
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radgan ufro did politikur sistemaSi gaCnda pirovnuli Tavisuflebis uflebebi da sxva pirovnebis
mokvla miCneul iqna saboloo Setevad adamianis uflebebze. mas Semdeg, rac miiCnies, rom
cixeebs kriminalebis gawvrTnis mizani unda hqonoda _ maT unda eswavlaT disciplinisa da
konformulobis jansaRi Cvevebi - adamianebis sajarod dasjis idea TandaTan gaqra.
cixeebi da moraluri gamosworeba

cixeSi Casma aris damnaSaveebis dasjisa da maTgan moqalaqeebis dacvis saSualeba.
magram cixis sistemis mTavari principi aris individis `gamosworeba~, raTa SemdegSi man
SeZlos sazogadoebaSi Sesaferisi da saTanado rolis Sesruleba. axdenen ki cixeebi aseT efeqts im
adamianebze, romlebic izolirebulni arian iq garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi? faqtebi aSkarad
gviCvenebs, rom ara.
rogorc wesi, axla patimrebs fizikurad ukve aRar sjian, rogorc es adre iyo miRebuli, Tumca
cemis faqtebi cixeebSi, qalebis cixeebSic ki, jer kidev arsebobs. patimrebs bevri sxvadasxva
tipis deprivacia awuxebT - isini moklebulni arian ara marto Tavisuflebas, aramed saTanado
Semosavals, ojaxebsa da yofil megobrebTan urTierTobebs, heteroseqsualur kavSirebs, sakuTar
tansacmelsa da sxva pirad nivTebs. isini xSirad cxovroben xalxiT gadavsebul saknebSi da
iZulebulni arian, daemorCilon TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis disciplinis wesebsa da
reglamentacias.
aseT pirobebSi cxovreba, cixis patimrebsa da gare sazogadoebas Soris gaTiSvas ufro
iwvevs, vidre am sazogadoebis normebisadmi maTi qcevis adaptacias. patimrebma
urTierTobebi unda daamyaron im garemosTan, romelic Zalian gansxvavebulia gare
samyarosgan. is Cvevebi da atitudebi, romlebsac isini cixeSi swavloben, Zalian xSirad,
diametralurad imis sapirispiroa, rac maT unda SeiZinon. magaliTad, maT uviTardebaT Suris
grZnoba sxva moqalaqeebis mimarT, Zaladobas normad Tvlian, damnaSave recidivistebTan
amyareben urTierTobebs, rasac ganTavisuflebis Semdegac agrZeleben, da iZenen iseT
kriminalur unar-Cvevebs, romlebic maT adre TiTqmis ar hqondaT. amitom, ar aris gasakvirveli,
rom recidivizmis _ danaSaulis gameoreba im adamianebis mier, romlebic adre ukve isxdnen
cixeSi _ done SemaSfoTeblad maRalia. sasjelis moxdis Semdeg, gaerTianebul samefoSi,
cixidan ganTavisuflebuli mamakacebis 60 procentze meti kvlav xvdeba cixeSi, pirveli
danaSaulis Cadenidan 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi. ganmeorebiTi kanondarRvevebis realuri done,
SesaZloa, ufro maRali iyos, radgan, ueWvelia, zogierT maTgans, vinc daubrunda kriminalur
saqmianobas, ver iWeren.
Tumca cixeebi, Cans, ver aRweven warmatebas patimrebis reabilitaciis saqmeSi,
SesaZloa, isini xels uSlidnen maT danaSaulis CadenaSi. isini, vinc cixeSi moxvda, realurad ver
SeaCeres, magram, SesaZloa, cixis aramimzidvelma cxovrebam SeaCeros sxvebi danaSaulis
Cadenisgan. es aris TiTqmis gadauWreli problema cixis reformatorebisTvis. Tu cixeebs
gadavaqcevT iseT adgilebad, romlebSic yofna ukiduresad gausaZlisi iqneba, es, albaT,
potenciur kanondamrRvevebs SeaCerebs danaSaulis Cadenisgan, magram, amave dros,
SeuZlebels gaxdis cixeSi patimrebis reabilitaciis amocanebis ganxorcielebas. magram, rac ufro
naklebad mkacri iqneba cixis pirobebi, cixeSi Casma miT ufro metad kargavs Tavis
Semakavebel efeqts.
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cixisadmi protesti da cixeSi Casmis alternativebi

dRes cixeebi britaneTSi, sxva industriuli qveynebis umravlesobis msgavsad, masiurad
gadavsebulia patimrebiT. radgan cixeSi Casma, Cveulebriv, ver uwyobs xels patimarTa
reabilitacias da, albaT, amis gamo adamianebi arc danaSaulis Cadenisgan ikaveben Tavs, ratom
ar unda ganvixiloT cixis alternativebi, rogorc danaSaulis raodenobis Semcirebis saSualeba.
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ramdenime alternativa ukve gamoiyeneba an amJamad ganixileba maTi
gamoyenebis sakiTxebi.
erT-erTi aseTi alternativa aris zedamxedveloba erTobis SigniT, maT Soris, probacia
(damnaSavis, gansakuTrebiT mcirewlovanis, pirobiTi sasjeli), patimris vadamde ganTavisufleba
da TavdebiT supervizia.
gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebobs aseTi alternativebis gamoyenebis precedentebi. dRes,
Cadenili danaSaulis gamo sasjelmisjili adamianebis bevrad ufro didi raodenoba aris probaciaze
an vadamde ganTavisuflebuli, vidre zis cixeSi. probacia farTod gamoiyeneba SedarebiT
umniSvnelo danaSaulebis SemTxvevaSi; es niSnavs, rom pirovneba `kargad unda iqceodes~
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi da regularulad unda cxaddebodes policiis ganyofilebaSi. am
periodis bolos saqme ixureba. patimris vadamde ganTavisufleba aris sasjelis vadis Semcireba,
rac warmoadgens jildos patimrisTvis, cixeSi yofnis dros misi kargi qcevisTvis. TavdebiT
supervizia xSirad gamoiyeneba SeerTebul StatebSi. am SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi cixis gareT
rCebian, sando meTvalyureobis qveS, sasamarTlo procesamde, vidre maT damnaSaved an
udanaSaulod scnoben.
kidev erTi alternativaa diversia, rac exeba programebs, romlebic mTlianad aTavisuflebs
individs sasamarTlo procesidan. arsebuli programebis umetesoba, romlebic sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi farTod gamoiyeneba, exeba im adamianebs, vinc pirveli an umniSvnelo danaSauli
Caidina. damnaSave muSa an mosamsaxure diversiis saSualebiT iwyebs mis mier Cadenili da
sasamarTlo procesze gansaxilveli qmedebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebas da Semdeg
gegmavs, ris gakeTeba SeiZleba sanacvlod. am alternativis idea aris danaSaulisa da stigmis
Semcireba da reabilitaciis kargad dagegmva.
arsebobs bevri sxva SesaZleblobac, maT Soris sasjeli, romlis mixedviTac, msjavrdebuls
evaleba adgilobrivi sazogadoebrivi samuSaoebis Sesruleba anazRaurebis gareSe; sasjelis Secvla
jarimiT, romlis safasuri damnaSavem Tavisi SromiT unda gamoimuSavos; damnaSavis mier
msxverplisTvis zaralis anazRaureba, fulis an momsaxurebis saSualebiT; msxverplisa da
damnaSavis Serigebis programebi; Terapiuli erTobebi da cixidan droebiT gasvlis Svebulebebi,
romlebic patimrebs saSualebas aZlevs, garkveuli periodi cixis gareT gaataron. zogi amtkicebs,
rom saWiroa cixeebis saerTod gauqmeba. istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, rogorc adre aRvniSneT, isini
SedarebiT gvian Seiqmna da arasdros umuSaviaT kargad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maT mTavar
miznebs. miuxedavad amisa, dRes, albaT, qveynebis umravlesobaSi SenarCunebuli iqneba
damnaSavis dasjis forma _ cixeSi Casma, magram sxva alternativasTan erTad (Wass 1990).
sikvdiliT dasja
mas Semdeg, rac kriminaluri danaSaulis gamo, cixeSi Casma dasjis mTavar formad iqca,
sikvdiliT dasja sul ufro da ufro sadavo xdeba. reformatorebis umravlesobis azriT, danaSaulis
gamo adamianebis sikvdiliT dasja barbarosobaa. ufro metic, iq, sadac sikvdiliT dasja
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gamoiyeneba, SeuZlebelia usamarTlo sasamarTlo saqmeebis gamosworeba im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu gamovlinda samxilebi, romlebic aCvenebs, rom pirovneba SecdomiT aRiares damnaSaved.
SeerTebuli Statebi aris dasavleTis TiTqmis erTaderTi qveyana, sadac sikvdiliT dasja jer
kidev gamoiyeneba. 1972 wels, uzenaesma sasamarTlom sikvdiliT dasja, faqtobrivad, gaauqma,
magram 1976 wels is kvlav aRadgines. sikvdiliT dasja yovelwliurad izrdeba, magram
apelaciebisa da sxva faqtorebis gamo, sikvdiliT dasjilTa wili, sinamdvileSi, naklebia.
bevr sxva qveyanaSi, sazogadoebrioba aqtiurad moiTxovs sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenas,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, zogierTi saxis danaSaulisTvis (rogoricaa terorizmi an policielis mokvla).
did britaneTSi, sazogadoebrivi azris gamokiTxvebi mudmivad aCvenebs, rom mosaxleobis
umravlesobas surs sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgena. adamianebis did nawils, albaT, sjera, rom dasjis
SiSis gamo, potenciuri mkvlelebi Tavs Seikaveben danaSaulis Cadenisgan. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT diskusiebi grZeldeba, am ideis mxardasaWeri damamtkicebeli
sabuTi an Zalian cotaa, an saerTod ar arsebobs. im qveynebSi, romlebmac gaauqmes sikvdiliT
dasja, mkvlelobebis raodenoba, adrindelTan SedarebiT, mniSvnelovnad ar gazrdila. miuxedavad
imisa, rom SeerTebul StatebSi isev arsebobs sikvdiliT dasja, iq mkvlelobaTa done, udavod,
yvelaze maRalia mTel industriul samyaroSi.
ra Tqma unda, sazogadoebrivi mRelvareba am sakiTxis gamo, SesaZloa, ufro asaxavs
danaSaulebis mimarT damokidebulebas, vidre is Sexeduleba, rom sikvdiliT dasja danaSaulis
Semakavebeli faqtoria. adamianebi, SesaZloa, Tvlian, rom mas, vinc xelyofs sxva adamianis
sicocxles, samagiero unda miezRos da is msgavsi meTodiT unda daisajos.
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, sazogadoebisTvis zneobrivad ar aris gamarTlebuli
Tavisi wevrebis sikvdiliT dasja, rogoric ar unda iyos maTi danaSauli. am meore Sexedulebam,
dasjis Semakavebeli efeqtis ararsebobis faqtTan erTad, didi gavlena moipova dasavleTis bevr
kanonmdebels Soris.
genderi da danaSauli
sociologiis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, kriminologiur kvlevebSi, tradiciulad, uyuradRebod

aris datovebuli mosaxleobis naxevari. kriminologiis bevr saxelmZRvaneloSi, faqtobrivad,
araferia naTqvami qalebis Sesaxeb, garda im nawilebisa, sadac ganxilulia gaupatiureba da
prostitucia. aseve, deviaciis Teoriebis umravlesoba TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelyofs qalebs. amis
magaliTia mertonis Sexeduleba socialur struqturasa da anomiaze. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, faqtobrivad, yvela SeiZleba ganicdides `zewolas warmatebis miRwevis
mizniT.~ amitom, vinmes SeeZlo logikurad daemtkicebina, rom qalebi mamakacebze ufro
xSirad monawileoben mertonis mier gansazRvrul sxvadasxva kategoriis deviaciebSi, maT Soris
danaSaulSi, radgan qalebisTvis, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, `dawinaurebis~ naklebi
SesaZleblobebi arsebobs. magram danaSaulis done qalebs Soris aris _ an Cans, rom aris _
Zalian dabali. miuxedavad imisa, rom, garkveuli mizezis gamo, qalebi, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, naklebad monawileoben deviantur qmedebebSi, es ar aris imis mizezi, rom maT
saTanado yuradReba ar mivaqcioT.
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mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis doneebi

statistikuri monacemebi gendrisa da danaSaulis Sesaxeb gansacvifrebelia. magaliTad,
arsebobs uzarmazari disbalansi cixeSi moTavsebuli mamakacebisa da qalebis raodenobas Soris,
ara marto britaneTSi, aramed yvela industriul qveyanaSi. qalebi britaneTis cixeebis patimarTa
mxolod 3 procents Seadgenen. aseve, gansxvavebulia mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili
danaSaulebis tipebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTia oficialuri statistikis monacemebi. qalebis mier
Cadenil danaSaulebs Soris iSviaTia Zaladoba da TiTqmis yvela maTgani mcire masStabisaa.
wvrilmani qurdobebi, magaliTad, maRaziaSi nivTebis moparva da sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
darRveva, rogoricaa sajaro loToba da prostitucia, aris qalebis mier Cadenili tipuri danaSaulebi
(Flowers, 1987).
ra Tqma unda, SesaZloa, realuri gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili
danaSaulebis doneebs Soris naklebia, vidre amas oficialuri statistika aCvenebs. magaliTad,
SeiZleba policiam da sxva oficialurma pirebma naklebad saxifaTod miiCnion
samarTaldamrRvevi qalebis iseTi qmedebebi, romelTa gamoc mamakacebs daapatimrebdnen.
danaSaulebis msxverplTa gamokiTxvebi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs, SevamowmoT es versia.
SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebul erT-erT gamokvlevaSi, 1976 wlis danaSaulis erovnuli
gamokiTxvis masalebi Seadares gamoZiebis federaluri biuros statistikis monacemebs, rom
gaegoT, arsebobs Tu ara maT Soris raime gansxvaveba, kriminalur saqmianobaSi monawile
qalebis raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT (Hindelang et al., 1978). mcire gansxvaveba aRmoaCines
qalebis mier Cadenili seriozuli danaSaulebis SemTxvevebSi; gamoZiebis federaluri biuros
statistikuri monacemebi, faqtobrivad, ufro maRal dones aCvenebs, vidre gamokiTxvis
angariSebi. zogierTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom im qalebis wili, vinc CarTulni arian
`mamakacTa~ danaSaulebSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, Cans, izrdeba,
magram ar arsebobs am tendenciis damamtkicebeli aSkara monacemebi.
danaSaulis erTaderTi saxeoba, ris gamoc damnaSaved aRiarebuli qalebis raodenoba
TiTqmis utoldeba damnaSave mamakacebis raodenobas, maRaziaSi qurdobaa. zogierTis azriT,
es imaze miuTiTebs, rom qalebi, Cveulebriv, ufro metad `sazogadoebriv~ situaciaSi sCadian
kriminalur qmedebebs, magaliTad, maRaziaSi sayidlebze siarulis dros, vidre saxlis garemoSi;
sxva sityvebiT, iseT viTarebaSi, sadac danaSaulis Cadenis SesaZlebloba met-naklebad
Tanabaria mamakacebisa da qalebisTvis, Cans, isini erTnairad arRveven kanons da sCadian
danaSauls. magram arsebobs ramdenime gamokvleva, sadac erTmaneTTan Sedarebulia qalebisa
da mamakacebis mier maRaziebSi nivTebis moparvis SemTxvevebi da miRebuli daskvna,
garkveulwilad, hipoTeturia (Buckle and Farrington, 1984).
cxrili 8.1 qali da mamakaci braldebulebi, romlebic sasamarTlom damnaSaved scno,

danaSaulis tipis mixedviT, inglisi da uelsi, 1993
danaSauli qalebi qalebi % mamakacebi mamakace

(000) (000) bi %
pirovnebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli Zaladoba 3.4 8.7 35.3 91.3
seqsualuri Zaladoba 0.1 2.0 4.3 98.0
Senobis gatexva 1.0 2.5 39.2 97.5
Zarcva 0.3 5.9 4.8 94.1
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151
qurdoba da moparuli nivTebis 22.1 18.2 99.5 81.8

gamoyeneba
TaRliToba da gayalbeba 3.9 22.3 13.6 77.7
kriminaluri zarali 0.8 8.5 8.6 91.5
narkotikebis moxmareba 2.0 9.1 19.9 90.9
sxva (sagzao darRvevebis garda) 3.6 9.5 34.2 90.5
manqanis tarebasTan dakavSirebul darRvevebi 0.5 4.6 10.3 95.4
sul 37.7 12.3 269.9 87.7
wyaro: Home Office, 1993. Sociology Review-dan, seqtemberi, 1995 (Philip Allan Publishers), gv. 4.
gogonebi bandebSi
axalgazrdul bandebSi monawile qalebsa da qalebis bandebs mxolod ramdenime Sroma
eZRvneba. Zalian bevria dawerili mamakacebis quCis jgufebisa da bandebis Sesaxeb, magram
am gamokvlevebSi qalebi Zalian iSviaTad Cndebian. Tumca, enn qempbelma Seiswavla
gogonebi niu-iorkis quCis bandebSi (Campbell, 1986a). man gamosakvlevad sami banda
SearCia, rom Rrmad da dawvrilebiT Seeswavla maTi cxovreba: erTi banda eTnikurad Sereuli
iyo, meores puerto rikoelebi warmoadgendnen, mesameSi ki Savkanianebi iyvnen. bandebis
wevrebis asaki meryeobda TxuTmetidan ocdaaT wlamde. TiToeul jgufTan e. qempbelma eqvsi
Tve gaatara. is maTTan erTad cxovrobda da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebda bandebis
liderebze.
koni iyo `sendmenis qalbatonebis~ lideri. es iyo qalebis dajgufeba, romelic dakavSirebuli
iyo `sendmenis baikerebTan,~ bandasTan, romlis winamZRoli misi qmari iyos. kvlevis dros is
ocdaaTi wlis iyo da meTaurobda Sereul, espanurenovani da Savkaniani wevrebisagan Semdgar
bandas harlemSi, niu-iorkSi. `sendmenis baikerebis~ Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro iyo
narkotikebiT vaWroba. es jgufi CarTuli iyo xangrZliv SidabrZolaSi `rCeulebTan,~ qalTa
bandasTan zemo manhetenidan. maT, vinc uerTdeboda `sendmenis qalbatonebs~, unda
daemtkicebina Tavisi sabrZolo SesaZleblobebi; bandaSi miRebis sakiTxs wyvetda koni. is
iRebda gadawyvetilebas, SeeZlo Tu ara romelime gogos maTTan erTad `xetiali~ gamosacdel
periodSi da mogvianebiT mieRo Tavisi `balTebi~ (warCinebis niSnebi). koni yovelTvis
atarebda gasaSlel danas, hqonda cecxlsasroli iaraRic. is ambobda, rom vinmesTan brZolis dros
misi mizani iyo mowinaaRmdegis mokvla. Cxubebi, romlebsac mosdevda fizikuri Sexla-
Semoxla, muSti-krivi, tipuri iyo rogorc qalebis, ise mamakacebis dajgufebebisTvis.
uiza iyo espanurenovani bandis - `seqsualuri gogonebi~ - meTauri. am bandaSi Sediodnen
rogorc mamakacebis, ise qalebis dajgufebebi. uizas ar SeeZlo arc kiTxva da arc wera, man arc
Tavisi namdvili asaki icoda. is, albaT, ocdaeqvsi wlis qali iyo. bandis gafurCqnis periodSi,
masSi ormocdaaTze meti qali iyo. qalebi cdilobdnen saxelis moxveWas fizikuri siZlieriT,
amtanobiTa da uxeSobiT. muSti-krivi da cema-tyepa Cveulebrivi movlena iyo. amis gamo,
bandis mamakacebi aRfrTovanebulebi iyvnen qalebiT, magram, sxva mxriv, isini xels
uwyobdnen maT tradiciul rolebs, rogoricaa, bavSvebis movla, saWmlis keTeba da kerva.
mesame dajgufeba, romelsac qempbeli ikvlevda, iyo èris xuTi procenti,~ Savkanianebis
religiuri organizacia. maTi wevrebis azriT, mosaxleobis 10 procenti eqspluatacias uwevs mTeli
mosaxleobis 85 procents, xolo danarCen 5 procents Seadgenen islamis gasxivosnebuli
mimdevrebi, romelTa amocanaa Savkanianebis aRzrda-ganaTleba. policia èris xuT procents~
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quCis bandad Tvlida. pirovneba, romelzec mkvlevarma yuradReba gaamaxvila, iyo àfrikis
mze.~ man uaryo Tavisi, rogorc Tavad ambobda, `mTavrobis mier darqmeuli saxeli.~ rogorc
sxva jgufebi, ise am jgufis qalebi, xSirad monawileobdnen SetakebebSi. dajgufebis wevrebi
dapatimrebulebi iyvnen ZarcvisTvis, saSiSi iaraRis SenaxvisTvis, RamiT qurdobisa da
manqanebis gatacebisTvis.
sxva gamokvlevis dros, qempbelma interviu CamoarTva moswavle gogonebs muSaTa
ojaxebidan. is Seecada, Seeswavla maTi damokidebuleba cema-tyepis mimarT. man
aRmoaCina, rom gogonebi ufro xSirad monawileobdnen am qmedebebSi, vidre, Cveulebriv,
sxvebs miaCniaT (Campbell, 1986b). TiTqmis yvela gamokiTxuli aRiarebda, rom
monawileobda SetakebebSi; gogonebis meoTxedi aRniSnavda, rom eqvsze met cema-tyepaSi
hqonda miRebuli monawileoba. umravlesoba uaryofda mosazrebas: `me vfiqrob, rom muSti-
krivi mxolod biWebisTvis arsebobs.~
1990-ian wlebSi, bevri gogona SeuerTda amerikis qalaqebis Sida bandebs. maT
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba bandaSi saqmianobiT moipoves da amas ZaladobiT miaRwies.
bruklinis `saxenaiarevi bandis~ erT-erTi wevri SeniSnavda, `rodesac vxedav rames, rac ase
magrad mindoda, me, sworedac, miviReb mas, gamovaZrob danas, me mxolod nivTebi minda~.
gogonebis dajgufebam niu-iorkis metroSi mokla TxuTmeti wlis mozardi, misTvis sayureebi rom
waerTmiaT. zogierT bandaSi mxolod qalebi arian. am axali bandebis saxelebia: `meeqvse quCis
meZavebi~, `tamberis gogoebi~ da `brZeni inteligenti debi.~ axla ramdenime aseTi saxis banda
arsebobs londonis iseT nawilebSi, rogoricaa stoqueli da briqstoni, Tumca, Cans, orive nakleb
formalizebuli da naklebad moZaladea (Nicoll 1995).
qempbelisa da qarlenis mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi aCvenebs, rom Zaladoba mxolod
mamakacebis kriminaluri saqmianobisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. albaT, qalebi bevrad ufro
iSviaTad monawileoben Zaladobriv danaSaulebSi, vidre mamakacebi, magram isini yovelTvis
ar ikaveben Tavs Zaladobrivi qmedebebisgan. maSin, ratom aris qalebis mier Cadenili
danaSaulebis done bevrad ufro dabali, vidre mamakacebis?
arsebobs damamtkicebeli faqtebi, rom kanondamrRvev qalebs, sakmaod xSirad, SeuZliaT,
Tavi daaRwion sasamarTlos, radgan exerxebaT policiisa da sxva organoebis darwmuneba, rom
samarTladamcvelebma maT qmedebebs sxvagvarad Sexedon. isini mimarTaven e.w. `genderul
kontraqts~ _ mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris usityvo SeTanxmebas, romlis mixedviTac, qali, erTi
mxriv, asocirdeba ucnaurobasTan, meryeobasa da impulsurobasTan da, meore mxriv, misi
dacvis saWiroebasTan. magaliTad, uoroli aRwers im qalis SemTxvevas, romelmac Tavisi da
samzareulos daniT mokla. imis magivrad, rom cixeSi CaesvaT, is sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
probaciaze imyofeboda da gadioda iZulebiTi Terapiuli mkurnalobis kurss. imis detalebi, rac
sasamarTloSi moxda, SesaZleblobas iZleva, vivaraudoT, rom, albaT, mosamarTlis azriT,
`Zalian tipuri axalgazrda qali~ da sastiki Zaladoba erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia. amitom
miiCnies, rom is ar iyo pasuxismgebeli am danaSaulisTvis (Worrall 1970).
da mainc, gansxvavebul midgomas ar SeuZlia axsnas uzarmazari gansxvaveba
mamakacebisa da qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenobas Soris. ra Tqma unda, es
TiTqmis igive mizezebia, romlebic xsnis genderul gansxvavebebs socialuri cxovrebis sxva
sferoebSi. udavoa, arsebobs specifikuri `qalebis danaSaulebi~, gansakuTrebiT, prostitucia,
romlis gamoc qalebi isjebian, xolo maTi klienti mamakacebi ki - ara. `mamakacebis
danaSaulebi~ rCeba `mamakacur~ danaSaulebad, socializaciaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebis gamo.
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153
amis mizezi isic aris, rom mamakacebis saqmianoba, qalebis umravlesobis saqmianobisgan
gansxvavebiT, jer kidev ufro àraojaxuria.~ danaSaulis genderuli gansxvavebebs xSirad
xsnidnen, savaraudod, Tandayolili biologiuri da fsiqologiuri gansxvavebebiT _ gansxvavebuli
fizikuri ZaliT, qalis pasiurobiT, gamravlebaze zrunviT. dRes miaCniaT, rom `qaluri~ Tvisebebi,
iseve rogorc `mamakacuri~ Tvisebebi, mniSvnelovanwilad, socialuri faqtorebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. socializaciis procesSi, qalebs sruliad gansxvavebul Tvisebebs aswavlian, vidre
mamakacebs (sxvebze zrunva da pirovnuli urTierTobebis xelSewyoba). aseve mniSvnelovania,
rom ideologiisa da sxva faqtorebs zegavleniT, rogoricaa Sexeduleba `karg gogonaze,~ qalebis
qceva xSirad SezRudulia, garkveul sazRvrebSia moqceuli da, mamakacebis saqmianobisgan
gansxvavebiT, mas gansakuTrebulad akontroleben.
mecxramete saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, kriminalistebi winaswarmetyvelebdnen, rom
genderuli Tanasworoba an Seamcirebs, an mTlianad aRmofxvris gansxvavebebs mamakacebisa
da qalebis kriminalur saqmianobebs Soris, magram dRes es gansxvavebebi jer kidev
mkveTradaa gamoxatuli. Cven ar SegviZlia darwmunebiT vTqvaT, gaqreba Tu ara odesme
qalebisa da mamakacebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenobas Soris gansxvaveba.
danaSauli da `maskulinobis krizisi~
danaSauli genderuli xasiaTisaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs gogonebis ramdenime

banda, qalaqebis Rarib ubnebSi danaSaulis maRali done ZiriTadad axalgazrda mamakacebis
moqmedebebTan asocirdeba. ratom xdeba, rom am ubnebSi amdeni axalgazrda mamakaci
sCadis danaSauls? zogierT pasuxs Cven ukve mokled SevexeT. xSirad, biWebi adreuli asakidan
xdebian bandebis wevrebi. es aris subkultura, sadac danaSaulis zogierTi forma cxovrebis wesia.
da roca xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi damnaSaveebis iarliys miawebeben, isini iwyeben
regularul kriminalur saqmianobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes arsebobs gogonebis bandebi,
aseTi subkulturebi, arsebiTad, mamakacuria da maT Tavgadasavlebis, survilebisa da
amxanaguri urTierTobebis mamakacur Rirebulebebs unergaven.
zogierT qalaqSi, axalgazrda mamakacebis Zaladobrivi qcevis empiriuli Seswavlis
safuZvelze, beatrisa qempbmelma daaskvna, rom maTi qceva, nawilobriv, aris pasuxi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi `maskulinobis krizisze~ (Beatrix Campbell, 1993). warsulSi, im
raionebSic ki, sadac danaSaulis done maRali iyo, axalgazrda mamakacebs hqondaT mkafio
miznebi, romelTa miRwevasac isini cdilobdnen: eSovnaT kanonieri samuSao da gamxdariyvnen
colisa da ojaxis marCenalni. qempbeli amtkicebs, rom axla mamakacis am rolis Sesruleba
ZalisxmevasTan aris dakavSirebuli, gansakuTrebiT, Ratak raionebSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda
mamakacebisTvis. iq, sadac xangrZlivi umuSevroba erTaderTi perspeqtivaa, ojaxis rCenis
miznad dasaxva ar aris arCevani. ufro metic, qalebi, wina periodTan SedarebiT, ufro
damoukideblebi gaxdnen da axla maT aRar sWirdebaT mamakaci, rom garkveul socialur statuss
miaRwion ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi. amis Sedegia qalaqis Ratak ubnebSi arsebuli socialuri
pirobebis gauareseba. qempbelis kvleva Zalian hgavs siRaribis, danaSaulisa da qalaqis Temebze
Catarebul sxva Tanamedrove sociologiur Sromebs.
axalgazrda mamakacebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis done mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli
umuSevrobasTan. zogierTi mkvlevari Tvlis, rom mamakacebis umuSevrobis maRali done
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qmnis profesiuli damnaSavis axal kategorias. 1996 wels, ojaxis problemebis Semswavleli biuros
mier gamoqveynebul angariSSi _ àxalgazrdebi da danaSauli~ _ mocemulia kvlevis masalebi,
romlebic Seesabameba am debulebas. angariSSi aRwerili kvleva Seicavda 2500 axalgazrdasTan
_ orive sqesis 14-25 wlebis axalgazrdebTan _ Catarebul interviuebs.
mkvlevrebi ar iyenebdnen policiis statistikur monacemebs, aramed respondentebs
sTxovdnen, konfidencialurad moeyolaT, odesme CaudeniaT Tu ara danaSauli. Sedegebma
aCvena, rom gamokiTxuli axalgazrda mamakacebis 30 procenti 25 wlis asakamde CarTuli iyo
garkveuli saxis kriminalur saqmianobaSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, narkotikebis ukanono
moxmareba da satransporto danaSaulebebi. adre ymawvilkacebis kriminaluri moqmedebebi,
saerTod, mkveTrad mcirdeboda oci wlis asakidan, magram gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom axla
sul sxva suraTia. magaliTad, qonebis qurdobaSi monawile 22-25 wlis vaJebis wili ufro didia,
vidre 18-21 wlis asakobrivi jgufisa. angariSSi mocemuli daskvnis mixedviT, stabiluri samuSaos
perspeqtivis ararseboba siZneleebs uqmnis axalgazrda Taobis did nawils, rom isini gaxdnen
wesieri, respeqtabeluri mozrdilebi.
gamokvlevam aCvena, rom mozardi gogonebi TiTqmis iseve monawileobdnen qonebis
qurdobaSi, rogorc vaJebi, magram gogonebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis raodenoba mkveTrad
mcirdeba 22 wlis asakisTvis da zemoT.
diagrama 8.2 im asakobrivi jgufis wili, romelic monawileobs qonebis qurdobaSi, did
britaneTSi, 1992
vaJebi gogonebi
14-17 weli 17 procenti 13 procenti
wyaro: Home Office. masala aRebulia The Gardian-dan, 19 ianvari, 1996, gv. 1.
mdidari da Zalauflebis mqone adamianebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebi
Tumca cixis patimarTa ZiriTad masas sazogadoebis Raribi wevrebi Seadgenen, araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mTeli kriminaluri saqmianoba mxolod maTi
danaSaulebrivi saqmeebiT Semoifargleba. bevri mdidari da Zalauflebis mqone adamiani sCadis
danaSaulebs, romelTa Sedegi SeiZleba bevrad ufro Sorsmimavali iyos, vidre Raribebis mier
Cadenili umniSvnelo kriminaluri qmedebebisa. axla Cven ganvixilavT aseTi danaSaulebebis
zogierT formas.
`TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli
termini `TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSauli pirvelad edvin sazerlendma Semoitana (1949) da is
exeba iseT danaSauls, romelsac sazogadoebis ufro mdidari seqtorebis warmomadgenlebi
sCadian. termini moicavs kriminaluri saqmianobis bevr tips, maT Soris: gadasaxadebTan
dakavSirebul TaRliTobebs, aralegalur savaWro garigebebs, fasian qaRaldebsa da miwis
sakuTrebasTan dakavSirebul maqinaciebs, sicocxlisTvis saSiSi produqtebis warmoebas an
gayidvas, garemos dabinZurebasa da, agreTve, ubralo qurdobas. sxva tipis danaSaulebTan
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SedarebiT, `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSaulebis raodenoba ufro Zneli gasazomia. aseTi saxis

danaSaulebaTa umetesoba saerTod ar aisaxeba oficialur statistikaSi. Cven erTmaneTisgan unda
ganvasxvavoT `TeTrsayeloianTa~ danaSauli da Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa mier Cadenili
danaSaulebi. pirveli, ZiriTadad, gulisxmobs adamianebis mier saSualo klasis poziciisa da
profesiuli mdgomareobis gamoyenebas arakanonier saqmianobaSi Cabmis mizniT. Zalauflebis
mqone adamianebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebi iseTi saxis danaSaulebia, sadac socialuri
mdgomareobiT mopovebuli avtoriteti kriminaluri miznebiT gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, rodesac
Tanamdebobis piri iRebs qrTams garkveuli politikisTvis xelis Sewyobis gamo.
Tumca, xelisuflebis damokidebuleba zemoT aRniSnuli danaSaulebebis mimarT bevrad
ufro Semwynarebluria, vidre naklebad privilegirebuli adamianebis mier Cadenili
danaSaulebisadmi. ,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis sazRauri uzarmazaria. SeerTebul StatebSi,
britaneTTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro meti gamokvleva Catarda amgvari danaSaulebis Sesaxeb.
amerikaSi gamoTvales, rom Cveulebriv danaSaulTan SedarebiT, ,,TeTrsayeloianTa”
danaSaulTan dakavSirebuli fulis raodenoba (gadasaxadebis gayalbeba, fasian qaRaldebTan
dakavSirebuli TaRliTobebi, wamlebi da samedicino momsaxureba, motyueba saxlis
gadakeTebisa da manqanis remontis dros) ormocjer metia im Tanxaze, romelic sakuTrebis
xelyofis mizniT Cadenil danaSaulebTan aris dakavSirebuli (yaCaRobebi, Zarcva, qurdoba, yalbi
fulis damzadeba da avtomanqanebis qurdoba) (prezidentis mier Camoyalibebuli organizebuli
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Semswavleli komisia, 1985). ufro metic, ,,TeTrsayeloianTa”
danaSaulis zogierTi forma bevrad met adamianze axdens gavlenas, vidre dabali klasis
warmomadgenlebis mier Cadenili danaSauli. fulis gamflangvelma, SesaZloa, gaZarcvos
aTasobiT _ an dRes, kompiuteruli gayalbebis gziT, milionobiT _ adamiani; gafuWebulma
sakvebma produqtebma da aralegalurad gayidulma wamlebma SeiZleba gavlena iqonios bevri
adamianis janmrTelobaze da fataluri Sedegebic ki gamoiwvios.
,,TeTrsayeloianTa” danaSaulis Zaladobrivi aspeqtebi nakleb SesamCnevia, vidre
mkvlelobis an yaCaRuri Tavdasxmis Sedegebis, magram isini iseTive realuria da, zog
SemTxvevaSi, maTi Sedegebi, SesaZloa, ufro seriozulic ki iyos, magaliTad, axali wamlebis
damzadebis dros instruqciisa da wesebis ugulebelyofam, samuSao adgilze usafrTxoebis wesebis
darRvevam an garemos dabinZurebam, SesaZloa, uamravi adamianis fizikuri dasaxiCreba an
sikvdili gamoiwvios. samuSao adgilze saxifaTo SemTxveviT gamowveuli sikvdilianoba bevrad
ufro didia, vidre mkvlelobebi, Tumca Znelia samsaxurebrivi ubeduri SemTxvevebis statistikuri
monacemebis mopoveba. ra Tqma unda, Znelia vivaraudoT, rom aseTi saxis yvela, an Tundac
umravlesi, sikvdilis an dasaxiCrebis mizezi aris samuSaoze damqiravebelTa mier usafrTxoebis
im zomebis ugulebelyofa, romlebic maT, kanonis Tanaxmad, aucileblad unda daicvan.
miuxedavad amisa, arsebobs garkveuli safuZveli, vivaraudoT, rom bevri sikvdili da dasaxiCreba
imis Sedegia, rom samuSaoze damqiraveblebi an menejerebi ugulebelyofen kanoniT dadgenil
usafrTxoebis wesebs.
rogorc gamoTvales, aSS-Si yovelwliurad samuSao travmebis 40 procenti ukanono,
akrZaluli samuSao pirobebis uSualo Sedegia, 24 procenti ki ganpirobebulia kanonieri, magram
safrTxis Semcveli pirobebiT, da mxolod mesamedi gamowveulia Tavad mosamsaxureebis an
muSebis saSiSi, sarisko moqmedebebiT (Hagen, 1988). arsebobs dokumentebiT damtkicebuli
bevri magaliTi, roca samuSaoze damqiraveblebi Segnebulad qmnian saSiS samuSao pirobebs da
xels uwyoben maT SenarCunebas, maSinac ki, Tu es kanonsawinaaRmdegoa. zogi amtkicebs,
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rom aseTi pirobebis gamo gamowveul sikvdils SeiZleba vuwodoT korporaciuli mkvlelobebi,
radgan isini, sinamdvileSi, gulisxmobs biznes korporaciebis mxridan sicocxlis arakanonier (da
aragardauval) xelyofas.
mTavrobis danaSauli
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mTavrobis Cinovnikebi CarTulni arian danaSaulSi? Tu
`danaSauls~ ufro farTo konteqstSi ganvsazRvravT (vidre es zeviT gavakeTeT), rom avxsnaT
aramoraluri qmedeba, romelsac mZime, damRupveli Sedegebi moaqvs, pasuxi savsebiT naTeli
iqneba. saxelmwifoebis istoriaSi, bevri umZimesi danaSauli CaudeniaT, maT Soris mTeli rigi
xalxebis ganadgureba, totaluri masobrivi dabombva, nacistebis holokosti da stalinis
sakoncentracio banakebi. magram, maSinac ki, Tu danaSaulis gansazRvrebas SemovfarglavT
dadgenili kanonebis darRveviT, aRmoCndeba, rom mTavrobebis qmedeba xSirad kriminaluria.
e.i. isini ugulebelyofen an arRveven swored im kanonebs, romlebic maTma xelisuflebam unda
daicvas. magaliTad, koloniuri britaneTis istoriaSi iyo Sesabamisi magaliTebi, rodesac fexqveS
Telavdnen afrikis xalxebisTvis micemul samarTlebriv garantiebs _ pirobas, rom daicavdnen
maT miwasa da cxovrebis wess.
policia, saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, romelic danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZolis mizniT aris
Seqmnili, zogjer Tavad monawileobs kriminalur saqmianobaSi. kriminalur qmedebebSi CarTva
ar niSnavs mxolod calkeul izolirebul aqtebs, aramed es aris policiis saqmianobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, farTod gavrcelebuli niSan-Tviseba. policiis Tanamdebobis pirTa kriminaluri
saqmianoba moicavs eWvmitanilTa daSinebas, cemas an mokvlas, qrTamebis aRebas,
kriminaluri qselebis Seqmnis xelSewyobas, samxilebis gayalbebas an damalvas, da nivTieri
mtkicebulebebis miTvisebas, rodesac amoRebulia fuli, narkotikebi an sxva moparuli nivTebi.
organizebuli danaSauli
organizebuli danaSauli dakavSirebulia saqmianobis iseT formebTan, romlebsac

Cveulebrivi biznesisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri niSani aqvs, magram maTi saqmianoba
arakanonieria. amerikaSi organizebuli danaSauli aris uzarmazari biznesi, romelic konkurencias
uwevs ekonomikuri saqmianobis nebismier did, sayovelTaod aRiarebul seqtors, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, manqanaTmSeneblobis mrewveloba. erovnuli da adgilobrivi kriminaluri
organizaciebi aralegalur saqonelsa da momsaxurebas sTavazoben uamrav momxmarebels, xolo
zogierTi kriminaluri qseli transnacionaluria. organizebuli danaSauli, sxva saqmianobebTan
erTad, moicavs aralegalur azartul TamaSebs, prostitucias, msxvilmasStabian qurdobasa da
gamoZalvas (rekets).
cxadia, Znelia organizebuli danaSaulis bunebis Sesaxeb zusti informaciis mopoveba.
gangsterebis cxovrebis romantikuli aRweris dros naCvenebia, rom SeerTebul StatebSi
organizebul danaSauls, Cveulebriv, erovnuli masStabis saidumlo sazogadoeba `mafia~
akontrolebs. Tavad mafia, kovboebis msgavsad, garkveulwilad, aris amerikuli folkloris
qmnileba. ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs siciliuri warmoSobis saidumlo bandituri
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jgufi, romelic saerTo erovnuli organizaciis mwvervalze zis. magram, Cans, fesvgadgmuli, myari
kriminaluri organizaciebi arsebobs amerikis TiTqmis yvela did qalaqSi; zog maTgans
erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirebi aqvs.
SeerTebul StatebSi organizebuli danaSauli bevrad ufroa damkvidrebuli, sayovelTaod
gavrcelebuli da sicocxlisunariani, vidre sxva industriul sazogadoebebSi, magaliTad,
safrangeTSic arsebobs organizebuli danaSauli, magram misi zegavlena, ZiriTadad,
Semoifargleba ori didi qalaqiT: pariziTa da marseliT. samxreT italiaSi, gangsterebis
stereotipebis regionSi, kriminalur qselebs Zalian didi Zalaufleba aqvT, magram isini, ZiriTadad,
dakavSirebuli arian ojaxuri organizaciis tradiciul modelebsa da Temis kontrolTan Raribi soflis
regionebSi. albaT, organizebuli danaSauli aseTi mniSvnelovani imitom gaxda amerikul
sazogadoebaSi, rom adre mas kavSiri hqonda _ da, nawilobriv, amis magaliTze Seiqmna _
mecxramete saukunis gviandeli periodis industriuli `yaCaRi baronebis~ saqmianobasTan.
adreuli periodis bevrma mewarmem warmatebas emigrantTa Sromis eqspluataciiT miaRwia.
isini, ZiriTadad, ugulebelyofdnen kanoniT dadgenili samuSao pirobebis wesebs da xSirad
mimarTavdnen rogorc korufcias, ise Zaladobas TavianTi industriuli imperiebis Sesaqmnelad.
organizebuli danaSauli ayvavda Rarib eTnikur getoebSi (sadac adamianebma araferi icodnen
TavianTi samarTlebrivi da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb), sadac gamoiyeneboda konkurentebis
Tavidan moSorebisa da korufciis qselebis Seqmnis msgavsi meTodebi.
ukanono azartuli TamaSebi, doRi, latariebi da sportuli Sejibrebebi warmoadgens im
Semosavlebis uzarmazar wyaros, romlebsac SeerTebul StatebSi organizebuli danaSaulis
saSualebiT iReben. SeerTebuli Statebisagan gansxvavebiT, dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi arsebobs
legaluri totalizatorebi. gaerTianebul samefoSi aris licenzirebuli sazogadoebrivi `sanaZleos
dadebis dawesebulebebi.~ isini Tavisufali ar arian kriminaluri zegavlenisgan, magram azartuli
TamaSebi ar kontroldeba aralegaluri organizaciebis mier im masStabiT, rogorc es SeerTebul
StatebSia.
Tumca, gaerTianebul samefoSi, organizebuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb Cven mcire sistematuri
informacia gvaqvs, mainc cnobilia, rom londonsa da sxva did qalaqebSi farTo kriminaluri
qselebi arsebobs da zogierT maTgans saerTaSoriso kavSirebi aqvs. kerZod, londoni aris im
kriminaluri operaciebis centri, romlebic warmoebs SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi.
dRes, wina ramdenime welTan SedarebiT, britaneTSi, organizebuli danaSauli ufro
kompleqsuria. ar arsebobs arc erTi erTiani erovnuli organizacia, romelic akavSirebs sxvadasxva
kriminalur jgufs, Tumca aseTi danaSauli ufro rTuli da gawafuli gaxda, vidre es odesme iyo.
magaliTad, zogierTi didi kriminaluri organizacia àTeTrebs~ fuls didi kliringuli bankebis
saSualebiT, Semdeg ki Tavis `sufTa~ fuls kanonier biznesSi debs. policiis azriT, yovelwliurad
kriminaluri saqmianobiT miRebuli 2,5-dan 4,0-mde miliardi funti sterlingi gadis gaerTianebuli
samefos bankebis saSualebiT. rTuli organizebuli danaSaulis gawafulobisa da raodenobis gazrdis
gamo SeSfoTebuli policia iZulebuli iyo, Seeqmna bandebis sxvadasxva teritoriaze saqmianobis
oficialuri erovnuli reestri. qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxidan, policiis eqvsi qvedanayofi da sabaJos
oficrebi gaerTiandnen, rom SeegrovebinaT eWvmitanili kriminaluri saqmianobebis detalebi.
oficialuri sia Seicavs Zalian mniSvnelovani kriminalebis 400-mde gvars.
britanul organizebul danaSauls hyavs Tavisi òjaxebi~, romlebic Seqmnilia SeerTebuli
Statebis mafiis ojaxebis modelis mixedviT. erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri Tanamedrove kriminaluri
ojaxi aris ,,arifebis” ojaxi stoquelidan _ samxreT londonidan. arifebis ojaxi monawileobda
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SeiaraRebul Zarcvebsa da narkotikebis kontrabandaSi 1980-ian wlebSi. isini, agreTve, flobdnen

ludis barebis, restornebisa da klubebis qsels, romelic, TiTqmis ueWvelia, SeiZines TavianTi
kriminaluri saqmeebis saSalebiT miRebuli SemosavlebiT. bekir arifi, 1980-iani wlebis bolos, 5
wliT Casves cixeSi, mas Semdeg, rac is damnaSaved scnes yaCaRobis gamo.
arifebis ojaxis batonoba damTavrda 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rac policielTa mier
Catarebuli mTeli rigi warmatebuli operaciebis Sedegi iyo. 1990 wels, policiam dagegmili
SeiaraRebuli Zarcvis dros gaanadgura erT-erTi banda. axla ojaxis ufrosi, dogan arifi cixeSi
ToTxmetwlian sasjels ixdis, narkotikebis kontrabandis 8,5 milionian garigebaSi monawileobis
gamo (Bennetto, 1995).
iaponuri iakuzas bandebma da italieli da amerikuli mafiebis saqmosnebma yvelaferi
gaakeTes britaneTSi dasafuZneblad. axalCamosulebs Soris arian kriminalebi yofili sabWoTa
kavSiridanac. orma Tanamedrove komentatorma axali rusuli mafia Seafasa, rogorc `msoflios
yvelaze daundobeli kriminaluri sindikati~ (Elliot and Lin, 1995). rusuli kriminaluri qselebi
Rrmad arian CarTulebi fulis `gaTeTrebaSi~ da TavianTi saqmianobiT dakavSirebulebi arian
ruseTis arakontrolirebul bankebTan. zogi fiqrobs, rom rusuli dajgufebebi, SesaZloa, gaxdes
msoflios udidesi kriminaluri qselebi. maTi safuZveli aris `mafiiT-dacxriluli~ rusuli saxelmwifo,
sadac axla sazogadoebis naZirlebis `proteqcia~ bevri biznesisTvis miRebuli praqtikaa. yvelaze
SemaSfoTebeli perspeqtiva aris is, rom axali `mobsterebi~ (`xrovis wevrebi~) saerTaSoriso
masStabiT ewevian im birTvuli masalis kontrabandas, romelic sabWoTa birTvuli arsenalidan
aris aRebuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTavroba da policia mravalricxovan operaciebs atareben,
narkotikebiT vaWroba aris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli saerTaSoriso kriminaluri industria.
1980-ian wlebsa da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, igi yovelwliurad 10 procentiT izrdeboda da
Zalian didi mogeba hqonda. heroinis qselebi gaWimulia mTel Soreul aRmosavleTSi,
gansakuTrebiT, samxreT aziaSi da, agreTve, CrdiloeT afrikaSi, Sua aRmosavleTsa da laTinur
amerikaSi. miwodebis marSrutebi parizsa da amsterdamze gadis, iqidan ki, Cveulebriv,
narkotikebi britaneTSi xvdeba.
danaSauli, deviacia da socialuri wesrigi
Secdoma iqneboda, danaSauli da deviacia mxolod uaryofiTi aspeqtiT gangvexila.

nebismierma sazogadoebam, romelic aRiarebs, rom adamianebs gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi da
interesebi aqvT, im individebisTvis an jgufebisTvis unda monaxos sivrce, visi saqmianobac ar
Seesabameba umravlesobis mier dacul normebs. adamianebs, romlebic axal ideebs aviTareben
politikaSi, mecnierebaSi, xelovnebaSi an sxva sferoebSi, xSirad, eWvis TvaliT an mtrulad
uyureben isini, vinc sayovelTaod aRiarebul wesebs icavs. amerikis revoluciis dros
Camoyalibebul politikur idealebs, magaliTad, pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da SesaZleblobaTa
Tanasworobas, maSin bevri adamiani sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda. Tumca, axla isini mTel
msoflioSia miRebuli. gabatonebuli normebidan gadaxveva moiTxovs simamacesa da simtkices,
magram xSirad es Zalian mniSvnelovania im cvlilebebis mxardasaWerad, romlebic
mogvianebiT yvelasTvis saintereso da mniSvnelovani aRmoCndeba.
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aris `saSiSi deviacia~ sazRauri, romelic sazogadoebam unda gadaixados imis gamo, rom is
mniSvnelovan Tavisuflebas aZlevs adamianebs, Caeban arakonformistul saqmianobaSi?
magaliTad, aris kriminaluri Zaladobis maRali done is safasuri, romelsac daJinebiT moiTxoven
sazogadoebaSi misi moqalaqeebis individualuri Tavisuflebis sanacvlod? zogierTebi asec Tvlian.
isini amtkiceben, rom Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi gardauvalia sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar arsebobs
mkacri konformizmi. Tu am Tvalsazriss yuradRebiT ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT, rom is arc ise
logikuria. zogierT sazogadoebaSi, romelic aRiarebs pirovnuli Tavisuflebis farTo speqtrs da
tolerantulad aris ganwyobili devianturi qmedebebisadmi (rogoricaa holandia), mZime
danaSaulis done dabalia. meore mxriv, qveynebma, sadac pirovnuli Tavisuflebis done
SezRudulia (zogierTi laTino-amerikuli sazogadoebis msgavsad), SesaZloa, aCvenon Zaladobis
maRali done.
sazogadoeba, romelic mimtevebelia devianturi qcevis mimarT, ar unda dauSvas socialuri
dayofa. amis miRweva mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, Tu pirovnuli Tavisufleba Serwymulia
socialur samarTlianobasTan _ socialur wyobilebaSi, sadac uTanasworoba ar aris Zalian didi da
romelSic mTel mosaxleobas aqvs SesaZlebloba, srulfasovani da sasiamovno cxovrebiT
icxovron. Tu Tavisufleba TanasworobiT ar aris dabalansebuli da Tu bevr adamians ara aqvs
TviTrealizaciis SesaZlebloba, devianturi qceva, albaT, mimarTuli iqneba socialurad destruqciuli
miznebisken.
Sejameba
1. devianturi qceva gulisxmobs iseT qmedebebs, romlebic arRvevs sazogadoebaSi

sayovelTaod miRebul normebs. is, rasac ganvixilavT, rogor devianturs, SeiZleba icvlebodes
droisa da adgilis mixedviT. `normalur~ qcevas erT socialur garemoSi SeiZleba meoreSi
`devianturis~ iarliyi miawebon.
2. sanqciebi, formaluri an araformaluri, sazogadoebis mier socialuri normebis dasacavad
gamoiyeneba. kanonebi aris normebi, romlebsac xelisufleba adgens da cxovrebaSi axorcielebs.
danaSaulebi aris qmedebebi, romlebsac es kanonebi krZalavs.
3. biologiuri da fsiqologiuri Teoriebis mixedviT, danaSauli da deviaciis sxva formebi
genetikurad aris gansazRvruli. magram axla maT eWvqveS ayeneben. sociologebi amtkiceben,
rom konformizmi da deviacia sxvadasxva socialur konteqstSi gansxvavebulad ganisazRvreba.
sazogadoebaSi simdidrisa da Zalauflebis ganawilebis uTanasworoba did zegavlenas axdens
imaze, Tu ra SesaZleblobebia xelmisawvdomi adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufisTvis da ra saxis
saqmianoba iTvleba kriminalurad. kriminalur qmedebebs TiTqmis iseve swavloben, rogorc
kanondaqvemdebarebul qmedebebs da isini, zogadad, mimarTulia imave moTxovnilebebisa da
Rirebulebebisadmi.
4. stigmatizaciis Teoria (is varaudobs, rom vinmesTvis deviantis iarliyis miwebeba
aZlierebs mis deviantur qcevas) aris mniSvnelovani, radgan is iwyeba varaudiT, rom
TavisTavad arc erTi qmedeba ar aris kriminaluri (an normaluri). magram stigmatizaciis Teoria
unda SevavsoT kiTxviT: ra mizezi devs devianturi qcevis safuZvelSi?
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5. nebismier sazogadoebaSi, Znelia danaSaulis gavrcelebis masStabis Sefaseba, radgan

yvela danaSauli ar aris registrirebuli. magram zogierT qveyanaSi danaSaulis done bevrad ufro
maRalia, vidre sxvebSi _ dasavleTis sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi adamianis
mkvlelobis ufro maRalia donea.
6. dasjis formebi, iseve rogorc `danaSauli~, gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva periodsa da
gansxvavebul kulturebSi. cixeebi warmoiSva nawilobriv, damnaSaveebisgan sazogadoebis
dacvis, nawilobriv ki, maTi `gamosworebis~ mizniT. am mxriv, Cans, isini, ZiriTadad,
araefeqturia. dRes bevr qveyanaSi gauqmebulia sikvdiliT dasja.
7. rogorc Cans, cixeebi ver akavebs danaSauls da gaurkvevelia, ramdenad uwyoben isini
xels patimrebis reabilitacias, rom Semdeg gabedulad Sexvdnen gare samyaros da xelaxla ar
CaerTon danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi. dRes arsebobs cixis bevri alternativa, maT Sorisaa
probacia, sazogadoebrivi samuSaos usasyidlod Sesruleba, jarimebi, msxverplisTvis zaralis
anazRaureba da sxva zomebi. zogierTi maTgani ukve farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva
qveyanaSi.
8. qalebis mier Cadenili danaSaulis done bevrad ufro dabalia, vidre mamakacebis mier
Cadenilisa; albaT, amis mizezi aris gansxvaveba mamakacebisa da qalebis socializacias Soris,
agreTve, mamakacebis monawileoba ojaxis gareT arsebul sferoebSi.
9. `TeTrsayeloianTa~ da Zalauflebis mqone adamianTa mier Cadenili danaSaulebi
gulisxmobs iseT danaSaulebs, romlebsac sazogadoebis ufro mdidari fenebis warmomadgenlebi
sCadian. organizebuli danaSauli gulisxmobs kriminaluri saqmianobis institucionalizebul
formebs, romlebSic vlindeba sazogadoebrivi organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri niSan-
Tviseba, magram maT saqmianobas aralegaluri xasiaTi aqvs.
1. Patricia Adler and Peter Adler (eds), Constructions of Deviance: Social Power, Context,
and Interaction (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1994). devianturi qcevis analizi interaqciuli
perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiT.
2. Stanley Cohen and Lauric Taylor, Escape Attempts (London: Routledge, 1992).
gamokvlevis meore, Sesworebuli gamocema. gamokvleva Seiswavlis sxvadasxva gzas,
romelTa saSualebiT individebi cdiloben, Tavi aaridon yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cveulebebsa
da rutinas.
3. Janet Foster, Villains: Crime and Community in the Inner City (London: Routledge, 1990).
saintereso Sexeduleba centraluri londonis raionSi kriminaluri subkulturebis Camoyalibebis
Sesaxeb.
4. Stephen Hester and Peter Eglin, A Sociology of Crime (London, Macmillan, 1992). zogadi
kriminologiis sasargeblo saxelmZRvanelo.
5. M. Maguire et al (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford, Clarendon Press,
1994).
6. Stephen Pilling, Rehabilitation and Community Care (London: Routledge, 1991).
7. Robert Reiner, The Politics of the Police (London: Harvester, 1992). aRiarebuli naSromis
axali gamocema. teqsti exeba britaneTSi policiis istoriasa da sociologias.
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161
8. John Wells, Crime and Unemployment (London: Employment Policy Institute, 1995).
sasargeblo diskusia kriminaluri qcevis formebze umuSevrobis zegavlenis Sesaxeb.
9. Ann Worrall, Offending Women (London: Routledge, 1990). genderisa da kanonis
saintereso da mniSvnelovani analizi.
banda organizebuli danaSauli

gaupatiureba ojaxuri Zaladoba
devianturi subkultura recidivizmi
diferencirebuli asociacia sanqciebi
TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli seqsualuri xelyofa
stigmatizaciis Teoria fsiqopaTi
kanonebi Zalauflebis mqoneTa danaSauli
meoradi deviacia
Tavi 9
eTnikuroba da rasa
ZiriTadi cnebebi
eTnikuroba
umciresobaTa jgufebi. rasa da biologia
mikerZoeba da diskriminacia
fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi. sociologiuri interpretaciebi
eTnikuri antagonizmi: istoriuli perspeqtiva
rasizmis aRzeveba
eTnikuri urTierTobebi istoriul WrilSi: magaliTebi
eTnikuri urTierTobebi braziliaSi. samxreT afrikis socialuri ganviTareba. SavkanianTa

samoqalaqo uflebebi SeerTebul StatebSi. laTinosebi da azielebi SeerTebul StatebSi
eTnikuri mravalferovneba gaerTianebul samefoSi
adreuli imigracia. gviani ganviTareba. rasa, rasizmi da uTanasworoba. eTnikuroba da polisi
eTnikuri urTierTobebi kontinentze
eTnikur urTierTobebis savaraudo momavali ganviTareba

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Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
eTnikuriba. rasizmi. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba. diskriminacia
dRevandeli msoflios mraval nawilSi erTmaneTs sxvadasxva kulturuli da rasobrivi jgufi ebrZvis,
rac, zogjer, savalalo Sedegs da sisxlisRvrasac ki iwvevs. aseTi sisxliani omis SemTxvevebi iyo
bosnia_hercogovinaSi (yofili iugoslavia), eTiopiaSi (afrika), saqarTvelosa (yofili sabWoTa
kavSiris nawili) da sxva regionebSi.
ltolvilebi da imigrantebi samyaros sxvadasxva regionSi gadaadgildebian. zogi cdilobs konfliqts

daaRwios Tavi, zogi ki, ukeTesi cxovrebis ZiebaSi, siRaribes gaurbis. axal qveyanaSi Casul
imigrantebs, xSirad, im adamianTa qedmaRluri ganwyoba xvdebaT, romlebic Taobebis winaT
Tavad iyvnen imigrantebi.
aseTi ram SeerTebul StatebSi Casulma mravalma adamianma gamoscada. aSS, kulturuli
TvalsazrisiT, msoflioSi yvelaze mravalferovani sazogadoebaa. mas SeiZleba emigrantebis
sazogadoeba vuwodoT: ZirZveli mosaxleoba - amerikeli indielebi, mTlianobaSi, aSS-s
mosaxleobis 1 procentsac ki ar Seadgenen. SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, mosaxleobis swrafi
kulturuli aRreva britaneTsa da evropaSic mimdinareobs. CrdiloeT amerikaSi Casuli pirveli
imigrantebi, rasakvirvelia, evropelebi iyvnen; bolo dromde, isini dominanturni iyvnen
imigraciaSi, romelmac SeerTebuli Statebsa da kanadas daudo safuZveli. dRes, imigraciis axali,
legaluri Tu aralegaluri, talRa Tavad dasavleT evropaSic SeimCneva. imigrantebi dasavleT
evropaSi aRmosavleT evropidan, afrikidan, axlo aRmosavleTidan da aziidan Cadian.
sargebelTan da axal SesaZleblobebTan erTad, evropam is Tanmdevi dilemebi, konfliqtebi da
winaaRmdegobebic gaiara, rac, emigraciis wyalobiT, aSS-ma gamoscada. evropa aseTi
eTnikurad heterogenuli arasodes yofila.
eTnikuroba
eTnikuroba adamianTa garkveuli sazogadoebis im kulturul praqtikasa da Tvalsazriss

warmoadgens, romelic mas sxva adamianebisgan gamoarCevs. eTnikuri jgufis wevrebs
miaCniaT, rom isini sazogadoebis sxva jgufebisgan kulturulad gansxvavebdian da am sxva
jgufebsac maT mimarT analogiuri damokidebuleba aqvT. eTnikuri jgufebi erTmaneTisgan
sxvadasxva niSnebiT gansxvavdebian, magram yvelaze xSirad, am mizniT, enas, istorias,
warmomavlobas (realurs an warmosaxviTs), religias, Cacmasa da samkaulebs mimarTaven.
eTnikur gansxvavebaTa sakiTxi srulad aris Seswavlili. TiTqos aq saeWvo araferia, vidre
gavixsenebT, rom zogierT jgufs, xSirad, rogorc “samarTavad gaCenils,” “usargeblos,”
“araintelqtualurs” da a.S. moixsenieben. (did britaneTSi eTnikur jgufTa mravalferovnebasTan
dakavSirebiT ix. cxrili 9.1.)
am TavSi ganvixilavT, Tu ratom warmoSobs, ase xSirad, socialur konfliqtebs eTnikuri

mravalferovneba. amgvar konflitebze udides gavlenas rasis “idea” axdens. Cven rasis bunebasa
da warmomavlobas ganvixilavT. Semdeg yuradRebas rasobrivi da eTnikuri mikerZoebuli
ganwyobis formebze gavamaxvilebT da gavaanalizebT, Tu ratom isaxeba zogierT jgufSi
siZulvili sxva jgufis mimarT. am Tavis momdevno qveTavebSi SeviswavliT eTnikur
urTierTobebs sxvadasxva erovnul konteqstSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aSS-s, britaneTsa da evropas
gamovyofT.
cxrili 9.1. didi britaneTis mosaxleobis eTnikur jgufTa Semadgenloba (procentebSi) 1992 wels
eTnikuri jgufi didi inglisi da inglisi uelsi Sotlandia

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britaneTi uelsi
TeTrkaniani 94.5 94.1 93.8 98.5 98.7
eTnikuri 5.5 5.9 6.2 1.5 1.3
umciresobebi
Savkanianebi 1.6 1.8 1.9 0.3 0.1
Savkaniani 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.1 0.0
karibielebi
Savkaniani 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1
afrikelebi
danarCeni 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1
Savkanianebi
samxreT azielebi 2.7 2.9 3.0 0.6 0.6
indoelebi 1.5 1.7 1.8 0.2 0.2
pakistanelebi 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.4
bangladeSelebi 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0
Cinelebi da sxvebi 1.2 1.2 1.3 0.6 0.5
Cinelebi 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2
danarCeni azielebi 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1
sxvebi 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.2
mTeli mosaxleoba 54 888.9 49 890.3 47 055.2 2 835.1 4 998.6
(000)
wyaro: d. oueni, eTnikuri umciresobebi britaneTSi, dasaxlebaTa nimuSebi, 1992, gv. 2, aRwera eyrdnoba Crown
Copyight-is monacemebs.
umciresobaTa jgufebi
sociologiaSi farTod gamoiyeneba cneba umciresobaTa jgufebi (an eTnikuri umciresobebi),

rac ricxobriv definiciaze gacilebiT mets gulisxmobs. statistikuri TvalsazrisiT, mravali
umciresoba arsebobs, mag.: eqvs futze meti simaRlis da 250 futze didi wonis adamianebi,
magram sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT, es adamianebi umciresobebs ar ekuTvnian. sociologiaSi
umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi, mosaxleobis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, wamgebian poziciaSi
arian da jgufuri solidarobisa da erTmaneTisadmi kuTvnilebis SegrZnebiT gamoirCevian.
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia aZlierebs jgufis wevrebs Soris erTgulebas da xels
uwyobs saerTo interesebis ganviTarebas.
umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi sakuTar Tavs, xSirad, umravlesobisgan gamijnul adamianebad

xedaven. umciresobaTaA jgufebi, Cveulebriv, farTo sazogadoebisgan fizikur da socialur
izolaciaSi imyofebian. isini Tavs qveynis garkveul ubnebSi, qalaqebsa an regionebSi iyrian.
umravelesobisa da umciresobis, an umciresobaTa jgufebs Soris, iSviaTad aris Sereuli
qorwinebis SemTxvevebi. kulturuli gamorCeulobis SenarCunebis mizniT, umciresobaTa jgufis
warmomadgenlebi, xSirad, aqtiurad uwyoben xels endogamias (jgufis SigniT qorwinebas).
umciresobaTa bevri jgufi eTnikurad da fizikurad gamoirCeva danarCeni mosaxleobisgan.

magaliTad, did britaneTSi aseT jgufebs vest indoelebi da azielebi, SeerTebul StatebSi ki afro
amerikelebi, Cinelebi da sxva jgufebi ekuTvnian. kanis feris mixedviT gansxvavebas,
Cveulebriv, rasobriv gansxvavebas eZaxian. eTnikuri gamorCeuloba iSviaTad aris neitraluri
xasiaTis; is, Cveulebriv, qonebriv da Zalauflebriv uTanasworobasTan da jgufebs Soris
antagonizmTan asocirdeba. eTnikur jgufebs Soris arsebuli daZabuloba, ZiriTadad, rasobriv
niadagze warmoiSoba.
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rasa da biologia
arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom biologiuri niSniT, adamianebis sxvadasxva rasebad dayofa
upirobodaa SesaZlebeli. es arc aris gasakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mraval mecniers
hqonda msoflioSi mcxovreb adamianTa rasobrivi kategorizaciis mcdeloba. zogierTma
maTganma oTxi an xuTi ZiriTadi rasa daasaxela, zogma ki - sami aTeuli. es klasifikaciebi
mraval gamonakliss gulisxmobda, amitom arc erTma maTganma ar imuSava.
magaliTad, yvelaze gavrcelebuli _ negroiduli tipi, feradi kaniT, Savi, Zlier xveuli TmiTa da
sxva garkveuli fizikuri TvisebebiT gamorCeul adamians gulisxmobs. Tumca, avstraliis ZirZvel
mosaxleobas, aboirigenebs, feradi kani da naklebad xveuli, zogjer qera Tma aqvT. amgvar
gamonaklisTa magaliTebi nebismier martiv klasifikaciaSi gvxvdeba. ar arsebobs “rasa,” romelic
mkveTrad gamoxatuli TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba, adamianebi mTeli rigi fizikuri mravalferovnebiT
xasiaTdebian. jgufebisa da adamianebis fizikuri gansxvaveba Sejvarebis safuZvelze
warmoiSoba, rasac sxvadasxva socialur da kulturul jgufebs Soris kontaqtis done gansazRvravs.
mosaxleobis jgufebi SeiZleba kontinuums SevadaroT. TvalsaCino fizikuri msgavsebis mqone
mosaxleobis SigniT iseTive genetikuri mravalgvarobaa, rogoric gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris.
amis gamo, mravali biologis, anTropologisa da sociologis azriT, rasis cneba saerTod ar unda
arsebobdes.
aSkaraa, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisgan fizikurad gansxvavdebian. zogjer gansxvaveba

adamians memkvidreobiT gadaecema. magram pasuxi kiTxvaze, Tu ratom gaxda esa Tu is
gansxvaveba socialuri diskriminaciisa da mikerZoebuli ganwyobis sagani, biologiis sferoSi ar
unda veZioT. amdenad, rasobrivi gansxvavebebi unda gavigoT, rogorc fizikuri variaciebi,
romlebic erTobis an sazogadoebis wevrebis mier socialurad mniSvneladad miiCneva.
magaliTad, kanis feri, am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovnad miiCneva, Tmis feri ki ara. rasizmi aris
socialurad mniSvnelad fizikur sxvaobaTa safuZvelze warmoqmnili mikerZoebuli ganwyoba.
rasisti aris pirovneba, romelsac miaCnia, rom, rasobriv gansxvavebaTa gamo, zogierT individs,
sxva individTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba gaaCnia.
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia
rasa Tanamedrove cnebaa, magram adamianis arsebobis istoriaSi yovelTvis farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia. es ori movlena erTmaneTisgan
mkveTrad unda gavmijnoT. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba im Sexedulebebsa Tu ganwyobebs
aerTianebs, romlebic erTi jgufis wevrebs meore jgufis wevrebis mimarT gaaCiaT. mikerZoebuli
adamianis winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi, xSirad, yurmokrul informacias ufro
efuZneba, vidre uSualo faqtebs. es informacia rTulad eqvemdebareba cvlilebas axali informaciis
miRebis SemTxvevaSic. adamiani SeiZleba winaswar ukve dadebiTad, an piriqiT, uaryofiTad,
iyos ganwyobili mis mier identificirebuli jgufis mimarT. mas, visac garkveuli jgufis mimarT
mikerZoebuli azri winaswar aqvs Seqmnili, samarTliani azris mosmena ar surs.
diskriminacia meore jgufis mimarT ganxorcielebul konkretul qcevas gulixmobs. is SeiZleba

gamovlindes im aqtivobebSi, romelic erTi jgufis wevrebs arTmevs im SesaZleblobebs, rac
sxvebisTvis xelmiswvdomia. magaliTad, roca TeTkanianisTvis xelmisawvdomi samuSaodan
Savkanian adamians uariT istumreben. miuxedavad imisa, rom diskriminaciis safuZvels, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, mikerZoebuli ganwyoba warmoadgens, es ori movlena damoukidebladac
gvxvdeba. adamiani SeiZleba mikerZoebulad iyos ganwyobili, magram es saqmiT ar
gamoavlinos. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom diskriminacia aucileblobiT ar momdinareobs uSualod
mikerZoebuli ganwyobidan. magaliTad, TeTrkanianma SeiZleba Savkaniani adamianebiT
dasaxlebul ubanSi saxlis yidvaze uari SavkanianTa mimarT mtruli ganwyobis gamo ki ar
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ganacxados, aramed momavalSi saxlis Rirebulebis mosalodneli klebiT iyos SeSfoTebuli.

mikerZoebuli ganwyoba am SemTxvevaSic axdens gavlenas diskriminaciaze, magram es
arapirdapiri gziT xdeba.
fsiqologiuri interpretaciebi
fsiqologiuri Teoriebi mikerZoebuli ganwyobis bunebasa da imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu

ratom aniWeben adamianebi amdenad did mniSvnelobas eTnikur gansxvavebas. aRsaniSnavia,
fsiqologiuri midgomis ori tipi. pirveli, mikerZoebuli ganwyobis analizis mizniT, stereotipuli
azrovnebis cnebas iyenebs. meore midgomis mixedviT, arsebobs pirovnebis garkveuli tipi,
romelic umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyobiT gamoirCeva.
stereotipebi da ,,gantevebis vacebi”
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba, ZiriTadad, stereotipuli azrovnebis Sedegad yalibdeba, anu dadgenili

da mouqneli kategoriebiT azrovnebis Sedegad. stereotipTa miniWeba, xSirad, mWidrod
ukavSirdeba Canacvlebis fsiqologiur meqanizms, romlis drosac mtruli ganwyoba da sibraze
iseT obieqtTa mimarT vlindeba, romlebsac amgvari ganwyobis realur mizezTan saerTo araferi
aqvT. antagonizmis gamoxatvis mizniT, adamianebi “gantevebis vacs” eZeben, anu adamians,
romelic SeuZliaT, usafuZvlod daadanaSaulon. termini “gantevebis vaci” pirvelad HZvelma
iudevelebma gamoiyenes. isini sakuTar codvebs yovel wels, ritualurad, vacs miawerdnen da
Semdeg mas velur bunebaSi uSvebdnen. gantevebis vacs, xSir SemTxvevaSi, maSin eZeben,
rodesac ori Cagruli eTnikuri jgufi erTmaneTs ekonomikuri upiratesobis mopovebaSi ejibreba.
magaliTad, adamianebi, romlebic Savkanianebze axorcieleben rasobriv Tavdasxmebs, xSirad,
Tavadac analogiur ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. Savkanianebis mimarT maT mier
gamoxatuli agresiis realur mizezs sul sxva safuZveli aqvs.
gantevebis vacad, Cveulebriv, gansxvavebuli da SedarebiT uZluri jgufi gvevlineba, radgan

amgvari jgufi advilad iqceva samizned. dasavleTis istoriaSi aseTi arasaxarbielo roli, sxvadasxva
dros, protestantebs, kaTolikebs, ebraelebs, italielebs, Savkanian afrikelebsa da sxvebs ergoT.
gantevebis vacis Zieba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, proeqcias, adamianis survilebisa da Tvisebebis sxva
adamianebisTvis aracnobier mikuTvnebas, ukavSirdeba. es movlena SeiZleba seqsualobasac
gulisxmobdes. kvlevis Sedegad mudmivad vlindeba, rom, rodesac dominanturi jgufis wevrebis
mier umciresobebze seqsualuri Zaladoba xorcieldeba, dominanturi jgufi seqsualuri Zaladobis
gamovlenis niSnebs Tavad umciresobaTa jgufSi xedavs. magaliTad, Zvelad, samxreT
amerikaSi, TeTrkanian mamakacTa ucnauri Sexeduleba afro-amerikeli mamakacebis aqtiuri
bunebis Sesaxeb, Tavad TeTrkanian mamakacTa frustraciis safuZvelze warmoiSva, radgan
TeTrkanian qalTan seqsualuri kavSiri, qalTan urTierTobis formaluri wesebis gamo,
izRudeboda. amis msgavsad, samxreT afrikaSi, TeTkanianTa Soris gavrcelebuli iyo mosazreba
Savkaniani mamakacebis gamorCeuli seqsualuri potenciisa da Savkaniani qalebis vnebianobis
Sesaxeb. Savkaniani mamakacebi, seqsualuri TvalsazrisiT, TeTkaniani qalebisTvis Zlier
saxifaTod miiCneoda, maSin rodesac, realurad, Savkanian qalTan seqsualuri kontaqti yovelTvis
TeTrkaniani mamakacis iniciativiT xdeboda.
avtoritaruli pirovneba
adreuli socializaciis Sedegad, zogierTi tipis adamiani gansakurebiT aris midrekili stereotipuli
azrovnebisa da proeqciiisadmi. 1940-ian wlebSi Teodor adornom da misma mimdevrebma
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cnobili kvleva Caatares. am klevaSi maT daaxasiaTes adamianis tipi, romelsac avtoritaruli
pirovneba uwodes (Adorno et al., 1950). mikerZoebuli ganwyobis doneTa Sefasebis gazomvis
mizniT, mkvlevarebma ramdenime skala SeimuSaves. magaliTad, erT skalaze adamianebs
ekiTxebian, eTanxmebian Tu ara isini mkveTrad gamoxatul anti-semitur Sexedulebebs. man,
vinc ebraelTa mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamoxata, sxva umciresobaTa mimarTac
aseTive uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gamoavlina. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom avtoritaruli
Tvisebebis mqone adamianebi ucvleli konformistebi arian, romlebic zemdgom adamianebTan
urTierTobisas TavmdablobiT, qvemdgomebTan urTierTobisas ki - qedmaRlobiT gamoirCevian.
aseTi adamianebi aseve uaRresad aratolerantulebi arian religiur d seqsualur sakiTxebSi.
mkvlevarTa azriT, avtoritaruli pirovneba aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeba, rodesac mSoblebi Svilis
mimarT siyvarulis uSualod gamoxatvas ver axerxeben, arian gulgrilni da mkacr disciplinas
moiTxoven. zrdasrul asakSi aseT individebs SfoTva axasiaTebT, romelsac mxolod dadgenili,
ucvleli xedvis gaziarebiT akontroleben. maT uWirT orazrovan situaciebTan gamklaveba, Tavs
arideben arastabilurobas da stereotipul azrovnebas irCeven.
adornos kvlevam kritika daimsaxura. zogierTebma eWvqveS daayenes im skalebis Rirebuleba,

romlebsac mecnierebi gazomvis mizniT iyenebdnen. zogma ganacxada, rom avtoritarizmi
pirovnuli Tviseba ar aris da is mxolod farTo sazogadoebis SigniT arsebul konkretul
subkulturaTa Rirebulebebsa da normebs asaxavs. maTi azriT, kvleva ufo Rirebulad
CaiTvleboda, Tuki misi mizani, konkretuli tipis pirovnebis gamovlenis nacvlad, zogadad
azrovnebis avtoritarul maxasiaTeblTa gageba iqneboda. Tumca mikerZoebuli ganwyobis
kvlevis mizniT warmoebul am da sxva kvlevaTa Sedegebs bevri ram aerTianebs. magaliTad,
iujin harTlim ocdaTxuTmeTi eTnikuri umciresobis mimarT arsebuli ganwyoba Seiswavla. am
kvleviTac dadginda, rom man, vinc erTi eTnikuri jgufis mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba
gamoavlina, sxva jgufTa mimarTac uaryofiTi ganwyoba gamoxata. ebraelebisa da afro-
amerikelebis mimarT iseTive negatiuri damokidebuleba gamovlinda, rogoric valonianebis,
pirenianebis da darinianebis mimarT. (Hartley, 1946). es ukanaskneli sami jgufi, realurad, ar
arsebobs; harTlim es jgufebi im mizniT daasaxela, rom gaerkvia, eqnebodaT Tu ara adamianebs
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba im jgufTa mimarT, romelTa Sesaxeb arasodes araferi smeniaT.
sociologiuri interpretaciebi
stereotipuli azrovnebis, Canacvlebisa da proeqciis fsiqologiuri meqamizmebi yvela

sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris gvxvdeba da imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom aris eTnikuri
antagonizmi sxvadasxva kulturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo elementi. Tumca, es
meqanizmebi diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebuli socialuri procesebis Sesaxeb bevrs arafers
gveubneba. am procesebis Seswavlis mizniT, sami sociologiuri idea unda moviSveloiT.
eTnocentrizmi, Caketili jgufi da resursebis ganTavseba
eTnikur konfliqtebTan dakavSirebuli sociologiuri cnebebi, zogadad, eTnocentrizmi, Caketili

eTnikuri jgufi da resursebis ganTavsebaa. eTnocentrizmis cnebis Sesaxeb, rac jgufis gareT
myofi adamianis mier, misi kulturuli TvalTaxevdiT, sxva adamianTa kulturis Sefasebis
tendenciasa da amasTan dakavSirebul eWvs niSnavs, wina TavebSic (Tavi 2) visaubreT.
realurad, yvela kultura, metnaklebad, eTnocentrulia da aSkarad Cans, Tu rogor xdeba
eTnocentrizmis stereotipul azrovnebasTan kombinireba. jgufis gareT myof adamianebs
ucxoebad, barbarosebad an, moraluri Tu gonebrivi TvalsazrisiT, CamorCenil pirovnebebad
miiCneven. amgvari iyo umravles civilizaciaTa mcire kulturebis mimarT damokidebuleba da es
ganwyoba, istoriulad, uamravi eTnikuri Sejaxebis mizezad iqca.
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eTnocentrizmi da jgufis Caketiloba, xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tanmdevi movlenebia. “Caketilobis”

procesSi, jgufebi, sxva jgufebisgan gamijvnis mizniT, sazRvrebs aweseben. es sazRvrebi iseTi
saSualebiT formirdeba, romlebic jgufis gamorCeulobas usvams xazs da erT eTnikuri jgufs
meore jgufisgan gamijnavs. am saSualebebSi jgufebs Soris qorwinebis SezRudva, socialuri
kontaqtebisa da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, magaliTad, vaWrobis akrZalva da jgufis fizikuri
niSniT gamoyofa (vTqvaT, eTnikuri geto) igulisxmeba. SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb afro-
amerikelebs samive gamoucdiaT: zogierTi Stati Sereul qorwinebas krZalavs, samxreTSi
ekonomikuri da socialuri segregacia dakanonda da bevr did qalaqSi jer kidev arsebobs
SavkanianTa segregirebuli getoebi.
Caketilobisken zogjer Tanabari Zalauflebis mqone jgufebic iswrafvian: jgufis wevrebi

erTmaneTs emijnebian, magram arc erTi maTgani ar aris dominanturi; Tumca, ufro xSirad, erTi
eTnikuri jgufi, meore jgufTan SedarebiT, met Zalauflebas flobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, jgufis
CaketilobasTan erTad, resursebis ganTavsebac xdeba da qoneba da materialuri dovlaTi
araTanabrad nawildeba.
eTnikur jgufebs Soris yvelaze mZafri konfliqtebi jgufis Caketilobis gamo xdeba, radgan jgufis
Caketiloba qonebrivi, Zalauflebrivi da socialuri mdgomareobis uTanasworobaze mianiSnebs.
eTnikuri jgufis Caketilobis cneba im dramatul da farul gansxvavebaTa gagebaSi gvexmareba,
romlebic adamianTa Temebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas uwyobs xels. Cven mxolod is ki ar
gvainteresebs, Tu ratom klaven, linCis wesiT asamarTleben, cemen da awameben zogierTi
jgufis wevrebs, aramed isic, Tu ratom ver iwyeben isini karg samsaxurs, ver iReben saTanado
ganaTlebas da ar cxovroben maTTvis sasurvel adgilas. simdidre, Zalaufleba da socialuri statusi
deficituri resursebia – zogierT jgufs, sxvasTan SedarebiT, meti amgvari resursi gaaCnia.
gamorCeuli poziciis SesanarCuneblad, privilegirebuli jgufi zogjer sxva jgufis mimarT
eqstremaluri Zaladobis aqts axorcielebs. Sesabamisad, sakuTari situaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT,
Zaladobas SeiZleba naklebad privilegirebulma jgufmac mimarTos.
eTnikuri antagonizmi: istoriuli perspeqtiva
mimdinare periodSi eTnikuri urTierTobebisa da eTnikuri antagonizmis srulyofili analizi am

movlenis istoriul WrilSi ganxilvas moiTxovs. Tu samyaros danarCen nawilze dasavleTis
kolonializmis gavrcelebis mniSvnelobas ar gaviTvaliswinebT, dRevandeli ganawilebis gageba
SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.
meTxuTmete saukuneSi, evropelebma, teritoriis Seswavlisa da vaWrobis motiviT, manamde

ucnobi da Seuswavleli zRvebisa da miwebis dalaSqvra da, amasTan erTad, adgilobrivi
mosaxleobis dapyroba da Seviwroeba daiwyes. axal teritoriebze dasaxlebis mizniT, evropidan
milionobiT adamiani Camovida. afrikidan amerikaSi, monobiT vaWrobis formiT, didi
moZraoba daiwyo. qvemoT, gasuli 350 wlis ganmavlobaSi, mosaxleobis gadaadgilebis
magaliTebs warmogidgenT:
 evropidan Crdilo amerikaSi. meCvidmete saukunidan dRemde, evropidan amJamindel

SeerTebul Statebsa da kanadaSi 45 milioni adamiani emigrirda. CrdiloeT amerikaSi
amJamad mcxovreb adamianTagan 150 milioni aq am migraciis Sedegad dasaxlda.
 evropidan centralur da samxreT amerikaSi. evropidan, ZiriTadad, espaneTidan,
portugaliidan da italiidan, centralur da samxreT amerikaSi 20 milioni adamianis migracia
moxda. dRevandel dRes am teritoriebze mcxovrebi 50 milioni adamiani evropuli
warmomavlobisaa.
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 vropidan afrikasa da avstraliaSi. am kontinentze mcxovrebi daaxloebiT 17 milioni

adamiani evropuli warmomavlobisaa. afrikaSi mcxovreb emigrantTa umravlesoba
samxreT afrikaSi emigrirda, romelic, ZiriTadad, britanelebisa da holandielebis kolonia
iyo.
 afrikidan amerikaSi. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi, daaxloebiT 15 milioni Savkaniani,
sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg, CrdiloeT da samxreT amerikis kontinentebze
gadaiyvanes. meTeqvsmete saukuneSi TiTqmis 1 milioni Caiyvanes, meCvidmete
saukuneSi - 1.3 milioni, meTvramete saukuneSi - 6 milioni, mecxramete saukuneSi ki -
2 milioni. Savkaniani afrikelebi amerikis qveynebSi borkilebiT CayavdaT, raTa maT
Semdeg monebad emuSavaT; amis gamo umowyalod daingra ojaxebi da daiSala mTliani
Temebi.
mosaxleobis amgvarma dinebam SeerTebuli Statebis, kanadis, centraluri da samxreT amerikis,

samxreT afrikis, avstraliisa da axali zelandiis dRevandel eTnikur struqturas Cauyara safuZveli.
zemoTYxsenebuli yvela sazogadoebis ZirZveli mosaxleoba evropuli marTvis wess
daeqvemdara, CrdiloeT amerikasa da avstraliaSi ki mcirericxovan eTnikur umciresobebad
Camoyalibda. evropelTa gansxvavebuli warmomavlobis gamo, axal samSobloSi mravali
eTnikuri danayofi dafuZnda. kolonializmis ganviTarebis xanaSi, mecxramete saukunesa da
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, evropelebi ZirZvel mosaxleobas bevr sxva regionSi - indoeTSi,
birmaSi, malaiasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi marTavdnen.
evropuli eqspansiis periodSi, kolonizatorebi eTnocentruli ganwyobiT gamoirCeodnen da

sakuTar misias samyaros danarCen nawilSi civilizaciis SetanasTan aigivebdnen. ZirZveli
mosaxleobis warmomavlobasTan SedarebiT, sakuTar warmomavlobas upiratesobas ufro
liberalurad ganwyobili evropelebic ki aniWebdnen. is faqti, rom am adamianTa umravlesoba
kolonizatorTa Sexedulebas iziarebda, mxdvelobaSi misaRebi ar aris, radgan evropelebi
Zalauflebas flobdnen da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT Tvalsazriss yvela iTvaliswinebda.
kolonializmis adreuli periodi rasizmis aRzevebas daemTxva da mas Semdeg rasobriv
gamijvnasa da konfliqtebs, zogadad eTnikur konfliqtebSi, wamyvani adgili uWiravs. evropul
ganwyobebSi, centraluri pozicia im rasistulma Tvalsazrisma daikava, romlis mixedviT,
adamianebi TeTrkanianebad da Savkanianebad iyofian.
rasizmis aRzeveba
ratom moxda rasizmis aRzeveba? amis ramdenime mizezi arsebobs. erT-erTi mizezi is aris, rom
TeTrkanianTa da SavkanianTa, rogorc kuklturul simboloTa, dapirispirebas, Rrmad aqvs
gadgmuli fesvebi evropul kulturaSi. TeTrkaniani adamiani, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi,
siwmindesTan, sisufTavesTan, Savkaniani ki - borotebasTan asocirdeboda (am simbolizmSi
araferia bunebrivi; zogierT kulturaSi es Tvisebebi sapirispirod aRiqmeba). dasavleTis mier
SavkanianebTan aqtiuri kontaqtis damyarebamde, siSavis simbolos uaryofiTi datvirTva qonda.
am simbolurma mniSvnelobam gavlena iqonia evropelTa reaqciebze, rodesac isini pirvelad
aRmoCdnen afrikul sanapiroebze. SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa Soris arsebulma radikalurma
gansxvavebam da afrikelTa “kerpTayvanismcemlobam,” evropelebs Soris SavkanianTa mimarT
SiSi da qedmaRluri damokidebuleba gamoiwvia. meCvide saukuneSi erTma damkvirvebelma
aRniSna, rom Savkanianebi “feriTa da mdgomareobiT reinkarnirebuli eSmakebisgan cotaTi
gansxvavdebiano” (Jordan, 1968). miuxedavad imisa, rom amgvar eqstremalur
gamonaTqvamebs dRes iSviaTad gaigonebT, Zneli dasajerebelia, TiTqos Sav-TeTri kulturuli
simbolizmis elementebi bolomde aRmoifxvra.
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Tanamedrove rasizmis gamomwvevi meore mniSvnelovani faqtori Tavad rasis cnebis Seqmna
da gavrceleba gaxda. kvazi-rasistuli ganwyobebi asobiT welia arsebobs. magaliTad, CineTSi,
Cv. welTaRricxviT 300 wlis CanawerebSi, barbarosebi Semdegnairad arian aRwerili: “Zalian
gvanan maimunebs, radgan isini maimunebis STamomavlebi arian.” rasis, rogorc
STamomavlobiT gadacemul TvisebaTa erTobliobis gageba, meTvramete-mecxramete
saukuneebis evropul naazrevs efuZneba. garkveul wreebSi didi gavleniT sargeblobda graf jozef
artur de gobinos (1816-1882) ideebi, romelsac, zogjer, Tanamedrove rasizmis mamas eZaxian.
gobinos azriT, sami - TeTrkanianTa, SavkaniaTa da yviTelkaniaTa - rasa arsebobs:
TeTkanianTa rasa gansakuTrebuli inteleqtiT, moraluri TvisebebiTa da nebisyofiT gamoirCeva.
dasavluri gavlena mTel msoflioSi swored am, memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli, Tvisebebis
wyalobiT gavrcelda. Savkanianebs uunaroba axasiaTebT, bunebiT cxovelebs gvanan da
moraluri Tvisebebis naklebobiTa da emociuri arastabilurobiT gamoirCevian.
gobinosa da sxvebis msgavsi Sexedulebebi savaraudo mecnieruli Teoriebis saxiT iyo

warmodgenili. am ideebma, mogvianebiT, gavlena moaxdina adolf hitlerze, romelmac es
Tvalsazrisi nacisturi partiis ideologiad aqcia. TeTkanianTa rasis upiratesobis idea, romelsac
aranairi faqtobrivi safuZveli ar gaaCnia, kvlav TeTri rasizmis ZiriTad elementad rCeba. is,
magaliTad, ku kluqs klanis ideologiis faruli elementia; samxreT afrikaSi aparteidis (gamoyofili
rasobrivi moZraobis) safuZvelsac es Tvalsazrisi warmoadgens – razec mogvianebiT vimsjelebT.
Tanamedrove rasizmis aRzevebis mesame mizezi is eqsploatatoruli urTierTobebia, romlebic

evropelebma feradkanian adamianebTan urTierTobisas daamkvidres. evropelebs sayovelTaod
rom ar miaCndeT, rom Savkanianebi maTTvis Seuferebeli rasaa, romelic adamianis wodebasac
ki ar imsaxurebs, monebiT vaWroba arasodes iarsebebda. rasizmma xeli Seuwyo koloniuri
batonobis dakanonebas araTeTr mosaxleobaze da waarTva maT politikur procesebSi
monawileobis uflebebi, rac TeTrkanianebma mSobliur evropul qveynebSi moipoves.
TeTrkanianTa da feradkanianTa urTierTobebi koloniebis mixedviT gansxvavdeboda. am

urTierTobebze Tavad evropelTa kulturuli gansxvavebac axdenda gavlenas. am sakiTxebis
demonstrirebis mizniT, braziliaSi, samxreT afrikasa da aSS-Si arsebul rasobriv urTierTobebs
ganvixilavT, Semdeg ki ufro detalurad gavaanalizebT im rasobriv da eTnikur danayofebs,
romlebic gaerTianebul samefoSi gvxdeba.
eTnikuri uTierTobebi istoriul WrilSi: magaliTebi
Tu britaneTSi arsebul eTnikur urTierTobebs sxva sazogadoebaTa eTnikur urTierTobebs

SevadarebT, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba davinaxoT, Tu ra saxiT vlindeboda mikerZoebuli ganwyoba
da diskriminacia istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. zogjer amboben, rom braziliis sazogadoebaSi
Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs Soris eTnikur niadagze mikerZoeba ar arsebobs, magram axla
davrwundebiT, rom es ar aris zusti informacia. amis sapirispirod, samxreT afrikaSi
mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminacia eqstremaluri formiT ganviTarda da SavkanianTa da
TeTkanianTa segregaciam institucionaluri xasiaTi miiRo. am movlenebs xeli bolodroindelma
cvlilebebma Seuwyo, romelTa safuZvelze SemuSavebuli wesebi umravlesobaTa interesebs
iTvaliswinebs. aSS-ze msjelobas SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis kampaniiT
daviwyebT.
eTnikuri urTierTobebi braziliaSi
mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, monebiT vaWrobis dasrulebamde, braziliaSi TiTqmis oTxi
milioni afrikeli iqna Cayvanili. SeerTebul StatebSi sxvadasxva afrikuli kulturis
warmomadgeneli Savkanianebi, Cveulebriv, mTel qveyanaSi iyvnen mimofantuli, braziliaSi
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erTsa da imave regionidan Casuli adamianebi ki erTianobis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. aqedan

gamomdinare, SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb SavkanianebTan SedarebiT, isini mSobliuri
kulturis SenarCunebasac ufro axerxebdnen. braziliaSi mcxovreb monebs, maTi mepatroneebis
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, mainc hqondaT daqorwinebis ufleba. isini, Cveulebisamebr,
agrZelebdnen Zveli mepatronis samsaxurSi yofnas, magram daqorwinebuli wyivilis individualur
monebad gayidva aRar iyo SesaZlebeli. TeTrkaniani mamakacebi monebTan seqsualur kontaqts
xSirad amyarebdnen. amgvari kavSiris Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs zogjer aTavisuflebdnen da
ojaxis sruluflebian wevrebadac ki aRiarebdnen. monoba, sabolood, 1888 wels gauqmda,
magram TeTrkanianebi, didi xniT adre, ukve Seguebulni iyvnen Tavisufali Savkanianebis
arsebobas (Shwartz, 1985).
monobis dasrulebis Semdeg, bevri Savkaniani brazilieli sacxovreblad qalaqSi gadasaxlda. maTi
umravlesoba siRaribeSi cxovrobda (aseTi SemTxvevebi dResac arsebobs), magram maT
leiboristul kavSirebSi gaerTianebis ufleba hqondaT, amitom bevri maTgani gamdidrda da
Zalaufleba moipova. braziliaSi gavrcelebulia gamoTqma: “mdidari Savkaniani TeTria, Raribi
TeTrkaniani ki Savio.” am frazaSi rasobrivi gansxvavebis Tvalsazrisi SedarebiT rbilad aris
asaxuli, magram mainc TeTri kanis upiratesoba igrZnoba. sazogadoebis yvela seqtorSi
TeTkanianebi isev maRal pozicias inarCuneben.
Tu brazilielebis mier Seqmnil rasobriv urTierTobaTa sistemas SeerTebuli Statebis ufro

segregirebul sistemas SevadarebT, is gacilebiT Semwynarebluri mogveCveneba, magram 1960-
ian da 1970-ian wlebSi, rodesac amerikel SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvis moZraobas
Caeyara safuZveli, braziliuri rasobrivi sistemis amerikul sistemasTan Sedareba, braziliisTvis
wamgebiani aRmoCnda. 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, braziliis kongresma sazogadoebriv
adgilebSi diskriminaciis amkrZalavi kanoni miiRo. am gadawyvetilebas safuZvlad amerikeli
Savkaniani qalbatonis, ketrin danhemis, saCivari daedo, romelsac san paulus sastumroSi oTaxi
ar miaqiraves. Tumca, es kanoni simbolur Jests ufro hgavda, radgan mTavrobas ar hqonia
SesaZlebeli diskriminaciis sixSiris gamoZiebis mcdeloba.
damkvirvebelTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom braziliaSi diskriminaciis SemTxvevebs iSviaTad

hqonda adgili, magram mainc SemuSavda feradkanianTa socialuri da ekonomikuri
SesaZleblobebis gaumjobesebaze orientirebuli ramdenime samTavrobo programa. brazilielebs
sjerodaT, rom maT qveyanaSi TeTrkanianebi da feradkanianebi erTnairi uflebebiT
sargebloben, Tumca am mosazrebas ewinaaRmdegeboda is faqti, rom Savkanianebi kvlavA
sazogadoebis yvelaze Rarib ubnebSi agrZelebdnen dasaxlebas. braziliam aseve airida, amerikis
istoriisTvis damaxasiaTebeli, linCis wesiT gasamarTleba da amboxebebi; aq eqstremaluri
formiT arc SavkanianTa mimarT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba gamovlenila.
samxreT afrikis socialuri ganviTareba
samxreT afrikaSi Tavdapirvelad holandielebi dafuZndnen. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam evropul

sawarmoebSi muSaoba ar isurva, amitom maT monebi afrikis sxva regionebidan da holandiuri
ist–indoeTidan SemoyavdaT. mogvianebiT, samxreT afrikaSi dominanturi pozicia britanelebma
daikaves, romlebmac 1830-ian wlebSi sabolood gaauqmes monoba. TeTrkanianebisa da
adgilobrivi afrikelebis gamijvna ufro gvian daiwyo. monobis gauqmebis Semdeg,
SavkanianebisTvis axali gadasaxadebi dawesda, ramac bevri maTgani aiZula evropel
damsaqmeblebTan daewyo muSaoba; axalgazrda afrikel mamakacebs ki, gadasaxadis dafarvis
gamo, samuSaos Zebna saxlidan moSorebiT uxdebodaT. dainerga “emigrantTa samuSao Zalis”
sistema, ramac samxreT afrikis ekonomikis Semdgomi evoluciis pirobebis gansazRvras Cauyara
safuZveli. bevri afrikeli oqrosa da almasis sabadoze midioda samuSaod, isini evropelTa
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sacxovrebeli adgilebidan moSorebiT, specialur karvebSi cxovrobdnen. aman xeli Seuwyo

segregirebuli sistemis warmoqmnas, ramac Semdeg formaluri samarTlebrivi saxe miiRo.
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, aparteidis sistemis warmoSobisas, samxreT afrikis mosaxleoba
oTx ,,registrirebul jgufad” daiyo – 4.5 milioni evropel emigrantTa TeTrkaniani STamomavlebi;
2.5 milioni e.w feradkanianebi, romelTa winaprebi erTze meti “rasis” warmomadgenlebi arian;
1 milioni aziuri warmomavlobis adamianebi; 23 milioni ki Savkaniani afrikelebi. pier van den
bergem, aperteidis wlebSi, samxreT afrikis sazogadoebaSi segregaciis sami ZiriTadi done
gamoyo (Van den Berghe, 1970).
1. mikrosegregacia – segregacia sazogadoebriv adgilebSi (msgavsi SemTxvevebi amerikis

samxreT nawilSic aRiniSneboda). TeTkanianebsa da feradkanianebs sxvadasxva
sapirfareSoebiT, mosacdeli oTaxebiT, rkinigzis vagonebiTa da sxva sazogadoebrivi
adgilebiT unda esargeblaT.
2. mezosegregacia – TeTrkanianebisa da feradkanianebis ubnebis segregacia, urbanul
teritoriebze gansaxlebis mixedviT. Savkanianebs maTTvis specialurad gamoyofil zonaSi
unda ecxovraT.
3. makrosegregacia – adamianebis segregacia gamoyofil teritoriebze anu bunebriv
rezervaciebSi.
samxreT afrikis ekonomika ver SesZlebda funqcionirebas qalaqebSi an qalaqis maxloblad

mcxovrebi milionobiT feradkanianTa samuSao Zalis gareSe. Tavdapirvelad, ZiriTadi urbanuli
teritoriebi eTnikurad Sereuli ubnebiT gamoirCeoda, magram, TeTrkanianebiT dasaxlebuli
teritoriebidan ramdenime miliT daSorebul, e.w. “modelur dasaxlebebSi” sul ufro met
Savkanians asaxlebdnen. garda amisa, milionobiT adamiani, qalaqidan Sors, e.w. mamulebSi
gadahyavdaT. es regionebi, nawilobriv, avtonomiur Statebad iyo organizebuli, romlebsac
TeTrkanianianTa centraluri mTavroba akontrolebda. aparteidis pirobebSi feradkanianebs ar
hqondaT xmis ufleba, da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc centralur mmarTvelobaSi hyavdaT sakuTari
warmomadgeneli.
maTTvis gamoyofil teritoriaze anu mamulSi, Savkanianebi politikuri uflebebiT sargeblobdnen,

rac CamorTmeuli hqondaT TeTkanianTa samxreT afrikaSi. 1970 wels mamulis moqalaqeobis
miniWebis aqtis safuZvelze, samxreT afrikis mier “damoukideblobis” mopovebis dRes,
mamulis macxovreblebs avtomaturad CamoerTvaT samxreT afrikis moqalaqeoba. e.w.
“sazRvars miRma macxovreblebs”, anu maT, vinc ojaxTan erTad mamulSi cxovrobda,
TeTrkanianTa samxreT afrikaSi gasamgzavreblad, yoveldRiurad, sazRvris gadakveTa
uxdeboda.
aparteidis mimarT mTel saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaSi uaryofiTi damokidebuleba iyo. mas

sakuTar sazogadoebaSic bevri mowinaaRmdege hyavda. samxreT afrikis mimarT, am sistemis
moqmedebis SeCerebis mizniT, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi xorcieldeboda ekonomikuri sanqciebi.
samxreT afrika mTel rig saerTaSoriso sportul RoniZiebebzec ki ar dauSves. sanqciebma,
Sinagan protestTan erTad, garkveuli Sedegi gamoiRo, magram 1980-ian wlebSi aparteidis
dezintegraciis dasawyisis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi is gaxda, rom bevrma Savkanianma,
xelisuflebis mxridan mosalodneli sasjelis miuxedavad, mizanmimarTulad daiwyo mis
sawinaaRmdegod moqmedeba. magaliTad, bevri maTgani kanons ar daemorCila da, samuSaos
Ziebis mizniT, urbanul teritoriebze gadasvla daiwyo.
1990 wels prezidentma de klarkma afrikuli nacionaluri kongresis (ANC), komunisturi partiisa da
im mravali sxva opoziciuri jgufis amkrZalavi sanqciebi gaauqma, romelTac manamde
aralegalurad, konspiraciulad uxdebodaT moRvaweoba, an gandevnilni iyvnen qveynidan.
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cixidan gaaTavisufles 1962 wlidan patimrobaSi myofi, ANC–is lideri nelson mandela. Seiqmna
axali konstitucia, romlis Tanaxmad, qveynis istoriaSi pirvelad, yvelas mieca xmis ufleba. 1992
wlis martSi TeTrkanian amomrCevlebs Soris referendumi Catarda da umravlesobam mxari
reformis amoqmedebas dauWira.
aparteidis dasrulebis Semdeg, samxreT afrikaSi mravali investicia ganxorcielda. bevrma

msxvilma samxreT afrikulma kompaniam afrikis sxva regionebSi investirebac daiwyo.
magaliTad, 1994-5 wlebSi kompaniam South African Breweries tanzaniisa da zambiis
saxelmwifo ludsaxarSi kompaniebis didi nawili Seisyida. es produqcia ukve bosvanaSi, lesotosa
da svazilandSi gaaqvT gasayidad.
samxreT afrikuli kapitalizmis gavrcelebas problemebic axlavs. rodesac zimbabves savaWro

qselis ufrosma konferenciaze samxreT afrikelebi “afrikis Caylapvis” mcdelobaSi daadanaSaula,
mas auditoria ovaciebiT Seegeba. mozambikelma fermerebma demonstracia moawyves, romelic
mTavrobis mier samxreT afrikeli investorebisTvis saxnavi miwebis miyidvis SeCerebas
isaxavda miznad. amgvari daZabulobis arseboba arc aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
aparteidis periodSi, samxreT afrikis mTavroba mxars uWerda mozambiksa da sxva mimdebare
qveynebze ganxorcielebul samxedro intervencias. am saqmian kontaqtebze jer kidev axdens
gavlenas rasobrivi da eTnikuri niSniT ganpirobebuli mtruli ganwyoba, rasac xels isic uwyobs,
rom samxreT afrikeli gavleniani saqmosnebi, rogor wesi, TeTkanianebi arian.
SavkanianTa uflebebi SeerTebul StatebSi
monobis gauqmeba da adreuli gardaqmnebi
CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis Statebs Soris samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg, CrdiloeT

amerikaSi monoba dasrulda. emansipaciis proklamacias xeli, realurad, 1863 wels, omis
damTavrebamde erTi wliT adre, moewera. Tumca, monobis gauqmebas SavkanianTa bedze
mniSvnelovani zegavlena ar mouxdenia, radgan maTi umravlesoba kvlav siRatakeSi
ganagrZobda cxovrebas. 1890-1912 wlebSi samxreTSi “jim krous” kanonebis seria miiRes,
romelTa Tanaxmad, Savkanianebs TeTkanianTa rkinigzis vagonebSi, sazogadoebriv tualetebsa
da kafeebSi Sesvla ekrZalebodaT. es segregacia 1896 wels umaRlesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, oficialurad iqna aRiarebuli, romlis Tanaxmad, konstituciurad,
TeTkanianebsa da Savkanianebs ,,Tanabari, magram erTmaneTisgan gamijnuli” pirobebiT unda
esargeblaT. Zaladobrivi saidumlo sazogadoebis ku kluqs klanis moRvaweobac am segregaciis
SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad.
Tanabari uflebebisa da SesaZleblobebis damkvidrebis mizniT, umciresobaTa brZolas, revoluciis

CaTvliT, amerikis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia. umciresobaTa didma nawilma
politikuri gavlenis mopovebis, ekonomikuri anazRaurebis miRebis, umravlesobasTan Tanabari
statusis moTxovnis saqmeSi warmatebas miaRwia, magram 1940-iani wlebis dasawyisamde,
maTi didi nawili ar iyo CarTuli TviTdawinaurebis amgvar procesebSi. 1909 wels feradkanianTa
ganviTarebis nacionaluri organizacia (NAACP), 1910 wels ki, nacionaluri urbanuli liga daarsda.
orive organizacia SavkanianTa uflebebis damkvidrebisTvis ibrZoda, magram maTi
moRvaweobis realuri Sedegi mxolod meore msoflio omis periodSi da misi dasrulebis Semdeg
gamoCnda.
vidre SeerTebuli Statebi saomar moqmedebebSi CaerTo, NAACP–isa da urbanuli ligis liderebs,
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis desegregaciis moTxovniT, prezident franklin ruzveltTan hqondaT
Sexvedra. ruzveltma ara marto uaryo es winadadeba, aramed iseTi sajaro gancxadeba gaakeTa,
TiTqos samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli liderebi, Sexvedris dros daTanxmdnen segregaciis
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gagrZelebaze. Sekrebas SavkanianTa kavSiris lideri filip rendolfic eswreboda, romelic am

aSkara sicruis gamo Zlier gaRizianda da vaSingtonSi asi aTasobiT Savkanianis saprotesto
gamosvla moiTxova. saproteso gamosvlamde ramdenime dRiT adre, ruzveltma dasaqmebisas,
eTnikuri gansxvavebis safuZvelze, disriminaciis amkrZalav brZanebas moawera xeli, rac
SeiaraRebul ZalebSi segregaciis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul qmedebasac gulisxmobda.
ori wlis Semdeg rasobrivi Tanasworobis axlad dafuZnebulma kongresma (CORE) Cikagos
restornebSi, sacurao auzebsa da sxva sazogadoebriv adgilebSi segregaciis winaRmdeg brZola
daiwyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom man bevrs verafers miaRwia da TeTkanianTa mxridan am
qmedebaze Zalze mwvave reagireba moxda, am konfrontaciuli moZraobiT SavkanianTa
uflebebis dacvas Caeyara safuZveli, rac, TxuTmeti wlis Semdeg, masobriv moZraobaSi
gadaizarda.
meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan mcire xnis Semdeg, NAACP-ma wamoiwyo kampania
segregirebuli saxelmwifo ganaTlebis winaaRmdeg. am kampaniam kulminacias maSin
miaRwia, roca, organizaciis iniciativiT, xuTi skolis sabWos winaaRmdeg saqme aRiZra. am
qmedebiT maT im periodSi moqmedi koncefciis winaaRmdeg gailaSqres, romlis Tanaxmad,
TeTrkanianebsa da feradkanianebs sxvadasxva skolaSi unda eswavlaT. 1954 wels umaRlesma
sasamarTlom erTxmad miiRo gadawyvetileba, “rom saswavlo procesSi, rasobriv safuZvelze,
sxvadasxva pirobebiT sargebloba uTanasworobaze mianiSnebs.” es gadawyvetileba sabrZolo
platformad iqca, samoqalaqo uflebebis dasamkvidreblad brZola ki kidev or aTwleuls gagrZelda.
rodesac umaRlesma sasamarTlom pirvelad miiRo amgvari gadawyvetileba, ramdenime Stati da
adgilobrivi mmarTveloba misi amoqmedebis SezRudvas Seecada. federaluri brZanebis
safuZvelze, skolebSi integraciis process sastik winaaRmdegobas uwevda ku kluqs klani,
“TeTrkanian moqalaqeTa sabWoebi” da adgilobriv aqtivistTa sxva jgufebi. 1960-iani wlebis
bolos, samxreTel Savkanian moswavleTa 1 procenti jer kidev desegregirebul skolebSi
swavlobda.
TeTrkanianTa urCma winaaRmdegobam, Savkaniani liderebi, samoqalaqo uflebebis realizebis

mizniT, masobrivi saprotesto moZraobis aucileblobaSi daarwmuna. 1956 wels montgomeriSi,
alabamaSi, Savkaniani qalbatoni - roza parkeri daapatimres, radgan man avtobusSi adgili ar
dauTmo TeTrkanian mamakacs. amis sapasuxod, qalaqis Savkaniani mosaxleobis
umravlesobam baptisturi eklesiis mRvdlis, doqtor martin luTer king umcrosis,
xelmZRvanelobiT, satransporto sistemas 381-dRiani boikoti gamoucxada. sabolood, qalaqis
xelmZRvaneloba iZulebuli gaxda, satranspotro sistemaSi segregacia gaeuqmebina.
boikoti da mjdomare aqciebi sxva sazogadoebrivi adgilebis segregirebis winaaRmdegac

gagrZelda. am msvlelobebsa da demonstaciebs mravali Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani
mxardamWeri SeuerTda. kingma diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg, daumorCileblobis aqtiuri,
magram mSvidobiani kampania dagegma, Tumca reaqcias, romelic am moZraobas mohyva,
mSvidobians ver daarqmevdiT. arkanzasis gubernatorma faubusma liTl rokis centralur skolaSi
Savkaniani studentebi ar SeuSva da maT SesaCereblad Statis samxedroebi gamoiZaxa.
alabamaSi, birmingemSi, Serifma “bul” konorma saprotesto aqciis monawileni saxanZro wylis
milebiT, xelketebiTa da policiis ZaRlebis daxmarebiT daSala.
birmingemis incidentis Semdeg, amerikis qalaqebSi, aTi kviris ganmavlobaSi, asobiT

demonstracia Catarda. dapatimrebul iqna 15 000-ze meti monawile. 1963 wels samoqalaqo
uflebaTa dacvis 25 000-ma mxardamWerma vaSingtonSi msvleloba moawyo, sadac kingma
Semdegi saxis gancxadeba gaakeTa: “Cven manam ar davkmayofildebiT, vidre samarTali
wyaliviT ar daiwyebs denas, simarTle ki Zlier nakadad ar gadmodindeba.” 1964 wels
kongresma samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqti miiRo, romlis Tanaxmad, sazogadoebriv adgilebSi,
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ganaTlebis sistemaSi, dasaqmebisas da mTavrobis mier dafinansebul nebismier saagentoSi,

diskriminacia sayovelTaod ikrZaleboda. momdevno wlebSi miRebuli kanonebis safuZvelze,
Savkanianebs xmis daregistrirebis sruli ufleba miecaT da kanonsawinaaRmdegod iqna
miCneuli disriminacia gansaxlebis dros.
moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis mizniT
samoqalaqo uflebaTa dacvis mizniT dawyebulma moZraobam, formaluri miznisa da sabrZolo

obieqtis garda, Savkaniani aqtivistebi kulturuli Tavisuflebisa da TviTdamkvidrebis
SegrZnebiTac uzrunvelyo. studentTa koordinaciis mSvidobian komitetSi (SNCC) iyvnen
“TavisuflebisTvis momRerlebi”, romlebic sakuTar grZnobebs musikisa da simReris saSualebiT
gamoxatavdnen.
axali samoqalaqo uflebebis samarTlebrivi dakanonebis mcdelobas kvlav oponentTa gaafTrebuli

winaaRmdegoba mohyva. maT, vinc samoqalo uflebaTa miniWebis moTxovniT, msvlelobaSi
iRebda monawileobas, Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen, cemdnen, zogma sakuTari sicocxlec ki
Seswira. am qmedebaTa sapasuxod, meamboxeTa “Sav Zalad” wodebuli Savkanianebis
agresiuli jgufebi Seiqmna. zomieri qmedebis momxreni am jgufebs gaemijnen da kvlav
reformebisa da kanonebis dafuZnebis moTxovna ganagrZes. 1965-1968 wlebSi, amerikis
qalaqebSi, SavkanianTa getos teritoriebze didi amboxebebebi daiwyo.
samoqalaqo uflebaTa aqtis sruli realizebis Semaferxebel dabrkolebaTa miuxedavad, is mainc

Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda. am aqtis principebi, Savkaniani mosaxleobis interesebis
garda, sxva eTnikuri jgufebisa da qalebis CaTvliT, diskriminaciis nebismieri msxverplis
interesebs iTvaliswinebda. man Cagruli jgufebis uflebebis dacvis ganviTarebaze orientirebul
moZraobas Cauyara safuZveli.
1960-iani wlebis brZolis periodSi SavkanianTa samoqalaqo uflebebis dacvaze mimarTuli

moZraobis miznebi, garkveulwilad, Seicvala. samoqalaqo uflebebis liderTa moTxovna manam,
ucvlelad, amerikul kulturaSi SavkanianTa sruli integracia iyo. SavkanianTa Savi Zalis
memboxeTa jgufebis aRzevebam idealebis Secvla gamoiwvia, rac Savkanianad yofnis Rirsebasa
da SavkanianTa kulturis farul Rirebulebaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas. Savkanianebma amjerad
sazogadoebaSi damoukidebeli pozicia moiTxoves, riTac, TeTkanianTa sazogadoebriv wyobaSi
asimilirebas WeSmaritad pluralistuli sazogadoebis ganviTareba amjobines. xedvis amgvari
cvlileba imis SegrZnebamac gamoiwvia, rom kanoniT dawesebuli Tanasworoba arafers niSnavs,
Tuki praqtikaSi diskriminacia mainc arsebobs.
integracia da antagonizmi
samoqalaqo uflebaTaA aqtis miRebidan icdaaTi wlis Semdeg mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi

ganxorcielda. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi Tanamdebobaze arCeul SavkanianTa raodenobam Svidi
aTass miaRwia, maSin rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi SavkaniaTa Soris sul asi Tanamdebobis piri
iyo. am periodSi, kolejebsa da universutetebSi oTxjer meti Savkanaini Cairicxa. warmoiSva
Savkanian saqmosanTa da profesionalTa mzardi saSualo klasi. qveynis zogierT did qalaqSi,
magaliTad, niu iorkSi, CikagoSi, atlantasa da baltimorSi, Savkaniani meri dainiSna.
Savkanianebma saxeli literaturaSi, Teatrsa da xelovnebis sxvadasxva dargSi gaiTqves.
(Marable, 1991).
yvelafris miuxedavad, am periodSi mainc naadrevi iyo saubari rasobrivi harmoniisa da

integraciis axali xanis Sesaxeb. piriqiT, 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,
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aSS-s sxvadasxva nawilSi, rasobrivi dapirispirebiT motivirebuli Zaladobis asobiT aqtma iCina
Tavi. niu iorkSi, bostonsa da CikagoSi rasobriv safuZvelze ganviTarebulma daZabulobam
umaRles mwvervals miaRwia; 1991 wels SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa jgufebis mier
masobrivi saxalxo demonstraciebi ewyoboda, TiToeuli jgufi meores rasizmSi adanaSaulebda.
1992 wels los anjelessa da aSS-s sxva qalaqebSi Zaladobis mniSvnelovani faqtebi dafiqsirda. los
anjelesSi Sua 1990-ian wlebSi amboxebebi kvlav grZeldeboda. zemoxsenebul xangrZliv
periodSi ganxorcielebuli miRwevebis miuxedavad, SavkanianTa socialuri da ekonomikuri
statusi, mTlianobaSi, isev Seilaxa. magaliTad, SavkanianTa ojaxebis saSualo Semosavali Sua
1990-ian wlebSi mkveTrad daeca da kolejebSi SavkanianTa miRebac Semcirda.
Sida qalaqis teritoriebze Zlier gaxSirda narkotikebis aralegaluri moxmarebisa da spiraluri

Zaladobis SemTxvevebi. 1980-ian wlebSi Savkanian mamakacTa gardacvalebis mizezi,
ZiriTadad, mkvleloba iyo. 1990 wels New England Journal of Medicine werda, rom niu iorkSi,
harlemSi mcxovrebi axalgazrda Savkaniani mamakacis sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba ufro
mcirea, vidre bangladeSSi mcxovrebi igive asakis mamakacisa. 1963 wels martin luTer kingma
Tavis gamosvlaSi, ganacxada, rom is “ferebisadmi brma sazogadoebaze ocnebobs,” romelic mis
Svilebs mxolod kanis feris mixedviT ki ar gansjis, aramed xasiaTis mixedviT; magram, Cans,
rom amgvari miznisgan jer kidev Sors varT.
SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi laTinosebi da azielebi
dampyrobluri omebi, romlebmac Tanamedrove SeerTebuli Statebi warmoSva, mxolod indieli

mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg ar iyo mimarTuli. SeerTebulma Statebma 1848 wels, amerikis
meqsikasTan omis Sedegad, samxreT dasavleTis didi nawili miitaca, 25 000 meqsikelTan
erTad. termini “Cikano” am adamianTa STamomavlebsa da meqsikel emigrantebs gulisxmobs.
termini “laTinosi” SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovreb, espanurenovani regionebidan Camosul,
nebismier adamians exeba.
SeerTebul StatebSi mcxovrebi laTinosebi sam ZiriTad jgufSi arian gaerTianebuli: meqsikeli
amerikelebi (daaxloebiT 13.5 milioni), puerto rikelebi (2.7 milioni) da kubelebi (1 milioni).
espanurad mosaubre kidev 5 milioni macxovrebeli centraluri da samxreT amerikis
regionebidaaa Camosuli. laTinosTa mosaxleoba udidesi siswrafiT izrdeba – 1980-1990-ian
wlebSi mosaxleobis ricxvi, ZiriTadad, meqsikuri sazRvridan axali emigrantebis masiuri dinebis
Sedegad, 53 procentiT gaizarda. arsebuli tendenciis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, momaval
aTwleulSi, laTinos macxovrebelTa raodenoba afrikeli amerikelebis raodenobas gadaaWarbebs.
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 3 procents – 8 milions aziuri warmomavlobis

adamianebi Seadgenen. yvelaze did jgufs Cinelebi, iaponelebi da filipinelebi (emigrantebi
filipinis kunZulebidan) ekuTvnian. amjerad amerikaSi mcxovreb indoelTa, pakistanelTa,
koreelTa da vietnamelTa ricxvmac imata. vietnamis omis Sedegad, 1970-ian wlebSi, amerikis
sazRvari 350 000-ma vietnamelma ltolvilma gadmokveTa.
Zvel Cinel emigrantTa umravlesoba kaliforniaSi dafuZnda, sadac isini, ZiriTadad, mZime
industriaSi - maRaroebsa da rkinigzis mSeneblobaSi iyvnen dasaqmebulni. Tavdapirvelad,
Cinelebis gamijnulad - CainaTaunebSi - dasaxleba maTi survilis winaaRmdeg moxda. amis
mizezi maT mimarT gamovlenili mtruli damokidebuleba gaxda. 1882 wels miRebuli kanonis
Semdeg, CinelTa emigracia dasrulda, magram Cinelebi, bolo dromde, farTo sazogadoebisgan
izolaciaSi imyofebodnen.
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Zveli iaponeli emigrantebi aseve kaliforniasa da wynari okeanis sanapiros sxva StatebSi
dafuZdnen. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac iaponiam perl harborze Tavdasxma
ganaxorciela, yvela iaponeli amerikeli “relokaciis centrebSi” gadaiyvanes, rac, faqtobrivad,
ekliani mavTuliT garSemortymul da SeiaraRebul policielTa dacvis qveS myof sakoncentracio
banaks warmoadgenda. miuxedavad imisa, rom am adamianTa umravlesoba amerikis moqalaqe
iyo, isini aiZules, omis dasrulebamde, saswrafod gaSenebul sakoncentracio banakebSi
ecxovraT. paradoqsia, magram am situaciam maTi farTo sazogadoebasTan ufro swrafi
integracia gamoiwvia, radgan omis dasrulebis Semdeg, iaponeli amerikelebi maTTvis
gankuTvnil gancalkevebul dasaxlebebs aRar daubrundnen, romlebSic isini omis dawyebamde
cxovrobdnen. maT ganaTlebisa da Semosavlis iseT maRal dones miaRwies, rom,
garkveulwilad, TeTkanianebsac ki ajobes. iaponel amerikelTa da TeTkanianTa Sereuli
qorwinebis raodenoba, amJamad, daaxloebiT, 50 procentia.
azielma, gansakuTrebiT, iaponelma amerikelebma, dResdReobiT did warmatebas miaRwies.

maT, skolis damTavrebisas, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ukeTesi Sedegebi da
universitetebSi Cabarebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT. maTi saSualo Semosavalic ufro
maRalia.
axla britaneTSi arsebuli eTnikuri danayofebi ganvixiloT. am SemTxvevaSi, SavkanianTa da

TeTrkanianTa dapirispirebaze ki ar visaubrebT, aramed, zogadad, eTnikur jgufTa
mravalferovnebaze.
eTnikuri mravalferovneba gaerTianebul samefoSi
adreuli emigracia
inglisSi xSirad vxvdebiT irlandiur, uelsur da Sotlandiur gvarebs, rac inglisis urbanul centrebSi
keltebis tradiciul dinebaze
migvaniSnebs. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, Soreuli koloniebidan ZiriTadi emigraciis
dawyebamde didi xniT adre, ganviTarebadi inglisuri qalaqebi emigrantebs britanuli kunZulebis
naklebad warmatebuli regionebidan izidavda. 1867 wels taimsi sinanuliT aRniSnavda: “am
kunZulze namdvil inglisels TiTqmis veRar Sexvdebi.” monarqia, romelsac dRes “inglisur
institutebs Soris yvelaze gamokveTilad inglisur instituts” uwodeben, mraval “ucxour” elements
Seicavs. ingliss frangi, Sotlandieli, holandieli da germaneli monarqebi hyavda; dRevandel
samefo ojaxs imdeni ara-ingliseli winapari hyavs, rom mas, yvelaze metad, zedsarTavi
“evropuli” esadageba.
meCvidmete saukunidan londonSi mzardi da warmatebuli irlandiuri Temi arsebobda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom irlandiel emigrantebs Tavidan umetesad fizikuri samuSaos Sesruleba
uwevdaT, droTa ganmavlobaSi isini ufro daxelovndnen da ukeTesad anazRaurebadi poziciebi
daikaves. mecxramete saukuneSi dasavleT evropis qveynebSi irlandiuri mosaxleobis raodenoba
Semcirda. londonSi, manCesterSi, liverpulsa da glazgoSi aTi aTasobiT irlandieli emigranti
Cavida, ufro didi raodenoba ki SeerTebul StatebSi emigrirda. 1830-1847 wlebSi marto liverpulis
sazRvari 300 000-ma irlandielma gadakveTa. 1851 wlisTvis inglissa da uelsSi naxevari milioni
irlandieli iyo dasaxlebuli. sainteresoa, ratom Camovida inglisSi amdeni irlandieli? irlandiaSi
mudmivi SimSiloba iyo, amitom xalxi sxva qveyanaSi cdilobda axali cxovrebis dawyebas.
irlandiisa da inglisis teritoriuli siaxlovis gamo, irlandielebi didi britaneTis qalaqebSi Casvlas
axerxebdnen da, amave dros, garkveulwilad, mSobliur qveyanasTanac inarCunebdnen
urTierTobas.
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mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebis inglisSi irlandiuli mosaxleoba im sazogadoebis emigrantTa

yvelaze did jgufs Seadgenda, romelic, londonis gareT, daculi iyo ucxoelTa “Semosevisgan”.
Tavad dedaqalSi mraval “egzotikur” jgufs SexvdebodiT. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda
ebraelTa Temi, romelic, momdevno asi wlis Semdeg sagrZnoblad gaizarda, radgan ebraelebi
sxva qveynebSi maT mimarT ganxorcielebul mwvave represiebs gaurbodnen da SedarebiT
usafrTxo inglisSi saxldebodnen. 1800 wlis gamoTvlebiT dadginda, rom provinciul qalaqebSi 6
000 ebraeli cxovrobda, londonSi ki maTi raodenoba 15000-20000-s Seadgenda. Rarib ebraelebs
akritikebdnen, mdidrebs ki kicxavdnen. oliver tvistis personaJis fejinis Seqmnisas Carlz
dikensma swored yvelasTvis nacnobi tipaJis karikatura gamoiyena.
industriuli revoluciis periodSi, holandielma emigrantebma xeli Seuwyves britaneTSi ,,holandiuri

finansebis” saxeliT cobili, sabanko qselisa da finansuri saagentoebis dafuZnebas – rac uaRresad
mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda qveynis ekonomikuri gardaqmnis TvalsazrisiT. saqmiani da
ganaTlebuli holandieli emigrantebis wyalobiT, inglisSi socialuri da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT,
revoluciuri mniSvnelobis siaxleebi dainerga. aqedan gamomdinare, araingliselebma inglisis
socioekomonikuri klimatis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes.
inglisis industriuli eqspansiis periodSi Cineli emigrantebi mozRvavda, rac inglisur qarxnebs iafi
samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofda. amis miuxedavad, mecxramete saukuneSi kavSiris liderebma
ramdenjerme gailaSqres Cineli emigrantebis winaaRmdeg, radgan, maTi azriT, Cinelebis
dasaqmeba adgilobrivi muSakebis xelfasis doneze uryofiTad moqmedebda.
SavkanianTa dasaxleba britaneTSi mecxramete saukunis bolos gaxSirda, rac dasavleT afrikasa
da karibis kunZulebze gemebis moZraobis gazrdas mohyva. am periodSi britanul universitetebSi
sakmaod bevri afrikeli da vest indoeli Cairicxa, magram emigrantTa yvelaze didi jgufi
Savkanian mezRvaurebs moicavda, romlebic britaneTis qalaqebSi dasaxldnen. SavkanianTa
pirveli Tanamedrove Temebi britaneTSi (gansakuTrebiT kardifSi) swored am adamianTa mier
daarsda. pirveli msoflio omis dros saWiro gaxda britanuli samxedro Zalebis gazrda; amis gamo,
Savkanian vest indoelTa samxedro nawilis Seqmnis mizniT, britanuli karibis kunZulebidan 15
000-ze meti mamakaci gaiwvies. saomari moqmedebis dasrulebis Semdeg, vest indoel
jariskacTa didma raodenobam, ekonomikurad dabalganviTarebul vest indoeTSi dabrunebas,
britaneTSi dasaxleba da am qveynis mier SemoTavazebuli pirobebiT dakmayofileba arCia
(Fryer, 1984).
rasa, rasizmi da uTanasworoba
britaneTSi feradkanianebi, saqmianobis mixedviT, sxvadasxvagavarad arian ganawilebulni.

SavkanianTa umravlesoba fizikur saqmianobas eweva; maT Soris, TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT,
meti umuSevaria. fizikur samuSaoebze Savkanian mamakacTa 80 procenti, samxreT aziel
mamakacTa 70 procenti, xolo TeTkanian mamakacTa 50 procentia dasaqmebuli. vest
indoeTidan wamosul adamianTagan fizikur samuSaos Zalian cota eweva, profesionaluri
saqmianobiT ki bevri maTgania dakavebuli. bangladeSelTa umravlesobas naxevradprofesiuli an
araprofesiuli samuSao aqvs. britaneTSi aRmosavleT afrikidan Camosul azielebs, proporciulad,
arafizikuri samuSaos ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT, vidre TeTkanianebs. feradkaniani qalebi
gacilebiT uares pirobebSi arian, vidre feradkaniani mamakacebi. maT, proporciulad,
mamakacebTan SedarebiT, arafizikuri da profesiuli dasaqmebis ufro dabali maCvenebeli aqvT.
(Hamnett et al., 1990).
bevri feradkaniani, samxreT azielTa umravlesobis CaTvliT, qalaqis centraluri teritoriebidan

moSorebiT cxovrobs. eTnikur warmomavlobasa da sacxovrebel adgils Soris Zlieri kavSiria;
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londonis SigniT, birmingemsa da manCesterSi, vest indoelTa dasaxleba Svidjer ufro

mosalodnelia, vidre TeTkanianianebis. am ubnebSi Zalze maRalia mamakacTa umuSevrobis
done. SavkanianTa umravlesoba Sida qalaqs sacxovreblad sakuTari surviliT ar irCevs; isini aq
imitom dafuZdnen, rom es ubnebi TeTkanianTa Soris naklebi popularobiT sargeblobda da mas
Semdeg, rac TeTkanianebi sxva ubnebSi gadasaxldnen, SesaZlebeli gaxda Tavisufali miwebis
aTviseba.
Savkanianebi da azielebi, TiTqmis yvela socialuri da ekonomikuri indikatoris mixedviT, kvlav

wamgebian poziciaSi rCebian. zogierTma jgufma, gansakuTrebiT indoelebma, garkveul
sferoebSi, magaliTad, ganaTlebasa da saxlebis mflobelobaSi, warmatebas miaRwia, magram,
zogadad, eTnikuri umciresobebi, dasaqmebis, gadaxdis sistemisa da gansaxlebis sakiTxebSi,
TeTkanianebTan SedarebiT, uares mdgomareobaSi arian. isini danaSaulis msxverpladac ufro
xSirad iqcevian.
Semosavlis donis mixedviT, yvelaze warmatebuli feradkanianebi samxreT azielebi arian. isini
an TviTdasaqmebulebi arian an mcire damsaqmeblebi. am kategoriis adamianTa raodenoba
ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda: axla aRmosavleT afrikel aziel
mamakacTa es jgufi 23 procents Seadgens, analogiur TeTkanian mamakacTa raodenoba ki 14
procentia. patara aziuri maRaziebi da aziuri biznesis sxva formebi britanuli sazogadoebis iseT
mniSvnelovan aspeqtad iqca, rom zogierTma maTganma Sida qalaqis teritoriis ekonomikuri
gardaqmis warmarTvac ki ganizraxa. es, udavod, Zalze Tamami ganzraxvaa, radgan
TviTdasaqmebuli azielebi samuSaos Zalian did dros andomeben, maTi mTliani Semosavlis
done ki SedarebiT dabalia. isini TviTdasaqmebul muSakebad registrirdebian, realurad ki maT
ojaxis is wevrebi asaqmeben, romlebic bizness uZRvebian. maTze arc is SeRavaTebi vrceldeba,
romliTac, Cveulebriv, dasaqmebuli adamianebi sargebloben. es avadmyofobaze gaTvlili
anazRaureba, anazRaurebadi Svebuleba da dasaqmebulTa mier nacionalur dazRvevaSi Setanili
wvlilia.
rogori mravalricxovanic ar unda iyos feradkanianTa jgufi, yovelTvis arsebobs rasizmis, ama Tu
im formiT, gamovlenis saSiSroeba – rac SeiZleba rasobrivi niSniT motivirebuli TavdasxmiTac
ki gamoixatos.
eTnikuroba da policia
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, rasizmis niSniT, adamianTa deprivaciis niadags Sida qalaqebSi
arsebuli mZime garemo qmnis. (ix. Tavi 17, “qalaqebi da Tanamedrove urbanizmis
ganviTareba”). aq naTlad Cans kavSiri rasas, umuSevrobasa da danaSauls Soris, rac, ZiriTadad,
axalgazrda Savkanian mamakacTa mdgomareobaze aisaxeba. 1982 wels policiam quCaSi
ganxorcielebuli Zarcvis SemTxvevebis rasobrivi kuTxiT Sefaseba daiwyo. amgvari statistikuri
monacemebi manamde arasodes gamoqveynebula. ZiriTadi sakiTxi, romelic televiziam da
presamac aitaca, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom wvril qurdobasa da maRaziebis ZarcvaSi
Savkaniani axalgazrdebis “araproporciulad didi raodenoba” iyo SemCneuli. amis Sedegad,
sazogadoebam rasa da danaSauli erTmaneTs daukavSira. gazeTma Daily Telegraph Semdegi
saxis komentari gaakeTa: “britaneTSi mcxovreb bevr vest indoels da, amavdroulad, sul ufro met
TeTrkanians, ara aqvT imis gancda, rom qveyana, romelSic isini cxovroben, maTi Semadgeneli
nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, am qveynis moqalaqeebi maTTvis mxolod da mxolod sastiki
eqsploataciis obieqtebi arian” (citata gamoiyena solomosma da rekitma, 1991, gv. 44). Tumca,
TeTkanianebTan kontaqtis dros, bevri axalgazrda Savkaniani Tavad xdeba “sastiki eqsploataciis
obieqti” da, samwuxarod, es eqsploatatori, xSir SemTxvevaSi, policiaa.
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180
policiis saqmianobis kvlevisas, rojer graefma dadgina, rom policiis oficrebi Zalian xSirad
rasistulad arian ganwyobilni. man daaskvna, rom policiis “damokidebuleba umciresobaTa
jgufebis mimarT Zlier mtrulia”. policielebi uxeS, stereotipul gancxadebebsa da damcinav
komentarebs akeTebdnen, gansakuTrebiT Savkanianebze. rodesac erT-erTma oficerma
interviueris ukmayofileba SeniSna, is xumrobiT mis gadarwmunebas ecada: “policielebi yvelas
ayeneben Seuracxyofas, ara marto zangebs. es SeiZleba homoseqsuali, pakistaneli, lesboseli,
qali, studenti, irlandieli – nebismieri vinme iyos. Cven yvela gvZuls” (Graef, 1989, gv. 124).
aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris gasakviri, rom kvlevaSi SavkanianTa jgufebis mxridan policielTa
mimarT analogiuri mtruli ganwyoba gamovlinda. amgvari ganwyoba, garkveulwilad, sakuTar
Tavze uSualod gamocdili agresiis Sedegia.
mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da diskriminacias Savkaniani qalebic ganicdian. Savkanian qalTa didi

umravlesoba ojaxs marto uZRveba, ris gamoc, xSirad, mediisa da TeTkanianTa sazogadoebis
kritikis obieqtad iqceva. magaliTad, “London Evening Standard” werda: “axalgazrda Savkanian
mamakacTa didi raodenoba sastik danaSauls Cadis, radgan Savkaniani dedebis umravlesoba,
axalgazrdobaSi Svilebs qorwinebis gareSe aCens da maT mamebis xelSewyobis gareSe zrdis”
(citata gamoyenebulia Cigvadas mier, 1991, gv. 138).
policiis SexedulebaTa Seswavlisas, vxedavT, rom is Savkanian qalebs mtrulad ganwyobil,

agresiul da “rTulad dasamorCilebel” Zalad afasebs. axalgazrda Savkaniani qalebi iseve
kritikulad arian policiis mimarT ganwyobili, rogorc maT mdgomareobaSi myofi Savkaniani
mamakacebi. Savkanian qalTa Soris Catarebuli gamokvlevis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT: “uklebliv
yvela gamokiTxulma qalma antipoliciuri ganwyoba gamoavlina da policia rasobriv mikerZoebul
ganwyobasa da korufciaSi daadanaSaula” (Player, 1991, gv. 122).
eTnikuri urTierTobebi evropis kontinentze
meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, pirveli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, evropaSi
masStaburi migracia moxda. xmelTaSua zRvis mimdebare qveynebi CrdiloeTiT da dasavleTiT
mcxovreb erebs iafi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofda. dasaqmebis naklebobis gamo, am qveynebSi
emigrantebi TurqeTidan, CrdiloeT afrikidan, saberZneTidan da samxreT espaneTidan
moemgzavrebobdnen. SveicariaSi, germaniaSi, belgiasa da SveciaSi emigrant muSakTa
sakmaod didi mosaxleoba gaCnda. amave dros, Zvel kolonialistur qveynebSi, yofili
koloniebidan bevri emigranti saxleboda; es, ZiriTadad, safrangeTs (alJirelebs), holandias
(indonezielebs) da gaerTianebul samefos exeba.
ori aTwleulis win, dasavleT evropis qveynebSi recesiis periodi daiwyo da dasaqmebis Ziebis
mizniT migracia sagrZnoblad Semcirda. miuxedavad imisa, rom emigrantebis dafuZnebis
sakiTxi yvelgan kargad aris ganviTarebuli, ganviTarebadi qveynebis eTnikur umciresobebs,
kanonTan dakavSirebiT, problemebi mainc eqmnebaT. Zveli struqtura dRevandel situacias aRar
ergeba, Tumca zogierT qveyanaSi mainc is samarTlebrivi struqtura SenarCunda, romelic
Tavidan, dasaqmebis mizniT, droebiTi emigraciis regulirebis mizniT Seiqmna. sxva qveynebSi
(magaliTad, safrangeTsa da germaniaSi) umciresobaTa mosaxleobis kontrolis mizniT, axali
SemzRudveli politika SemuSavda. magaliTad, axali wesebis mixedviT, qveyanaSi didi xnis
winaT dafuZnebul emigrantebs aRar aqvT axlo naTesavebis Tavisuflad Camoyvanis ufleba.
emigrantebis mSobliur qveyanaSi dabrunebis mizniT, kampania bevrma dasavleT evropulma

qveyanam wamoiwyo. es umuSevrobis an danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi deportacias da
sxva amgvar politikas gulisxmobs. aseTi qmedeba did safrTxes uqmnis umciresobaTa
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axalgazrda warmomadgenlebs, romlebic im qveyanaSi daibadnen, romelSic maTi ojaxi

emigrirda, maT ki iseT qveyanaSi dabrunebas aiZuleben, romelTanac aranairi realuri kavSiri ar
gaaCniaT.
1990-ian wlebSi, emigracia da masTan dakavSirebuli rasizmi evropisTvis Zalze mtkivneuli

sakiTxi iyo. evropul qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTsa da italiaSi, CrdiloeT afrikidan
aralegalur emigrantTa didi raodenoba Semovida. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam da aRmosavleT
evropaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma evropis kontinentis dasavleT nawilis mmarTvelobebs
aRmosavleTidan emigrantTa masiuri Semodinebis safrTxe Seuqmna. 1991-1992 wlebSi
axladgaerTianebul germaniaSi ucxoelebze asobiT Seteva ganxorcielda. am adamianebTan
erTad, Turqi muSakebic dazaraldnen, romelTagan zogierTi germaniaSi oci wlis win Camovida.
avstriaSi ucxoelTa qveyanaSi Semosvlis winaRmdeg kampania memarjveneTa jgufma,

Tavisuflebis partiam, wamoiwyo. italiaSi arsebuli analogiuri organizacia, lombardis liga,
qveynis CrdiloeT nawilSi amomrCevelTa didi mxardaWeriT sargeblobs. skandinaviis
qveynebSic ki, romelTac rasobrivi urTierTobebis sakiTxSi, didi xania, liberaluri qveynebis
reputacia aqvT, sazogadoebaSi Zlier popularuli memarjvene jgufebi gaCnda.
meore msoflio omis dasasrulidan berlinis kedlis aRebamde, germaniaSi, ufro sworad,
imdroindel dasavleT germaniaSi, 18 milioni adamiani emigrirda. amis miuxedavad, germaniis
momdevo mmarTvelobebs arafriT ar surdaT imis aRiareba, rom germania emigraciis qveyanaa.
germanuli moqalaqeobis idea sisxlTan asocirdeboda da ara dabadebis adgilTan. amis
miuxedavad, “Camosuli muSakebis” Svilebi, romlebsac ar hqondaT sruli moqalaqeobrivi
uflebebi, ekonomikur winsvlas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mainc axerxebdnen. germaniis gaerTianebis
Semdeg, aRmosavleT germaniaSi mcxovreb zogierT germanels miaCnda, rom is im
adamianebze uares ekonomikur pirobebSi cxovrobs, visac, misgan gansxvavebiT,
moqalaqeobrivi uflebebiT sargebloba ar SeuZlia (Baldvin-Evans and Schain, 1995).
1990 wels germanuli federaluri parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonmdebloba emigrantebis

uflebebis sasargeblod, garkveuli zomebis liberalizebas gulisxmobda. magaliTad, qveyanaSi
rvawliani cxovrebis Semdeg, emigrantebs eZleodaT mudmivi moqalaqeobis moTxovnis ufleba.
Tumca kanonSi “emigrantis” nacvlad sityva “ucxoeli” iyo moxseniebuli. mwvaneTa partiam
kanonmdeblobas “instituciuri rasizmis” produqti uwoda da parlaments mosTxova, “am kanonis
momaval msxverplTa xsovnis ukvdavyofa” “dumilis wuTiT” aReniSnaT.
zogadad evropaSi, adamianTa uflebebis dacvisa da saemigracio organizaciebi SiSiT

reagirebdnen rasizmis aRzevebaze, rasac “evropuli cixe-simagris” agebis mcdelobac
adasturebda. es tendencia mxolod tolerantobis SesustebaSi ar gamoixata. yvela zemoxsenebul
qveyanaSi anti-rasistuli organizacia Seiqmna da mmarTvelobaTa umravlesobam diskriminaciis
Semcirebaze mimarTul zomebze daiwyo muSaoba.
eTnikur urTierTobaTa samomavlo mosalondeli ganviTareba
eTnikuri konfliqtebi da dayofa mxolod Cvens mier xsenebuli qveynebiT ar Semoifargleba.

sabWoTa komunizmis daSlis Semdeg, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi, Tavad ruseTis
CaTvliT, eTnikuri brZolebi daiwyo. eTnikuri uTanxmoebis SemTxvevebi indoeTis zogierT
regionsa da Sri lankazec SeimCneoda. afrikaSi, ruandaSi, dawyebulma eTnikurma
dapirispirebam iseTive sastiki sisxliani samoqalaqo omi gamoiwvia, rogorsac evropaSi,
bosniaSi, hqonda adgili. aqedan gamomdinare, eTnikuri mravalferovnebis sakiTxis mogvareba
globaluri sazogadoebisTvis fundamenturi mniSvnelobis problemad iqca.
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dasavleTSi, eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, aSS yvelaze mravalferovani qveyanaa, radgan is

“emigrantTa sazogadoebis” safuZvelze Seiqmna. am qveynis eTnikuri ganviTarebis samomavlo
modeli evropasa da sxva qveynebSi ganxorcielebul cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi
eTnikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis sam models gvTavazoben. erT-erTi maTgani asimilaciaa,
rac imas niSnavs, rom emigrantebi uars amboben mSobliur wes-Cveulebebsa da saqmianobaze
da sakuTar qcevas umravlesobis Rirebulebebsa da normebs argeben. amgvari “asimilirebis”
gamo, emigrantTa bevrma Taobam Zlieri zewola ganicada, magram maTi Svilebi, metnaklebad,
WeSmarit “amerikelebad” Camoyalibdnen.
meore models ,,sadnob qvabs” uwodeben. emigrantebi ar Tmoben sakuTar tradiciebs

dominanturi sazogadoebis sasargeblod, aramed axal kulturul maxasiaTebelebs aviTareben. bevri
adamianis azriT, es modeli, eTnikuri gansxvavebis problemis mosagvareblad, yvelaze sasurveli
gamosavalia. garkveulwilad, is zustad gamoxatavs amerikuli kulturuli ganviTarebis aspeqtebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom wamyvan kulturad mainc “anglo-kultura” rCeba, masSi amerikuli
mosaxleobis Semadgenel sxvadasxva jgufTa gavlenac aisaxeba.
mesame models kulturuli pluralizmi warmoadgens. am modelis mixedviT, yvelaze misaRebi

WeSmaritad pluralistuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaa, romelic mraval sxvadasxva subkulturaTa
Tanabar uflebebs aRiarebs. SeerTebuli Statebi, didi xania, pluralisturi qveyanaa, magram
eTnikuri gansxvavebebi uTanasworobasTan ufro asocirdeba, vidre qveynis Tanasworuflebian,
magram damoukidebel sazogadoebis wevrobasTan.
analogiuri daZabuloba da problemebi evropaSic aRiniSneba. britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi

mmarTvelobis oficialuri politika pirvel modelze anu asimilaciaze orientirdeba. SeerTebuli
Statebis msgavsad, am modelis amuSaveba Zalze problemuri xdeba, rodesac eTnikuri
umciresoba mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan sagrZnoblad gamoirCeva; magaliTad, aseT
problemas vawydebiT vest indoelebisa da azielebis SemTxvevaSi. evropaSi, rasizmis stabiluri
(xSirad instituciuri) arsebobis gamo, ,,sadnobi qvabis” modeli nakleb relevanturia.
TiTqmis yvela eTnikuri umciresobis lideri sul ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas pluralizmze.
“gamorCeuli, magram Tanabari” statusis miRweva did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da es, jerjerobiT,
Soreuli momavlis sakiTxia. eTnikur umciresobas safrTxed jer kidev bevri adamiani aRiqvams.
isini SiSoben, rom maT samuSaos, simSvidesa da “erovnul kulturas,” SesaZloa, umciresobaTa
saxiT, safrTxe daemuqros. mudmivi tendenciaa eTnikur umciresobebSi gantevebis vacis
Ziebisa. dasavleT evropaSi mcxovrebi axalgazrdebi, ufrosi Taobebis msgavsad, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, mikerZoebul ganwyobas avlenen, rac imas niSnavs, rom umravles qveynebSi
eTnikur umciresobebs momavalSic xangrZlivi diskriminacia, da daZabulobiTa da SfoTviT
gajerebuli socialuri klimati eliT.
samomavlod, iseve rogor warsulSi, savaraudod, samive modelis aRreva moxdeba; oRond
momavalSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, pluralizms ufro didi yuradReba daeTmoba. eTnikuri
pluralizmis garedan Semosuli sxvadasxva kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da normebis sazogadoebaSi
“Semotanis” SedegTan gaigiveba swori ar iqneba. kulturuli mravalferovneba, farTo socialur
garemoze adaptirebisas, eTnikuri jgufebis gamocdilebis safuZvelzec Seiqmna.
Sejameba
1. eTnikur jgufebs mosaxleobaSi arsebuli danayofebi ayalibebs. maT saerTo kulturuli

Tvisebebi aqvT da amis gamo mosaxleobaSi arsebul sxva jgufebs emijnebian.
eTnikuroba is kulturuli gansxvavebaa, romelic erT jgufs meore jgufisgan gamoyofs.
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ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic eTnikur jgufs gamoarCevs, ena, warmomavlobis

istoria, religia da Cacmulobisa da morTulobis stilia. eTnikuri gansxvavebebi srulad aris
Seswavlili, Tumca am gansxvavebebs zogjer “bunebrivs” eZaxian.
2. umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebi sazogadoebis mosaxleobis umravlesobisgan diskriminacias
ganicdian. umciresobaTa jgufis wevrebs erTmaneTTan, xSirad, solidarobis Zlieri
grZnoba akavSirebT, romelsac, nawilobriv, koleqtiuri devnis saerTo gamocdileba
ganapirobebs.
3. rasa fizikur maxasiaTeblebs, magaliTad, kanis fers, ukavSirdeba, rasac erTobis an
sazogadoebis wevrebi, eTnikuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT, gamorCeul Tvisebad
miiCneven. rasis Sesaxeb arsebuli rwmena miTiuri xasiaTisaa. ar arsebobs gamokveTili
maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic adamians sxvadasxva rasas miakuTvnebs.
4. rasizmi aris memkvidreobiT gadmocemuli pirovnuli Tvisebebisa an qcevis, garkveuli
fizikuri garegnobis mqone individebTan gaigivebis mcdari mcdeloba. rasisti aris
adamiani, romelic Tvlis, rom adamianebis erT fizikur jgufs SeuZlia meore fizikuri jgufi,
biologiuri niSniT, Seufereblad miiCnios.
5. mikerZoebul ganwyobasa da diskriminacias iseTi fsiqologiuri meqanizmebi
ukavSirdeba, rogoric Canacvleba da gantevebis vacad yofnaa. Canacvlebisas, mtruli
ganwyoba iseTi obietis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, romelic pirovnebis SfoTvis realur
mizezs ar warmoadgens. adamianebi sakuTar SfoTvasa da daucvelobas gantevebis
vacebze mimarTaven. mikerZoebuli ganwyoba individisa da jgufis Sesaxeb winaswar,
usafuZvlod Seqmnil Sexedulebas gulisxmobs. diskriminacia aris qceva, romelic erT
jgufs sxva jgufebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebiT sargeblobis uflebebs
CamoarTmevs.
6. eTnikur ganwyobebebTan asimilireba adreul asakSi xdeba; magaliTad, bavSvebs
miaCniaT, rom TeTrkanians, SavkanianTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba gaaCnia.
7. jgufis Caketiloba da resursebze privilegirebuli xelmisawvdomoba eTnikuri antagonizmis
gamovlenis bevri situaciis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Tumca, Tanamedrove eTnikuri
konfliqtebis fundamenturi aspeqtebi, gansakuTrebiT, TeTrkanianebis SavkanianTa
winaRmdeg gamovlenili rasistuli ganwyobebi, dasavleTisa da kolonializmis gafarToebis
istoriis konteqstSi aixsneba.
8. sazogadoebis eTnikur umciresobebTan urTierTobis mravali istoriuli magaliTi arsebobs,
iqneba es monoba, aparteidi, SedarebiTi Segueba Tu umciresobaTa mier gamovlenili
reaqcia.
9. emigraciis Sedegad britaneTSi, aSS-sa da sxva industriul qveynebSi bevri sxvadasxva
eTnikuri jgufi gaCnda. SeerTebul StatebSi mravali eTnikuri dayofa arsebobs, rac,
ZiriTadad, Savkanianebisa da TeTkanianebis jgufebSi aisaxeba. gaerTianebul samefosa
da sxva evropul qveynebSi aseTi mkveTri dayofa ar SeimCneva, magram seriozuli
konfliqtebi aqac gaxSirda.
10. eTnikur urTierTobaTa savaraudo samomavlo ganviTarebis sam models gamovyofT –
pirveli asimilaciaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, meores ,,sadnob qvabs” vuwodebT,
mesame ki kulturuli pluralizmia. asimilacia: axal emigrantTa jgufebi dominanturi
sazogadoebis ganwyobebsa da enas iTviseben. ,,sadnobi qvabi”: sazogadoebaSi arsebuli
sxvadasxva kulturebi da eTnikur jgufTa Tvalsazrisebi erTmaneTs ereva. pluralizmi:
eTnikuri jgufi gamijnulad arsebobs, magram ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaSi
monawileobs. ukanasknel wlebSi am sami modelidan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
mesames eTmoba, romlis Tanaxmad, mTeli qveynis erovnuli kulturis konteqstSi,
sxvadasxva eTnikur identobas Tanabari uflebebiT aRiareben.
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184
Frances Abound, Children and Prejudice (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989). wigni warmoadgens
diskusias bavSvobaSi formirebul mikerZoebul ganwyobebze.
Steven Fraser, The Bell Curve Wars: Race, Intelligence and the Future of America (New York:
Basic Books, 1995). kritikuli statiebis krebuli wignze Murray and Herrnstein, The Bell Curve.
Geoffrey Harris, The Dark Side of Europe: The Extreme Right Today (Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press, 1990). SedarebiTi diskusia Tanamedrove evropaSi memarjvene eqstremalur
jgufTa mozRvavebis Sesaxeb
Trevor Jones, Britain’s Ethnic Minorities (London: Policy Studies Institute, 1993).
gamokiTxva britaneTSi arsebul umciresobaTa jgufebis Sesaxeb.
David Mason, Race and Ethnicity in Modern Britain (Oxford: Oxsford University Press, 1995).
rasis da eTnikurobis rolisa da mniSvnelobis analizi Tanamedrove britanul sazogadoebaSi;
migraciisa da eTnikuri mravalferovnebis istoriuli safuZveli; sazogadoebrivi politikis eTnikuri
sakiTxebi.
umciresobaTa jgufi (eTnikuri umciresoba)

stereotipuli azrovneba
Canacvleba
,,gantevebis vaci”
proeqcia
avtoritaruli pirovneba
jgufis Caketiloba
resursebis ganTavseba
eTnikuri antagonizmi
rasa
aparteidi
mikrosegregacia
mezosegregacia
makrosegregacia
asimilacia
,,sadnobi qvabi”
kulturuli pluralizmi
Tavi 10
stratifikacia da klasobrivi struqtura
ZiriTadi cnebebi
socialuri stratifikaciis sistemebi
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185
stratifikaciis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi. karl marqsis Teoria. maqs veberis Teoria.
erik olin raitis Teoria klasis Sesaxeb. frenk parkini: veberiseuli midgoma
klasebi dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebebSi

gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Semosavlis mixedviT. socialur klasebad dayofa. struqturuli
klasobrivi cvlilebebi
genderi da stratifikacia
klasobrivi dayofa da genderi
socialuri mobiloba
SedarebiTi mobilobis Seswavla. daRmavali mobiloba. socialuri mobiloba da warmateba.
mobilobis doneebi. mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli Tqveni Sansebi
siRaribe da uTanasworoba
ra aris siRaribe? siRaribe dRes. ratom agrZeleben Raribebi siRaribeSi cxovrebas? usaxlkaroni
klasi, uTanasworoba da ekonomikuri konkurencia

Sejameba
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186
ZiriTadi terminebi
socialuri stratifikacia. klasi. statusi. klasobrivi struqtura. socialuri mobiloba
ra aris imis mizezi, rom sazogadoebaSi arsebuli zogierTi jgufi, sxva jgufTan SedarebiT, met
simdidres flobs da ufro didi gavleniT sargeblobs? ramdenad vlindeba uTanasworoba
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi? ramdenad aqvs sazogadoebis dabali fenis warmomadgenels
ekonomikuri kibis bolo safexurze asvlis Sansi? ratom arsebobs dResac siRaribe ekonomikurad
ganviTarebul qveynebSi? es is kiTxvebia, romlebzec am TavSi SevecdebiT gavceT pasuxi.
sociologiis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani sfero socialuri uTanasworobis Seswavlaa, radgan
adamianis cxovrebas, mniSvnelovanwilad, misTvis xelmisawvdomi materialuri resursebi
gansazRvravs.
socialuri stratifikaciis sistemebi
uTanasworoba nebismieri tipis sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. yvelaze primitiul kulturebSic ki, sadac
simdidris an kerZo sakuTrebis mixedviT realuri gansxvaveba ar arsebobs individebs, qalebsa da
mamakacebs, axalgazrdebsa da xandazmulebs Soris, uTanasworoba mainc SeimCneva.
adamians, SesaZloa, maRali statusi nadirobis dros gamovlenil gansakuTrebul miRwevaTa gamo
mieniWos, an amis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes rwmena, rom mas winaparTa sulebTan
dakavSirebis unari aqvs. uTanasworobis aRsawerad, sociologebi socialur stratifikacias
mimarTaven. stratifikacia adamianTa sxvadasxva dajgufebebs Soris arsebuli struqturuli
uTanasworobaa. stratifikacia SeiZleba dedamiwis zedapirze arsebuli qvis safaris geologiur
Sreebs SevadaroT. sazogadoebac ierarqiuli “Sreebisgan” Sedgeba, mwvervalze gansakuTrebiT
pativsacemni, ZirSi ki naklebad privilegirebulni eqcevian.
stratifikaciis oTx ZiriTad sistemas - monobas, kastas, wodebebsa da klass - gamovyofT. es
sistemebi, zogjer, erToblivad gvxvdeba. magaliTad, Zvel saberZneTsa da romSi, aseve,
samoqalaqo omamde, SeerTebuli Statebis samxreT nawilSi, klasebi da monoba erTdroulad
arsebobda.
monoba
monoba uTanasworobis eqstremaluri formaa, romlis dros, erTi individi meore individs,
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, kerZo sakuTrebis saxiT flobs. monaTmflobelobis legaluri pirobebi
sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda sazogadoebebis mixedviT. zogjer monebs yvela samarTlebrivi
ufleba hqondaT CamorTmeuli – rogorc es samxreT SeerTebul StatebSi xdeboda – sxva
SemTxvevebSi ki, monis pozicia msaxuris movaleobiT Semoifargleboda.
meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebis SeerTebul StatebSi, samxreT amerikasa da vest
indoeTSi, monebs, TiTqmis yovelTvis, plantaciebsa da saojaxo saqmeze amuSavebdnen. amis
sapirispirod, klasikur aTenSi maT bevri gansxvavebuli pozicia ekavaT da zogjer didi
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pasuxismgeblobac hqondaT dakisrebuli. monebi politikur da samxedro Tanamdebobebze ar

iniSnebodnen, magram TiTqmis yvela sxva saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni. zogierTebi
ganaTlebas iRebdnen da mTavrobis administratorebad muSaobdnen, bevri maTgani xelobas iyo
dauflebuli. romSi mmarTvel jgufebs Soris vaWroba da komercia araprestiJul saqmianobad
iTvleboda, amitom monebi, am aqtivobis wyalobiT, zogjer Zalian mdidrdebodnen; zogierTi
SeZlebuli mona Tavadac ki iyo monaTmflobeli. Zvel samyaroSi yvelaze dabal fenad
plantaciebsa da maRaroebSi momuSave monebi iTvlebodnen da maT xSirad gansakuTrebuli
sisastikiT epyrobodnen (Finley, 1980).
monebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ver eguebodnen da ebrZodnen monaTmflobelobas. istoriaSi
dafiqsirebulia monaTa amboxebebis SemTxvevebi; zogjer isini koleqtiurad axerxebdnen
mflobelebisgan gaTavisuflebas. iZulebiTi monuri Sromis sistemebi, magaliTad, plantaciebSi
muSaoba – arastabilurobiT gamoirCeoda; maRali produqtiuloba mxolod mudmivi
zedamxedvelobiTa da dasjis sastiki meTodebiT miiRweoda. monuri Sromis sistemebi,
nawilobriv, monebis winaaRmdegobis gamo daiSala, magram amis mizezi isic iyo, rom
adamianis motivacias ekonomikuri da sxva saxis iniciativa ufro efeqturad aviTarebs, vidre
iZulebiTi muSaoba. monuri Sroma efeqturi ar aris. dasavluri Zalebis mier ganxorcielebuli
monebiT vaWroba, romelic mecxramete saukunemde gagrZelda, ukanaskneli, magram amave
dros, am tipis yvelaze eqstensiuri sistema iyo. samxreT da CrdiloeT amerikaSi monebi erTi
saukunis win gaTavisufldnen; monoba, rogorc formaluri instituti, sabolood gauqmda da
dRevandel samyaroSi is TiTqmis aRar arsebobs.
kasta
kasta, sxva maxasiaTeblebTan erTad, induri subkontinentis kulturebTan asocirdeba.
TavisTavad termini “kasta” induri ar aris, es portugaliuri sityvaa, rac “rasas” an “sufTa
warmomavlobas” niSnavs. Tavad indoelebs mTeli kastobrivi sistemis, rogorc erTi mTlianis,
maxasiaTebeli erTi termini ar gaaCniaT, gansxvavebuli kastobrivi aspeqtebis aRsawerad, isini
sxvadasxva sityvas iyeneben. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani varna da jatia. varna oTxi
kategoriisgan Sedgeba, TiToeul maTgans, socialuri ierarqiis mixedviT, sxvadasxva rangi
eniWeba. am oTx jgufze ufro dabali “xelSeuxebelTa” jgufic arsebobs, romelTac yvelaze dabali
pozicia ukaviaT. jati adgilobrivad gamijnuli jgufia da mis SigniT kastobrivi rangebia
organizebuli.
kastobrivi sistema uaRresad daxvewili, teritoriebis mixedviT, struqturulad gansxvavebuli
sistemaa. es erTiani gamokveTili sistema ki ar aris, aramed gansxvavebul rwmenaTa da
gamocdilebaTa nakleb dakavSirebul mravalgvarobas warmoadgens. varnas umaRlesi jgufis
wevrebs, brahminebs, sisufTavisa da siwmidis amaRlebul grZnobebs miaweren, xelSeuxeblebs
ki – yvelaze yofiTs. brahminebma xelSeuxeblebTan garkveul kontaqts Tavi unda aaridon;
cxovelebi da zogierTi nivTiereba uwmindurad miiCneva, amitom maTTan fizikuri kontaqti
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mxolod xelSeuxeblebs SeuZliaT. kastobrivi sistema mWidrod ukavSirdeba indusTa rwmenas

meored dabadebis Sesaxeb; individi, romelic ar Seasrulebs sakuTari kastis ritualebsa da
movaleobebs, reinkarnaciisas arasaxarbielo pozicias daikavebs. induri kastobrivi sistema
bolomde statikuri arasodes yofila. miuxedavad imisa, rom individebs kastebs Soris moZraoba
ekrZalebaT, kastobrivi ierarqiuli pozicia SeiZleba mTelma jgufma Seicvalos, rac araerTxel
momxdara.
kastis cneba zogjer araindur konteqstSic ixmareba, rodesac ori an meti eTnikuri jgufi Zlier aris
erTmaneTisgan segregirebuli da rasobrivi siwmindis idea dominirebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi,
Zlieri tabu (an zogjer legaluri akrZalva) moqmedebs, romelic xels uSlis aRniSnul jgufTa Soris
Sereul qorwinebas. amerikis samxreT StatebSi, monobis gauqmebis Semdeg, Savkanianebad da
TeTrkanianebad dajgufeba isev Zlier iyo gamokveTili, amitom stratifikaciis sistemasTan
mimarTebaSi, zogierTma termini kastac ki gamoiyena. kastis cneba samxreT afrikaSic
arsebobda, sadac, bolo dromde, Savkanianebsa da TeTrkanianebs Soris Zlieri segregacia
SenarCunda da maT Soris Sereuli qorwineba da seqsualuri kontaqti kanoniT ikrZaleboda (ix.
Tavi 9, “eTnikuroba da rasa”).
wodeba
wodeba evropuli feodalizmis nawili iyo, magram is bevr sxva tradiciul civilizaciaSic arsebobda.
feodaluri wodeba sxvadasxva dones gulisxmobda, romlebic gansxvavebuli movaleobebiTa da
erTmaneTis mimarT garkveuli uflebebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebiT gansxvavdeboda.
zogierTi amgvari gansxvaveba kanons efuZneboda. evropaSi yvelaze maRal wodebebs
aristokratia da aznauroba flobda. garkveuli wodebis formireba sasuliero pirebs Sorisac moxda;
maT ufro dabali statusi hqondaT, magram gamokveTili privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen. e.w
“mesame wodebaSi” – yvelaze dabali fena - msaxurebi, Tavisufali glexebi, vaWrebi da
xelosnebi gaerTiandnen. kastebisgan gansxvavebiT, wodebebs Soris, garkveuli xarisxiT,
daSvebuli iyo Sereuli qorwineba da individualuri mobiloba. magaliTad, rigiT adamians SeeZlo
raindis wodeba mieRo da monarqis garemocvaSi emsaxura; zogjer wodebebs vaWrebic
yidulobdnen. am sistemis gadmonaSTi britaneTSi dResac arsebobs, sadac memkvidreobiT
gadacemul wodebebs dResac eqceva yuradReba. raindis an peris wodeba, Rvawlis aRiarebis
niSnad, SeiZleba saqmosanma liderma, samoqalaqo mosamsaxurem, an nebismierma sxva
adamianma daimsaxuros.
wodebebi warsulSi, keTilSobiluri gvaris warmomadgeneli tradiciuli aristokratiis arsebobis

periodSi, ganviTarda. feodalur sistemebSi, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, wodeba
mWidrod ukavSirdeboda adgilobriv Tems: es stratifikaciis adgilobrivi sistema ufro iyo, vidre
erovnuli. tradiciul centralizebul imperiebSi, magaliTad, CineTsa da iaponiaSi, wodebebi ufro
erovnul safuZvelze iyo organizebuli. wodebebs Soris gansxvavebas zogjer religiuri rwmena
gansazRvravda, Tumca, indusTa kastobriv sistemasTan SedarebiT, es ufro rbili formiT xdeboda.
klasi
klasobrivi sistemebi monobisgan, kastebisgan da wodebebisgan, mravali niSniT, gansxvavdeba.

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas oTxi gansxvaveba imsaxurebs:
1. sxva fenebisgan gansxvavebiT, klasebi ar yalibdeba samarTlebriv an religiur safuZvelze.

klasis wevroba arc samarTlebrivi an adaT-wesebiT dadgenili, memkvidreobiT
gadacemuli poziciiT ganisazRvreba. klasobrivi sistema, stratifikaciis sxva tipebTan
SedarebiT, Cveulebriv, ufro eqvemdebareba cvlilebas da klasebs Soris sazRvrebi
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mkveTrad arasodes aris gamokveTili. sxvadasxva klasebs Soris Sereuli qorwineba

formalurad SezRuduli ar aris.
2. individualuri klasi, garkveulwilad, miRwevadi movlenaa; stratifikaciis sistemis sxva
tipebisgan gansxvavebiT, rodesac adamiani ibadeba, is arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis.
socialuri mobiloba ki – klasobriv struqturaSi aRmavali da daRmavali moZraoba –
stratifikaciis sxva tipebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze metad am struqturas axasiaTebs.
(kastobriv sistemaSi erTi kastidan meoreSi individualuri mobiloba SeuZlebelia).
3. klasebs dajgufebebsa da individebs Soris ekonomikuri gansxvaveba – qonebrivi da
materialuri resursebis flobasa da kontrolze dafuZnebuli uTanasworoba – gansazRvravs.
stratifikaciis sistemis sxva tipebSi ki ufro mniSvnelovani ara-ekonomikuri faqtorebia
(magaliTad, indur kastobriv sistemaSi aseTi faqtori religiuri gavlenaa).
4. stratifikaciis sistemis sxva tipebSi uTanasworoba, ZiriTadad, pirad – msaxursa da
batons, monasa da mepatrones, dabali da maRali kastis individebs Soris - urTierTobebsa
da movaleobebSi aisaxeba. amis sapirispirod, klasobrivi sistemebi ufro masStabur,
arapirovnul kavSirebs gulisxmobs. magaliTad, klasobrivi gansxvavebis erT-erT ZiriTad
safuZvels gadamxdelunarianobiTa da samuSao pirobebiT gamowveuli uTanasworoba
warmoadgens; es faqtori specifikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul yvela adamianze
moqmedebs, radgan ekonomikuri garemoebebis Sedegi mTel ekonomikaSi aisaxeba.
klasi saerTo ekonomikur resursebis mqone adamianTa did dajgufebas warmoadens. cxovrebis
xelmisawvdom stils swored es resursebi gansazRvravs. klasobriv gansxvavebaTa ZiriTadi
safuZveli dovlaTis floba da saqmianobaa. dasavlur sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ZiriTadi klasebia:
maRali klasi (SeZlebuli adamianebi, damsaqmeblebi, industrialistebi da ufrosi aRmasruleblebi -
is, vinc produqtiul resursebs flobs an uSualod ganagebs); saSualo klasi (TeTrsayeloian
muSakTa da profesionalTa umravlesoba); da muSaTa klasi (cisfersayeloianebi an fizikuri
saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi). zogierT industriul qveyanaSi, magaliTad, safrangeTsa an
iaponiaSi, bolo dromde Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo meoTxe klasi _ glexoba (adamianebi,
romlebic tradiciul, sasoflo sameurneo saqmianobas ewevian). mesame samyaros qveynebSi
glexebi isev yvelaze didi klasis warmomadgenlebi arian.
suraTi: “imas vambobdi, rom odesme erTad unda visadiloT.”
axla sociologiaSi ganviTarebul stratifikaciis ZiriTad Teoriebs ganvixilavT, gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas ki Tanamedrive sazogadoebebTan maT Sesabamisobaze gavamaxvilebT.
stratifikaciis Teoriebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi

yvelaze mniSvnelovani Teoriuli midgomebi karl marqssa da maqs vebers ekuTvnis; SemdgomSi
ganviTarebul stratifikaciis TeoriaTa umravlesoba, ZiriTadad, maT ideebs efuZneba. gviandeli
periodis, erik olinisa da frenk parkinis mier SemoTavazebul or Teoriasac gavaanalizebT.
sociologiis ganviTarebas Zlier Seuwyves xeli marqsisa da veberis ideebma, maT am disciplinis
sxva sferoebzec moaxdines gavlena. maTi Sromebis aspeqtebze sxvadasxva TavebSi
vimsjelebT.
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karl marqsis Teoria

marqsis Sromebis umravlesoba stratifikacias da socialur klass exeba, magram, amis
miuxedavad, man klasis cnebis sistemuri analizis uzrunvelyofa ver moaxerxa. xelnaweri,
romelzec marqsi gardacvalebis win muSaobda (romelic, Semdgom, rogorc misi ZiriTadi
naSromis - kapitalis erT-erTi Tavi gamoqveynda), swored im adgilas wydeba, sadac marqsi
svams kiTxvas: “ra warmoSobs klass?” aqedan gamomdinare, klasis marqsiseuli cnebis
formulireba misi naSromebis safuZvelze unda moxdes. imis gamo, rom sxvadasxva nakveTi,
romlebSic is klasis Sesaxeb msjelobs, yovelTvis bolomde Tanmimdevruli ar aris, mecnierebi
xSirad daoben, “Tu ra igulisxma marqsma sinamdvileSi.” Tumca, misi Tumca, misi ZiriTadi
Tvalsazrisi sakmaod naTelia.
klasis buneba
marqsis gagebiT, klasi im adamianTa jgufia, romlTaTvisac Tanabrad xelmisawvdomia
warmoebis - anu saarsebo - saSualebebi. Tanamedrove industriis aRzevebamde, warmoebis
saSualebebi, ZiriTadad, miwa da mosavlisTvis Tu cxovelebis samwyemsad saWiro iaraRebi
iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, winaindustriul sazogadoebaSi ori ZiriTadi klasi arsebobda –
miwaTmflobelebi (aristokratebi, aznaurebi da monaTmflobelebi) da is, vinc aqtiurad iyo
CarTuli miwis meurneobaSi (msaxurebi, monebi da Tavisufali glexebi). Tanamedrove industriul
sazogadoebebSi, ufro mniSvnelovani qarxnebi, ofisebi, manqanebi da is simdidre da kapitalia,
romelic am yvelafris SeZenas sWirdeba. ori ZiriTadi klasidan erT-erTis warmomadgenlebi
warmoebis am axal saSualebaTa mflobelebi – industrialistebi an kapitalistebi arian – meore
klasi ki imaT aerTianebs, vinc saarsebod yidis sakuTar Sromas – es muSaTa klasi, anu marqsis,
amJamad ukve arqauli, terminis mixedviT – “proletariatia”.
marqss miaCnda, rom klasebs Soris eqsploatatoruli kavSiria. feodalur sazogadoebebSi
eqsploatacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, glexobisgan aristokratiisTvis produqciis uSualod gadacemis
formiT xorcieldeboda. aristokrati batonebi msaxurebis kuTvnili produqciis garkveul nawils
iTvisebdnen, TveSi ramdenime dRe maT sakuTar yanebSi amuSavebdnen, moweuli mosavali
ki, Semdgom, batonsa da mis amalas rCeboda. Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi
eqsploataciis wyaro ase naTlad gamokveTili ar aris, amitom marqsi did yuradRebas uTmobs
misi gamoaSkaravebis mcdelobas. marqsi askvnis, rom samuSao dRis ganmavlobaSi, muSa ufro
mets awarmoebs, vidre damsaqmebels misi daqiravebis xarjebis asanazRaureblad sWirdeba. es
damatebiTi Rirebuleba aris is mogebis wyaro, romliTac kapitalistebi sargebloben. magaliTad,
tansacmlis fabrikaSi muSaTa jgufma SeiZleba dReSi asi kostumi Sekeros. muSebis xelfasebze
gayiduli nawarmis Tanxis naxevari ixarjeba, danarCeni Semosavali ki mogebaa.
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marqsi kapitalisturi sistemis mier danergilma uTanasworobam aRaSfoTa. miuxedavad imisa,

rom aristokratebi adre, glexobisgan gansxvavebiT, fufunebaSi cxovrobdnen, agraruli
sazogadoebebi siRaribiT gamoirCeoda. cxovrebis standarti aristokratiis ararsebobos
SemTxvevaSic, dabali iqneboda. Tanamedrove industriis ganviTarebam, warsulTan SedarebiT,
bevrad didi dovlaTis warmoebas Seuwyo xeli, magram maTi SromiT mopovebul dovlaTze
muSebs xeli TiTqmis ar miuwvdebaT. isini, zeda fenisgan gansxvavebiT, siRaribeSi cxovroben,
kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli klasis mier dagrovili qoneba ki sul ufro izrdeba. garda amisa,
Tanamedrove qarxnebisa da warmoebis meqanizaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad, samuSao Zalze
erTferovani da damTrgunveli xdeba. Sroma, romelic Cveni dovlaTis wyaros warmoadgens, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, fizikurad da gonebrivad damqancvelia - magaliTad, qarxnis muSis samuSao, Sin
da gareT, ucvlel garemoSi, erTferovani movaleobebisgan Sedgeba.
klasobriv sistemaTa kompleqsuroba
marqsis Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi ori klasi arsebobs – is, vinc warmoebis saSualebebs
flobs da is, visac es saSualebebi ar gaaCnia; magram is kargad acnobierebs, rom, realurad,
klasobrivi sistemebi, am modelTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuria. ori ZiraTadi klasis
garda, arsebobs klasebi, romlebsac marqsi zogjer gardamavals uwodebs. es warmoebis Zveli
sistemidan SemorCenili klasobrivi jgufebia, magaliTad, glexoba Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.
marqsi yuradRebas klasebs SigniT arsebul dajgufebebzec amaxvilebs. moviyvanT ramdenime
magaliTs:
1. maRali klasis warmomadgenlebSi xSiria konfliqtebi finansur kapitalistebsa (magaliTad,
bankirebs) da industriul mwarmoeblebs Soris.
2. mcire biznesisa da didi korporaciebis mflobelebsa da menejerebs Soris xSirad aris
interesTa konfliqti. orive kapitalistur klass ekuTvnis, magram didi biznesisTvis
misaRebi politika yovelTvis ar emTxveva mcire biznesis interesebs.
3. muSaTa klasis yvelaze dabal fenaSi grZelvadian umuSevrebs, muSaTa
umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT uaresi sacxovrebeli pirobebi aqvT. amgvar
jgufebSi xSirad mravlad arian eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi.
klasis marqsiseuli cneba sazogadoebaSi obieqturad arsebul struqturul ekonomikur

uTanasworobazea mimarTuli. klasi im rwmenas ki ar gulisxmobs, romelic adamians
sakuTari poziciis Sesaxeb gaaCnia, aramed obieqtur pirobebs, romelTa daxmarebiT, zogierT
adamians, sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, materialur dovlaTze xeli ufro miuwvdeba.
maqs veberis Teoria

stratifikaciisadmi veberiseuli midgoma marqsis analizs efuZneba, magram man es Teoria
daxvewa da misi modificireba moaxdina. am or Teorias Soris ori ZiriTadi gansxvavebaa.
pirveli, veberi iziarebs marqsis im Tvalsazriss, rom klasi obieqtur ekonomikur pirobebs
efuZneba, magram mas, marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, miaCnia, rom klasis formireba
gacilebiT met ekonomikur faqtors moiTxovs. veberis azriT, klasebad dayofa mxolod
warmoebis saSualebebis kontroliT, an kontrolis naklebobiT ar ganisazRvreba, aranakleb
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mniSvnelovania is ekonomikuri gansxvavebebic, romlebsac uSualod kerZo sakuTrebasTan

saerTo araferi aqvs. es unar-CvevebTan da kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli resursebia,
romlebic adamianTa samuSaos tipze aisaxeba. mas, vinc menejeruli an profesionaluri
saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli, cisfersayeloianebTan SedarebiT, meti anazRaureba da ukeTesi
samuSao piroebebi aqvs. maTi kvalifikaciebis, magaliTad, xarisxis, diplomisa da unar-
Cvevebis wyalobiT, isini “bazars ukeTesad ergebian”, vidre isini, vinc am kvalifikaciebs ar
flobs. dabal fenaSi, cisfersayeloianTa Soris, profesional xelosnebs, naxevrad profesional an
araporfesional xelosnebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali anazRaureba aqvT.
meore, veberi, klasis garda, stratifikaciis kidev or ZiriTad aspeqts gamoyofs. pirvels is
statuss uwodebs, meores ki - partias. statusis jgufTa idea man, faqtobrivad, Sua saukuneebis
wodebas miusadaga, sityva ki, romelic germanul enaze gamoiyena (Stand), orive
mniSvnelobas aerTianebs.
statusi
veberis Teoriis mixedviT, statusi, socialur jgufTa Soris, socialuri ierarqiiTa da prestiJiT
ganpirobebul gansxvavebas gulisxmobs, romelic maT sxva jgufTa mier eniWebaT. statusi
SeiZleba klasobrivi dajgufebisgan damoukideblad arsebobdes, socialuri reputacia ki pozitiuri
iyos an negatiuri. pozitiurad privilegirebuli statusis jgufi adamianTa nebismier dajgufebebs
moicavs, romlebic arsebul socialur wyobaSi maRali prestiJiT sargebloben. magaliTad,
britanul sazogadoebaSi prestiJul fenad eqimebi da iuristebi iTvlebian. paria jgugebi
negatiurad privilegirebuli statusis jgufebia. isini diskriminacias ganicdian, ris gamoc ver
sargebloben umravlesobisTvis Ria SesaZleblobebiT. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi am jgufs
ebraelebi ganekuTvnebodnen, romlebsac garkveul saqmianobaSi monawileoba da oficialuri
Tanamdebobebis dakaveba ekrZalebodaT.
qonebis floba, Cveulebriv, maRal statuss gulisxmobs, magram bevri gamonaklisi
arsebobs. magaliTisTvis termini “keTilSobiluri siRaribe” gamodgeba. britaneTSi
aristokratuli warmomavlobis individebi, imis miuxedavad, rom maT qoneba aRar gaaCniaT,
socialur wreebSi mainc pativiscemiT sargebloben. didi xnis winaT dafuZnebul mdidrebs ki,
piriqiT, “axali fulis” mimarT zogjer qedmaRluri damokidebuleba aqvT.
klasi obieqturad arsebobs, statuss ki adamianTa mier socialur gansxvavebaTa subieqturi
Sefaseba gansazRvravs. klass kerZo sakuTrebasTan da gamomuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli
ekonomikuri faqtorebi ayalibebs; statuss ki jgufebis gansxvavebuli cxovrebis stili marTavs.
partia
veberis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi partiis formireba Zalauflebis mniSvnelovani
aspeqtia da mas, klasisa da statusis miuxedavad, stratifikaciaze didi gavlenis moxdena
SeuZlia. “partia” aris im individTa jgufi, romlebic erTad muSaoben, radgan maT saerTo
warmomavloba, miznebi da interesebi aerTianebT. marqsi cdilobda, gansxvavebuli statusi
da partiuli organizacia klasTan mimarTebaSi ganemarta. amis sapirispirod, veberi
amtkicebs, rom klasobrivi dajgufebiTA arc erTi maTgani ar Semoifargleba, Tumca es
ukanaskneli oriveze axdens gavlenas. Tavis mxriv, statusma da partiam SeiZleba
individebisa da jgufebis ekonomikur garemoebebze imoqmedos, rac imas niSnavs, rom es
klaszec aisaxeba. partiis problema SeiZleba klasobriv gansxvavebasac Seexos; magaliTad,
partia SeiZleba religiuri kavSiris an nacionaluri idealebis safuZvelze Seiqmnas. marqsisti
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi kaTolikebsa da protestantebs Soris konfliqtis mizezs klasTan
mimarTebaSi axsnis, radgan muSaTa klasis samuSaoebze ufro meti kaTolikea dakavebuli,
vidre protestanti. veberis mimdevari amis sapasuxod ganacxadebs, rom es araefeqturi
ganmartebaa, radgan, muSaTa klass, warmomavlobiT, bevri protestanti ekuTvnis. partiebi,
romlebSic adamianebi erTiandebian, rogorc religiur, ise klasobriv gansxvavebebs
gamoxatavs.
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naSromebi, romlebSic veberi stratifikacias ganixilavs, Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan

maTi saSualebiT vrwmundebiT, rom klasis garda, adamianTa cxovrebaze stratifikaciis sxva
ganzomilebebic axdens Zlier gavlenas. sociologTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom veberis
sqema, marqsis TeoriasTan SedarebiT, stratifikaciis analizisTvis ufro moqnil da daxvewil
safuZvels gvTavazobs.
marqsisa da veberis ideebi dResac aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, Tumca maT
modifikaciis gareSe iSviaTad mimarTaven. marqsis tradiciis gamgrZeleblebma marqsis
ideebi ufro ganaviTares; zogierTebi veberis koncefciebis daxvewas ecadnen. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am or Tvalsazriss bevri ram aerTianebs da isini kidev ufro ganviTarda, Tavi
axalma, ufro martivad gasagebma ideebmac iCina. axla mokled mimovixilavT or
Tanamedrove Teoriul perspeqtivas.
erik olin raitis Teoria klasis Sesaxeb

amerikeli sociologis erik olin raitis Teoriuli pozicia, mniSvnelovanwilad, ganapiroba marqsis
Teoriam, magram man garkveuli yuradReba veberis ideebsac dauTmo (Wright, 1978, 1985).
raitis azriT, Tanamedrove kapitalistur warmoebaSi ekonomikuri resursebis kontrolis sami
ganzomileba arsebobs, rac ZiriTadi klasebis identificirebis saSualebas iZleva.
1. investiciebisa an fuladi kapitalis kontroli.
2. warmoebis fizikuri saSualebebis (miwis, qarxnebis da ofisebis) kontroli
3. samuSao Zalis kontroli.
kapitalisturi klasis warmomadgenlebi, warmoebis sistemis SigniT, zemoT dasaxelebul yvela

ganzomilebas akontroleben. muSaTa klasis wevrebs arc erTi ganzomilebis gakontroleba ar
SeuZliaT. am or klass Soris arian jgufebi, romlebsac ormxrivi pozicia ukaviaT. raitis azriT, am
jgufebSi gaerTianebul adamianebs dapirispirebuli klasobrivi poziciebi ukaviaT, radgan maT
warmoebis zogierT aspeqtze gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT, magram sxva aspeqtebis
gakontrolebis saSualeba ar eZlevaT. magaliTad, TeTrsayeloian da profesional dasaqmebulebs,
fizikurad momuSave adamianebis msgavsad, saarsebo saSualebis mopovebis mizniT,
damsaqmeblebTan kontraqtis gaformeba uxdebaT, magram samuSao garemos isini,
cisfersayeloianTa umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, ufro metad akontroleben. raiti aseTi muSakebis
klasobriv pozicias “ dapirispirebuls” uwodebs, radgan isini arc kapitalistebi arian, arc fizikurad
muSaoben, magram orive klasis Tvisebebs iziareben.
frenk parkini: veberiseuli midgoma

britaneli avtoris frenk parkinis midgoma, marqsTan SedarebiT, veberis Teorias ufro eyrdnoba
(Parkin, 1971, 1979). parkini, veberis msgavsad, iTvaliswinebs marqsis Tvalsazriss imasTan
dakavSirebiT, rom klasobrivi struqturis ZiriTadi safuZveli kerZo sakuTrebis - warmoebis
saSualebebis - flobaa. magram, parkinis azriT, kerZo sakuTreba socialuri Caketilobis erTerTi
formaa, romelic umciresobam SeiZleba monopoliisa da sxva adamianebze Zalauflebis
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mopovebis mizniT gamoiyenos. socialuri Caketiloba aris procesi, romelSic jgufebi resursebze
eqskluziuri kontrolis SenarCunebasa da maTi xelmisawvdomobis SezRudvas cdiloben. socialuri
Caketilobis Sesaqmnelad, kerZo sakuTrebisa da simdidris garda, veberis mier gansxvavebul
statusTan dakavSirebuli sxva maxasiaTeblebis, magaliTad, eTnikuri warmomavlobis, enisa da
religiis gamoyenebac SeiZleba.
socialur Caketilobas ori tipis procesi ganapirobebs. eqskluzia aris strategia, romlis dros jgufebi
jgufis gareT myof adamianebs emijnebian da maT Rirebuli resursebiT sargeblobaSi xels uSlian.
warsulSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, TeTrkanianTa kavSirebi, sakuTari privilegiebis SenarCunebis
mizniT, Savkanianebs gaemijnen. uzurpacia aris naklebad privilegirebul adamianTa mxridan,
manamde sxva adamianebis mier monopolizebuli resursebis mopovebis mcdeloba - ase ibrZvian
Savkanianebi kavSiris wevrobis uflebebis mosapoveblad.
zogierT garemoebaSi, SesaZloa, erTdroulad orive strategiam iCinos Tavi. magaliTad,
profkavSirma SeiZleba damsaqmebelTa winaaRmdeg uzurpatoruli aqtivoba ganaxorcielos
(gaificos firmis resursebidan ufro didi wilis miRebis moTxovniT), magram, amave dros,
eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebs uari ganucxados kavSiris wevrobaze. parkini amas
ormag Caketilobas uwodebs. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, parkini da raiti saerTo Tvalsazriss
iziareben. ormagi Caketiloba igive procesebs gulisxmobs, rasac raitma dapirispirebuli klasobrivi
poziciebi uwoda. orive ideis Tanaxmad, mas, vinc stratifikaciis sistemis SuaSi eqceva, gezi
umaRlesi mwvervalis dasapyrobad aqvs aRebuli da cdilobs qveda fenas gaemijnos.
klasebi dRevandel dasavlur sazogadoebebSi

zogierTi avtoris azriT, Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSi klasebs naklebi mniSvneloba
eniWeba. zogadad, miCneulia, rom 150 wlis win, industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis adreul
periodSi, mniSvnelovani klasobrivi gansxvavebebi arsebobda. im faqts, rom mdidar industrialist
damsaqmeblebsa da mSromel Ratakebs Soris udidesi gansxvaveba iyo, marqsistuli ideis mimarT
kritikulad ganwyobili adamianebic ki aRiareben. mas Semdeg industriul qveynebSi materialuri
uTanasworoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda. mdidrebze gaTvlili gazrdili gadasaxadebisa da iseTi
adamianebisTvis SemuSavebuli keTildReobis programebis wyalobiT, romlebsac saarsebod fulis
gamomuSaveba ar SeuZliaT, uTanasworobis skalaze zeda da qveda fenebi gaTanabrda. ufro
metic, sazogadoebrivi ganaTlebis ganviTarebis gamo, niWier adamianebs socialur da
ekonomikur sistemaSi maRali poziciebis dakavebis saSualeba miecaT.
Tumca, es ar aris zusti suraTi. klasis gavlena SeiZleba ar iyos im masStabis, rogorc amas marqsi
varaudobda, magram socialuri cxovrebis mxolod ramdenime sfero arsebobs, romelsac klasobrivi
gansxvaveba ar Sexebia. fizikuri gansxvavebebic ki korelaciaSia klasobriv kuTvnilebasTan.
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muSaTa klasi, saSualod, ufro dabali SobadobiTa da Cvil bavSvTa maRali sikvdilianobiT
aRiniSneba. isini momwifebis asakSi naklebad arian fizikurad ganviTarebulni, ar gamoirCevian
sijansaRiT da, maRali klasis adamianebTan SedarebiT, adre kvdebian. gonebrivi moSliloba da
fizikuri daavadebebi, magaliTad, avTvisebiani simsivne, diabeti, pnevmonia da bronqiti, maRal
fenebTan SedarebiT, klasobrivi struqturis dabal fenebSi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba (Waitzkin, 1986).
gansxvavebebi simdidrisa da Semosavlis mixedviT

marqss miaCnda, rom industriuli kapitalizmis momwifeba kidev ufro gazrdida sxvaobas
umciresobis simdidresa da masis siRaribes Soris. marqsis Tanaxmad, muSaTa klasis xelfasebi
saarsebo minimumis dones bevrad verasodes gascdeboda da dovlaTi kapitalis mflobelTa xelSi
dagrovdeboda. sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal fenebSi, gansakuTrebiT, maT Soris, vinc xSirad an
mudmivad umuSevari iyo, “sasowarkveTileba, SromasTan dakavSirebuli agonia, monoba,
umecreba, sisastike da moraluri degredacia daisadgurebda...” (Marx, 1970, gv. 645). rogorc
amaSi Tavad davrwmundebiT, marqsis mosazreba, TiTqos industriul qveyenebSi isev iarsebebs
siRaribe da qonebiTa da SemosavlebiT ganpirobebuli uTanasworoba gagrZeldeba, gamarTlda.
magram is Secda, rodesac ganacxada, rom mosaxleobis umravlesobas ukiduresad dabali
Semosavali eqneboda, umciresoba ki, umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, sul ufro metad
gamdidrdeboda. Tanamedrove dasavlur qveynebSi, adamianTa umravlesoba bevrad ukeT
cxovrobs materialurad, vidre marqsis periodis analogiuri jgufebi. movlenebis amgvari
ganviTarebis mizezebis Seswavlis mizniT, Tvali gadavavloT, Tu rogor xdeboda me-19
saukuneSi dovlaTisa da Semosavlis ganawileba.
dovlaTi adamianis mflobelobaSi arsebul aqtivebs gulisxmobs (aqciebi da wilebi, danazogi da
sakuTreba, rogoricaa saxlebi an miwa; is, risi gayidvac SesaZlebelia). Semosavali aris
saaTobrivi an Tviuri xelfasi, romelic adamians, saqmianobis mixedviT, anazRaurebis saxiT
eZleva. es SeiZleba, investiciis Sedegad, (Cveulebriv, procentis an dividendis saxiT)
“gamoumuSavebeli” fulic iyos. adamianTa umravlesoba fuls samuSao anazRaurebis saxiT
iRebs, SeZlebuli adamianebis Semosavals ki, ZiriTadad, investiciebi gansazRvravs.
dovlaTi
dovlaTis ganawilebasTan dakavSirebuli saimedo informaciis mopoveba Znelia. zogierT
qveyanaSi, ufro zusti statistikuri monacemebi aqvT, magram, am sferoSi, mainc bevri
pasuxgaucemeli kiTxva rCeba da monacemebi, ZiriTadad, varauds efuZneba. SeZlebuli
adamianebi, Cveulebriv, sakuTari aqtivebis srul raodenobas sajarod ar aqveyneben. xSirad
aRniSnaven, rom Ratakebis Sesaxeb gacilebiT meti viciT, vidre mdidrebis Sesaxeb. erTi ram
naTelia, rom im adamianTa raodenoba, romelTa xelSic dovlaTia Tavmoyrili, SedarebiT cotaa.
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britaneTSi umaRles safexurze myof adamianTa 1 procenti mTeli personaluri (individebisa da

ara organizaciebis) dovlaTis 17 procents flobs, yvelaze SeZlebuli mosaxleobis 10 procenti
mTeli dovlaTis daaxloebiT naxevrs flobs (ix. cxrili 10.1).
aqciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis floba ufro metad asaxavs uTanasworobas, vidre zogadad
dovlaTis floba. gaerTianebul samefoSi, maRali fenis 1 procenti piradi korporatiuli aqciebis 75
procents flobs, mTeli dovlaTis 90 procents ki - maRali fenis 5 procenti. magram am kuTxiT
mravali cvlileba moxda. amJamad aqciebs mosaxleobis 25 procenti flobs, 1986 wels ki maTi
raodenoba 14 procents Seadgenda. bevrma maTganma aqciebi pirvelad konservatuli mTavrobis
privatizaciis programis periodSi SeiZina. Tu am movlenebs ufro xangrZliv periodSi
ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom aqcionerTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad gaizarda, radgan 1979 wels
aqciebs mosaxleobis sul 5 procenti flobda. am aqciebis umRavlesobaTa Rirebuleba didi ar aris
(1991 wlis fasebiT 1 000 funtze naklebi); aqciebis instituciuri mflobeloba – sxva firmebis
kompaniebis mier SeZenili aqciebi - ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre individualuri mflobeloba.
individTa aqciebis mTliani Rirebuleba 1963-1990 wlebSi naxevrad Semcirda (HMSO, 1992).
SeerTebul StatebSi mTeli dovlaTi, daaxloebiT, iseve nawildeba, rogorc gaerTianebul samefoSi,
im gansxvavebiT, rom korporaluri aqciebi aq ufro metad aris koncentrirebuli. specifika imaSic
aisaxeba, rom yvelaze SeZlebuli ojaxebis 10 procenti korporaluri da biznes aqciebis 90 procents
da fasiani qaRaldebis 95 procents flobs. yvelaze mdidari ojaxebis (400 000 Sinameurneoba) 0.5
procenti korporaluri aqciebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis 40 procentis mflobelia.
Semosavali
gasul saukuneSi, dasavlur qveynebSi momxdari yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, dasaqmebuli
mosaxleobis umravlesobis realuri Semosavlis zrdaSi aisaxa (realuria Semosavali, romelic
inflaciis gavlenas gamoricxavs da yovelwliur dadgenil standarts uzrunvelyofs). dasavlur
sazogadoebebSi cisfersayeloianTa dRevandeli gamomuSaveba samjer an oTxjer aRemateba im
anazRaurebas, romelsac igive fenis warmomadgenlebi saukunis dasawyisSi iRebdnen. am
periodSi TeTrsayeloianTa, menejerebisa da profesionali muSakebis anazraureba odnav ufro
maRali iyo. TiTo mosaxlis gamomuSavebisa da SesaZeni saqonlisa da momsaxurebis
xelmisawvdomobis mixedviT, dRevandeli dasavleTi, istoriaSi yvelaze SeZlebuli mosaxleobiT
gamoirCeva. gamomuSavebis matebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezi produqtiulobis –
yoveli muSakis mier warmoebuli produqciis – zrdaSi mdgomareobs, romelsac industriaSi
arsebuli teqnologiuri ganviTarebac uzrunvelyofs. 1900-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, TiToeul
muSakze gaTvlili, warmoebuli saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Rirebuleba bevr industriaSi, met-
naklebad Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda.
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amis miuxedavad, dovlaTi, iseve rogorc Semosavali, mainc araTanabrad nawildeba. 1994 wels
mosaxleobisTvis gaTvaliswinebuli mTeli Semosavlis naxevari ojaxebis 20 procentma miiRo.
SeerTebul StatebSi mTeli Semosavlis 17.6 procents gamommuSavebelTa umaRlesi fenis 5
procenti iRebs; yvelaze maRali fenis 20 procents Semosavlis 44.6 procenti ergeba, qveda fenis
20 procents ki - sul 4.4 procenti. yvelaze Raribi mosaxleobis mexuTedis gamomuSaveba,
sagadasaxado daqviTvamde, 1977 wlidan 1997 wlamde, daaxloebiT, 5 procentiT Semcirda;
SeZlebulTa mexuTedis Semosavali ki, sagadasaxado daqviTvis gareSe, 9 procentiT gaizarda.
isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am adamianebis gadasaxadebi 1992 wels, 1977 welTan
SedarebiT, ufro dabali iyo.
axla, gaerTianebuli samefos klasobrivi dajgufebis erT-erT maxasiaTebels - klasobriv
struqturas – ganvixilavT da, paralelurad, sxva qveynebzec vimsjelebT.
cxrili 10.1 dovlaTis ganawileba gaerTianebul samefoSi

1976 1981 1986 1991 1993
sabazro dovlaTi
mflobelobaSi arsebuli dovlaTis
procentuli raodenoba
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 1% 21 18 18 17 17
yvelaze SeZlebulebi25% 71 73 73 71 72
mTeli sabazro dovlaTi 280 565 955 1711 1 809

(miliardebSi)
sabazro dovlaTi, saqmianobis da saxelmwifo
sapensio uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
mflobelobaSi arsebuli dovlaTis
procentuli raodenoba
yvelaze SeZlebulebi 5 % 26 24 24 23 23
mTeli sabazri dovlaTi (miliardebSi) 472 1036 1784 3014 3383
dajgufeba socialuri klasebis mixedviT

maRali klasi
britanul sazogadoebaSi maRali klasi, kerZo sakuTrebis mflobeli, SedarebiT mcire raodenobis
individebisa da ojaxebisgan Sedgeba – miaxloebuli statistikuri monacemebiT, sakuTar Tavs
SeZlebul maRal fenad mosaxleobis 1 procenti miiCnevs. maRali klasis warmomadgenelTa
statusSi, “axali” da “Zveli” fulis mflobelebis mixedviT, mkveTri gansxvavebaa. is ojaxebi,
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romlebsac fuli memkvidreobiT, Taobidan Taobamde gadaecaT, xSirad qedmaRlurad arian

ganwyobilni maT mimarT, vinc simdidre sakuTari ZalisxmeviT daagrova. SesaZloa, zogierT
konteqstSi, es jgufebi erTmaneTs Seerios, magram dabali warmomavlobis adamianebi, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, ar daiSvebian wreebSi, romlebsac mxolod xangrZlivi istoriis SeZlebuli
adamianebi ekuTvnian.
rogorc marqsi da veberi aRniSnaven, Zalaufleba kerZo sakuTrebas moaqvs da maRali klasis
warmomadgenlebi araproporciulad arian warmodgenili Zalauflebis maRal safexurebze. maT
gavlenas, nawilobriv, industriuli da finansuri kapitalis kontroli, nawilobriv ki, politikur,
saganmanaTleblo da kulturul sferoSi wamyvan poziciaTa xelmisawvdomoba ganapirobebs.
jon skoti mecxramete saukunis maRali klasis sam seqtors aRwers: msxvili miwaTmflobelebi,
finansuri mwarmoeblebi da insdustrialistebi. (Scott, 1991). pirveli jgufi sakuTar Tavs
aristokratias akuTvnebda, magram saukunis ganmavlobaSi warmatebul finansur jgufebTan
gaigiveba daiwyo. danarCeni ori jgufi industrialistebTan distancias icavda da Tavad
industrialistebic, romelTa sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad, CrdiloeTiT iyo ganTavsebuli, am distanciis
SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. saukunis ganmavlobaSi maTi materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaizarda,
amitom es seqtori danarCeni ori seqtorisTvisac misaRebi gaxda. saukunis bolos
industrialistebma fuli miwebSi, bankebsa da sadazRvevo kompaniebSi daabandes,
miwaTmflobelebis Semosavali ki industriuli kompaniebis marTvaze iyo damokidebuli.
skoti acxadebs, rom maRali klasis sxvadasxva dajgufebaTa gaerTianeba meoce saukeneSic
gagrZelda – Tumca, maT Soris garkveul konfliqtebsa da gamijvnasac hqonda adgili. magaliTad,
londonis sitis finansuri liderebi zogjer ver agvarebdnen urTierTobas saqmiani korporaciebis
mmarTvelebTan; erTi jgufisTvis sasargeblo politika, SesaZloa, meore jgufisTvis miuRebeli
aRmoCndes. dRevandel dRes, miwaTmflobeloba, rogorc maRali klasis calke arsebuli seqtori,
TiTqmis aRar arsebobs. Zveli kerZo miwebis umravlesoba sazogadoebriv mflobelobaSi
gadavida. is, visac tradiciuli saxiT, sxva adamianebis marTvis materialuri SesaZlebloba
gaaCnia, fuls sxva saSulebiT Soulobs.
saSualo klasi
fraza saSualo klasi sxvadasxva saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs gulisxmobs. zogierTi

mkvlevaris azriT, britaneTis dRevandeli mosaxleobis umravlesoba am klasSia gaerTianebuli,
radgan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebi, cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, proporciulad
sagrZnoblad gaizarda (ix. Tavis 12, “samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba.”)
saSualo klasSi SegviZlia sami gamokveTili seqtori gamovarCioT. Zveli saSualo klasi mcire
biznesis mflobel TviTdasaqmebul mesakuTreebs, adgilobrivi maRaziebis mesakuTreebsa da
mcire fermerebs moicavs.
TviTdasaqmebulTa proporciuli raodenoba saukunis ganmavlobaSi Semcirda. Tumca,

momdevno TxuTmeti wlis periodSi, es tendencia Seicvala. 1981 wels samuSao Zalis 6.7
procents TviTdasaqmebulebi Seadgendnen. 1991 wlisTvis am cifrma 10 procents miaRwia. erTi
kvleva imis garkvevas isaxavda miznad, Tu ras saqmianobdnen 1991 wels 1981 welSi
TviTdasaqmebuli adamianebi. aRmoCnda, rom yvela aRar iyo Sromis bazarze dakavebuli da
maTgan mxolod 2/3 iyo TviTdasaqmebuli (Fielding, 1995). im periodSi isini, SesaZloa,
sxvadasxva biznesSi iyvnen CarTulni.
mcire biznesi, did biznesTan SedarebiT, naklebad stabiluria. umravlesoba, saqmis dawyebidan
ori wlis Semdeg, warumatebeli aRmoCndeba. gaerTianebul samefoSi, nebismier weliwads
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dafuZnebul mcire biznesTagan, xuTi wlis Semdeg, mxolod 20 procenti ganagrZobs arsebobas.
mcire firmebi da maRaziebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, did kompaniebTan, supermarketebTan da
restornebis qselebTan efeqtur konkurencias ver uZleben. Tu Zveli saSualo klasi ar Semcirebula,
rogorc amas zogierTi (maT Soris marqsi) miiCnevda, es mxolod imiTaa gamowveuli, rom
Zalian bevr adamians sakuTari biznesis wamowyeba surs. adamianebi mcire bizness Tavs
anebeben, magram male xdeba maTi sxva adamianebiT Canacvleba. mcire biznesiT dakavebul
mamakacebsa da qalbatonebs sakuTari gamokveTili socialuri da politikuri TvalTaxedva aqvT.
zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, safrangeTSi, mcire biznesis bevri warmomadgeneli mxars
mudmivad eqstremalur memarjvene partias uWers.
zeda saSualo klass, ZiriTadad, menejerebi an profesionali Tanamdebobis pirebi ekuTvnian. es

kategoria individTa da ojaxebis did raodenobas moicavs, amitom maTi atitudebisa da
Tvalsazrisis ganzogadeba riskTan aris dakavSirebuli. umravlesobas, garkveuli formiT, miRebuli
aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba; socialur da politikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT,
profesionalTa jgufebSi, ZiriTadad, liberaluri ganwyoba aRiniSneba.
oqsfordeli sociologi jon gouldTorfi termins “zeda saSualo klasi” “mosamsaxureTa klass”
amjobinebs. mosamsaxureTa klasi profesional, menejer da teqnikur muSakebs aerTianebs.
rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, es kategoria Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi sul ufro izrdeba.
Tumca es termini, potenciurad, dabneulobas iwvevs. gouldTorfi am klasSi momsaxurebis
seqtorSi dasaqmebul adamianebs ar gulisxmobs, aramed maT, vinc
damsaqmebelTa ,,saWiroebebs” emsaxureba - vinc uzrunvelyofs administraciul aparats biznesis
da organizaciebis arsebobisTvis. isini personals specialuri codniTa da menejeruli unar-CvevebiT
uzrunvelyofen, sapasuxod ki, maRali xelfasiT, saimedo samuSao adgiliTa da damatebiTi
privilegiebiT, magaliTad, kerZo sapensio uflebebiT, sargebloben. daaxloebiT ori aTwleulis win,
rodesac firmebi muSakTa Semcirebasa da konkurenciis gazrdas Seecadnen, mosamsaxureTa
klasis ekonomikuri pirobebi arastabiluri gaxda da zogierTma jgufma TviTdasaqmebas mimarTa.
dabali saSualo klasi heterogenuli kategoriaa. es klasi ofisis TanamSromlebs, savaWro qselis
warmomadgenlebs, maswavleblebs, eqTnebsa da sxva muSakebs moicavs. miuxedavad imisa,
rom am klasisa da cisfersayeloianTa wevrebis umravlesobas msgavsi samuSao pirobebi aqvT,
maTi socialuri da politikuri atitudebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba.
saSualo klasis mravalferovani buneba, garkveuli xarisxiT, raitisa da parkinis mier
SemoTavazebul koncefciebSi aisaxa. saSualo klasis adamianebi, konfliqturi zewolisa da
gavlenis gamo, “ormagi Caketilobis” winaaRmdegobriv situaciebSi aRmoCndebian xolme.
magaliTad, bevri dabali saSualo klasis warmomadgenels igive Rirebulebebi gaaCnia, rac masze
gacilebiT ukeTesad anazRurebad Tanamdebobebze myof adamianebs. Tumca, maTi Semosavali
zogjer fizikurad momuSave, magram kargi anazRaurebis mqone muSakze ufro dabalia.
muSaTa klasi
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muSaTa klasi cisfersayeloian, fizikurad dasaqmebul adamianebs moicavs. saSualo klasis

msgavsad, aqac mravali sxvadasxva dajgufeba arsebobs. am dajgufebis erT-erT wyaros, pirvel
rigSi, profesionalizmis done warmoadgens. zeda muSaTa klass, romelic profesionali
muSakebisgan Sedgeba, xSirad “mSromelTa aristokratiasTan” aigiveben, radgan am fenis
warmomadgenlebs, sxva cisfersayeloianebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi Semosavali, samuSao
pirobebi da saimedo samsaxuri aqvT. miuxedavad imisa, rom teqnologiurma ganviTarebam
zogierTi muSakis - magaliTad, mbeWdavis - profesionalizmi eWvqveS daayena da maTi
saqmianobrivi poziciis Sesusteba gamoiwvia, profesionali muSakebis ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba, ukanasknel wlebSi, zogadad, kidev ufro gaumjobesda. bevri profesiis muSakTa
SedarebiT maRali xelfasebi ucvleli darCa da maTma samuSaom stabiluroba SeinarCuna.
mzardma umuSevrobam maTze, nakleb profesional cisfersayeloinTaA samuSaoebTan
SedarebiT, naklebi gavlena iqonia.
dabali muSaTa klasi araporfesiul an naxevradprofesiul samuSaoebs moicavs, romlebic
xangrZliv wvrTnas ar moiTxovs. aseT samuSaoebze dasaqmebulTa umravlesobas, profesional
muSakebTan SedarebiT, naklebi Semosavali da daucveli samuSao garemo aqvT.
muSaTa klasis saqmianoba SeiZleba srul an nawilobriv datvirTvas moiTxovdes; is samuSao
garemos daculobis mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. amis gansazRvraSi ekonomikis centraluri da
periferiuli sferoebis gamijvnac gvexmareba. centraluria seqtori, romelSic muSaki sruli
datvirTviT muSaobs, SedarebiT maRali gamomuSaveba da grZelvadiani saimedo samuSao
aqvs. periferiul seqtorSi arasaimedo, dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao igulisxmeba, romelSic
muSakTa umravlesoba nawilobriv aris dasaqmebuli. centralur seqtorebSi profesionali da
naxevradprofesionali an araprofesionali dasaqmebulebi (ZiriTadad TeTrkaniani mamakacebi)
Warboben, romlebic, xSirad, profesiul kavSirebSi erTiandebian. danarCeni muSakebi periferiul
seqtors ekuTvnian da maTi profesiul kavSirebSi gaerTianebis SemTxvevebi iSviaTia.
qveklasi
muSaTa klasSi dajgufeba eTnikuri umravlesobisa da naklebad privilegirebul umciresobaTa
safuZvelze xdeba, romlebic qveklass ganekuTvnebian. qveklasis wevrebs, mosaxleobis
umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT uaresi samuSao pirobebi da dabali cxovrebis standarti
aqvT. bevri maTgani xangrZlivad aris umuSevari, an arastabiluri saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli.
britaneTSi qveklasSi Savkanianebi da azielebi araproporciulad arian warmodgenili. zogierT
evropul qveyanaSi, emigranti muSakebi, romlebmac samsaxuri 20 wlis win, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis periodSi daiwyes, amjerad muSaTa klasis am seqtoris yvelaze did nawils
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Seadgenen. es, magaliTad, safrangeTSi mcxovreb alJirelebsa da dasavleT germaniaSi

emigrirebul Turqebs exebaT.
qveklasebis buneba sociologiaSi mwvave debatebis sagania. es debatebi, ZiriTadad, SeerTebul
StatebSi Sida qalaqis teritoriaze mcxovreb Savkanianebs exeba. uiliam julius uilsonis azriT,
SeerTebul StatebSi SavkanianTa mosaxleoba orad iyofa.
CikagoSi Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Seqmnil naSromSi ,,rasis mniSvnelobis Semcireba,”
uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom SeerTebul StatebSi, gasuli sami-oTxi aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi,
SavkanianTa SeZlebuli saSualo klasi _ TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi da profesionalebi – gaCnda.
yvela afro-amerikeli qalaqis getoSi aRar cxovrobs. uilsoni askvnis, rom getoSi cxovrebas ara
aqtiuri diskriminacia, aramed ekonomikuri faqtorebi - sxva sityvebiT, klasi da ara rasa –
ganapirobebs. Zveli rasistuli barierebi qreba; Savkanianebi getoSi ekonomikuri warumateblobis
gamo rCebian (Wilson, 1978).
uilsonis Sromam azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia da es diskusia amJamadac grZeldeba.
konservatori politikosi da mwerali Carlz miurei uilsons didi qalaqebis umravlesobaSi
SavkanianTa dabali klasis arsebobis sakiTxSi eTanxmeba. magram miurei acxadebs, rom
afrikeli amerikelebi, maTi mdgomarebis gamosworebis mizniT, keTildReobis samsaxuris mier
SemuSavebuli politikis wyalobiT, kvlav sazogadoebis yvelaze dabal fenad rCebian. es
adamianebi keTildReobis programis daxmarebaze arian damokidebuli, rac “siRatakis kulturis”
Seqmnas uwyobs xels. isini samuSaos moZebnas, myari erTobebis an stabiluri ojaxebis
Seqmnas ar cdiloben. (Murray, 1984).
miureis gancxadebaTa sapasuxod, uilsonma, CikagoSi Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze
SemuSavebuli argumentebi ganavrco. misi azriT, afro-amerikel mamakacTa umuSevrobis zrda,
TeTrkanianTa didi qalaqebidan gareubnebSi gadaadgilebam, urbanul industriaTa Semcirebam
da sxva urbanulma ekonomikurma problemebma gamoiwvia. miureis mier aRwerili socialuri
dezintegraciis formebi, romelTagan erT-erTi qorwinebaSi armyofi Savkaniani dedebis didi
raodenobaa, uilsonma saqorwino asakSi myofi (dasaqmebuli) mamakacebis naklebobiT axsna.
miureim Tavisi argumentebi gaerTianebul samefosac (1990) miusadaga. misi azriT,
gaerTianebul samefoSi jerjerobiT gamokveTili qveklasi ar arsebobs, magram is swrafad
viTardeba. am klasSi eTnikur umciresobaTa garda, im Rarib regionebSi mcxovrebi
TeTrkanianebic gaerTiandebian, sadac sul ufro metad iCens Tavs socialuri dezintegracia.
britaneTSi momuSave sociologebma miureis naSromi mwvaved gaakritikes.
miureis gancxadebebis validurobas mogvianebiT SevafasebT. pirvel rigSi, im cvlilebebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic klasobrivi struqturis maRal fenebze axdens gavlenas.
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cvlilebebi klasobriv struqturaSi

maRali klasis dekompozicia?
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maRali klasis (ise, rogorc yvela klasobrivi jgufis) SigniT ramdenime
dajgufeba arsebobs. zogierTi avtoris azriT, dRevandel dRes maRali klasi imdenad aris
desegregirebuli, rom is erTian klasobriv kategoriad aRar moiazreba. isini acxadeben, rom
mecxramete saukuneSi da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi maRali klasis wevroba kerZo sakuTrebis
- biznesis, finansuri organizaciebis an miwis - mflobelobiT ganisazRvreboda. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, miwa, dResdReobiT, Zalauflebis mniSvnelovan wyaros aRar warmoadgens,
ekonomikas msxvili korporaciuli biznesi marTavs, romelic individTa mflobelobaSi ar aris. is
aTasobiT sxvadasxva mewiles aerTianebs, romlebic kompaniebis marTvisas didi gavleniT ar
sargebloben. msxvil korporaciebs maRali Tanamdebobis aRmasrulebleblebi akontroleben,
romlebic maT mier marTuli firmebis mesakuTreni ar arian. isini, ubralod, maRali donis
TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi an profesionalebi arian.
aqedan gamomdinare, jon gouldTrofis klasobrivi sqemis mixedviT, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi maRali klasi aRar arsebobs, is “mosamsaxureTa klasma” Caanacvla, romelic
maRali donis biznes menejerebs, profesionalebsa da administratorebs moicavs. sxva avtorebi
mewileobis instituciur fenomenze saubroben (ix. Tavi 12, samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba),
ramac kapitalis kerZo mesakuTreobis mniSvneloba Seamcira. dRevandel dRes, wilebis maRal
procents sadazRvevo kompaniebi, sapensio da gaerTianebuli fondebi floben, romlebic
mosaxleobis Zalian did raodenobas moicavs. magaliTad, gaerTianebuli samefos mosaxleobis
naxevars fuli kerZo sapensio struqturebSi aqvs dabandebuli.
amis miuxedavad, Sexeduleba maRali klasis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, mraval SekiTxvas
warmoSobs. Cven ukve visaubreT jon skotis mier maRali klasis cvalebadi bunebis analizis
Sesaxeb. es avtori acxadebs, rom dRevandelma maRalma klasma forma Seicvala, magram
gamokveTili pozicia SeinarCuna. maRali klasis warmomadgenlebs, jon skotis azriT, msxvili
biznesiT ganpirobebuli Zalauflebis “interesebis konstelacia” aerTianebT. SeiZleba did
korporaciaSi momuSave ufrosi aRmasrulebeli kompanias ar flobdes, magram is xSirad am
kompaniis mewile xdeba, rac mas rogorc Zveli stilis mewarmeebTan, ise “finansur
kapitalistebTan” akavSirebs. “finansuri kapitalistebi” sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da sxva
instituciuri saaqcio kompaniebis mmarTvelebi arian da dRevandeli maRali klasis birTvs swored
isini Seadgenen.
profesionalebi, menejerebi, administratorebi
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profesiuli, menejeruli da administraciuli saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianTa raodenobis zrda,

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, masStaburi organizaciebis mniSvnelobiT aris gamowveuli (ix.
Tavi 11, Tanamedrove organizaciebi). am profesiis adamianebi iseT ekonomikur seqtorebSic
arian dakavebuli, romlebSic saxelmwifo Zalian mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs, magaliTad,
mTavrobaSi, ganaTlebaSi, jandacvisa da socialuri keTildReobis samsaxurSi. privatizaciis
gavrcelebis miuxedavad, 1994 wels, samuSao Zalis 28 procenti saxelmwifo industriebSi
muSaobda. profesiuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli – eqimebis, buRaltrebis, iuristebis da a. S. _
adamianTa umravlesoba, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifos mier aris dasaqmebuli.
profesionalebi, menejerebi da maRali donis administratorebi Tanamdebobas, ZiriTadad,
xarisxis, diplomis da sxva kvalifikaciebis saSualebiT iReben. maT, zogadad, SedarebiT ufro
saimedo da maRalanazRaurebadi kariera aqvT da ukanasknel wlebSi isini kidev ufro gaemijnen
rutinuli arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs. zogierTebi profesionalebsa da
TeTrsayeloianTa jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebs specifikur, “profesional menejerTa klass”
akuTvneben. es jgufi TeTrsayelian muSakTa jgufs Rrmad da mkveTrad ar emijneba, amitom es
pozicia mxedvelobaSi misaRebi ar aris.
TeTrsayeloianebi, cisfersayeloianebi: feminizacia da proletarizacia
dRes, warsulTan SedarebiT, arafizikuri saqmianobiT bevrad ufro meti adamiania dakavebuli;
magram ekuTvnian Tu ara es adamianebi ,,saSualo klass,” sociologiaSi mwvave debatebis
sakiTxia. aq ori ram aris gasaTvaliswinebeli: pirveli, TiTqmis yvela axladwarmoqmnil rutinul
arafizikur saqmianobas qalebi ewevian. am process TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli dasaqmebis
feminizacias eZaxian. rogorc mogvianebiT davrwmundebiT, klasisa da sqesis sakiTxi Zalze
kompleqsuria.
meore, amgvari saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebis pirobebi saTanadod dafasebuli ar aris da
maRal profesionalizms ar moiTxovs. codna, romelic amgvar samuSaoze dakavebul muSakebs
moeTxovebodaT, manqanis wyalobiT, gaufasurda, radgan man maTi garkveuli funqciebi
SeiTavsa. magaliTad, aviRoT klerkis anu saofise mdivnisTvis savaldebulo funqciebi. angariSs,
weras da sxva organizaciul unar-Cvevebs sabeWdi manqana, kalkulatori da qserokopirebis
aparati, bolo dros ki, kompiuteri da procesori asrulebs.
feminizaciasa da deprofesionalizacias Soris uSualo kavSiri arsebobs. magaliTad, rac ufro
izrdeba, proporciulad, klerkisa da sxva msgavsi saqmianoba, aseve izrdeba am sferoSi
dasaqmebul qalTa raodenoba da es saqmianobebi sul ufro rutinul xasiaTs iZens. qalebma
mamakacebs ricxobrivad gadaaWarbes ufro dabali donis samuSaoebzec, marketingis mzard
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seqtorSi, savaWro da dasvenebis industriebSi. gamyidvelebisa da registratorebis

Tanamdebobebi Zlier aris feminizebuli.
20 wlis win heri breivmenma mniSvnelovani naSromi ,,Sroma da monopolizebuli kapitali”
Seqmna; misi azriT, TeTsayeloianTa rutinulma samuSaom iseTi deprofesionalizacia ganicada,
rom is fizikuri samuSaosgan didad aRar gansxvavdeba. is faqti, rom “saSualo klasSi” sul ufro
meti adamiani erTiandeba, avtoris sityvebiT, “proletarizaciis” Sedegia. jgufebi, romlebic mzard
muSaTa klasSi wevriandebian, sul ufro metad arian arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli.
(Braveman, 1974).
sociologTa umravlesobam breivmenis Sefaseba gazviadebulad miiCnia. zogierTma

saqmianobam, teqnologiuri progresis gamo, deprofesionalizacia marTlac ganicada, radgan es
saqmianoba ufro ganviTarebul unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs. es iseT samuSaoebs exeba, romlebzec
kompiuterebis danergvam moaxdina gavlena (Tumca, zogierT samuSaoze igive procesma
SeiZleba uaryofiTad imoqmedos). garda amisa, qorwinebaSi myofi individis socialuri klasi
meuRlis poziciiTac ganisazRvreba. rutinuli arafizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul qalebs, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, maRali Tanamdebobis TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze dasaqmebuli meuRleebi
hyavT, rac imas niSnavs, rom mTeli ojaxi saSualo klass ekuTvnis.
proletarizaciis ideasTan mimarTebaSi, TeTrsayeloianTa rutinuli saqmianobebisa da amgvar

samuSaoebze dasaqmebul muSakTa kvlevis Sedegebi, urTierTsapirispiro xaisaTisaa. rozmari
kromptonma da garet jounsma (1984) bankSi, adgilobriv xelisuflebaSi da sadazRvevo
kompaniaSi dasaqmebuli TeTrsayeloiani muSakebi Seiswavles. maT daadgines, rom klerkis
Tanamdebobaze momuSave qalebs, TeTrsayelianTa Tanamdebobebze, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, naklebad awinaureben. isini maT mier Seswavlil samuSaoTa umravlesobas
proletarizebuls uwodeben. muSakebi rutinul cxovrebas ewevian da naklebad iCenen iniciativas.
mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, amgvari poziciis Secvlas ufro axerxeben. aqedan
gamomdinare, gaufasureba, ZiriTadad, qalebiT dasaqmebulma TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebma
ganicada.
gordon marSali da sxv. (1988) breivmenis Sexedulebebsa da misi kvlevis daskvnebs kritikulad
afaseben. maT sxvadasxva saqmianobiT dakavebuli qalebi da mamakacebi gamokiTxes da
dainteresdnen, moTxovs Tu ara maTi samuSao amJamad imaze ufro ganviTarebul unar-
Cvevebs, vidre isini samuSaos dawyebisas flobdnen. mxolod 4-ma procentma ganacxada, rom
maT samuSaos naklebi profesionalizmi sWirdeba da es samuSao, sxva TeTrsayeloianTa
samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, cotaTi ufro feminizirebulia. isini askvnian, rom TeTrsayeloianTa
samuSaoebi, fizikur samuSaoze dasaqmebulebTan SedarebiT, ufro avtonomiuria. klasTan
dakavSirebuli cnobierebidan gamomdinare, TeTsayeloianebi, fizikur samuSaoze dasaqmebuli
adamianebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavebiT, sakuTar Tavs “saSualo klass” ufro akuTvneben.
cvlilebebi, romlebic muSaTa klasze zemoqmedebs
mogvianebiT am TavSi imaze visaubrebT, rom britanul sazogadoebaSi, sxva industriuli

qveynebis msgavsad, mravlad arian Raribi adamianebi. Tumca, cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobiT
dakavebul individTa umravlesoba siRatakeSi aRar cxovrobs. rogorc adre aRvniSneT, fizikuri
saqmianobiT dakavebuli muSakebis Semosavali, gasuli saukunis Semdeg, sagrZnoblad
gaizarda. cxovrebis gazrdil standartze, yvela klasis warmomadgenelTa Soris, saqonlis
moxmarebis xelmisawvdomobis zrda miuTiTebs. cisfersayeloianTa daaxloebiT 50 procenti
amJamad sakuTar sacxovrebels flobs. TiTqmis yvela ojaxs aqvs manqana, sarecxi manqana,
televizori da telefoni.
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muSaTa klasis materialuri keTildReobis fenomeni kidev erTi gzaa imisTvis, rom misi
warmomadgeneli ufro maRal, “saSualo klasis sazogadoebaSi” gawevriandes. sociologebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel rTul termins Tu gamoviyenebT, am ideas “gaburJuazebas” uwodeben.
gaburJuazeba niSnavs “gaxde burJua”, rasac marqsi “saSualo klasis warmomadgenlad
gadaqcevas” uwodebs.
1960-ian wlebSi jon gouldTorfma da misma kolegebma gaburJuazebis hipoTezad cnobili kvleva
Caaatares. lutonSi, manqanebisa da qimiur industriebSi dasaqmebul muSaTa gamokiTxvaze
dafuZnebuli kvleva sam tomad gamoica. am kvlevas, xSirad, SeZlebul muSaTa kvlevas
uwodeben (Goldthorpe et al., 1968-9). kvlevis procesSi 229 fizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebuli
muSa da, Sedarebis mizniT, 54 TeTrsayeloiani muSaki iqna Seswavlili. am midamoSi bevri
cisfersayeloiani emigrirda, kargad anazRaurebadi samuSaos Ziebis mizniT; TiTqmis yvela sxva
cisfesayeloianTan da dabali Ddonis TeTrsayeloian muSakTan SedarebiT, maT ufro
maRalanazRaurebadi samuSao da meti gamomuSaveba hqondaT.
avtorebis azriT, kvlevis Sedegi sruliad naTelia: gaburJuazeba araswori Tezisia. es muSakebi
saSualo klasSi gawevrianebis procesSi ar arian. maT, gouldTorfisa da misi kolegebis sityvebiT,
sakuTari samuSaos mimarT “instrumentuli” damokidebuleba aqvT. maTTvis samuSao ukeTesi
xelfasis mopovebis saSualebaa. maTi samuSao, ZiriTadad, erTferovania, ar aris saintereso da
masTan arc uSualo pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba akavSirebT. isini TeTsayeloianebTan arc
dasvenebis dros asocirdebian da arc ufro maRal klasobriv safexurze asvlis survili aqvT;
gamomuSavebul fuls isini sxvadasxva saxis SenaZenisTvis iyeneben.
momdevno wlebSi, uSualod SedarebiTi kvleva aRar Catarebula, amitom rTulia imis
gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad Rirebulia amJamad gouldTorfisa da misi kolegebis mier miRebuli
Sedegebi. zogadad yvelas miaCnia, rom manufaqturuli industriisa da momxmarebluri interesebis
gavlenis SemcirebasTan erTad, muSaTa klasis tradiciuli Temebi daiSala, an saerTod Sewyvita
arseboba. Tu ramdenad Sors wavida aRniSnuli procesi, es Ria da sakamaTo sagania.
muSaTa klasis SigniT arsebuli dajgufeba, individebis garda, ojaxebs Soris arsebul
gansxvavebebsac asaxavs. naSromSi “dajgufeba Sromis mixedviT” (1984), rei pali ikvlevs
kentSi, Sepis kunZulze mcxovreb muSaTa klasis ojaxebs. man daadgina, rom arsebobs
“muSaTa mdidari” da “Raribi” ojaxebi. pirveli iseT ojaxebs aerTianebs, romelSic or an met
wevrs stabiluri samuSao aqvs; am adamianebs, Cveulebriv, sakuTari saxlebi da cxovrebis
komfortuli stili aqvT. “Rarib” muSaTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebs gacilebiT didi brZola uxdebaT
Tavis sarCenad.
mTlianobaSi, Zneli iqneba imis dadgena, muSaTa klasSi da klasTa Soris stratifikacias mxolod
saqmianobebs Soris gansxvaveba gansazRvravs Tu gansxvavebuli moxmarebisa da cxovrebis
stili. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba momxmareblur, materialuri dovlaTis dagrovebaze orientirebul
sazogadoebad iqca. momxmarebluri sazogadoeba, garkveulwilad, “masobrivi sazogadoebaa,”
sadac, zogierT doneze, klasobrivi gansxvaveba aRar igrZnoba. magaliTad, sxvadasxva
klasobrivi warmomavlobis adamianebi SeiZleba erTsa da imave satelivizio programebs
uyurebdnen. miuxedavad amisa, klasobrivi gansxvaveba, SesaZloa, cxovrebis stilisa da
“gemovnebis” variaciebma gaamZafros (Bourdieu, 1986).
qveklasis sakiTxi
miurei Tvlis, rom gaerTianebul samefosa da evropaSi qveklasis formirebis tendencia, sakamaTo
sakiTxia. lidia morisma inglisis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, harTlpulSi, kvleva Caatara. inglisis zogierT
regionSi manufaqturuli industriis Semcireba igrZnoboda, ramac umuSevrobis masStaburi zrda
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da, savaraudod, qveklasis warmoSoba gamoiwvia. erT-erT aseT regions harTlpulic

ganekuTvneboda.
morisma umuSevari muSebis sami jgufi Seiswavla: pirveli iseT wyvilebs moicavda, sadac
mamakaci, sul cota, Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi iyo dausaqmebeli; meore jgufi iseT wyvilebs
aerTianebda, romelSic mamakaci ukanaskneli Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave
samuSaoze iyo dakavebuli; mesame jgufSi gaerTianebul wyvilebSi ki mamakacs ukanaskneli
Tormeti Tvis ganmavlobaSi axali samuSao hqonda dawyebuli. morisis mier gamokvleul
adamianTa umravlesoba TeTrkanianebi iyvnen. morisi aRniSnavs, rom gaeTianebul samefoSi,
aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT, kanis feri umuSevrobas gamokveTilad ar ukavSirdeba.
morisis azriT, es sami jgufi erTmaneTisgan, socialuri inkluziis TvalsazrisiT, anu imis mixedviT,
Tu ramdenad grZnoben individebi da ojaxebi garkveuli qselis mxardaWeras - TiTqmis ar
gansxvavdeba. is, vinc weliwadze metia, ar muSaobs, kvlav samuSaos ZebniT aris dakavebuli;
maT anti-samuSao kultura SeimuSaves. es mamakacebi msgavs situaciaSi regionSi arsebuli
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis grZelvadiani gauaresebis, unar-CvevaTa da samuSaosTan
dakavSirebuli iseTi araformaluri kontaqtebis naklebobis gamo aRmoCdnen, romlebic maT
adgilobrivi dasaqmebis mizniT unda gamoeyenebinaT. morisma aseve daadgina, rom
xangrZlivad dausaqmebel adamianebs aseTive umuSevari partniorebi da, proporciulad, didi
raodenobis umuSevari megobrebi hyavdaT. miuxedavad amisa, morisma daaskvna: ,,Cemi
kvlevis mixedviT, ar arsebobs faqtebi, romlebic gamokveTili ,,qveklasis” kulturis arsebobas
daadasturebs.” (Morris, 1993, gv. 410).
morisis kvlevas amomwuravs ver vuwodebT. is qveynis mxolod erT nawilSi Catarda, sadac
eTnikur jgufTa didi raodenoba ar iyo warmodgenili. vest indoeli da azieli mamakacebi
naxevradprofesiul samuSaoebze arian Tavmoyrilni da, TeTrkanian mamakacebTan SedarebiT,
dasaqmebis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvT (Pikington, 1992).
ekonomikuri dajgufebisa da socialuri gamorCeulobis amerikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia

sul ufro SeimCneva britaneTsa da evropaSic. aq Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs rasobriv da
eTnikur elements. londonSi, manCesterSi, roterdamSi, frankfurtSi, parizsa da neapolSi urbanuli
Raribebis mdgomareoba sul ufro uaresdeba. hamburgi, saSualo Semosavlis mixedviT, evropaSi
yvelaze mdidari qalaqia da aq, germaniis masStabiT, proporciulad yvelaze meti milioneri
cxovrobs. magram am qalaqSi, amave dros, proporciulad yvelaze meti keTildReobis programa
da umuSevrobaa - qveynis saSualo maCvenebelze 40 procentiT maRali. 1994 wlamde,
TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, qalaqSi da qalaqis maxloblad, industriuli samuSaoebis mesamedi
gauqmda.
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi Raribi da umuSevari adamianebis umravlesoba am qveynis ZirZvel

mosaxleobas ekuTvnis; siRatakeSi pirveli da meore Taobis emigrantebic cxovroben, romelTa
sacxovrebeli ubnebis pirobebi sul ufro uaresdeba. maT Soris izrdeba erTmSoblian ojaxTa
raodenoba. amgvari ubnebi manCesterSi mos saidi, frankfurtSi galusvierteli, roterdamSi ki
niuev vesternia.
holandiel sociologTa jgufma holandiis yvelaze Rarib qalaqur ubnebSi mcxovrebi ramdenime
aseuli adamiani gamohkiTxa. maT (morisis daskvnebis sapirispirod) daadgines, rom
xangrZlivad dausaqmebel gamokiTxulTa 55 procentma samuSaos Zebna Sewyvita.
mkvlevarebma daaskvnes, rom maTma umravlesobam samuSaos Zebnas Tavi daaneba da
keTildReobis samsaxuris xarjze gadawyvita cxovreba (Endbersen et al., 1993).
genderi da stratifikacia
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stratifikaciis kvlevebi, mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, ar iTvaliswinebda genderis faqtors.

stratifikaciasTan dakavSirebuli masalebi ise iqmneboda, TiTqos genderi saerTod ar arsebobda,
an Zalauflebis, simdidrisa da prestiJis analizis dros qalebi umniSvnelo da uintereso fenomenad
miiCneoda. amis miuxedavad, genderi stratifikaciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTia.
ar arsebobs iseTi sazogadoeba, sadac mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, socialuri cxovrebis
zogierT aspeqtSi, met simdidres, statussa da gavlenas ar flobdnen.
genderi da klasobrivi dajgufeba
erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, romelsac Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi genderisa da stratifikaciis

Seswavlisas vawydebiT, erTi SexedviT, martivia, magram, mogvianebiT, vrwmundebiT, rom is
arc Tu martivad mogvarebadia. sirTule genderuli uTanasworobis Tanamedrove gagebasTan,
gansakuTrebiT, klasobriv dajgufebasTan mimarTebaSi warmoiSoba. genderuli uTanasworoba,
istoriulad, klasobriv sistemaze adre arsebobda; mamakacebi, qalebTan SedarebiT, upiratesobiT
jer kidev monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi sargeblobdnen, Tumca am
sazogadoebebSi klasebis Sesaxeb aravin araferi icoda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi klasobrivi
dajgufebebi Zlier gamoikveTa, maT did yuradRebas uTmoben, genderuli uTanasworoba ki, am
fonze, naklebad SeimCneva. qalTa umravlesobis materialuri mdgomareoba maTi mamebisa an
qmrebis materialur SesaZleblobebs asaxavs. amis miuxedavad, mainc arsebobs mosazreba, rom
genderuli uTanasworoba, ZiriTadad, klasTan mimarTebaSi aixsneba.
es Tvalsazrisi Zalian kargad gamoxata frank parkinma, romelic stratifikaciis Sesaxeb Tavis
klasikur naSromSi wers:
qalis statusi, socialuri cxovrebis bevr sferoSi mamakacis statusTan SedarebiT, dabalia. es dasaqmebasTan
dakavSirebul SesaZleblobebs, uZravi qonebis flobas, Semosavals da a.S., exeba. amis miuxedavad, sqesobriv
gansxvavebasTan asocirebuli uTanasworoba stratifikaciis komponentad ar miiCneva. mizezi is aris, rom qalTa
umravlesobis socialuri da ekonomikuri mdgomareoba maTi ojaxebis, gansakuTrebiT ki, ojaxis ufrosi mamakacis
poziciiT ganisazRvreba. dResdReobiT qalebs, maTi sqesidan gamomdinare, garkveuli zogadi statusi gaaCniaT,
magram resursebiT sargeblobas, Cveulebriv, ara maTi, aramed maTi mamebisa da meuRleebis saqmianoba
ganapirobebs. da Tumca araprofesionali mSromelebisa da SeZlebuli miwaTmflobelebis meuRleebsa da qaliSvilebs
garkveuli Tvisebebi SeiZleba aerTianebT, situaciidan gamomdinare, maT Soris Zalian bevri TvalsaCino da
specifikuri gansxvaveba iCens Tavs. sqesi stratifikaciis mniSvnelovan ganzomilebad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
miiCneva, Tu qalis statusTan dakavSirebuli problemebi klasobriv gansxvavebaze ufro didia. (Parkin, 1971, gv. 14-
15)
qalebis cxovreba DdResac ki, xSirad, “kerZo” ojaxuri da SvilebTan dakavSirebuli problemebiT
Semoifargleba. mamakacebi, piriqiT, “sazogadoebrivi” cxovrebiT cxovroben da qonebisa da
Zalauflebis ganawilebac maT ufro moeTxovebaT. maTi samyaro anazRaurebadi samuSao,
industria da politikaa.
Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom genderul stratifikacias, ZiriTadad, klasobrivi uTanasworoba

marTavs, bolo dromde aSkarad ar iyo gamokveTili, amJamad ki es sakiTxi debatebis Temad
iqca. jon gouldTorfi gvTavazobs ideas, romelsac is klasis analizis dros “pirobiT pozicias”
uwodebs. mas miaCnia, rom qalebis samuSao anazRaureba, mamakacebis anazRaurebasTan
SedarebiT, umniSvneloa, amitom qalebi maTi meuRleebis klass unda mivakuTvnoT
(Goldthorpe, 1983). gouldTorfi xazs usvams, rom es seqsizmis ideologiaze dafuZnebuli
Sexeduleba ar aris. piriqiT, is aRiarebs, rom dasaqmebul qalTa umravlesoba daqvemdebarebul
poziciaSi aRmoCndeba. qalebs, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro xSirad aqvT arastabiluri
samuSao da maT, fexmZimobisa da bavSvebze zrunvis mizeziT, xSirad, xangrZlivad uxdebaT
anazRaurebadi samuSaosTvis Tavis danebeba. imis gamo, rom qalebis umravlesoba
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ekonomikurad meuRleebzea damokidebuli, maTi klasobrivi pozicia, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

meuRlis klasobrivi situaciiT imarTeba.
gouldTrofis mosazrebasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime kritikuli Sexeduleba arsebobs. pirveli,

ojaxis ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da cxovrebis wesis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT, qalis
Semosavals bevri ojaxisTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. aseT garemoebebSi ojaxis
klasobriv pozicias, nawilobriv, qalis anazRaurebadi samuSao gansazRvravs. meore, qalis
dasaqmebaze yovelTvis meuRlis dasaqmeba ar axdens gavlenas, SeiZleba piriqiTac moxdes.
qals SeiZleba qmarze dabali anazRaureba hqondes, magram misma samuSao adgilma, meuRlis
klasis gansazRvris dros, gadamwyveti faqtoris roli Seasrulos. magaliTad, es SeiZleba im
SemTxvevaSi moxdes, Tu qmari araprofesionali an naxevradprofesionali cisfersayeloiani
muSakia, coli ki maRaziis menejeri. aseT situaciaSi, mTeli ojaxis poziciis standarti qalis
saqmianobiT dgindeba.
mesame, bevri “Sereuli klasis” ojaxi arsebobs, romelSic qmars, colTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali
klasobrivi kategoriis samuSao aqvs; zogjer, (Tumca ufro iSviaTad), piriqiTac xdeba. amgvar
ojaxTa Sesaxeb ramdenime kvleva Catarda, magram imis darwmunebiT gancxadeba, rom klasze
yovelTvis mamakacis saqmianoba axdens gavlenas, ar SeiZleba. zogjer erTsa da imave ojaxSi
mcxovrebi qali da mamakaci SeiZleba sxvadasxva klass ekuTvnodes. meoTxe, izrdeba iseT
ojaxTa raodenoba, sadac ojaxis erTaderTi marCenali qalia. sakuTar klasobriv pozicias Tavad
qali gansazRvravs. gamonakliss mxolod iseTi SemTxveva warmoadgens, rodesac misi
Semosavlis wyaro alimentia, rac mas da mis yofil meuRles erTsa da imave ekonomikur pozicias
akuTvnebs (Stanworth, 1984; Walby, 1986).
kvlevis safuZvelze vaskvniT, rom qalis ekonomikuri pozicia, martivad, mxolod qmris statusiT
ar ganisazRvreba. SvedeTSi Catarebulma gamokvlevam gviCvena, rom am qveynisTvis Sereuli
klasis ojaxebia damaxasiaTebeli (Leiuffsrud and Woodward, 1987). saqmianobidan
gamomdinare, qmari, colTan SedarebiT, umravles SemTxvevaSi, upiratesobiT sargeblobda,
magram iyo iseTi mcirericxovani magaliTebic, sadac amgvari pozicia cols ekava. kvlevam
aCvena, rom aseTi ojaxebis wevrebi klasobrivi gansxvavebis aspeqtebis danergvas ojaxSic
cdilobdnen. magaliTad, gadawyvetileba, Tu vin darCeboda Sin da mouvlida avadmyof bavSvs,
ojaxSi klasisa da sqesis interaqciis mixedviT miiReboda. Tuki cols qmarze ukeTesi samuSao
hqonda, es pasuxismgebloba qmars ekisreboda.
debatebi grZeldeba
gouldTorfi da sxv. sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dacvas dakvirvebis Sedegad mopovebuli damatebiTi

informaciiT cdiloben. maTi azriT, ojaxis klasificirebisas, mizanSewonilia maRali klasis
partnioris kvleva, iqneba es mamakaci Tu qali. garda amisa, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
kvlevaSi colebTan dakavSirebuli masalac aris CarTuli, Sedegi “pirobiTi poziciis” radikaluri
Secvla ki ar aris, aramed misi modificirebaa (Golgthorpe et al., 1988).
debatebis procesSi gamoiTqva azri, rom individis klasi ojaxTan mimarTebaSi ar unda
ganisazRvros. sxva sityvebiT, yovel individs socialuri klasi damoukideblad, misi saqmianobis
mixedviT, ojaxuri situaciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe unda mieniWos. am midgomas
gaerTianebuli samefos klasobrivi sistemis Seswavlis Sesaxeb naSromSi gordon marSali da misi
kolegebic iyeneben (Marshall et al., 1988).
am perspeqtivas garkveuli sirTuleebic axlavs. is calke ixilavs adamianebs, romlebsac ara aqvT
samuSao anazRaureba – anu diasaxlisebs, pensionrebsa da umuSevrebs. ukanaskneli ori jgufi
SeiZleba gaerTiandes maT mier Sesrulebuli bolo saqmianobis mixedviT, magram, Tu isini
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xangrZlivad iyvnen dausaqmebelni, am niSniT kategoriis miniWeba problemuri iqneba. garda

amisa, ojaxis sruli ignorireba potenciurad mcdar gzaze dagvayenebs. martoxela da
partniorebTan Tanamcxovrebi adamianebisTvis xelmisawvdomi SesaZleblobebi uaRresad
gansxvavebulia.
norman bonis mier Catarebuli kvleva (1992) adasturebs, rom maRalanazRaurebad qalbatonebs,
Cveulebriv, maRalanazRaurebadi partniorebi hyavT da profesionali da menejeruli saqmianobiT
dakavebuli mamakacebis meuRleebs, sxva dasaqmebul qalebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali
gamomuSaveba aqvT. kvlevis mixedviT, dasaqmebuli qalebis raodenobrivma zrdam, SesaZloa,
ojaxebis klasobriv dajgufebaze gadaitanos aqcenti. individebis damoukideblad ganxilvis
SemTxvevaSi ki, am faqtors aravin gaiTvaliswinebda. qorwinebis Sedegad warmoiSoba kavSiri,
romelSic orive individi, saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT, privilegirebul an arasaxarbielo
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba.
axla socialuri mobilobis Temas ganvixilavT. klasobrivi analizis sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad,
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, genders saTanado yuradReba arc am sferoSi eTmoboda.
socialuri mobiloba
stratifikaciis Seswavlisas, ekonomikur poziciebsa da saqmianobebs Soris arsebul

gansxvavebaTa garda, isic unda ganvixiloT, Tu ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian individebi,
romlebic am saqmianobebs ewevian. termini socialuri mobiloba individebisa da jgufebis
sxvadasxva socioekonomikur poziciebs Soris moZraobas niSnavs. vertikaluri mobiloba
socioekonomikur skalaze aRmavali da daRmavali moZraobaa. is, vinc kerZo sakuTrebas flobs,
aqvs maRali Semosavali, an garkveul warmatebul statuss imkvidrebs, aRmaval mobilobas
axorcielebs, is ki, vinc sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobs – daRmaval mobilobas.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi uxvad aRiniSneba lateraluri mobilobac, rac ubnebs, qalaqebsa
an regionebs Soris geografiul gadaadgilebas gulisxmobs. vertikalurma da lateralurma
mobilobam SeiZleba Tavi erTdroulad iCinos. magaliTad, erTi qalaqis kompaniaSi momuSave
individi SeiZleba daawinauron da sxva qalaqSi, an Tundac sxva qveyanaSi, imave firmis filialSi
gadaiyvanon.
socialuri mobilobis Seswavlis ori gza arsebobs. pirveli, individTa karieraze dakvirvebaa –
karieris ganviTarebis procesSi vakvirdebiT, Tu rogor gadaadgildeba adamiani socialur skalaze
aRmavali an daRmavali mimarTulebiT. am process, Cveulebriv, TaobisSida mobilobas
uwodeben. garda amisa, SegviZlia imasac davakvirdeT, Tu ra sixSiriT irCeven Svilebi maTi
mSoblebis, bebiebisa da babuebis saqmianobas. amgvar mobilobas TobaTaSorisi mobiloba
ewodeba.
mobilobis SedarebiTi Seswavla
vertikaluri mobilobis done sazogadoebis “Riaobis” xarisxis ZiriTadi maCvenebelia, radgan

vertikaluri mobiloba gamoxatavs, ramdenad aqvs dabali warmomavlobis niWier pirovnebas
socioekonomikur kibeze aRmasvlis Sansi. ramdenad Riaa industriuli qveynebi socialuri
mobilobis TvalsazrisiT? aqvs Tu ara, am mxriv, britaneTs, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, meti
SesaZleblobebi? socialuri mobilobis Seswavla 50 weliwadze didi xania mimdinareobs da es
procesi, xSirad, saerTaSoriso Sedarebebsac moiTxovs. am sferoSi erT-erTi pirveli naSromi
pitirim sorokins (1927) ekuTvnis. sorokinma, tradiciuli romisa da CineTis CaTvliT, mTeli rigi
gansxvavebuli sazogadoebebi Seiswavla. SeerTebul StatebSi mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli erT-
erTi pirveli kvlevac am mecniers ekuTvnis. man daadgina, rom swrafi aRmasvlis
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SesaZleblobebi amerikaSi gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre es amerikuli folkloridan Cans.

Tumca, monacemebis Segrovebisas, sorokinma SedarebiT primitiuli teqnika gamoiyena.
gacilebiT ufro daxvewili da mravlismomcveli aRmoCnda piter blausa da otis dadli dankenis
mier, ormoci wlis Semdeg, Catarebuli gamokvleva (Blau and Duncan, 1967). am naSromSi
socialuri mobiloba yvelaze detalurad aris ganxiluli, Tumca erTi qveynis magaliTze
(mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva, manamde Catarebuli, masStaburi kvlevebis msgavsad, esec
analogiuri wesiT ganxorcielda – dakvirvebis obieqtebi mxolod mamakacebi iyvnen). blaum da
dankenma, erovnuli niSniT, 200 000 mamakacze moagroves informacia. maT daadgines, rom
SeerTebul StatebSi vertikaluri mobiloba Zlier aris ganviTarebuli, magram is, ZiriTadad, msgavs
saqmianobebSi vlindeba. am qveyanaSi iSviaTia “masStaburi” mobilobis SemTxvevebi. Tavs
iCens daRmavali mobilobac, magram individTa karieraSi da Taobebs SigniT, is, aRmaval
mobilobasTan SedarebiT, naklebad gvxvdeba. amis mizezi is aris, rom TeTrsayeloianTa da
profesiuli samuSaoebis raodenoba, cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobasTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafad
gaizarda da cisfersayeloianTa Svilebs TeTrsayeloianebis poziciebze gadasvlis saSualeba
miecaT.
socialuri mobilobis yvelaze mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso kvlevad SeiZleba seimur martin

lipsetisa da reinhard bendiqsis mier Catarebuli kvleva (1959) CaiTvalos. maT aTi industriuli
sazogadoebis – britaneTis, safrangeTis, dasavleT germaniis, SvedeTis, Sveicariis, iaponiis,
daniis, italiisa da SeerTebuli Statebis - monacemebi Seiswavles da cisfersayeloianTa
samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze mamakacTa mier ganxorcielebul mobilobaze
gaamaxviles yuradReba. maT moulodnelad aRmoaCines, rom SeerTebuli Statebi, am
TvalsazrisiT, ar iyo ufro Ria, vidre evropuli sazogadoebebi. cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan
TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze vertikaluri mobilobis maCvenebeli aSS-Si 30 procents udrida,
sxva sazogadoebebSi ki es maCvenebeli 27-31 procents Soris meryeobda. lipsekma da
bendiqsma daadgines, rom TeTrsayeloiani samuSaoebis gavrcelebis mxriv, yvela industriul
qveyanaSi msgavsi cvlilebebi mimdinareobda. amis gamo, maT aRmavali mobilobis zrdasTan
dakavSirebul Sesadarebel ganzomilebebze gaamaxviles yuradReba. zogierTma mecnierma es
daskvnebi eWvqveS daayena da ganacxada, rom qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebis
danaxva mxolod im SemxvevaSi aris SesaZlebeli, Tuki daRmaval mobilobasac meti yuradReba
daeTmoba da gaTvaliswinebul iqneba drois xangrZlivi monakveTi (Heath, 1981; Grusky and
Hauser, 1984).
robert eriqsonisa da jon gouldTorfis naSromi M,,mudmivi cvlileba” (1993) am mecnierTa

socialur mobilobasTan dakavSirebul bolo kvlevas aRwers; maT dasavleT da aRmosavleT
evropaSi, aSS-Si, avstraliasa da iaponiaSi mimdinare mobiloba Seiswavles. ganxorcielda meoce
saukunis pirvel samocdaaT weliwadSi Tormeti qveynis mobilobasTan dakavSirebul
monacemTa analizi. mecnierebma daadgines, rom mobilobis xangrZlivi zrdis tendencia ar
SeimCneva. saerTo mobiloba, ZiriTadad, “mimarTulebis gareSe icvleba.” (gv. 367). sxva
Seswavlil qveynebTan SedarebiT, mobilobis maRali maCvenebliT arc SeerTebuli Statebi
gamoirCeva.
daRmavali mobiloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom daRmavali mobiloba, aRmaval mobilobasTan SedarebiT, naklebad

gvxvdeba, is mainc farTod gavrcelebuli fenomenia. aseve xSiria daRmavali TaobisSida
mobiloba. am tipis mobilobas xSirad iseT fsiqologiur problemebsa da SfoTvas ukavSireben,
roca adamians aRar ZaluZs misTvis Cveuli cxovrebis stilis SenarCuneba. daRmavali mobilobis
kidev erTi ZiriTadi wyaro samsaxuridan daTxovnaa. saSualo asakis adamianma, samsaxuris
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dakargvis Semdeg, SeiZleba saerTod ver SesZlos dasaqmeba, an ufro dabalSemosavliani

samuSaos dawyeba mouxdes.
gaerTianebul samefoSi, daRmaval mobilobaze aqamde bevri kvleva ar Catarebula. Tumca,

savaraudod, britaneTSi, Taobis Sida da TaobaTaSorisi daRmavali mobiloba, SeerTebuli Statebis
msgavsad, izrdeba. SeerTebul StatebSi am fenomenze axlaxans ramdenime kvleva Catarda.
1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebul StatebSi
pirvelad dafiqsirda saSualo donis TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebze dasaqmebuli adamianebis
realuri gamomuSavebis (inflaciis Semdeg gamomuSavebis) saerTo kleba. maSinac ki, Tu am
tipis samuSaoebis ricxvi gaizrdeba, sxva samuSaoebTan SedarebiT, isini am sferoSi
dasaqmebuli adamianebisTvis Cveuli cxovrebis stilis moTxovnebs Zveleburad veRar
daakmayofilebs.
am cvlilebaTa mTavari mizezi korporaciuli restruqturizacia da kadrebis “Semcirebaa.” globaluri

konkurenciis pirobebSi, bevri kompania iZulebuli gaxda samuSao Zalebi SeezRuda.
TeTsayeloianma da srulad dasaqmebulma cisfersayeloianma muSakebma samuSao dakarges da
is dabalanazRaurebadi arastabiluri saqmianobiT Caanacvles.
socialuri mobiloba da warmateba
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi bevrs miaCnia, rom, Tanmimdevruli da Tavdadebuli Sromis

pirobebSi, umaRles mwvervalze asvla nebismier adamians SeuZlia, Tumca, statistika
sawinaaRmdego suraTs gviCvenebs. ratom aris ase rTuli warmatebis miRweva? erTi mxriv,
pasuxi Zalian martivia. iseT sazogadoebaSic ki, sadac maRali poziciis dasakaveblad yvelas
Tanabari Sansi gaaCnia, amas mxolod umciresoba axerxebs. umaRles safexurze arsebul
socioekonomikur wyobas piramidis forma aqvs da Zalauflebis, statusisa da simdidris mflobeli
adamianebi, romlebic piramidis wverze moeqcnen, SedarebiT cotaa. britaneTis mTeli
mosaxleobidan, romelic ormocdaTvramet milions Seadgens, asi an orasi msxvili kompaniis
direqtoris Tanamdeboba or an sam aTass Tu uWiravs.
Zalauflebisa da simdidris mflobelebi ukeT axerxeben qonebis SenarCunebas, radgan maTi

simdidre Semdeg STamomavlobas gadaecema. SeZlebul adamianebs SeuZliaT sakuTar Svilebs
Rirebuli ganaTleba miscen, rac momavalSi maT kargi samsaxuriT uzrunvelyofs. mdidrebisTvis
dawesebuli maRali gadasaxadebisa da gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis
miuxedavad, isini, Cveulebriv, mainc axerxeben uZravi qoneba da kerZo sakuTreba Tavis
memkvidreebs gadascen. umaRles safexurze myof umravles adamianTa warmatebas maTi
profesiuli an materialuri warmomavloba ganapirobebs. SeZlebulTa Sesaxeb Catarebulma
kvlevam gviCvena, rom maT Soris iSviaTad SexvdebiT adamians, romelsac karieris dasawyisSi
araferi gaaCnda. im adamianTa umravlesobam, romelmac “fuli iSova”, an es fuli
memkvidreobiT miiRo, an Tundac umniSvnelo kapitals flobda da Semdgom es Tanxa
miznobrivad gamoiyena.
uiliam rubinSteinma 1980-ian wlebSi britaneli milionrebis warmomavloba gamoikvlia

(Rubinstein, 1986). misi naSromi 1984-1985 wels gardacvlil iseT milionrebs Seiswavlis,
romlebmac, sul cota, milioni funtis Rirebulebis memkvidreoba datoves. (cocxal milionrebze
saimedo faqtebis mopoveba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.) rubinSteinma daadgina, rom milionerTa 42
procents SeZlebuli biznesmenebisa da miwaTmflobelebis Svilebi Seadgens. im adamianTa
raodenoba, romlebmac, savaraudod, ojaxebisgan miiRes materialuri daxmareba (maRali
profesionalebis Svilebi), 29 procentia. milionerTa 43 procentma 100 000 funtze meti Rirebulebis
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memkvidreoba miiRo, 32 procentma ki 10 000-100 000-s Soris Rirebulebis. britaneTSi rom

gamdidrde, mdidar adamianad unda daibado.
mobilobis doneebi
mobilobis doneebi mTel britaneTSi eqstensiurad omis Semdgom periodSi Seiswavles – Tumca,
am SemTxvevaSic, ZiriTadi aqcenti mamakacebze gakeTda. erT-erTi pirveli kvleva devid glass
(1954) ekuTvnis. glasi, Tavis naSromSi, TaobaTaSorisi mobilobis xangrZliv periods aanalizebs
1950-ian wlebamde. mis mier mopovebuli monacemebi emTxveva zemoxsenebul saerTaSoriso
monacemebs (cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebidan TeTrsayeloianTa saqmianobaze mobiloba 30
procentia). glasis kvlevas farTod iyenebdnen saerTaSoriso Sedarebis dros. mobilobis
SemTxvevebi xSiri iyo, magram, umravles SemTxvevaSi, es ar iyo masStaburi mobiloba.
daRmaval mobilobasTan SedarebiT, ufro aRmavali mobiloba dafiqsirda, romelic umetesad
klasobrivi struqturis Sua doneebze iyo koncentrirebuli. qveda fenis warmomadgenlebi kvlav
qveda fenaSi darCnen; profesiuli da menejeruli saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianTa Svilebis 50
procenti ki analogiur saqmianobas eweoda.
jon gouldTorfma da misma kolegebma oqsfordSi kidev erTi, 1972 wlis gamokiTxvaze
dafuZnebuli, kvleva Caatares (Golgthorpe et al., 1980). maT miznad daisaxes, SeeswavlaT, Tu
ramdenad Seicvala socialuri mobilobis maxasiaTeblebi glasis naSromis Semdeg. gouldTorfma
daaskvna, rom mamakacebis mobilobis done, wina periodTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali iyo,
radgan am dros ufro masStaburi da xangrZlivi moZraoba dafiqsirda. amis mizezi dasaqmebis
sistemis gaTanabreba ar iyo. cvlilebebi, cisfersayeloianTa samuSaoebTan SedarebiT,A
TeTrsayeloianTa samuSaoebis zrdam ufro gamoiwvia. mkvlevarebma daadgines, rom,
araprofesional da naxevradprofesional, fizikurad momuSave adamianTa Svilebis ori mesamedi
aseve fizikuri saqmianobiT aris dakavebuli. profesionalTa da menejerTa 30 procenti muSaTa
klasis warmomavlobisaa, cisfersayeloianTa 4 procenti ki warmoSobiT profesionalTa da
menejerTa klass ekuTvnis.
entoni hiTis mier mopovebul monacemebs srulyofils ver vuwodebT, magram misi kvleva
adasturebs, rom profesiul da menejerul saqmianobaSi, qalebisTvis arsebul SesaZleblobaTa
naklebobis gamo, qalTa mobilobis Sansebi Zlier SezRudulia. (Heath, 1981). profesionalTa da
menejerTa qaliSvilebis naxevarze meti rutinul saofise saqmianobas eweva, mamis
TanamdebobasTan miaxloebuli maRali donis pozicia mxolod 8 procents uWiravs.
cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis qalTa mxolod 1.5 procenti aris am saqmianobiT dakavebuli
(48 procenti ki rutinul saofise samuSaos asrulebs).
aTi wlis Semdeg, oqsfordSi mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi kvleva Catarda
(Goldthorpe and Payne, 1986). kvlevam pirveli naSromis ZiriTadi Sedegebi daadastura,
magram Tavi iCina cvlilebebmac. magaliTad, cisfersayeloianTa warmomavlobis biWebisTvis
profesiul an menejerul Tanamdebobaze muSaobis Sansebi gaizarda. aman, Tavis mxriv,
dasaqmebis struqturis Secvla gamoiwvia. cisfersayeloianTa saqmianobebi Semcirda,
TeTrsayelianTa saqmianobebis raodenoba ki, Sesabamisad, gaizarda. daRmavalma mobilobam,
pirvel kvlevasTan SedarebiT, amJamad Tavi naklebad iCina. magram aRniSnul kvlevaSi,
proporciulad, muSaTa klasis warmomavlobis meti umuSevari mamakaci dafiqsirda, rac 1970-
iani wlebSi dawyebul masobriv umuSevrobas mohyva.
marSalma da misma kolegebma 1980-iani wlebis kvlevis Sedegebi warmoadgines, romelic

gouldTorfisa da sxvebis aRmoCenebs daemTxva. maT daadgines, rom TeTrsayeloianTa an
profesiul samuSaoebze dasaqmebul adamianTa daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi cisfersayeloianTa
warmomavlobisaa. amgvari aRmoCenebi britanuli sazogadoebis Zlieri denadobis faqts
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adasturebs. socialur ierarqiul kibeze aRmasvla, rogorc TaobisSida, ise TaobaTaSoris

mobilobasTan mimarTebaSi, marTlac bevr adamians SeuZlia. magram skala, am
SemTxvevaSic, qalebis sawinaaRmdego maCveneblebs afiqsirebs, Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi arsebuli denadoba ki maRali donis saqmianobebisken aris mimarTuli. marSali
da misi kolegebi askvnian: ,,mwvervalze adgilis dakavebas” ar axlavs Tanabari SesaZleblobebi”
(Marshall et al., 1988, gv. 138). Tumca, mudam unda gvaxsovdes sakiTxi, romlis Sesaxeb adrec
vimsjeleT: mobiloba xangrZlivi procesia da Tu sazogadoeba “Ria” sazogadoebad gadaqcevis
procesSi imyofeba, Sedegebi rom sruli saxiT gamoCndes, amas mTeli Taoba dasWirdeba.
mobilobasTan dakavSirebuli Tqveni Sansebi
mobilobis kvlevidan gamomdinare, ra Sansebi hqonda 1990-ian wlebSi adamians, romelic karg
samuSao adgils eZebda? wina Taobebis msgavsad, is, savarudod, aRmaval mobilobas
ganaxorcielebda, Tu imTaviTve ar iqneboda privilegirebuli warmomavlobisa. menejeruli da
profesiuli samuSaoebi, dabali donis poziciebTan SedarebiT, albaT, proporciulad isev gaizrdeba.
am “Tavisufal adgilebs” is Seavsebs, vinc ganaTlebis sistemaSi miaRwevs warmatebas.
magram maRali statusis poziciebi sakmarisi raodenobiT mainc ar aris da, aqedan gamomdinare,
maTze xeli yvela msurvels ar miuwvdeba. amitom, karierasTan dakavSirebuli imedebi
yovelTvis ar marTldeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes, warsulTan SedarebiT, ufro meti
menejeruli da profesiuli samuSao arsebobs, saerTo ekonomikuri mdgomareoba uaresdeba,
samuSaos aqtiur maZiebelTaAricxvi ki izrdeba. amis erT-erTi mizezi isic aris, rom garkveul
samuSaoebze mamakacebs qalebi sul ufro metad uweven konkurencias. kidev erTi mizezi
(Sedegebi jer bolomde Sefasebuli ar aris) warmoebis procesebSi informaciuli teqnologiebis
mzardi moxmarebaa. urTulesi samuSaoc ki, romelsac adre mxolod adamiani asrulebda,
amJamad kompiuteriT xorcieldeba, ramac bevri samuSao adgilis gauqmeba gamoiwvia.
qals karieraSi warmatebis miRwevis sul ufro meti Sansi mieca, magram mas am procesSi ori
ZiriTadi sirTule xvdeba. muSaobis dawyebis mosurne qali, mamakaci menejerebisa da
damsaqmeblebis mxridan, kvlav diskriminacias ganicdis. es, nawilobriv, imiT aris gamowveuli,
rom, damsaqmebelTa azriT, qalebs kariera ar ainteresebT da isini, savaraudod, qorwinebis
Semdeg aRar isurveben muSaobas. qalebis dasaqmebis Sansebze kidev erTi faqtori
zemoqmedebs. qals SeiZleba karieris gagrZeleba surdes, magram iZulebuli gaxdes, Svilebsa da
samsaxurs Soris gaakeTos arCevani. mamakacebi, saojaxo da Svilebze zrunvis saqmeSi, sruli
datvirTviT, iSviaTad monawileoben. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes sul ufro meti qali axerxebs
saojaxo saqmisa da warmatebuli karieris SeTavsebas, maT am gzaze, jer kidev, bevri
mniSvnelovani dabrkoleba xvdebaT.
siRaribe da uTanasworoba
gaerTianebul samefoSi, klasobrivi sistemis qveda fenis mravali adamiani siRatakes ganicdis.
bevri maTgani saTanadod ver ikvebeba, antisanitariul pirobebSi cxovrobs da, mosaxleobis
umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, sicocxlis ufro dabali mosalodneli xangrZlivoba aqvs. Tumca, bevr
SeZlebul adamians Zalze mwiri warmodgena aqvs siRaribis masStabebis Sesaxeb.
siRaribe axali fenomeni ar aris. 1889 wels gamoqveynda Carlz buTis naSromi, romelic
adasturebs, rom londonis mosaxleobis mesamedi ukidures siRaribeSi cxovrobda (Booth, 1889).
sazogadoebam am informaciis mimarT mwvave reaqcia gamoavlina. rogor moxda, rom erT dros
msoflios umdidres qveyanaSi, uzarmazari imperiis centrSi, ase gavrcelda siRatake? buTis
naSromi misi mosaxelis, xsnis armiis generlis, uiliam buTis nawarmoebs efuZneba. ,,bneli
inglisi da aqedan gasaRwevi gza” (1970, pirvelad 1890 wels gamoqveynda) Carlz buTis
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gamoTvlebis SedegebiT iwyeba. am cifrebis mixedviT, londonSi 387 000 “Zalian Raribi”
adamiani cxovrobs, 222 000 “SimSilis zRvarze” imyofeba, 300 000 ki “SimSilobs.” uiliam
buTis wignma sazogadoebaze imdenad didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, rom erT weliwadSi
milioni egzemplari gaiyida. misi azriT, siRaribesTan brZola praqtikuli reformatuli
programebiTa da keTildReobis samsaxuris daxmarebiT aris SesaZlebeli.
ra aris siRaribe?
rogor gansazRvraven siRaribes? Cveulebriv, erTmaneTisgan saarsebo zRvarze myofTa anu

absolutur da SedarebiT siRaribes asxvaveben. saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribis standarti
pirvelad Carlz buTma daamkvidra, rac fizikurad jansaRi arsebobisTvis savaldebulo
moTxovnaTa – sakmarisi sakvebisa da sxeulis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis saWiro TavSesafris _
naklebobas gulisxmobs. buTis azriT, es moTxovnebi met-naklebad saerToa nebismier
qveyanaSi mcxovrebi, msgavsi asakisa da fizikuri monacemebis adamianebisTvis. siRaribis
analizis dros, mTel msoflioSi, umetesad, am cnebas iyeneben.
saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribe zogjer araadekvaturad fasdeba. es, yvelaze xSirad,
Semosavlis specifikuri donis formulirebis dros xdeba. Tu siRaribe aSkarad gamovlenili ar aris,
siRaribis raime erTi kriteriumiT, zogierTi individi SeiZleba siRaribis zRvars zemoT Sefasdes,
realurad ki misi Semosavali saarsebo minimumis moTxovnebsac ar akmayofilebdes. magaliTad,
qveynis zogierTi nawilSi, sxva regionebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali fasebia. garda amisa,
saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribis donis Sefasebisas, ar iTvaliswineben saarsebo standartis
zrdas. siRaribis doneebTan dakavSirebuli ideebi, ekonomikuri zrdis kvaldakval, sazogadoebaSi
normebisa da molodinebis cvlilebas unda miesadagos. samyaros mosaxleobis umravlesobas
saxlSi ara aqvs Sxapi da abazana; industriul qveyanaSi ki wylis gayvaniloba erT-erT aucilebel
sayofacxovrebo pirobad miiCneva. kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa SedarebiTi siRaribis
formulirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebic. am SemTxvevaSi, zogad kriteriumad Semosavali
moiazreba, magram adamianebs sxva realuri moTxovnilebebic aqvT.
siRaribe dRes
SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva bevri qveynisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac “siRaribis zRvari”

oficialurad aris dadgenili, britaneTis mTavroba siRaribis interpretacias ar axdens.
gaerTianebul samefoSi Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT, “siRaribeSi” cxovrobs is, visac damatebiTi
daxmarebis odenobis an am Tanxaze ufro dabali Semosavali aqvs. “damatebiTi daxmareba,”
naRdi fulis saxiT, iseT adamianebs eZlevaT, romelTa Semosavali saarsebo minimumums ver
akmayofilebs. adamianebi, romelTa Semosavali damatebiTi daxmarebis 100-dan 140
procentamde Seadgenda, “siRaribis zrvarze myof adamianTa” jgufs miakuTvnes. damatebiTi
daxmareba amJamad aRar arsebobs, magram Cvens xelT arsebuli cifrebi im periodSia
mopovebuli, rodesac is jer kidev arsebobda.
siRaribeSi an siRaribis zRvarze mcxovreb adamianTa ricxvi 1980-ian wlebSi sagrZnoblad

gaizarda. 1979 wels pirvel kategorias 6 milioni adamiani anu mosaxleobis 12 procenti
ekuTvnoda. orive kategoria ki 22 procents Seadgens. 1987 wels, igive TanmimdevrobiT, 19 da
28 procenti dafiqsirda; 10 milioni adamiani siRaribeSi, kidev 5 milioni ki - siRaribis zRvarze
cxovrobda. (Bleckburn, 1991). orive kategoriaSi gaerTianebul adamianTa ricxvi, daaxloebiT,
ori mesamediT gaizarda, rac am periodSi umuSevrobis zrdam ganapiroba.
vin arian Raribebi? amgvar kategoriebs, savaraudod, umuSevrebi, nawilobriv an arastabilurad

dasaqmebuli, avadmyofi da unarSezRuduli adamianebi, didi ojaxebis wevrebi da erTmSobliani
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ojaxebi ekuTvnian. xandazmul pensionerTa daaxloebiT naxevari siRaribeSi cxovrobs. bevr

adamians, romelic dasaqmebis periodSi maRal anazRaurebas iRebda, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg
Semosavali sagrZnoblad Seumcirda. erTmSobliani ojaxebis zrdasTan erTad, proporciulad, Rarib
ojaxTa raodenobac izrdeba. aseT ojaxebs, umravles SemTxvevebSi, qalebi uZRvebian. 1980-
1990-ian wlebSi dawyebuli umuSevroba, uaxloes momavalSi, savaraudod, ar Semcirdeba;
ojaxis ZiraTad marCenalTa da maTi Svilebis xangrZlivi umuSevroba sul ufro meti ojaxis
siRaribes ganapirobebs.
siRaribis kidev erTi maxasiaTebeli iseT ojaxebSi mcxovreb bavSvTa (15 wlis qvemoT)
proporciuli raodenobaa, romelTa Semosavali saSualo erovnul standartze 50 procentiT dabalia.
es maCvenebeli ukanasknel wlebSi gaizarda. 1979 wels amgvar ojaxebSi bavSvTa 10 procenti
cxovrobda; 1991 wlisTvis es proporcia 31 procentamde gaizarda. vinod kumari, am da sxva
kvlevis Sedegebis Seswavlis safuZvelze, askvnis, rom ,,siRaribis sxvadasxva maCvenebelze
dafuZnebuli faqtebis ganxilva, bavSvTa mkveTrad mzardi siRaribis tendencias adasturebs”
(Kumar, 1993, gv. 187).
bavSvTa siRaribis gavrcelebas, yvelaze metad, umuSevroba, dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoebisa

da erTmSobliani ojaxebis zrda ganapirobebs.
ratom agrZeleben Raribebi siRaribeSi cxovrebas?

siRaribis doneebze, zogadad, garkveuli faqtorebi axdens gavlenas. siRaribis winaaRmdeg,
samTavrobo programebTan erTad, kargad ganviTarebuli da sistemurad administrirebuli
keTildReobis programebi moqmedebs. samTavrobo programebi umuSevrobis Semcirebaze
muSaobs. zogierT qveyanaSi, magaliTad, SvedeTSi, saarsebo zRvarze myofTa siRaribe
TiTqmis bolomde aRmoifxvra. am miznis ganxorcielebas socialuri sazRauri esaWiroeba,
romelic mxolod maRali gadasaxadebis dawesebiT ki ar miiRweva, aramed, zog SemTxvevaSi,
gavleniani biurokratiuli samTavrobo saagentoebis ganviTarebis gziT. Tumca, materialuri
uTanasworoba iseT qveyanaSi ufro igrZnoba, romelSic dovlaTi da Semosavali Riaa sabazro
meqanizmebisTvis - magaliTad, aseTi iyo 1980-iani wlebis didi britaneTi. misis tetCeris
saxelisuflebo politika individebisa da korporaciebisTvis gadasaxadebis Semcirebas
gulisxmobda; amas ekonomikuri zrda unda gamoewvia, riTac, Sesabamisad, Raribebic
isargeblebdnen. faqtebi am Tezisis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs. aseTi politikaM SeiZleba gaxdes
an ar gaxdes ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mizezi, magram misi Sedegebi kidev ufro gazrdis Rarib
da SeZlebul adamianebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebasa da saarsebo zRvarze myofTa ricxvs
(socialuri programebis moculobisa da gavlenis saerTaSoriso SedarebisTvis, ix. cxrili 10.2).
gamokiTxvidan gamomdinare, britanelTa umravlesobas miaCnia, rom siRaribis gamo

pasuxismgebloba Tavad Raribebs unda daekisroT da eWviT uyurebeben maT, vinc mTavrobis
xarjze cxovrobs. bevri adamianis azriT, mas, vinc keTildReobis programiT sargeblobs, SeuZlia,
magram ar surs muSaoba. es Sexedulebebi realobas ar Seesabameba. oficialuri monacemebiT,
siRaribeSi mcxovreb adamianTa meoTxedi muSaobs, magram maTi gamomuSaveba siRaribis
zRvars ar scdeba. danarCen umravlesobas 14 wels qvemoT asakis bavSvebi, samocdaxuTi wlis
an samocdaxuT wels zemoT asakis xandazmulebi da avadmyofi an unarSezRuduli adamianebi
Seadgenen. miuxedavad imisa, rom keTildReobis programebTan dakavSirebuli TaRliTobis
Sesaxeb mravali miTqma-moTqma ismis, amgvar SemTxvevaTa 1 procentic ar aris
dafiqsirebuli – TaRliTobas sagadasaxado sistemaSi ufro vawydebiT, sadac gadasaxadebis
damalvis an gadaxdisTvis Tavis aridebis mizeziT, Semosavlis 10 procentze meti ikargeba.
usaxlkaroni
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Raribebis umravlesoba sacxovreblad Seuferebel SenobaSi an mudmiv TavSesafarSi cxovrobs.

ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, didi qalaqebis quCebSi iseTi usaxlkaro adamianebi
gamoCdnen, romlebsac amgvari pirobebic ar gaaCniaT.
“zRvars miRma” – ase axasiaTebs marta berti amerikaSi arsebul usaxlkarobis problemas (Burt,
1993). bertma am problemis Seswavla 1980-ian wlebSi daiwyo da saswrafo daxmarebis fondisa
da TavSesafris programis Sefasebas ecada. es programebi, aRniSnul aTwleulSi, usaxlkaro da
mSieri adamianebis mozRvavebis gamo SemuSavda. bertma daadgina, rom zogierTma
adamianma quCebSi xetiali, sasurvel adgilas Ramis gaTeva da kerZo sakuTrebis gareSe
arseboba Tavad airCia. magram umravlesoba amgvar mdgomareobaSi sakuTari survilis
winaaRmdeg aRmoCnda; isini zRvars miRma, usaxlkarod, imitom darCnen, rom veRar SeZles
garkveul faqtorTa kontroli. mudmivi sacxovreblis gareSe yofnas sxva bevri danakargi axlavs.
britaneTSi usaxlkaroba “quCis mankier wres” ukavSirdeba (ix. naxati).
siRaribis msgavsad, martivi arc usaxlkarobis gansazRvraa. ori Taobis win, adamianTa
umravlesobis mier “saxlad” ojaxis saxli aRiqmeboda. usaxlkaroebs TavSesafrebSi mcxovreb an
dasaRupad ganwirul adamainebs uwodebdnen, radgan isini marto cxovrobdnen da sakuTari
ojaxis wevrebsa da naTesavebs iSviaTad xedavdnen.
ori-sami aTwleulis Semdeg, marto cxovrebas gacilebiT meti adamiani aniWebs upiratesobas.
usaxlkaroebs uwodeben adamianebs, romlebsac Ramis gasaTevi ara aqvT, amitom Tavs
afareben an quCis ufaso TavSesafars, an droebiT, sacxovreblad Seuferebel adgilebs, magaliTad,
saxlis sadarbazos, parks, rkinigzis sadgurs an mitovebul Senobas.
vin arian britaneTSi mcxovrebi usaxlkaroni? es Sereuli kategoriaa. daaxloebiT meoTxeds

fsiqiatriuli saavdmyofoebidan gamowerili adamianebi Seadgenen. 1960-ian wlebamde zogierTi
maTgani stacionarul mkurnalobaze imyofeboda, 1960-ian wlebSi ki, jandacvis politikis Secvlis
Sedegad, saavadmyofoebidan qronikuli fsiqikuri avadmyofebis gamoSveba daiwyes.
deinstitucionalizaciis procesi ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba. erT-erTi, mTavrobis mxridan
fulis dazogvis survili iyo, radgan pacientebis rogorc fsiqiatriul, ise sxva tipis saavadmyofoebSi
gaCereba, did xarjebs ukavSirdeba. meore, ufro pozitiuri motivi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom,
wamyvani fisqiatrebis azriT, xangrZlivi hospitalizacia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ufro sazianoa, vidre
sasargeblo. Tu pacientze zrunva saxlis pirobebSic aris SesaZlebeli, is saavadmyofodan unda
gaeweros. magram im adamianTa imedebi, romlebic deinstitucionalizacias pozitiur nabijad
miiCnevdnen, ar gamarTlda. zogierTi saavadmyofodan iseTi adamianebi gaewernen, romlebsac
arsad hqondaT wasasvleli da saavadmyofos gareT wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar ucxovriaT. pacientis
saxlis pirobebSi zrunvis uzrunvelsayofad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, saTanado konkretuli zomebi ar
iqna miRebuli.
Tumca usaxlkaroTa umravlesoba arc yofili fsiqikuri pacientebi arian da arc alkoholze an
narkotikebze damokidebuli adamianebi. isini quCaSi piradi, zogjer erTdroulad ramdenime,
tragediis Sedegad aRmoCdnen. magaliTad, ganqorwinebulma qalma, SesaZloa, erTdroulad
samuSaoc dakargos da saxlic. axalgazrdas, SesaZloa, saxlSi problema Seeqmnas da, yovelgvari
saxsrebis gareSe,Edid qalaqSi gaemgzavros. kvlevam daadastura, rom usaxlkaroebi ZiriTadad
dabali muSaTa klasis warmomavlobis adamianebi arian, romlebsac profesiuli unarebi ar
gaaCniaT da Zalian dabali Semosavali aqvT. ZiriTadi indikatori xangrZlivi umuSevrobaa.
klasi, uTanasworoba da ekonomikuri konkurencia
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ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, britaneTSi Raribebsa da SeZlebul adamianebs Soris

uTanasworoba kidev ufro gaizarda. aris Tu ara klasobrivi uTanasworobis zrda is safasuri,
romelsac aucileblobiT iwvevs saimedo ekonomikuri ganviTareba? am sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba tetCeris mmarTvelobis periodSi eniWeboda. maSin es movlena Semdegnairad
ganimarta: dovlaTis dagrovebis mcdeloba iwvevs ekonomikur ganviTarebas, radgan es
inovaciisa da winsvlis motivaciisTvis saWiro Zalaa. magram am mosazrebis sapirispiro bevri
faqti arsebobs. wignSi ,,kapitalizmi kapitalizmis sapirispirod” (1993) maikl alberti erTmaneTs
sistemurad adarebs warmoebisa da ekonomikuri organizaciis or models. pirveli, romelsac is
“amerikul models” uwodebs (magram is gaerTianebul samefosac Seesabameba),
mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli araregulirebul bazrebsa da keTildReobis saxelmwifo
sistemaTa dabal doneebze, da mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris uTanasworobis maRali xarisxiT
gamoirCeva. meore models is “reinis models” uwodebs, radgan is evropaSi mdinare reinis
maxloblad mdebare qveynebis – germaniis, Sveicariisa da holandiis – ekonomikur sistemas
efuZneba, Tumca, mas iaponiisa da sxva warmatebuli aziuri qveynebis ekonomikasTanac bevri
mniSvnelovani Tviseba aerTianebs.
reinis modelSi upiratesoba, individualur interesebze metad, koleqtiur interesebs eniWeba. es ar

aris agresiulad individualuri sazogadoebebi. stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis gadamwyvet garantad,
nebismieri saxis Temi, magaliTad, biznes sawarmo, qalaqi an SromiTi gaerTianeba, iTvleba.
reinis modelis qveynebSi gansakurebiT didi mniSvneloba egalitarul sazogadoebebs eniWeba;
aq, mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, britaneTsa da aSS-Tan SedarebiT, naklebi gansxvavebaa.
globaluri ekonomikuri konkurenciis procesSi, reinis modeli amerikul modelze ufro warmatebuli
aRmoCnda. alberti mis egalitarul bunebaze saubrobs. albertis Tvalsazriss, warmatebul aziur
qveynebSi, magaliTad, iaponiaSi, singapurSi, samxreT koreasa da taivanSi, ukanaskneli
ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli kvlevebic adasturebs. is qveynebi, sadac uTanasworoba
SedarebiT dabalia, ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda, vidre qveynebi, sadac Raribebsa da mdidrebs
Soris didi gansxvavebaa. Raribebi farTo sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevrebi arian, isini Tavs gariyulad
ar grZnoben, amis gamo maT Zalauflebis mopovebis meti survili da SesaZleblobebi aqvT.
Tumca, uTanasworobasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris kavSiri aqac diskusiis sagania.
daskvna
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba yvela socialuri sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mudmivi Tvisebaa,

gamonakliss mxolod monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi warmoadgens, radgan aq
didi dovlaTis warmoeba ar xdeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi arsebuli ekonomikuri
uTanasworoba klasobriv dajgufebaTa saxiT yalibdeba. klasi Cvens cxovrebaze Zalian did
gavlenas axdens. magram Cveni aqtivoba yovelTvis mxolod klasobrivi dajgufebiT ar
ganisazRvreba. bevri adamaini socialur mobilobas axorcielebs. zogi siRaribeSi cxovrobs da
uWirs am situaciidan Tavis daRweva. uTanasworobis sazomi, faqtobrivad, SedarebiTi
siRaribea; sxva dasavlur sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, britanuli sazogadoeba ufro aris
uTanasworobisadmi midrekili. zogierTebis azriT, uTanasworobis maRali done xels uSlis
ekonomikur ganviTarebas. siRaribesTan da uimedobasTan brZola, pirvel rigSi, am
mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisTvis aris sasikeTo, magram amgvarma politikam, SesaZloa,
globalur ekonomikaSi gaerTianebuli samefos konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebasac Seuwyos
xeli.
Sejameba
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1. sazogadoebis fenebad dayofas socialuri stratifikacia ewodeba. socialur stratifikaciaze

saubrisas, yuradRebas sazogadoebaSi dabal poziciebze myof indidvidebze
vamaxvilebT. yvela sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba stratifikacia genderisa da asakis niSniT.
tradiciul sazogadoebebsa da Tanamedrove industriul qveynebSi, stratifikacias qonebis,
kerZo sakuTrebis, materialuri da kulturuli produqtis xelmisawvdomoba gansazRvravs.
2. stratifikaciis sistemis oTx ZiriTad tips - monobas, kastas, wodebasa da klass –
gamovyofT. pirvel sam tips legaluri da religiurad sanqcirebuli uTanasworoba
gansazRvravs, klasobrivi dajgufeba oficialurad ar xdeba; klass adamianTa materialur
garemoebebze zemomqmedi ekonomikuri faqtorebi ayalibebs.
3. startifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da gavleniani Teoriebi marqss da vebers ekuTvnis.
marqsi Zalian did mniSvnelobas aniWebs klass da mas sazogadoebis ekonomikuri
struqturis obieqtur maxasiaTeblad miiCnevs. misi azriT, kapitalis mflobelebsa da
kapitalis armqone mSromelebs Soris fundamenturi gansxvavebaa. veberi msgavs
Tvalsazriss iziarebs, magram, amave dros, startifikaciis or damatebiT aspeqts – statussa
da partias - gamoyofs. statusi individebisa da jgufebisTvis “socialuri Rirsebis”
miniWebaa; partia, garkveuli miznis safuZvelze, jgufTa aqtiuri mobilizaciaa.
4. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ufro meti SeZlebuli adamiani cxovrobs, vidre ramdenime
Taobis winaT. miuxedavad amisa, dovlaTi da Semosavali mainc araTanabrad nawildeba.
mdidrebi sxvadasxva saSualebas mimarTaven, raTa maTi sakuTreba Taobidan Taobas
gadaeces. dovlaTi individebis mflobelobaSi myof yvela saxis aqtivebs – naRd fuls,
danazogs, mimdinare angariSs, aqciebSi investirebul Tanxebs, fasian qaRaldebs, uZrav
qonebas da sxva saxis investiciebs moicavs. Semosavali anazRaurebadi saqmianobis
Sedegad miRebuli xelfasi da investiciebidan Semosuli fulia.
5. ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, romelic maRal klass sxva klasobrivi jgufebisgan mijnavs, didi
raodenobis dovlaTis flobaa; es faqtori gansakurebiT maSin aris mniSvnelovani, rodesac
dovlaTi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. saSualo klasi TeTrsayeloianTa saqmianobiT
dakavebuli adamianebisgan Sedgeba, magram aq Zvel saSualo klass (magaliTad, mcire
biznesis mflobelebs), maRal saSualo klass (profesionalebsa da menejerebs) da dabal
saSualo klass (ofisis personals, maswavleblebs, eqTnebs, a.S.) gamoyofen. muSaTa klasi
cisfersayeloianebs an fizikuri saqmianobiT dakavebul adamianebs aerTianebs. qveklasi
qronikulad Raribi da iseTi adamianebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mudmivad ar arian
dasaqmebulni. qveklasi, ZiriTadad, eTnikur umciresobebs aerTianebs.
6. cvlileba TiToul klasobriv jgufze moqmedebs. dasaqmebis struqturaSi arsebul cvlilebaTa
Sedegad, sxva klasebTan SedarebiT, muSaTa klasi ufro mcirdeba. ZiriTadi sakamaTo
Temaa, Tu ramdenad viTardeba qveklasi.
7. startifikacias, tradiciulad, mamakacis Tvalsawieridan aanalizeben. es, nawilobriv, im
mosazrebiT aris gamowveuli, rom genderuli uTanasworoba klasobriv gansxvavebas
asaxavs; es mosazreba mraval kiTxvas badebs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi genderi
stratifikaciaze, klasisgan damoukideblad, axdens gavlenas.
8. klasobrivi pozicia, Tundac nawilobriv, individis mier miiRweva. is adamians
dabadebidan ar mosdevs. klasobriv struqturaSi xSiria rogorc aRmavali, ise daRmavali
mobiloba.
9. socialur mobilobaSi ori saxis mobilobas – TaobisSida da TaobaTaSoris mobilobas
gamoyofen. pirveli, muSaobis procesSi, socialur skalaze individis aRmaval an daRmaval
moZraobas gulisxmobs. meore Taobebs Soris moZraobaa, rodesac cisfersayeloianTa
warmomavlobis qaliSvili an vaJiSvili SeiZleba profesionali gaxdes. socialuri mobilobis
masStabi, ZiriTadad, SezRudulia. adamianTa umravlesoba warmomavlobis donesTan
inarCubs siaxloves, Tumca, ukanasknel aTwleulebSi TeTsayeloiani samuSaoebis
matebam mcire masStabis aRmavali mobilobis SesaZleblobaTa zrda gamoiwvia.
10. siRaribe warmatebul qveynebSi kvlav farTod aris gavrcelebuli. siRaribis Sefasebis ori
meTodi arsebobs: erTi, arsebobis zRvarze myofTa siRaribea, rac janmrTelobis
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219
SenarCunebisa da sxeulis efeqturi funqcionirebisTvis saWiro ZiriTadi resursebis

naklebobas gulisxmobs. meore, SedarebiTi siRaribe _ zogierTi jgufisa da mosaxleobis
umravlesobis sacxovrebel pirobebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas asaxavs.
11. ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, savaraudod, qveynis globalur ekonomikaSi arsebuli
konkurenciis Sesabamisia. zogierTebis azriT, msoflio ekonomikis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze
warmatebul industriul qveynebSi uTanasworoba SedarebiT dabalia.
Richard Breen and David Rottman, Class Stratification (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf,
1995). socialuri klasebis ganaxlebuli mimoxilva.
T. Butler and M. Savage, Social Change and the Middle Classes (London: UCL Press, 1995).
saSualo klasebis ganviTarebis uaxlesi tendenciebis analizi.
Rosemary Crompton, Class and Stratification (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993). meore msoflio
omis Semdgom ganviTarebuli klasisa da stratifikaciis Seswavlisadmi Teoriul da meTodologiur
midgomaTa srulyofili mimoxilva.
Robert Erikson and John Goldthorpe, The Connstant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in
Industrial Societies (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993). meoce saukunis evropaSi socialuri
mobilobis istoriuli analizi.
Frank Field, Losing Out: The Emergence of Britain’s Underclass (Oxford, Blackwell, 1989).
britaneTSi mimdinare diskusia dabali klasis sakiTxis Sesaxeb. avtori: cnobili parlamentis wevri
leiboristuli partiidan.
David Lockwood, The Black Coated Worker: A study in Class Consciousness (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1989). klasis klasikuri Seswavlis axleburi mimoxilva, TandarTul
komentarebTan erTad.
Peter Saunders, Social Class and Startification (London, Routledge, 1990). mokle da martivad
gasagebi teqsti klasisa da stratifikaciis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb.
John Werstergaard, Who Gets What? (Cambridge, Polity Press, 1995). Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebis Seswavlis mizniT, kvlav klasis kvlevis mniSvnelobis damasabuTebeli
argumentebi.
monoba
kasta
wodeba
maRali klasi
saSualo klasi
muSaTa klasi
glexoba
warmoebis saSualebebi
kapitalistebi
damatebiTi Rirebuleba
219
220
gardamavali klasebi
prestiJi
paria jgufebi
dapirispirebuli klasobrivi poziciebi
socialuri Caketiloba
simdidre
Semosavali
qveklasi
vertikaluri mobiloba
lateraluri mobiloba
TaobisSida mobiloba
TaobaTaSorisi mobiloba
daRmavali mobiloba
absoluturi siRaribe
SedarebiTi siRaribe
keTildReobaze damokidebuleba
Tavi 11
Tanamedrove organizaciebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
organizaciebi da Tanamedrove cxovreba
organizaciis Teoriebi
biurokratiis veberiseuli xedva. biurakratiebSi arsebuli formaluri da araformaluri urTierTobebi.

organizaciebis fizikuri garemo. miSel fukos Teoria organizaciebis Sesaxeb: droisa da sivrcis
kontroli. biurokratia da demokratia
biurokratiis miRma?
iaponuri modeli
msxvili korporaciis gavlena
transacionaluri korporaciis tipebi. axali tendenciebi: Semcireba da decentralizeba
teqnologiisa da Tanamedrove organizaciebis wyobis Secvla
daskvna
Sejameba
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221
ZiriTadi cnebebi
organizacia. biutrokratia. formaluri urTierTobebi. araformaluri urTierTobebi. socialuri jgufebi
iyo dro, roca yvela sakuTar saxlSi ibadeboda. qalebi, Cveulebriv, sacxovrebel adgilas
mSobiarobdnen, amitom adamianebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen maTi dabadebis uSualo
adgils, adgilobriv Tems, sofels, ama Tu im saxls, an ama Tu im oTaxs. Cveulebriv, qali sakuTar
saxlSi mTavar an saerTo oTaxSi mSobiarobda. mSobiarobis pirveli niSnebis Semdeg, mis
dasaxmareblad adgilobrivi qalebi ikribebodnen. mSobiares, Cveulebriv, Rumelis win
aTavsebdnen, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gareT civi amindi iyo. saxlSi Cala
SemohqondaT, romelsac iatakze afendnen, TiTqmis igive wesiT, rogorc amas boselSi, xbos
dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, akeTebdnen.
mSobiare mandilosans araferi hqonda Temis mier SeTavazebuli resursis garda. saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, sofelSi mcxovreb qals azrad ar mouvidoda daxmarebisTvis Temis farglebs gareT
miemarTa. meTvramete saukuneSi da mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi saeklesio pirebisa da
administratorebis mier warmoebul axalSobili bavSvebis aRmnusxvel CanawerebSi mudmivad
vkiTxulobT, ,,Tu rogor exmarebodnen qalebi erTmaneTs” da ,,rogor xdeboda
urTierTdaxmareba.” am procesSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani figura bebia qali iyo, romelsac
mSobiare qalis daxmarebis saqmeSi garkveuli gamocdileba hqonda. Tavidan bebia qals “karg
dedas” eZaxdnen: es iyo pirovneba, romelsac fexmZimobis mniSvnelovan periodSi da
mSobiarobis procesSi axalgazrda qalis tkivilis gayuCeba da misi problemebis mogvareba
SeeZlo. 1920 wels safrangeTSi Sedgenili dokumenti bebia qalis savaldebulo Tvisebebs asaxavs.
is “Zlieri, gabeduli, sxarti da moqnili unda yofiliyo, ar unda hqonoda fizikuri nakli, magram
unda hqonoda grZeli, kargad ganviTarebuli xelebi.” aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo sulieri
mxarec. is unda yofiliyo “Rirseuli, mokrZalebuli, windaxeduli, gamorCeuli kargi qceviTa da
CvevebiT” (Gelis, 1991).
1950-ian wlebamde britaneTSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesoba sakuTar saxlSi iyo

dabadebuli, am periodSi Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo bebia qalis funqciac. dRes qalebi, ZiriTadad,
saavadmyofoebSi mSobiaroben, ramac sxva mniSvnelovani transformaciebi gamoiwvia.
adamianebi emociurad naklebad arian dabadebis adgilTan dakavSirebulni. es arc aris gasakviri.
adamiani amJamad did saavadmyofoSi ibadeba, romelTanac mas pirovnulad saerTo araferi
aqvs. bebia qals, romelic qalebs saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi amSobiarebda, axla saerTod veRar
SexvdebiT, an man SeiZleba qals zogjer fexmZimobis adreul fazaSi gauwios daxmareba. Tavad
mSobiarobis process monitoringsa da kontrols saavadmyofoSi momuSave profesionalebi –
eqimebi, eqTnebi da sxva samedicino personali _ uweven.
organizaciebi da Tanamedrove cxovreba
Tanamedrove saavadmyofo organizaciis kargi magaliTia. organizacia aris adamianTa didi

jgufi, romelTa wevrebs pirovnulad erTmaneTTan araferi akavSirebT da specifikuri miznebis
miRweva aqvT dasaxuli; saavadmyofos SemTxvevaSi es miznebi avadmyofTa gankurneba da
samedicino daxmarebis sxva formebiT uzrunvelyofaa.
amJamad organizaciebi Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, warsulTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. garda imisa, rom samyaros maTi daxmarebiT vevlinebiT, isini
Cven mier miRweul progressa da gardacvalebasac afiqsireben. jer kidev Cvens dabadebamde,
Cveni dedebi da mamebi klasebSi erTiandebian, saavdmyofoebisa da sxva samedicino
organizaciebis mier warmoebul, fexmZimobasTan dakavSirebul registracias gadian da a.S.
dRevandel dRes dabadebuli TiToeuli bavSvi samTavrobo organizaciebis mier registrirdeba. es
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organizaciebi Cvens Sesaxeb dabadebidan gardacvalebamde informacias agroveben.

dResdReobiT, adamianTa umravlesoba, warsulisgan gansxvavebiT, saxlebSi ki ara,
saavadmyofoebSi kvdeba. gardacvalebis yoveli SemTxveva xelisuflebis mier formalurad unda
daregistrirdes.
telefoniT sargeblobisas, wylis, televizoris, an manqanis moxmarebisas, mudmiv kontaqtSi

imyofebiT organiziciebTan da, garkveuli xarisxiT, maTze xarT damokidebuli. es imas niSnavs,
rom organizaciebi erTmaneTTan da TqvenTanac mudmiv interaqciaSi arian. magaliTad,
rodesac onkans uSvebT, wylis moxmarebas wylis kompania uzrunvelyofs. magram wylis
kompania, Tavis mxriv, sxva organizaciebzea damokidebuli, magaliTad, maTze, vinc
rezervuarebis mSenebloblobasa da momsaxurebas axorcielebs; es organizaciebic aseve sxva
organziciebzea damokidebuli... da es TiTqmis dausrulebeli procesia. onkans sakuTar saxlSi
uSvebT, magram wyali, umravles SemTxvevaSi, Soridan moedineba. wylis kompaniam - an,
ufro xSirad, wylis kompaniaTa mTelma jgufma - Tqvens garda, erTdroulad, aTasobiT da
milionobiT adamiani unda moamaragos. wylis kompaniis mier ganxorcielebuli samuSao
gacilebiT ufro mravlismomcvelia, radgan wyliT regularuli momarageba Cveni organizaciebze
damokidebulebis mxolod erT-erT magaliTs warmoadgens.
unda gvaxsovdes, rom, istoriulad, organizaciis ganviTarebamde adamianebi moklebulni iyvnen

cxovrebis iseT aspeqtebs, romlebic dRes Cveulebriv movlenad miiCneva. magaliTad,
mecxramete saukunis britaneTSi cota saxli Tu iyo aRWurvili wyalgayvanilobiT; wyali,
romelsac adamianebi moixmardnen, dabinZurebuli iyo da bevr daavadebasa da epidemias
avrcelebda. dResac ki, naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis did teritoriebze (magaliTad, aziasa da
afrikaSi) wyalgayvaniloba ar arsebobs; adamianebi yoveldRiurad baqteriebis Semcveli,
daavadebaTa gamavrcelebeli wyaros an Wis wyliT sargebloben. Tanamedrove qveynebSi wylis
Semadgenloba mkacrad mowmdeba, rac ufro meti organizaciisa da janmrTelobis standartebis
samsaxurebis ganviTarebas moiTxovs.
is udidesi gavlena, romelsac organizaciebi axdenen Cvens cxovrebaze, yovelTvis dadebiTad

ver Sefasdeba. organizaciebis wyalobiT, xSirad, bevri ram xelidan gvecleba, rasac Semdeg
oficialuri pirebi da eqspertebi akontroleben, am adamianebze ki Cven Zalian mcire gavlena
gvaqvs. magaliTad, mTavrobis mxridan bevri ram – gadasaxadebis gadaxda, kanonTa
aRsruleba, saomrad wasvla an sasjelisadmi daqvemdebareba – gvevaleba. aqedan gamomdinare,
organizaciebi socialuri Zalauflebis wyaroa da individi valdebulia, maT diqtats daeqvemdebaros.
am TavSi Tanamedrove organizaciaTa aRzevebasa da Cvens cxovrebaSi organizaciebis

ganviTarebis Sedegebs ganvixilavT. pirvel rigSi, im ori mecnieris ideebs gavaanalizebT,
romlebmac gansakuTrebiT Zlieri gavlena moaxdines sociologebis Sexedulebebze
organizaciebTan dakavSirebiT. es maqs veberi da miSel fukoa. Semdeg ganvixilavT, Tu ra gziT
funqcionirebs organizaciebi – biznes korporaciebi, saavadmyofoebi, skolebi, samTavrobo
ofisebi, kolejebi da cixeebi – da SeviswavliT, Tu riT gansxvavdeba es tipebi erTmaneTisgan.
gansakurebul yuradRebas msxvil biznes korporaciebs davuTmobT, romlebic sul ufro xSirad
gvxvdeba msoflio doneze. bolo qveTavebSi imaze vimsjelebT, ramdenad eqvemdebareba
Tanamedrove qveynebSi moqmedi biznes korporaciebi da sxva organizaciebi cvlilebis
mniSnelovan procesebs.
organizaciis Teoriebi
maqs veberma Tanamedrove organizaciaTa aRzevebis pirveli sistemuri interpretacia moaxdina.

man organizaciebs adamianTa aqtivobebis Tu maT mier warmoebuli produqciis drosa da
sivrceSi stabiluri koordinaciis gza uwoda. veberis azriT, organizaciaTa ganviTareba informaciis
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kontrolzea damokidebuli. man am procesSi weris mniSvnelobas gausva xazi; organizaciis

funqcionirebisTvis acilebelia dawerili kanonebisa da iseTi saqaRaldeebis arseboba, romelSic
“damaxsovrebuli informacia” Seinaxeba. veberis azriT, organizaciebi Zlieri ierarqiulobiT
gamoirCeva, sadac Zalaufleba umaRles safexurzea koncentrirebuli. am TavSi veberis
Tvalsazrisis sisworeze vimsjelebT. amas TiToeuli CvenTaganisTvis Zalian didi mniSvneloba
aqvs, radgan veberma Tanamedrove organizaciebsa da demokratias Soris kavSiris garda, maT
Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobac asaxa, rac, misi azriT, socialur cxovrebazec axdens gavlenas.
biurokratiis veberiseuli xedva
veberis TvalsazrisiT, msxvili organizaciebi biurokratiuli xasiaTisaa. termini “biuriokratia” 1745

wels monsior de gurnem daamkvidra. man sityva “biuros”, rac sawer magidasa da ofiss niSnavs,
berZnuli zmnis “marTvis” mniSvneloba daurTo. aqedan gamomdinare, biurokratia
Tanamdebobis pirTa mier marTvas niSnavs. termini biurokratia Tavidan mxolod saxelisuflebo
Tanamdebobis pirebTan mimarTebaSi ixmareboda, magram Semdeg misi mniSvneloba
gafarTovda da is, zogadad, msxvil organizaciebs Seexo.
am cnebas Tavidanve uaryofiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. de gurne Tanamdebobis pirTa gavlenis

zrdas “biuromaniis daavadebas” uwodebs. frangi mwerali onore de balzaki biurokratias “
pigmeebis gigantur Zalauflebad” moixseniebs. amgvari Sexeduleba dResac aris SemorCenili.
biurokratias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, qaRaldebTan dakavSirebul usargeblo drois xarjvas
ukavSireben. Tumca, zogierTi mwerali biurokratias gansxvavebuli – yuradRebiani midgomis,
sizustisa da efeqturi administraciis - kuTxiT ganixilavs. maTi azriT, biurokratia adamianTa mier
SemuSavebul yvelaze efeqtur organizaciul formas warmoadgens, radgan yovelgvar qmedebas
mkacri proceduruli wesebi aregulirebs. veberis Tvalsazrisi biurokratiis Sesaxeb am or ukidures
Sexedulebas Soris meryeobs.
veberi acxadebs, rom tradiciul civilizaciebSi SezRuduli raodenobiT arsebobda biurokratuli

organizaciebi. magaliTad, imperialistur CineTSi samTavrobo saqmeebTan dakavSirebuli mTeli
pasuxismgebloba oficialur biurokratul samsaxurs hqonda dakisrebuli. magram biurokratia srulad
mxolod Tanamedrove periodSi ganviTarda.
veberis azriT, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi gardauvalia biurokratiis gavrceleba; masStaburi

socialuri sistemebis administraciul moTxovnebTan gamklaveba mxolod biurokratul xelisuflebas
SeuZlia. amis miuxedavad, veberi biurokratiis mniSvnelovan warumateblobebsac aRiarebs, rac,
rogorc amaSi Tavad davrwmundebiT, mniSvnelovnad aisaxeba Tanamedrove socialur
cxovrebaSi.
biurokratuli organizaciebis gafarToebis mizezebisa da bunebis Seswavlis mizniT, veberma

biurokratiis idealuri tipi SeimuSava. (“idealuri”, am SemTxvevaSi, ara yvelaze sasurvels,
aramed biurokratuli organizaciis wminda formas niSnavs. idealuri tipi realur SemTxvevaTa
garkveul Tvisebebis aqcentirebiT miRebuli abstraqtuli aRweraa, romelic miznad isaxavs maTi
ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis gamovlenas.) veberi biurokratiis idealuri tipis ramdenime
maxasiaTebels gvTavazobs (1978):
 biurokratias gamokveTili saxelisuflebo ierarqia axasiaTebs. organizaciuli amocanebi

“oficialuri movaleobebis” mixedviT aris ganawilebuli. biurokratia piramidas
mogvagonebs, yvelaze maRali saxelisuflebo poziciebi ki mis wverzea moqceuli.
brZanebebi, jaWvis msgavsad, zeda safexuridan qveda safexuramde vrceldeba, rac
koordinirebul gadawyvetilebaTa miRebas uwyobs xels. yoveli zemdgomi ganyofileba
zedamxedvelobas uwevs da akontrolebs ierarqiulad masze qvemdgom rgols.
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 yvela organizaciul doneze Tanamdebobis pirTa qceva dawerili wesebiT imarTeba. es

imas ar niSnavs, rom biurokratuli movaleobebi mxolod dadgenil ganrigs eqvemdebareba.
gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebisTvis Sesaferisi wesebis misadageba da interpretaciaSi
moqnilobis aucilebloba maRali Tanamdebobis pirebs ufro moeTxoveba.
 Tanamdebobis pirebi sruli datvirTviT muSaoben da regularul xelfass iReben. ierarqiaSi
arsebuli yoveli samuSao garkveuli fiqsirebuli xelfasiT anazRaurdeba. organizaciaSi
individebisgan karieris ganviTarebas elian. dawinaureba SromisunarianobiT, asakobrivi
upiratesobiT an orive faqtoriT erToblivad miiRweva.
 Tanamdebobis pirTa organizaciis Sida movaleobebi maTi yoveldRiuri cxovrebisgan
gansxvavdeba. Tanamdebobis pirTa piradi cxovreba samuSao adgilze maT mier
ganxorcielebul aqtivobas fizikurad emijneba.
 organizaciis wevrebi ar floben organizaciis im materialur resursebs, romlebsac
muSaobis dros iyeneben. veberis azriT, biurokratiis ganviTareba SeuZlebels xdis
muSakebis mier warmoebis saSualebaTa kontrols. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi fermerebi da
xelosnebi, Cveulebriv, warmoebis process akontrolebdnen da flobdnen maT mier
gamoyenebul iaraRebs. biurokratiis SemTxvevaSi, Tanamdebobis pirebi arc im ofisebs
floben, romlebSic muSaoben, maT arc saofise aparatura ekuTvniT da arc is saweri
magidebi, romlebsac muSaobis dros usxedan.
vebers miaCnda, rom, rac ufro metad uaxlovdeba organizacia biurokratiis idealur tips, miT ufro
efeqturad aRwevs dasaxul miznebs. is biurokratias, xSirad, rTuli konstruqciis manqanas
adarebda.
biurokratiaSi arsebuli formaluri da araformaluri urTierTobebi
biurokratiis veberiseuli analizi mniSvnelovan adgils aniWebs organizaciebSi arsebul formalur

urTierTobebs. es adamianTa Soris organizaciis wesebiT dadgenili urTierTobebia. veberma
organizaciebSi SesaZlebel araformalur da mcire jgufisTvis damaxasiaTebel urTierTobebs
naklebi yuradReba dauTmo. Tumca, moqniloba zogjer mxolod biurokratiebSi arsebuli
araformaluri qmedebiT miiRweva.
Tavis klasikur naSromSi piter blaum saxelmwifo saagentos araformaluri urTierTobebi

Seiswavla, rac saSemosavlo dabegvrasTan dakavSirebuli proceduris SesaZlo darRvevis kvlevas
isaxavda miznad (Blau, 1963). agentebs, romlebsac uWirdaT Seqmnil problemebTan
gamklaveba, dadgenili wesis Tanaxmad, uSualo zedamxedvelisTvis unda miemarTaT; es
procedura ar iTvaliswinebda konsultacias igive rangis kolegebTan. Tumca, realurad,
Tanamdebobis pirTa umravlesoba zedamxedvelebs iSviaTad uTanxmdeboda, radgan miaCndaT,
rom es maTi kompetenciis naklebobaze mianiSnebda da maTi dawinaurebis Sansebs amcirebda.
amitom erTi donis Tanamdebobebis kolegebi erTmaneTTan konsultacias aniWebdnen
upiratesobas da ar emorCilebodnen oficialurad dadgenil wesebs. am faqtma, konkretuli rCeviT
uzrunvelyofis garda, simartoveSi muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli SfoTis ganelebac gamoiwvia.
socialuri jgufis pirvel doneze, erTi donis Tanamdebobis pirTa Soris erTgulebaze dafuZnebuli
urTierTobebi ganviTarda. blau askvnis, rom muSakebma problemebs, savaraudod, Tavi
gacilebiT ufro efeqturad gaarTves. jgufma araformaluri procedurebi ganaxorciela, riTac
organizaciis mier uzrunvelyofil formalur wesebTan SedarebiT meti iniciativa da
pasuxismgebloba gamoavlina.
araformaluri qselebi SeiZleba organizaciis yvela doneze ganviTardes. umaRles safexurze

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, formalur situaciebze ufro mniSvnelovani zogjer piradi kavSirebi da
urTierTobebia. magaliTad, biznes korporaciebis politikas, savaraudod, direqtorTa sabWosa da
aqcionerTa Sekrebebi gansazRvravs. realurad ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi, korporacias sabWos
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ramdenime wevri marTavs, isini gadawyvetilebas araformalurad iReben, romelic Semdgom

sabWom unda daadasturos. am saxis araformaluri qselebi sxvadasxva korporaciebs moicavs.
sxvadasxva firmis saqmosani liderebi xSirad erTi da igive klubebisa da dasvenebis asociaciaTa
wevrebi arian, amitom maT Soris konsultaciebi araformalur viTarebaSi mimdinareobs.
imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad uwyobs, an piriqiT, uSlis xels araformaluri procedurebi

organizaciis efeqtur muSaobas, martivi sakiTxi ar aris. veberis idealuri tipis msgavsi sistemebi
xels uwyobs araoficialur qmedebaTa momravlebas. amis mizezi, nawilobriv, is aris, rom am
sistemebs moqniloba aklia da es danaklisi oficialuri wesebidan gadaxveviT Seivseba.
erTferovani samuSaos araformaluri procedurebiT Sesruleba zogjer ufro damakmayofilebel
samuSao garemos qmnis. maRali Tanamdebobis pirTa araformaluri kavSirebi SeiZleba mTeli
organizaciisTvis efeqturi aRmoCndes. magram, meores mxriv, am Tanamdebobis pirebma
SeiZleba mTeli organizaciis interesebs sakuTari interesebi amjobinon.
organizaciuli ierarqia/piramida
adgilobrivi xelisufleba kerZo organizaciuli seqtori
mrCevlebi aqcionerebi
umaRlesi
saxaven miznebs da mTavari menejmenti direqtorebi da saxaven
akontroleben aRmasrulebeli da menejeri direqtori miznebs da
xelisuflebis menejerTa jgufi marTaven
menejments bizness
ganageben ufrosi oficrebi marketingis, marTaven
sapecialistTa warmoebis da a.S specialistTa
ganyofilebebs ufrosi funqciebs
aRmsruleblebi
ganageben seqciis ufrosi saSualo seqciis ufrosi da spqcialistTa
ganyofilebebSi menejmenti TanaSemweebi funqciebidan
arsebul seqciebs da gamomdinare
zedamxedvel marTaven
ebi sakuTar
seqciebs
akontroleben mcire zedamxedvelebi, zedamxedvelebi, ganaTavseben
samuSao jgufebs xelmZRvanelebi xelmZRvanelebi da
akontroleben
samuSao
jgufebs
asruleben samuSaos klerkebi, muSakebi klerkebi, asruleben
miTiTebis mixedviT mbeWdavebi, mbeWdavebi, samuSaos
policielebi, gzis muSebi, miTiTebis
TanaSromlebi xelosnebi, mixedviT
a.S. SemkeTeblebi,
a.S,
A
organizaciebis fizikuri garemo
Tanamedrove organizaciebis umravlesoba specialurad Seqmnil fizikur garemoSi funqcionirebs.

Senoba, romelSic garkveuli organizaciaa ganTavsebuli, saorganizacio aqtivobis Sesabamis
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specifikur Tvisebebs flobs, magram sxva organizaciebis Senobebis mniSvnelovan arqiteqturul

maxasiaTeblebsac iziarebs. magaliTad, saavadmyofos arqiteqtura, garkveuli TvisebebiT,
saqmiani firmis an skolis arqiteqturisgan gansxvavdeba. saavadmyofos calkeuli palatebi,
sakonsultacio da saoperacio oTaxebi da ofisebi esaWiroeba, rac am Senobis gansxvavebul
struqturas moiTxovs, skola ki saklaso oTaxebisgan, laboratoriebisa da sportuli darbazisgan
Sedgeba. Tumca, am organizaciebs Soris mainc arsebobs garkveuli msgavseba: orive Senobas
aqvs derefnebi gasasvleli kariT, dizainze muSaobisas standartuli dekoracia da aveji
gamoiyeneba. Tu ar CavTvliT personalis gansxvavebul Cacmulobas, Senobebi, romlebSic
Tanamedrove organizaciebiaA ganTavsebuli, Zlier hgavs erTmaneTs. maTi eqsterieri da
interieri erTnairad gamoiyureba. aravis gaukvirdeba, Tu vinme SenobasTan Caivlis da ikiTxavs:
“es skolaa?” sapasuxod ki gaigonebs: “ara, es saavadmyofoa.” Sida mniSvnelovan
modifikaciaTa saWiroebis miuxedavad, skola SeiZleba iseT SenobaSi ganTavsdes, romelic erT
dros saavadmyofos ekava.
miSel fukos Teoria organizaciebis Sesaxeb: droisa da sivrcis kontroli
miSel fukom daasabuTa, rom organizaciis arqiteqtura uSualo kavSirSia mis socialur struqturasa
da saxelisuflebo sistemasTan (Foucault, 1970, 1979). organizaciaTa fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
Seswavla axali kuTxiT warmoaCens veberis mier gaanalizebul problemebs. ofisebi, romelTa
Sesaxeb veberma abstraqtulad imsjela, organizaciebSi arsebuli arqiteqturuli garemo –
derefnebiT gamoyofili oTaxebia. Senobebi, romlebSic didi firmebia ganTavsebuli, zogjer,
fizikuradac ierarqiis mixedviT aris agebuli; saxelisuflebo ierarqiis Tanaxmad, maRali
Tanamdebobis piris ofisi, qveda safexurTan SedarebiT, ufro maRla aris ganTavsebuli; frazas
“maRali sarTuli” organizaciaSi zogjer yvelaze gavlenian pirebTan aigiveben. organizaciis
geografia mis funqcionirebaze sxva saxiTac zemoqmedebs. amas gansakuTrebiT im
SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili, Tu sistema Zlier aris damokidebuli araformalur urTierTobebze.
fizikuri siaxlove pirveladi jgufebis formirebas uwyobs xels, fizikuri distancia ki jgufebs mijnavs
da ganyofilebebs Soris ,,Cven”/,,isini” ganwyobis formirebas uwyobs xels.
zedamxedveloba organizaciebSi
organizaciis SenobaSi oTaxebis, derefnebisa da Ria sivrcis ganlageba imis gagebaSi

gvexmareba, Tu rogor moqmedebs misi saxelisuflebo sistema. zogierT organizaciaSi adamianTa
jgufi Ria sivrceSi koleqtiurad muSaobs. zogierTi saxis industriuli samuSaos, magaliTad,
konveieruli warmoebis, erTferovani buneba, samuSao tempis SenarCunebis mizniT, regularul
zedamxedvelobas moiTxovs. es mbeWdavTa rutinul samuSaosac exeba, romlebsac erT did
oTaxSi aTavseben, raTa zemdgomma pirebma maTi aqtivobis gakontroleba SeZlon. fuko imaze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens da ramdenad gamoxatavs
saxelisuflebo maxasiaTeblebs Tanamedrove organizaciebis arqiteqturul garemoSi
TvalsaCinoebis siWarbe an nakleboba. TvalsaCinoebis wyalobiT, Tanamedrove organizaciebSi
TanamSromelTa aqtivoba kontrols (rasac fuko zedamxedvelobas uwodebs) advilad
eqvemdebareba. Tanamedrove organizaciebSi yvela, SedarebiT maRali Tanamdebobis pirebic
ki, zedamxedvelobis qveSaa; magram, rac ufro dabal poziciazea pirovneba, misi qceva miT ufro
safuZvlian kontrols eqvemdebareba.
zedamxedveloba ori formiT xorcieldeba. pirveli zemdgomi pirebis mier uSualod qvemdgom
pirebze ganxorcielebuli zedamxedvelobaa. aviRoT saklaso oTaxis magaliTi. moswavleebi
magidebs an merxebs usxedan, romlebic, Cveulebriv, mwkrivebad aris ganlagebuli, raTa
TiToeuli moswavle maswavleblis xedvis areSi moeqces. bavSvebs an maswavleblis yuradRebiT
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mosmena, an damoukideblad muSaoba evalebaT. ramdenad xorcieldeba es praqtikulad,

maswavleblis unarsa da bavSvebis sapasuxo qmedebazea damokidebuli.
zedamxedvelobis meore, SedarebiT susti, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovani forma arsebobs.

aseT dros adamianTa cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli faqtebi saqaRaldeebSi ikribeba, xorcieldeba
Canawerebi da mimdinareobs maTi istoriis aRwera. veberma dainaxa, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovania Tanamedrove organizaciebSi Canawerebis (dRes, xSirad, kompiuteruli
Canawerebis) warmoeba, magram mas srulad ar hqonda Seswavlili, Tu rogor SeiZleba maTi
qcevis regulirebis mizniT gamoyeneba. dasaqmebulTa Sesaxeb Canawerebis warmoeba,
Cveulebriv, maT srul samuSao biografias uzrunvelgvyofs. maTi saSualebiT personaluri
detalebis registracia da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, pirovnebis Sefaseba xdeba. es Canawerebi
dasaqmebulTa qcevis monitoringisTvis da, dawinaurebis SemTxvevaSi, maTi
rekomendaciisTvis gamoiyeneba. bevr saqmian firmaSi, organizaciis nebismier doneze
dasaqmebul individebs, qveda doneebze dasaqmebul TanamSromelTa muSaobis Sesafaseblad,
wliuri angariSis momzadeba evalebaT. individTa qcevis monitoringis mizniT, Canawerebs
skolebsa da kolejebSic awarmoeben.
organizacias efeqturad funqcionireba ar SeuZlia, Tu misi TanamSromlebi usistemod muSaoben.

veberi aRniSnavs, rom saqmian firmebSi adamianebs samuSaod regularuli dro aqvT gamoyofili.
mudmivad unda moxdes aqtivobaTa drosa da sivrceSi koordinireba, rasac fizikuri garemos
xelSewyoba da zusti, detaluri ganrigi sWirdeba. ganrigi aqtivobebs drosa da sivrceSi
aregulirebs. fukos sityvebiT, ganrigi ”individebs organizaciaSi efeqturad anawilebs,” is
organizaciuli disciplinis mdgomareobas asaxavs, radgan mraval adamianTa aqtivobas uyris
Tavs. magaliTad, universiteti sakuTar saleqcio ganrigs mkacrad rom ar akontrolebdes, iq male
umarTavi qaosi daisadgurebda. ganrigi droisa da sivrcis - rac SeiZleba meti adamianisa da
aqtivobis - intensiuri gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva.
zedamxedvelobis qveS: cixe
fukom didi yuradReba dauTmo organizaciebs, romlebSic individebi, cixis msgavsad, gare
samyaros xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi arian mowyvetilni. amgvar organizaciebSi
adamianTa inkarceracia xdeba – isini daSorebulni arian gare socialur garemos. zedamxedvelobis
detaluri buneba yvelaze kargad cixesTan Sedarebis Sedegad Cans, radgan adamianTa qcevis
kontroli maqsimalurad am dawesebulebaSi xdeba. fuko svams kiTxvas: “gasakviria Tu ara, rom
qarxnebi, skolebi, yazarmebi, saavadmyofoebi cixes gvagonebs, cixeebi ki, piriqiT, zemoT
CamoTvlil dawesebulebebs?” (1979).
fukos Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, Tanamedrove cixe panoptikonidan warmoiSva. es organizacia

mecxramete saukuneSi filosofosisa da socialuri moazrovnis jeremi bentemis mier daigegma.
bentemma “panoptikoni” mis mier Seqmnil idealur cixes uwoda da britanul xelisuflebas
ramdenjerme am proeqtis Sesyidva SesTavaza. es wamowyeba srulad ver dafuZnda, magram
misi ZiriTadi principebi mecxramete saukuneSi britaneTis, evropisa da aSS-s cixeebSi dainerga.
panoptikoni mrgvali formis unda yofiliyo, gare kedelTan ganlagebuli saknebiT. centrSi
sainspeqcio koSki iyo aRmarTuli. yovel sakans ori fanjara hqonda, erTi sainspeqcio koSkisken
mimarTuli, meore ki - gareT gamavali. amgvari dizaini imas isaxavda miznad, rom yvela
patimari meTvalyuris TvalTaxedvis areSi moqceuliyo. Tavad koSkis fanjrebi iseTi darabebiT
iyo aRWurvili, rom cixis personals patimrebze mudmivi dakvirveba SeeZlo, Tavad patimrebi ki
maT ver xedavdnen.
biurokratia da demokratia
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fukom cixe panoptikons marTebulad Seadara. cixeTa umravlesoba dResac panoptikons hgavs.
aseve, marTebuli iyo misi Tvalsazrisi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi zedamxedvelobis centraluri
rolis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxma dRes, informaciisa da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis mzardi gavlenis
wyalobiT, ufro didi mniSvneloba SeiZina. Cvens sazogadoebas, zogjer, meTvalyure
sazogadoebas eZaxian (Lyon, 1994) – sazogadoebas, romelSic Cveni cxovrebis Sesaxeb
informacias yvela tipis organizacia agrovebs.
rogorc adre aRvniSneT, saxelmwifo organizaciebi Cvens Sesaxeb uamrav informacias flobs –
dabadebis, skolebis da samsaxurebis monacemebiT dawyebuli, gadasaxadebis mosakrebad,
marTvis mowmobis gasacemad da erovnuli dazRvevisTvis saWiro monacemebiT
damTavrebuli. kompiuterebisa da eleqtronuli monacemebis damuSavebis sxva aRWurvilobis
ganviTarebis Semdeg, SesaZlebeli gaxda Cveni cxovrebis yoveli sferos gakontroleba.
warmoidgineT, rom 26-milionian qveyanaSi mTavroba 2 220 monacemTa bazas amuSavebs,
romelic, saSualod, yovel moqalaqeze 20 fails Seicavs. mosaxleobis 10 procenti policiis centralur
kompiuterSia dafiqsirebuli. Tqven, albaT, ggoniaT, rom am qveyanaSi diqtatura batonobs.
qveyana, romlis Sesaxeb axla gesaubreT, kanadaa (Lyon, 1994).
veberi Zalian SeSfoTebuli iyo im faqtiT, rom organizaciisa da sainformacio kontrolis axali
formebis ganviTarebam, SesaZloa, demokratiis Sesusteba gamoiwvios. mas yvelaze metad
usaxuri biurokratebis gabatonebis perspeqtiva awuxebda. rogor iarsebebs demokratia
boirokratiuli organizaciebis mzardi gavlenis pirobebSi? veberma daaskvna, rom biurokratia
yovelTvis specializebuli da ierarqiuli formiT viTardeba. is, visac organizaciaSi dabali safexuri
uWiravs, saqmes veRar akontrolebs da gavlena zemdgom pirebs gadaecemaT. veberis
studentma robert mixelsma (1976) gamoigona fraza, romelic, mas Semdeg, Zalauflebis
dakargvasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. msxvil organizaciebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki iseT
sazogadoebebSi, sadac organizaciebi dominireben, oligarqiis rkinis kanoni moqmedebs.
oligarqia mcirericxovani jgufis mier batonobas niSnavs. mixelsi Tvlis, rom Zalauflebis zeda
fenebis xelSi moqceva anu igive “rkinis kanoni” mzardi biurokratuli samyaros ganuyofeli
nawilia.
zedamxedvelobis sazRvrebi
veberis da fukos azriT, organizaciis marTvis yvelaze efeqturi gza zedamxedvelobis maqsimaluri
zrdaa – Zalauflebis mkafio da Tanmimdevruli ganawilebaa. magram es mcdari Sexedulebaa;
magaliTad, is ar amarTlebs saqmiani firmebis SemTxvevaSi, sadac daxurul garemoSi (rogorc es
cixeebSi xdeba) adamianTa cxovrebaze sruli kontroli ar xorcieldeba. cixe organizaciis zogadi
modeli ver iqneba. uSualo zedamxedvelobam SeiZleba iseT SemTxvevaSi gaamarTlos, rodesac
adamianebi, patimrebis msgavsad, zemdgomi pirebis mimarT mtrulad arian ganwyobilni da
garkveul adgilas sakuTari survilis winaaRmdeg uxdebaT yofna. magram situacia
gansxvavebulia iseT organizaciaSi, sadac menejerebi danarCen personalTan TanamSromloben
da saerTo miznebs emsaxurebian. zedmeti uSualo zedamxedveloba TanamSromelTa
gaucxoebas iwvevs, radgan isini Tvlian, rom maT ar eZlevaT maT mier Sesrulebuli saqmianobis
warmarTvis SesaZlebloba (Grint, 1991; Saebl, 1982).
es aris im didi sirTuleebis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, romlis gadalaxvac uxdebodaTEveberisa da

fukos mier formulirebul principebze dafuZnebul organizaciebs, magaliTad, konveieruli wesiT
momuSave did qarxnebsa da ucvlel saxelisuflebo ierarqiebs. amgvar garemoSi muSakebi
sakuTari saqmisadmi erTgulebas ar iCendnen; maTi sruli datvirTviT amuSaveba mudmiv
zedamxedvelobas moiTxovda, magram am process Tan sdevda uaryofiTi ganwyoba da
antagonizmi.
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fuko kidev erT maRali donis zedamxedvelobas asaxelebs, romelsac agreTve rTulad eguebian
adamianebi. es maT Sesaxeb werilobiTi informaciis mogrovebaa. sabWoTa komunistur
sazogadoebaTa ngrevis erT-erTi mTavari mizezi swored amgvari zedamxedveloba gaxda. am
sazogadoebebSi uSualod saidumlo policiis mier an misi davalebiT TvalTvali Cveulebriv
movlenad miiCneoda. saidumlo policia am mizniT, zogjer, saTvalTvalo obieqtis naTesavebsa da
mezoblebsac ki iyenebda. xelisuflebas, opoziciis SesaZlebeli SemTxvevebis aRsakveTad,
sakuTari moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb detaluri informacia hqonda. Sedegad, Camoyalibda politikurad
avtoritaruli sazogadoeba, romelic, sabolood, ekonomikuradac araefeqturi aRmoCnda. mTeli
sazogadoeba erT gigantur cixes mogagonebdaT, mTeli im ukmayofilebiT, konfliqtebiTa da
opoziciiT, rasac cixe warmoSobs; amitom, sabolood, mosaxleoba am sistemisgan
ganTavisuflda.
biurokratiis miRma?
veberis modeli, romelic fukos SexedulebebSic aisaxa, dasavlur sazogadoebaTa ganviTarebis

procesSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi amarTlebda. mTavrobas, saavadmyofos administracias,
universitetebsa da saqmian organizaciebs biurokratia marTavda. piter blaum aRniSna, rom
biurokratiul garemoSi yovelTvis xdeba araformaluri socialuri SerCeva, romelsac efeqturi Sedegi
moaqvs. amis miuxedavad, samomavalod mosalodneli iyo movlenebis veberis prognozis
mixedviT warmarTva - biurokratizaciis mudmivi zrda.
dasavleTSi biurokratia kvlav xSirad gvxvdeba, magram veberis ierarqiul xelisuflebasTan

dakavSirebuli idea, romelic codnisa da gavlenis umaRles safexurze koncentracias gulisxmobs da
amas organizaciis marTvis erTaderT gzad miiCnevs, sul ufro arqaul xasiaTs iZens. mravali
organizacia cdilobs, iyos naklebad ierarqiuli. am miznis misaRwevad, bevri dasavluri biznes
korporacia e.w. “iaponuri modelis” mixedviT viTardeba.
iaponuri modeli
iaponiis ekonomikur warmatebas, xSirad, msxvili iaponuri korporaciebis gamorCeuli _ umravles

dasavlur biznes firmaTagan gansxvavebuli _ struqturiT xsnian. iaponuri korporaciebi veberis
biurokratiuli modelisgan ramdenime niSniT gansxvavdeba:
 gadawyvetilebis miReba qveda safexuridan iwyeba. did iaponur korporaciebSi ar xdeba

iseTi piramidis formireba, romelSic, veberis mier aRwerili suraTis Tanaxmad, yovel
doneze dasaqmebuli adamiani mxolod zemdgom safexurs eqvemdebareba. piriqiT,
menejmenti, maT Soris umaRlesi aRmasruleblebic ki, konsultaciis mizniT, regularulad
xvdebian organizaciis qveda safexurebze dasaqmebul muSakebs.
 naklebi specializacia. iaponur organizaciebSi TanamSromlebs, dasavlur organizaciebSi
igive Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebul adamianebTan SedarebiT, naklebi specializacia
moeTxovebaT. aviRoT uiliam uCis (1982) mier aRwerili sugaos magaliTi: sugaom
universiteti daamTavra da axlaxans tokioSi micubenis bankSi daiwyo muSaoba. is firmaSi
menejmentisTvis daiwyebs mzadebas da pirvel weliwads, zogadad, bankis sxvadasxva
departamentis muSaobas Seiswavlis. Semdeg, garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, adgilobriv
filialSi molared imuSavebs da bolos komerciuli sabanko saqmis Sesaswavlad isev bankis
Stab-binas daubrundeba. amis Semdeg mas sxva, sakredito filialSi gadaiyvanen.
savaraudod, iqidan is isev Stab-binaSi personalis marTvis departamentSi dabrundeba.
amasobaSi aTi weli gaivlis da sugao ganyofilebis ufrosis Tanamdebobaze dainiSneba.
magram samuSao rotaciis procesi amiT ar sruldeba. mas bankis sxva filialSi gadaiyvanen,
sadac amjerad, savaraudod, mcire biznesis dafinanseba Seexeba, Semdeg ki Stab-binaSi
sxva saxis samuSaos daubrundeba. karieris dawyebidan daaxloebiT ocdaaTi wlis Semdeg,
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is yvela mniSvnelovan saqmianobas iqneba dauflebuli. amis sapirispirod, igive asakis

adamiani, romelic amerikaSi sabanko menejmentSi iwyebs karieras, savaraudod, sabanko
saqmis erT sferoSi daxelovndeba da cxovrebis bolomde am sferoSi ganagrZobs muSaobas.
 saimedo samuSao. iaponiis msxvili korporaciebi valdebulebas iReben cxovrebis bolomde
izrunon maT mier daqiravebul TanamSromelTa dasaqmebaze; dasaqmebul adamians
samuSao adgili mudam garantirebuli aqvs. anazRaureba da pasuxismgebloba
dawinaurebisTvis brZoliTa da konkurenciiT ki ar miiRweva, aramed muSakis asakiTa da
firmaSi misi dasaqmebis xangrZlivobiT.
 jgufze orientirebuli warmoeba. korporaciis yvela doneze adamianebi mcire korporaciul
“gundSi” an samuSao jgufSi erTiandebian. Sesrulebuli samuSao jgufis da ara individualuri
wevris miRwevebiT fasdeba. dasavluri sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, iaponuri korporaciebis
“saorganizacio struqtura” – saxelisuflo sistemis ruka – individualur poziciebs ki ar
asaxavs, aramed mxolod jgufebs. es Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan amgvari midgoma
oligarqiis rkinis kanons ewinaaRmdegeba.
 samuSaosa da piradi cxovrebis gamijvna. biurokratiis veberiseul modelSi, organiziaciis
SigniT adamianTa cxovrebas araferi aqvs saerTo maT aqtivobasTan organizaciis gareT.
dasavlur korporaciaTa umravlesoba am principiT moqmedebs, iq firmasa da
TanamSromels mxolod ekonomikuri urTierToba akavSirebT. amis sapirispirod, iaponuri
korporaciebi TanamSromlebs mraval problemas ugvareben, sapasuxod ki firmisadmi
erTgulebis gamovlenas moiTxoven. yvela iaponeli TanamSromeli, dabali
Tanamdebobebidan umaRlesi aRmasruleblebis CaTvliT, xSirad, atarebs kompaniis
uniformas. isini SeiZleba yovel dilas Seikrobon da erTad Seasrulon kompaniisadmi
miZRvnili simRera, regularulad miiRon monawileoba uqmeebze korporaciis mier
organizebul, gansatvirTad gamiznul aqtivobaSi (kompaniisadmi miZRvnili simRera axla
ramdenime dasavlur korporacias, magaliTad, Apple da IBM–sac aqvs). TanamSromlebi,
xelfasis garda, kompaniisgan damatebiT materialur daxmarebas iReben. magaliTad,
eleqtronulma firmam Hitachi, romelic ronald dorma (1980) Seiswavla, yvela
dauqorwinebeli TanamSromeli da daqorwinebul mamakac TanamSromelTa TiTqmis
naxevari sacxovrebliT uzrunvelyo. kompania gascems sesxebs bavSvebis ganaTlebis da
TanamSromelTa qorwinebisa da dakrZalvis xarjebis dasafarad.
britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, iaponelebis mier marTuli sawarmoebis Seswavlis Sedegad

dadasturda, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi qveda safexuris CarTva, iaponiis garda, sxva
qveynebSic amarTlebs. TanamSromlebi am saxis aqtivobaze pozitiurad reagireben (White and
Trevor, 1983). aqedan gamomdinare, unda vaRiaroT, rom iaponuri modeli biurokratiis
veberiseuli koncefciisTvis samagaliTo unda iyos. veberis idealuri tipis msgavsi organizaciebi,
albaT, amitomac aris naklebad efeqturi, vidre es qaRaldze Cans, radgan isini dabal doneze
dasaqmebul TanamSromlebs ar aZlevs avtonomiurobisa da saqmianobaSi CarTulobis
SegrZnebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas.
iaponuri korporaciis magaliTidan gamomdinare, uCi (1979, 1982) acxadebs, rom veberis
Tanaxmad, biurokratuli ierarqiis efeqturoba gamokveTili SezRudvebiT xasiaTdeba. zedmetad
biurokratul organizaciebs, ucvleli, mouqneli da Caketili struqturis gamo, funqcionirebis
TvalsazrisiT, “Sida warumatebloba” eliT. iaponur firmebSi arsebuli samuSao jgufebi erTaderTi
magaliTi ar aris; klanuri tipis sistemebi, araformalurad, xSirad, dasavlur sazogadoebebSic
viTardeba.
msxvili korporaciis gavlena
zogierTma iaponurma korporaciam, bevri firmis, magaliTad toiotas, sonisa da micubiSis

CaTvliT, globalur bazarze did warmatebas miaRwia da saxeli gaiTqva dasavleTSi. axla ufro
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detalurad ganvixiloT globaluri korporaciebi da masStaburi biznes kompaniebi. maT,

Cveulebriv, transanacionalur (an multinacionalur) kompaniebs uwodeben. ufro misaRebia
termini “transnacionaluri,” radgan es kompania randenime an bevri qveynis SigniT ki ar
moqmedebs, aramed sxvadasxva qveynis sazRvrebs scdeba. transacionaluri korporacia iseTi
kompaniaa, romelsac or an met qveyanaSi aqvs sakuTari sawarmoebi da ofisebi.
udidesi transnacionaluri korporaciebi giganturi kompaniebia, maT mier gayiduli produqciis

Rirebuleba mravali qveynis erovnuli produqtis Rirebulebas aWarbebs. msoflios dRevandel
umsxviles ekonomikur gaerTianebaTa naxevari qveynebs ekuTvnis; meore naxevari ki
transacionaluri korporaciebia! am kompaniebis mier Sesrulebuli operaciebi saocrad
mravlismomcvelia. globaluri ekonomikis mTeli industriuli da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis erT
mexuTeds 600 umsxvilesi transacionaluri kompania axorcielebs. am tipis TiTqmis samocdaaTi
giganturi kompania pasuxs agebs mTeli globaluri gayidvebis naxevarze (Dicken, 1992). 200
umsxvilesi kompaniis wliuri Semosavali Sua 1970-iani wlebidan 1990-ian wlebamde 10-jer
gaizarda. momdevno 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi transacionaluri kompaniebis aqtivobam sul ufro
globaluri xasiaTi miiRo; 1950 wels msoflios 315 umsxvilesi kompaniidan sawarmoebs ocze met
qveyanaSi mxolod sami kompania flobda, dRes ki aseTi ormocdaaTi kompania arsebobs. es
mainc umciresobaa; transacionaluri kompaniebis umravlesobas 2-dan 5 qveyanaSi hyavs
Svilobili kompaniebi.
msoflios yvelaze gavleniani 200 transacionaluri korporaciidan oTxmoci SeerTebul StatebSia

dafuZnebuli da mTeli gayidvebis naxevarze mets axorcielebs. amerikuli kompaniebis wili 1960
wlis Semdeg sagrZnoblad daeca, samagierod, am periodSi Zlier gaizarda iaponuri kompaniebis
ricxvi. 1960 wels 200 yvelaze gavlenian kompanias Soris sul xuTi iaponuri korporacia iyo, 1991
wels ki maTma raodenobam 28-s miaRwia.
gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod, transacionalur kompaniaTa investiciebis umravlesoba

industriul samyaroSi xorcieldeba; uSualo ucxour investiciaTa sami meoTxedi ki industrul
qveynebs Soris. amis miuxedavad, transacionaluri korporaciebi eqstensiur kavSirSi arian
mesame msoflios qveynebTan, romelTa Soris brazilia, meqsika da indoeTi ucxouri
investirebisA yvelaze maRali doniT gamoirCeva. 1970 wlis Semdeg aziis axal industriul
qveyenebSi, singapurSi, samxreT koreasa da malaiziaSi, korporaciuli investirebis yvelaze swrafi
zrda aRiniSna.
transnacionaluri korporaciis tipebi
transnacionalurma korporaciebma gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflio ekonomikaSi Zalian

mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidres. maT Zalze didi wvlili miuZRviT Sromis saerTaSoriso
ganawilebaSi – msoflio masStabiT samuSao adgilebis SeqmnaSi. calkeuli qveynis, iseve rogorc
msoflio ekonomika, sul ufro koncentrirebul xasiaTs iZens, radgan mas SezRuduli raodenobis
Zalze didi kompaniebi marTavs. SeerTebuli Statebisa da sxva ramdenime wamyvani industriuli
qveynis yvelaze gavlenian firmebs mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso miRwevebi aqvT. msoflio
warmoebis (magaliTad, agrobiznesis) bevri seqtori oligopolias warmoadgens – warmoebas sami
an oTxi korporacia akontrolebs da bazarsac ganagebs. gasuli ori-sami aTwleulis warmoebaSi
saerTaSoriso oligopolia manqanebis warmoebasTan, mikroprocesorebTan, eleqtronul
industriasa da msoflio bazris sxva saqonelTan mimarTebaSi ganviTarda.
h.v. perlmateri sami tipis transnacionalur korporacias gamoyofs. pirveli iseTi eTnocentruli
transnacionaluri kompaniebisgan Sedgeba, romelTa politikas maTi warmomavlobis qveynis
Stab-bina SeimuSavebs da, SeZlebisdagvarad, praqtikulad axorcielebs kidec. mSobeli
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kompaniis mflobelobaSi myofi, mTel msoflioSi gafantuli kompaniebi da sawarmoebi am

kompaniis kulturas avrceleben – mTel samyaroSi mis mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikis
standartizeba mimdianareobs. meore kategoria policentrul transnacionalur kompaniebs
aerTianebs, sadac ucxour Svilobil kompaniebs yoveli qveynis adgilobrivi firma ganagebs.
kompaniis warmomavlobis qveyanaSi an qveynebSi arsebuli Stab-binebi zogad principebs
SeimuSaveben, raTa adgilobrivma kompaniebma sakuTari saqmeebi maTi daxmarebiT
warmarTon. da bolos, arsebobs menejmentis saerTaSoriso struqturiT gamorCeuli geocentruli
transnacionaluri kompaniebi. menejeruli sistemebi globalurad aris integrirebuli, maRali
Tanamdebobis menejerebi Zalze mobilurebi arian da, saWiroebis mixedviT, erTi qveynidan
meore qveyanaSi gadaadgildebian (Perlmutter, 1972).
perlmateris azriT, transnacionalur kompaniebs Soris yvelaze eTnocentruli iaponuri

kompaniebia. maT mier msoflio masStabiT ganxorcielebuli operaciebi mSobeli korporaciis
mkacr kontrols eqvemdebareba, raSic zogjer iaponiis mTavrobac aqtiurad ereva. iaponiis
saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da industriis saministro (MITI), dasavleTis xelisuflebebTan SedarebiT,
gacilebiT metad akontrolebs iaponuri warmoSobis ucxour sawarmoebs. MITI–m gasuli ori
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi ucxoeTSi momravlebuli iaponuri firmebis koordinaciis ganviTarebis
mravali gegma SeimuSava. iaponur transnacionalur kompaniaTa erT-erTi gamorCeuli tipi
gigantur savaWro kompaniebs anu sogo slosha-s aerTianebs. es uzarmazari konglomeratebia,
romelTa ZiriTad amocanas vaWrobis dafinanseba da mxardaWera warmoadgens. isini sxva
kompaniebs finansuri, saorganizacio da sainformacio momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofen. iaponiis
eqsportisa da importis daaxloebiT naxevari aTi umsxvilesi sogo slosha-s saSualebiT
xorcieldeba. zogierT kompanias, magaliTad, micubiSis, sakuTari mniSvnelovani sawarmoo
interesebi amoZravebs.
axali tendenciebi: Semcireba da decentralizacia
warmatebis miuxedavad, globalur doneze moqmed kompaniebSi organizaciuli cvlileba

mimdinareobs. 1990-iani wlebis bolos arsebul msxvil korporaciasa da gasuli saukunis
dasawyisSi arsebul analogiur korporacias Soris didi gansxvavebaa. robert reiCi aSS-s
korporaciebze mogviTxrobs:
amerikis yvelaze mniSvnelovan korporaciaSi aRar xdeba didi raodenobis produqciis warmoebisa da momsaxurebis
dagegmva da danergva; is aRar axdens mravalricxovani qarxnebis, manqanebis, laboratoriebis, gamogonebebisa da
sxva saxis materialuri qonebis investirebas; mas aRar sWirdeba uamravi mwarmoebeli muSakisa da saSualo donis
menejerTa daqiraveba... faqtobrivad, yvelaze mniSvnelovani korporacia amerikulic aRar aris. is sul ufro
emsgavseba fasads, romlis miRma decentralizebuli jgufebi da qvejgufebi mTel msoflioSi mimofantul aseTive
usistemo SromiT erTeulebTan aformeben kontraqtebs. (Reich, 1992)
globaluri kompania, romelmac xanmokle periodSi radikalurad decentralizebuli saxe miiRo,

msoflioSi erT-erTi umsxvilesi sainJinro firma Asea Brown Boveri-a. misi wliuri Semosavali 30
miliard amerikul dolars aRemateba. is 1200 sxvadasxva, erTmaneTTan arc Tu mWidrod
dakavSirebul, organizaciad daiSala. misi Tavmjdomare persi barveniki acxadebs: “Cven
mudmivad vizrdebiT, magram, imavdroulad, mudmiv Semcirebasac ganvicdiT.” kompaniam am
procesSi mravali TanamSromeli daiTxova. ciurixSi kompaniis Stab-binis personali, romelic 4
000 adamianisgan Sedgeboda, 200–ze davida (Naisbitt, 1995).
erT-erTma damkvirvebelma Semdegi saxis komentari gaakeTa: “momaval wels yvela did
kompanias gauWirdeba mcire, ufro swrafad ganviTarebad da inovaciur kompaniebTan
konkurencia da maT mier ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba, zogadad, naklebad damakmayofilebeli
iqneba. mosazreba, TiTqos did globalur ekonomikaSi msoflio bizness multinacionaluri
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kompaniebi ganageben, ar gamarTlda. rac ufro gaizrdeba da xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba msoflio

ekonomika, miT ufro didi iqneba mcire da saSualo kompaniebis gavlena (iqve, gv. 47).
teqnologiaTa da Tanamedrove organizaciebis wyobis Secvla
Tanamedrove qveynebSi arsebuli organizaciebi sivrcisa da drois wyobis Secvlas moiTxovs.

dRevandeli sainformacio teqnologiebi da eleqtronuli komunikaciebi droisa da sivrcis iseTi
kontrolis saSualebas iZleva, rac SeuZlebeli iyo Tundac uaxloes warsulSi. kompiuterSi dagrovili
kompleqsuri informaciis mTel msoflioSi wamierma gavrcelebam, SesaZloa, Cveni cxovrebis
bevr aspeqtze imoqmedos. am teqnologiebis Sedegad ganviTarebulma globalurma procesebma
mravali organizaciis struqturuli cvlileba gamoiwvia. es gansakuTrebiT iseT biznes korporaciebs
Seexo, romlebmac erTmaneTs globalur bazarze unda gauwion konkurencia.
organizaciebi sadRac unda ganTavsdes. fukos ase miaCnda da es marTlac Rirebuli Tvalsazrisia.
am WeSmaritebas nebismier did qalaqSi saqmiani dawesebulebebisTvis gankuTvnili teritoria da
caTambjenebi adasturebs. Senobebs, romlebSic msxvili korporaciebis aRmasruleblebi da
samuSao personali, bankebi da ofisebia ganTavsebuli, mcire teritoria uWiravT.
amave dros, dRevandeli didi organizaciebi, SesaZloa, “fizikurad arsad” ar iyos ganTavsebuli.
isini an sxvadasxva adgilas gafantuli individebisa da jgufebisgan Sedgeba, an erTsa da imave
fizikur sivrceSi, saofise SenobaSi koncentrirebuli adamianebisgan. amis mizezi, nawilobriv,
mTel msoflioSi komunikaciis gamartivebaa; es sainformacio kavSiri momavalSi kidev ufro
advili gaxdeba. amas isic ganapirobebs, rom Cvens socialur arsebobas informaciis mniSvnelobis
zrda ufro gansazRvravs, vidre fizikuri produqcia.
fizikuri adgili da saqoneli erTsa da imave sivrces ver daikavebs, fizikuri adgilisa da informaciis,
telekomunikaciis SemTxvevaSi ki es SesaZlebelia. warsuli gamocdilebisgan gansxvavebiT,
organizaciis erT garkveul adgilas ganTavseba aRar aris savaldebulo. sad aris saaqcio birJa?
Tqveni azriT, is londonSi mdebareobs, birJis maklerebi SenobaSi aqeT-iqiT darbian da
erTmaneTs qaRaldis furclebs ucvlian? saaqcio birJa aRar aris fizikuri adgili, sadac Zvelad
aqciebisa da wilebis SeZena iyo SesaZlebeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is yvelgan aris da arsad ar
aris. saaqcio birJa didi raodenobiT dilerebs aerTianebs, romelTa umravlesoba sxvadasxva ofissa
da garemoSi kompiuterebTan muSaobs. maT mTel msoflioSi, niu iorkSi, parizSi, tokiosa da
frankfurtSi, mudmivi kontaqti aqvT Tavis kolegebTan. msxvil korporaciebs TandaTan
“sawarmoTa qseli” - mcire firmebis damakavSirebeli centraluri organizacia - enacvleba.
magaliTad, erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli korporacia IBM, 1980-1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
strategiuli dagegmarebis gaziarebisa da warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis ukeT
daZlevis mizniT, amerikuli warmoSobis ramdenime kompaniasa da oTxmocze met ucxouri
warmoSobis firmasTan gaerTianda.
zogierTi korporacia kvlav Zlier biurokratiuli rCeba da ar scdeba erTi qveynis farglebs. magram
korporaciaTa umravlesobasA fizikuri ganTavsebis adgili ar gaaCnia. Zvelad, transnacionaluri
korporacia ZiriTadad Stab-binidan imarTeboda. mis ucxour warmoebasa da Svilobil
kompaniebze kontrolic iqidan xorcieldeboda. amJamad, droisa da sivrcis transformaciis
wyalobiT, romlis Sesaxeb zemoT ukve visaubreT, telekomunikaciisa da kompiuteris
saSualebiT, sxva jgufebTan muSaoba msoflios nebismier regionSi myof jgufebs SeuZlia.
qveynebi kvlav cdiloben informaciis gadinebis, resursebisa da fulis gakontrolebas. magram
Tanamedrove sakomunikacio teqnologebi am process sul ufro arTulebs da zogjer sruliad
SeuZlebels xdis. informacia da finansebi mTel msoflioSi telekomunikaciis saSualebiT sinaTlis
siCqariT vrceldeba.
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daskvna
gaamarTleben Tu ara momavalSi veberis pesimisturi xedvisgan gansxvavebuli qselebi, romlebic

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi dabali Tanamdebobis personalis monawileobas
iTvaliswineben? am Tvalsazriss bevri adamiani iziarebs, magram mas sifrTxiliTY unda
movekidoT. biurokratuli sistemebi, veberiseuli xedvisgan gansxvavebiT, Sinaganad ufro
cvalebadia da sul ufro iRebs sxva, naklebad ierarqiuli formis organizaciaTa gamowvevas. es
sistemebi, dinozavrebis msgavsad, bolomde albaT arasodes aRmoifxvreba. uaxloes momavalSi
organizaciebSi civi da ierarqiuli struqturis damkvidrebis, meore mxriv ki, sapirispiro xasiaTis
sistemis ganviTarebis, tendenciebs Soris mudmivi Widili iqneba.
Sejameba
1. organizaciebs dRes Cvens cxovrebaSi centraluri adgili uWiravs. organizacia adaminTa

didi kavSiria, romelic specifikuri miznebis miRwevas emsaxureba. organizaciis
magaliTebia: biznes korporaciebi, saxelmwifo saagentoebi, skolebi, universitetebi,
saavadmyofoebi da cixeebi.
2. yvela Tanamedrove organizacia, garkveuli xarisxiT, biurokratiulia. biurokratia
gamokveTil saxelisuflebo ierarqias gulisxmobs; Tanamdebobis pirTa (romlebic sruli
datvirTviT muSaoben da xelfass iReben) qmedeba dawerili kanonebiT imarTeba.
organizaciis SigniT Tanamdebobis pirTa winaSe dasaxulE amocanebs araferi aqvT
saerTo maT cxovrebasTan organizaciis kedlebs gareT. organizaciis wevrebi ar floben im
materialur resursebs, romlebTanac maT muSaoba uxdebaT. maqs veberis gancxadebiT,
Tanamedrove biurokratia didi raodenobis adamianTa organizebis maRalefeqturi
saSualebaa, sadac gadawyvetilebebi saerTo kriteriumebis safuZvelze miiReba.
3. araformaluri qselebi organizaciis SigniT da organizaciebs Soris yvela doneze viTardeba.
am araformaluri kavSirebis Seswavla iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc veberis mier
ganxiluli formaluri maxasiaTeblebis.
4. veberisa da mixelsis Sromebi biurokratiasa da demokratias Soris arsebul daZabulobasac
asaxavs. gadawyvetilebis miRebis grZelvadiani centralizebuli procesi, erTi mxriv,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebasTan asocirdeba. meore mxriv, gasuli ori
saukunis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSani demokratiis ganviTarebis mzardi mcdelobaa.
tendenciaTa konfliqti grZeldeba, magram arc erTi ar dominirebs.
5. organizaciaTa fizikuri garemo Zlier gavlenas axdens maT socialur Tvisebebze.
Tanamedrove organizaciebSi xelisuflebisadmi morCilebis misaRwevad
zedamxedvelobas mimarTaven. zedamxedveloba adamianTa aqtivobaze dakvirvebas,
maT Sesaxeb saqmeebis warmoebasa da Canawerebis Segrovebas gulisxmobs.
6. iaponuri korporaciebi, organizaciis struqturis mixedviT, dasavlur kompaniaTa
umravlesobisgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba. aRmasrulebeli menejerebi konsultacias
dabali Tanamdebobis personalTan gadian; anazRaureba da pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba
asaks ukavSirdeba; Sesrulebuli saqmianobis mixedviT, ara individebi, aramed jgufebi
ufro fasdeba. iaponiis ekonomikam rom dasavluri qveynebis umravlesobasTan
SedarebiT upiratesobas miaRwia, swored am faqtiT aixsneba. ukanasknel wlebSi
zogierTma dasavlurma firmam iaponuri menejeruli sistemis aspeqtebi aiTvisa.
7. Tanamedrove kapitalistur ekonomikaSi msxvili biznes korporaciebi dominirebs. rodesac
erT korporacias industriaSi wamyvani pozicia uWiravs, amas monopolia ewodeba. ufro
xSiria oligopolia, rodesac industriaSi msxvil korporaciaTa mcire jgufi dominirebs.
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ekonomikis globalizaciasTan erTad, msxvil korporaciaTa umravlesoba transnacionalur

an multinacionalur kompaniebad iqca. isini sxvadasxva, or an ufro met, ucxo qveyanaSi
moRvaweoben.
8. msxvil biznes korporaciebSi ukanasknel wlebSi restruqturizaciis procesi daiwyo.
Semcirebis – Sida reorganizaciis gamo pesonalis daTxovnis – Sedegad isini naklebad
masStaburi da naklebad biurokratiuli xdeba. bevri maTgani veberiseuli biurokratiuli
ierarqiisgan gansxvavebul jgufTa Tavisufal qselebad iqca.
9. TiTqmis eWvgareSea, rom biurokratiuli organizaciebi ar gaqreba, aramed iarsebebs sxva
tipis organizaciebsa da jgufebTan erTad.
10. yvela Tanamedrove organizacia codnis spezializaciasa da informaciis gavrcelebazea
damokidebuli. profesionalizmisa da mzardi teqnologiuri ganviTarebis wyalobiT,
SesaZloa, organizaciebi ufro moqnili gaxdes. Tumca am cvlilebaTa gavlena, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, gazviadebulia.
John Allen et al., Political and Economic Forms of Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press and
Open University, 1992). Seicavs ramdenime sasargeblo statias dRevandeli politikuri da
ekonomikuri organizaciebis cvalebadi bunebis Sesaxeb.
Richard Brown, Understanding Industrial Organizations (London: Routledge, 1992).

gamokiTxva industriul organizaciaTa gagebasTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva Teoriul
midgomaTa Sesaxeb.
Jeff Hearn et al.(eds), The Sexuality of Organisation (London: Sage 1989). acxadebs, rom
organizaciaTa orTodoqsuli sociologia axdens gendersa da seqsualurobasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebis ignorirebas.
Christel Lane, Management and Labour in Europe (London: Elgar, 1989). diskusia
safrangeTSi, germaniasa da gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebul biznes organizaciaTa Sesaxeb.
David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1994). sainformacio teqnologiis rolis, rogorc socialuri kontrolis saSualebis, damaintrigebeli
analizi.
John McDermott, Corporate Society (Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1991). diskusia

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi korporaciis rolis Sesaxeb.
Michel Reed, The Sociology of Organizations: Themes, Perspectives and Prospects

(London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992). sasargeblo zogadi teqsti Tanamedrove
organizaciaTa sociologiis Sesaxeb.
mniSvnelobani terminebi
Tanamdebobis pirebi
idealuri tipi
zedamxedveloba
inkarceracia
meTvalyure sazogadoeba
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236
oligarqia
globaluri korporaciebi
transnacionaluri kompaniebi
Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawileba
eTnocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi
policentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi
geocentruli transnacionaluri kompaniebi
Tavi 12
samuSao da ekonomikuri cxovreba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi samuSao
Sromis ganawileba da ekonomikuri damokidebuleba
teilorizmi da fordizmi. teilorizmisa da fordizmis SezRudvebi. dabali ndobis sistemebi da maRali
ndobis sistemebi. avtomatizacia. jgufuri warmoeba. moqnili warmoeba
kavSirebi da industriuli konfliqti
kavSirebis ganviTareba. ratom arsebobs kavSirebi? uaxlesi ganviTarebebi. gaficvebi
qalebi da samuSao
qalebi da samuSao adgili: istoriuli TvalTaxedva. araTanabari samuSao pirobebi. saojaxo saqme
umuSevroba
umuSevrobis analizi. ratom gaizarda umuSevrobis maCvenebeli?
dasaqmebis momavali
kvalificirebuli muSaki. samuSaos mniSvnelobis Semcireba?

Sejameba
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237
ZiriTadi cnebebi
samuSao. ekonomika. Sromis ganawileba. umuSevroba
umravlesoba Cvenganis cxovrebaSi samuSaos gacilebiT didi adgili uWiravs, vidre nebismier
sxva erTjerad aqtivobas. xSirad, samuSao Cvens mier erTferovan mZime saqmianobasTan, iseT
amocanaTa erTobliobasTan asocirdeba, romelTaA minimumamde dayvanas an, SesaZleblobis
SemTxvevaSi, Tavis aridebasac ki vcdilobT. SesaZloa, amgvari azri TavSi maSinac ki
mogividaT, rodesac am Tavis kiTxvas SeudeqiT. aqvs Tu ara adamianTa umravlesobas
samuSaos mimarT amgvari damokidebuleba, da Tuki asea, ra aris amis mizezi? amis garkvevas
momdevno gverdebze SevecdebiT.
samuSao mxolod iZulebiTi erTferovani saqmianoba ar aris. ase rom iyos, samuSaodan
daTxovnili adamianebi dabneul da dezorientirebul mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndebodnen. rogori
iqneboda Tqveni ganwyoba, muSaobis dawyebis aranairi Sansi rom ar gqondeT? Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi samuSaos didi mniSvneloba eniWeba maRali TviTSefasebis miRwevis
TvalsazrisiT. maSinac ki, rodesac adamians arc Tu sasiamovno samuSao pirobebi da
erTferovani saqmianoba aqvs, samuSao misi fsiqologiuri ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrel elements
warmoadgens da mis yoveldRiur aqtivobebs garkveuli mimarTulebiT warmarTavs. samuSaos
ramdenime mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli aqvs:
 fuli. xelfasi is ZiriTadi resursia, romelzec mravali adamiania damokidebuli,
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis mizniT. amgvari Semosavlis gareSe, adamians
yoveldRiur saarsebo saSualebaze uxdeba fiqri, rac SfoTvis gamZafrebas iwvevs.
 aqtivobis done. samuSao, xSir SemTxvevaSi, aRrmavebs codnas da aviTarebs unar-
Cvevebs. rutinuli samuSaoc ki im struqturul garemos gvTavazobs, romelSic
adamians energiis daxarjva SeuZlia. samuSaos arqonis SemTxvevaSi, unar-
Cvevebis ganviTarebis SesaZlebloba naklebia.E
 mravalferovneba. samuSao ojaxuri garemocvisgan gansxvavebul konteqstSi
mimdinareobs. SedarebiT erTferovani samuSaos pirobebSic ki individebi saojaxo
saqmisgan gansxvavebul saqmianobas ewevian.
 droiTi struqtura. regularulad dasaqmebuli adamianebisTvis dRe, Cveulebriv,
samuSao ritmis mixedviT aris organizebuli. es SeiZleba damTrgunvelic iyos,
magram yoveldRiuri aqtivoba garkveuli mimarTulebiT warimarTeba. dausaqmebeli
adamianebisTvis ZiriTadi problema mowyenilobaa da maT drosTan dakavSirebuli
apaTia uviTardebaT. erTma umuSevarma aRniSna: “dro CemTvis amJamad
uwindeburad mniSvnelovani aRar aris... radgan Zalian bevri dro maqvs” (Fryer and
McKenna 1987).
 socialuri kontaqtebi. samuSao garemoSi adamianebi xSirad iZenen megobrebs da
sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi sxvebTan erTad monawileoben. rodesac adamiani wydeba
samuSao garemos, SesaZlo megobrebisa da nacnobebis wre, savaraudod,
viwrovdeba.
 pirovnuli identoba. samuSao, Cveulebriv, imiT aris Rirebuli, rom is adamians
stabiluri socialuri identobis SegrZnebiT uzrunvelyofs.EgansakuTrebiT mamakacebis
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SemTxvevaSi, maRali TviTSefaseba mWidro kavSirSia im ekonomikur wvlilTan,

romelic maT saojaxo biujetSi SeaqvT.
es STambeWdavi CamonaTvali naTlad gviCvenebs, Tu ratom SeiZleba Searyios umuSevrobam
individTa rwmena sakuTar socialur RirebulebaSi.
anazRaurebadi da araanazRaurebadi samuSao

,,samuSaos gareSe yofnis” cnebidan gamomdinare, samuSao xSirad anazRaurebad
dasaqmebasTan asocirdeba; Tumca es zedmetad gamartivebuli Tvalsazrisia. araanazRaurebad
samuSaos (magaliTad, sakuTari manqanis SekeTebas an saojaxo saqmes) bevri adamianis
cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs. mravali tipis samuSao arsebobs, romelic ar
eqvemdebareba anazRaurebadi dasaqmebis orTodoqsul kategorias. magaliTad, araformalur
ekonomikaSi Sesrulebuli mravali samuSao ar aris aRnusxuli oficialuri dasaqmebis statistikaSi.
termini araformaluri ekonomika regularuli dasaqmebis sferos miRma arsebul transaqciebs
niSnavs, amgvari momsaxureba zogjer naRdi fuliT anazRaurdeba, zogjer ki -Dsaqonlisa da
momsaxurebis uSualo gacvla-gamocvliT.
televizoris SesakeTeblad mosuli xelosnis samuSao, SesaZloa, qviTris gamowerisa da detaluri
Canaweris gareSe, naRdi fuliT anazRaurdes. adamianebi nacnobebsa da megobrebs, gaweuli
samsaxuris sanacvlod, zogjer iaffasian, ufro sworad, naqurdal saqonels sTavazoben.
araformaluri ekonomika, “maluli” fuladi transaqciebis garda, adamianebis mier Sin da gareT
ganxorcielebul TviTuzrunvelyofis mraval formasac gulisxmobs. magaliTad, damoukidebel
aqtivobas, Sinaur teqnikasa da saojaxo iaraRebs iseTi saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelyofa
SeuZlia, romlisTvisac adamianma sxva situaciaSi fuli unda ixados (Gershuny and Miles, 1983).
saojaxo saqmes, romelsac, tradiciulad, umetesad qalebi uZRvebian, aravin anazRaurebs xolme;
Tumca is xSirad Zalze mZime da damqancveli samuSaoa. mniSvnelovani socialuri adgili
uWiravs saqvelmoqmedo an sxva saxis organizaciebisTvis ganxorcielebul moxaliseTa
samuSaosac. anazRaurebadi samuSaos mniSvneloba zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebiT aixsneba,
magram “samuSaos” kategoria bevrad ufro mravlismomcveli cnebaa.
anazRaurebadi Tu araanazRaurebadi samuSao garkveul amocanaTa Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rasac
didi gonebrivi da fizikuri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. samuSaos mizani adamianis moTxovnilebebis
Sesabamisi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebaa. saqmianoba an samsaxuri is samuSaoa,
romlis sanacvlod adamians regularuli xelfasi eZleva. yvela kulturaSi ekonomikis safuZvels
samuSao warmoadgens. ekonomikuri sistema iseTi institutebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebasa da ganawilebas uzrunvelyofs.
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am TavSi Tanamedrove qveynebSi arsebuli samuSaos bunebas gavaanalizebT da dRevandel

ekonomikur cxovrebaze zemomqmed ZiriTad cvlilebebs ganvixilavT. samuSao farTo
ekonomikuri sistemis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tanamedrove qveynebSi es sistema industriul
warmoebazea damokidebuli. rogorc am wignis sxva TavebSi aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove
industria fundamenturad gansxvavdeba warmoebis manamde arsebul im sistemaTagan, romlebic
warmoebis sxva formebTan erTad, soflis meurneobasac efuZneboda. adamianTa umravlesoba
an yanaSi muSaobda an saqonels uvlida. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi
sasoflo meurneobaSi mosaxleobis Zalze mcire nawili muSaobs, fermam ki industriuli saxe
miiRo – samuSao, ZiriTadad, ara xeliT, aramed manqanebiT sruldeba.
TviT Tanamedrove industriac mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis – misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi
maxasiaTebeli teqnologiuri cvlilebaa. efeqturi warmoebis misaRwevad, teqnologia
mecnierebasa da teqnikas mudmivad akavSirebs erTmaneTTan. mniSvnelovani socialuri da
ekonomikuri faqtorebi industruli warmoebis bunebis cvlilebas ganapirobebs. am TavSi
yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT rogorc teqnologiur, ise ekonomikur cvlilebebze da giCvenebT, Tu
rogor gardaqmnis es cvlilebebi dRevandel industrias.
yuradRebas Tavidan anazRaurebad anu industriul garemoSi ganxorcielebul samuSaoze
gavamaxvilebT. agreTve ganvixilavT industriuli warmoebis procesSi mimdinare cvlilebebsa da
imas, Tu rogor zemoqmedeben isini dasaqmebaze. industriuli warmoeba yovelTvis harmoniulad
ar mimdinareobs. momdevno qveTavebSi industriuli konfliqtis warmoSobis mizezebs
ganvixilavT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ki gaficvebis Sedegebze gavamaxvilebT. Semdeg,
industriaSi qalTa rols gavaanalizebT. warsulTan SedarebiT, dRevandel dRes ufro meti qalia
dasaqmebuli; movlenebis amgvari ganviTarebis mizezebsa da Sedegebzec vimsjelebT. bolos
umuSevrobasac SeviswavliT da SevecdebiT amgvar kiTxvas gavceT pasuxi: rogori iqneba
dasaqmebis momavali?
msjelobas Tanamedrove industriuli warmoebis cvalebadi maxasiaTeblebis analiziT daviwyebT.
Sromis ganawileba da ekonomikuri damokidebuleba
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ekonomikuri sistemis erT-erTi gamokveTili maxasiaTebeli Sromis
uaRresad kompleqsuri ganawilebaa. samuSao uamrav sxvadasxva saqmianobad daiyo da
adamianebi am saqmianobebis mixedviT iReben specializacias. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, zogi
soflis meurneobas misdevda, zogi ki xelobas eufleboda. xelobis Seswavlas Segirdad yofnis
xangrZlivi periodi sWirdeboda da xelosani, Cveulebriv, warmoebis process Tavidan bolomde
asrulebda. magaliTad, liTonis xelosans, romelic miwis dasamuSavebel iaraRebs amzadebda,
aseTive warmatebiT SeeZlo uTos Camosxma, awyoba da amuSaveba. Tanamedrove industriuli
warmoebis aRzevebam TiTqmis mTeli tradiciuli xelobis gaqroba gamoiwvia. es saqmianobebi
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iseTma profesiebma Secvala, romlebic ufro masStaburi warmoebis procesebis Semadgeneli

nawilia. magaliTad, dRevandel industriul garemoSi dasaqmebul eleqtrikoss mxolod erTi tipis
manqanis ramdenime nawilis Semowmeba da SekeTeba SeuZlia; sxva nawilebi da manqanebi
sxva adamianebis sazrunavia.
tradiciul da Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Sroma sruliad sxvadasxvagvarad nawildeba. yvelaze
did tradiciul sazogadoebebSic ki, sul oci an ocdaaTi saxis mniSvnelovani xelobaa, aq iseTi
specializebuli saqmianobebic igulisxmeba, rogoric zRvis vaWari, jariskaci da mRvdelia.
Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba aTasobiT calkeul saqmianobas iTvlis. gaerTianebul
samefoSi, mosaxleobis aRweris Sedegad, britaneTis ekonomikaSi 20 000 calkeuli samsaxuri
gamovlinda. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba fermebSi muSaobda da
ekonomikur moTxovnilebebs ikmayofilebda. isini sakvebs, tansacmelsa da sxva saarsebo
produqts awarmoebdnen. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa erT-erT ZiriTad
Tvisebas ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis arsebiTi zrda warmoadgens. TiToeuli
Cvengani, arsebobisTvis saWiro produqtebiTa da momsaxurebiT uzrunvelsayofad, mTeli
msoflios masStabiT, sxva mraval muSakze aris damokidebuli. mcire gamonaklisis garda,
Tanamedrove qveynebSi mcxovreb adamianTa umravlesoba, ar awarmoebs produqts, romliTac
ikvebeba, saxlebs, romlebSic cxovrobs, da im materialur saqonels, romelsac moixmars.
teilorizmi da fordizmi
ori saukunis win, Tanamedrove ekonomikis erT-erTma fuZemdebelma, adam smitma,
warmoebis zrdis TvalsazrisiT, Sromis ganawilebis dadebiTi mxareebi gamoavlina. misi cnobili
naSromi ,,erebis simdidre” qinZisTavebis qarxanaSi Sromis ganawilebis procesis aRweriT
iwyeba. damoukideblad momuSave adamians, dReSi, savaraudod, oci qinZisTavis damzadeba
SeeZlo. misi saqmianobis ramdenime martiv operaciad ganawilebis Sedegad, romelsac
erToblivad aTi specializebuli muSaki asrulebda, koleqtiuri SromiT dReSi 48 000 qinZisTvis
warmoeba gaxda SesaZlebeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, erTi muSakis mier warmoebul
qinZisTavTa raodenoba 20-dan 4 800-mde gaizarda, TiTo specializebulma operatorma,
erToblivi Sromis Sedegad, 240-jer meti produqcia Seqmna, vidre amas damoukideblad
momuSave adamiani axerxebda.
erTi saukunis Semdeg es ideebi kidev ufro ganviTarda amerikeli menejmentis konsultantis
frederik vinslou teiloris naSromebSi. teilorma Tavis midgomas mecnieruli menejmenti uwoda,
rac industriuli procesebis detalur Seswavlas gulisxmobda, maTi, droulad da organizebulad,
martiv operaciebad daSlis mizniT. mecnieruli menejmenti, romelsac teilorizmi ewoda, mxolod
akademiuri kvleva ar iyo. es iyo warmoebis sistema, romelic industriuli warmoebis maqsimalur
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zrdas isaxavda miznad da did gavlenas axdenda industriuli warmoebisa da teqnologiis

organizebaze.
teilors industriuli efeqturobis amaRleba surda, magram man naklebi yuradReba dauTmo im
Sedegebs, romlebsac es procesi gamoiwvevda. masobriv warmoebas masobrivi bazari sWirdeba
da erT-erTi pirveli industrialisti, romelmac es urTierTkavSiri gaacnobiera, henri fordi gaxldaT.
fordizmma ganavrco teiloris mecnieruli menejmentis principebi da masobrivi warmoebis
sistema masobriv bazrebTan erTobliobaSi ganixila. fordma hailend parkSi, miCiganSi gaxsna
avtomobilebis pirveli qarxana; 1908 wels man mxolod erTi saxeobis produqti - T Ford–is
modeli gamouSva da iseTi specializebuli iaraRebisa da nawilebis warmoeba daiwyo, romlebic
siCqaris ganviTarebas, sizustis daxvewasa da marTvis gamartivebas isaxavda miznad. fordis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani inovacia moZravi asawyobi konveieruli xazi iyo. man es
inovacia Cikagos cxovelTa sasaklaos STagonebiT Seqmna, sadac maT sxvadasxva, erT moZrav
mwkrivSi ganlagebul, seqciebSi anawevrebdnen. fordiseul asawyob konveierSi yoveli
TanamSromeli specialurad misTvis gankuTvnil davalebas asrulebda, magaliTad, manqanis
marcxena kars, moZraobis procesSi, argebda saxelurs. 1929 wlisTvis, rodesac T Ford–is
modelis warmoeba Sewyda, fordis mier 15 milion manqanaze meti iyo gamoSvebuli.
fordizmisa da teilorizmis SezRudvebi

odezRac fordizmi samomavlo industriuli warmoebis nimuSad moiazreboda. magram es
mosazreba ar dadasturda. sistemam mxolod iseT samanqano industriaSi gaamarTla, romelic
msxvil bazrebze gaTvlil standartul produqts awarmoebs. meqanikuri warmoebis xazis
damontaJeba uzarmazar Tanxebs moiTxovs. fordizmis sistema cvlilebas rTulad eqvemdabareba.
produqtis gadakeTebas sistemis safuZvliani ganaxleba sWirdeba. fordizmis warmoebis aTviseba
advilia, Tu msurvels qarxnis asamuSaveblad sakmarisi finansebi aqvs. magram iseT qveynebSi,
sadac samuSao Zala Zvirad fasobs, firmebi ver uweven konkurencias sawarmoebs, romlebic
TanamSromlebs dabal xelfass uxdian. iaponuri, da bolo dros, samxreT koreuli samanqano
industriis aRzeveba, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, amanac gamoiwvia (Tumca, dRes iaponiaSi
xelfasis done gaizarda).
dabali ndobis sistemebi da maRali ndobis sistemebi

fordizmsa da teilorizms zogierTi sociologi dabali ndobis sistemebs uwodebs. samuSao adgilebs
menejmenti qmnis, rac manqanebTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas gulisxmobs. davalebis
Sesruleba sagangebo kontrols eqvemdebareba da Semsrulebels TiTqmis ar aqvs avtonomiurad
moqmedebis ufleba. iq, sadac mravlad aris dabali ndobis poziciebi, xSiria muSakTa
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ukmayofileba da samuSaos gacdenis SemTxvevebi. aq industriuli konfliqti Cveulebrivi

movlenaa. maRali ndobis sistemaSi TanamSromlebs, saerTo principebis fonze, Tavad
SeuZliaT sakuTari samuSao tempisa da struqturis gakontroleba. amgvari sistemebi, Cveulebriv,
industriul organizaciaTa maRal doneebzea koncentrirebuli.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, dasavleT evropaSi, SeerTebul Statebsa da iaponiaSi dabali
ndobis alternatul sistemebs mimarTavdnen. es avtomatizebuli konveieruli xazebi da iseTi jgufuri
warmoebaa, romelSic samuSao jgufi did gavlenas axdens samuSao davalebis bunebaze. axla
Tanmimdevrulad ganvixiloT es strategiebi.
avtomatizacia
avtomatizaciis anu daprogramebuli aparaturis cneba 1800-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi gaCnda,
rodesac amerikelma kristofer spenserma avtomati - WanWikebis, qanCebisa da sxva
instrumentebis damamzadebeli daprogramebuli dazga gamoigona. im periodSi avtomatizacia
bevr industriaSi ar danergila, magram industriuli robotebis Seqmnis Semdeg, misi gavlena
sagrZnoblad gaizarda. roboti avtomaturi danadgaria, romelsac, Cveulebriv, adamianebis
funqciebis SeTviseba SeuZlia. termini ormocdaaTi wlis win dramaturgma karel kapekma
daamkvidrda. robota Cexuri sityvaa da savaldebulo Sromas niSnavs.
robotebis garkveuli raodenoba industriaSi pirvelad 1946 wels gaCnda. danadgari sainJinro
industriaSi manqanebis avtomaturi regulirebis mizniT gamoigones. ufro kompleqsuri robotebis
gamoCena 1970-ian wlebSi mikroprocesorebis Seqmnas daemTxva. pirveli, minikompiuteris
mier kontrolirebadi roboti, 1974 wels cincinati mileisonma aawyo. dRes robotebs mravali
davalebis Sesruleba, magaliTad, SeduReba, Rebva, nawilebis aweva da gadazidva, SeuZliaT.
zogierTi roboti nawilebs SexebiT arCevs, zogierTi ki vizualur gansxvavebas xedavs. robert
airesi da stiven mileri aRniSnaven:
robotze ufro Tavdadebuli da dauRalavi qarxnis muSa ar arsebobs. robots SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis SesaduRebeli da
SesaRebi unaklo samuSaos Sesruleba; SesaZlebelia maTi, axali samuSaos Sesrulebis mizniT, swrafi xelaxali
daprogramebac... momaval wlebSi saSualo zomis manufaqturul sawarmoebSi bevri industriuli robotis instalirebaa
mosalodneli. roboti produqts mraval avtomatur meqanizms miuerTebs, rac mikroprocesorebis mier kontrolirebad
daxurul seriul warmoebas daamkvidrebs. (Ayres & Miller, 1985)
msoflio industriaSi robotebi yvelaze mravlad avtowarmoebaSi gamoiyeneba. maTi
produqtiuloba jerjerobiT SedarebiT SezRudulia, radgan robotebis mier sxvadasxva obieqtis
Secnobisa da arazusti formebiT manipulirebis unari kvlav rudimentul donezea. Tumca,
eWvgareSea, rom momavalSi avtomatizebuli warmoeba swrafad gaizrdeba; robotebi sul ufro
ixveweba, maTi Rirebuleba ki mcirdeba.
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jgufuri warmoeba
jgufuri warmoeba _ konveierul xazze dasaqmebuli erToblivi samuSao jgufebi _
avtomatizaciasTan erTad gamoiyeneba xolme, rogorc samuSaos reorganizebis saSualeba.
amgvari sistemis ZiriTadi idea TanamSromelTa motivaciis zrdaSi mdgomareobs, dasaqmebulTa
jgufs warmoebis procesSi TanamSromlobis saSualeba eZleva da TiToeul muSaks dRis
ganmavlobaSi erTferovani samuSaos Sesruleba, magaliTad, manqanis karze WanWikebis
damagreba, ar moeTxoveba.
jgufuri warmoebis magaliTs xarisxis wreebi (QC) warmoadgens. es jgufebi xuTidan ocamde
muSaks aerTianebs; isini regularulad ikribebian warmoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis
Seswavlisa da gadawyvetis mizniT. QC-Si gaerTianebuli muSakebi damatebiT wvrTnas gadian,
rac maT warmoebis sakiTxebis Taobaze diskusiisTvis savaldebulo teqnikuri codniT
uzrunvelyofs. QC-ebi pirvelad SeerTebul StatebSi Seiqmna, Semdeg ki isini ramdenime
iaponurma kompaniamac daafuZna. 1980-ian wlebSi es jgufebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda
dasavleTSic. isini teilorizmis Tvalsazriss emijnebian, radgan aRiareben, rom muSakebi
kompetenturni unda iyon maT mier Sesrulebuli saqmianobis arsisa da meTodebis sferoSi.
moqnili warmoeba
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic gasuli ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi mTeli
msoflios sawarmo procesebSi ganxorcielda, kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainia. teilorizmma da
fordizmma masobriv bazrebze gaTvlili masobrivi (erTnairi) produqtebis warmoebaSi did
warmatebas miaRwies, magram ver SeZles mcire SekveTebisa da individualuri momxmareblis
moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba. kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainisa da kompiuterze dafuZnebuli
sxva tipis teqnologiebis wyalobiT, situacia radikulad Seicvala. stenli devisi
saubrobs ,,masobrivi momxmareblis” dakmayofilebis aucileblobaze: axali teqnologiebi
konkretul momxmareblebze gaTvlili nivTebis masStaburi warmoebis saSualebas iZleva.
tradiciulma konveierulma xazma SeiZleba dReSi xuTi aTasi mamakacis perangi awarmoos.
amJamad, xuTi aTasi identuri perangis nacvlad, imave periodSi da igive xarjebiT,
gansxvavebuli, individualur moTxovnilebebze gaTvlili, amdenive perangis damzadebaa
SesaZlebeli (Davis, 1988).
kompiuteriT damzadebuli dizainis damkvidrebamde, iaponiaSi pirvelad daiwyo warmoeba,
romelsac moqnili warmoeba ewoda. es sistema radikalurad gansxvavdeba detroitSi henri fordis
mier dafuZnebuli masobrivi warmoebis sistemisgan. manqanebis iaponelma mwarmoeblebma
Sua 1970-iani wlebidan adreul 1990-ian wlebamde globaluri gayidvebis mniSvnelovan zrdas
miaRwies (Dertouzos, 1989). iaponelebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba profesiuli samuSao Zalis
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Seqmnas, produqtis dizainze muSaobisa da axali produqciis bazarze gatanis daCqarebis gzebs
dauTmes.
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropuli da amerikuli manqanebis mwarmoebel qarxnebSi
cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas 24 saaTi sWirdeboda, iaponur qarxanaSi ki igive proceduris
Sesasruleblad xuTi wuTi iyo sakmarisi. iaponelebma, pirvelive jerze, miznad iseTi xarisxis
miRweva daisaxes, romelsac Semdgom gaumjobeseba aRar dasWirdeboda. maT umaRles
doneme daxvewes jgufuri warmoeba; integrirebuli samuSao jgufi amwyobebisgan, muSebisa da
mommarageblebisgan Sedgeboda. damgegmavebma miiCnies, rom amgvari teqnikiT Sesrulebul
warmoebas Svidnaxevarwliani cikli dasWirdeboda (pirveli modelis SemuSavebidan warmoebis
xazze pirveli manqanis gamoSvebamde). amis sapirispirod, evropel da amerikel damgegmavebs
warmoeba, bolo dromde, aTidan TxuTmetwlian ciklze hqondaT gaTvlili. axla isini iaponuli
praqtikis aTvisebas cdiloben, rac sagrZnoblad aCqarebs warmoebas. Tumca, lester Turou
SeerTebul StatebTan mimarTebaSi aRniSnavs: “saukeTeso amerikul qarxnebs saukeTeso
iaponuri qarxnebi jobia, yvelaze cudi amerikuli qarxnebi ki gacilebiT uaresia yvelaze cud
iaponur qarxnebze” (Thurow, 1993).
kavSirebi da industriuli konfliqti

muSebsa da im pirebs Soris, romlebsac ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT, maTze maRali
pozicia ukaviaT, yovelTvis iyo konfliqti. samxedro valdebulebis Sesrulebis, maRali
gadasaxadebisa da warumatebeli mosavlis periodSi, sakvebis naklebobis gamo, amboxebis
mowyoba Cveulebrivi movlena iyo meTvramete saukunis evropis urbanul teritoriebze. SromiTi
konfliqti am moZvelebuli formiT zogierT qveyanaSi me-19 saukuneSic vlindeboda. magaliTad,
1868 wels italiis ramdenime qalaqSi sakvebis moTxovniTAmravali amboxeba moewyo (Geary,
1982). konfrontaciis amgvari tradiciuli formebi mxolod sporaduli da iracionaluri ar iyo.
Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaram Sedegi gamoiRo da xorbali da sxva mniSvnelovani sakvebi
produqti gaiafda.
profesiuli kavSirebis ganviTareba

mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi muSebsa da damqiraveblebs Soris arsebuli industriuli
konfliqti xSirad ar iyo bolomde organizebuli. konfrontaciis dros muSebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi,
samuSao adgils tovebdnen da quCebSi ikribebodnen; isini sakuTar satkivars umarTavi qceviT
an pasuxismgebel pirebze ZaladobiT gamoxatavdnen. safrangeTis zogierT regionSi mecxramete
saukunis bolos muSebi maTTvis arasasurvel damqiraveblebs CamoxrCobiTac ki daemuqrnen.
gaficvis forma, romelic dRes TanamSromlebsa da menejments Soris organizebul garigebasTan
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asocirdeba, nela da Tanmimdevrulad ganviTarda. 1799 wels britaneTSi kombinaciis aqtebi

SemuSavda, romelTa safuZvelze 1800 wels muSaTa jgufebis organizebuli Sekreba aralegalurad
gamocxadda da saxalxo demonstraciebi aikrZala. es aqtebi oci wlis Semdeg gauqmda, radgan
naTeli gaxda, rom amgvarma SezRudvam sazogadoebrivi ukmayofilebis Semcirebis nacvlad,
misi zrda gamoiwvia. imata profesiul kavSirebSi gawevrianebul adamianTa ricxvma da
profesiuli kavSirebis moRvaweoba male masobriv moZraobad gadaiqca. kavSirebi mecxramete
saukunis bolo meoTxedSi dakanonda, mas Semdeg maTi Semadgenloba gaizarda da 1920
wlisTvis kavSirebSi fizikurad dasaqmebul mamakacTa 60 procenti iyo gaerTianebuli. britanul
profesiul kavSirebs koordinacias centraluri organizacia, profesiuli kavSirebis kongresi (TUC)
uwevs, romelic 1868 wels daarsda britaneTSi. am organizacias mWidro kavSirebi aqvs
leiboristul partiasTan.
gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi kavSirebsa da gaficvebis tendenciebs Soris pirdapiri kavSiri
TiTqmis ar arsebobda. am perodSi gaficvebi ufro spontanurad, muSaTa organizaciebis mxridan
provocirebis gareSe xdeboda. SeerTebul StatebSi dasaqmebis sferoSi uflebamosili piris
angariSSi vkiTxulobT, rom im periodSi ganxorcielebul gaficvaTa TiTqmis naxevari kavSirebis
mier ar iyo inicirebuli (Ross 1954). savaraudod, TiTqmis igive mdgomareoba iyo britaneTSic.
pirveli msoflio omis bolos situacia Seicvala da kavSirebis mxardaWeris gareSe,
araorganizebulad ganxorcielebul gaficvaTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad Semcirda.
kavSirebis ganviTareba qveynebis mixedviT Zlier gansxvavdeba; aseve gansxvavebulia
samuSao Zalaze, damsaqmeblebsa da xelisuflebaze kavSirebis gavlena. britaneTsa da SeerTebul
StatebSi, evropuli qveynebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT, kavSirebi didi xniT adre dafuZnda.
magaliTad, germanuli profesiuli kavSirebi 1930-ian wlebSi nacistebis mier ganadgurda da
mxolod meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg ganaaxla moRvaweoba. safrangeTSi ki
kavSirebis moZraoba mxolod 1930-ian wlebSi ganviTarda da kavSirebis organizebisa da
koleqtiur SromiT kontraqtebTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebebis oficialuri aRiareba mxolod am
wlebSi moxda.
ratom arsebobs kavSirebi?

wevrobis donisa da Zalauflebis gansxvavebis miuxedavad, kavSiris orgnizaciebi yvela dasavlur
qveyanaSi arsebobs. yvela am qveynis kanonmdebloba aRiarebs, rom muSaks, ekonomikuri
miznebis misaRwevad, gaficvis legaluri ufleba aqvs. ratom iqca kavSiri Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad? ratom warmoadgens kavSirebsa da menejments Soris
konfliqti industriuli garemos met-naklebad myar maxasiaTebels?
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zogs miaCnia, rom kavSirebi Sua saukuneebSi arsebuli gildiebis – erTi da imave saqmianobiT
dakavebul adamianTa asociaciebis – efeqturi versiaa, romelic Tanamedrove industriaSic
damkvidrda. amgvari interpretaciiT mxolod im faqtis axsna SeiZleba, rom kavSirebi xSirad
xelosnebis mier iqmneboda, magram ra aris imis mizezi, rom kavSirebi mudmivad xelfasebis
momatebis moTxovnebTan da industriul konfliqtebTan asocirdeba? aqedan gamomdinare, ufro
misaRebi iqneba ganmarteba, rom kavSirebi industriul garemoSi muSebis materialuri
interesebis dacvis mizniT Seiqmna. samuSao garemo maT aerTianebT, ganapirobebs solidarobis
grZnobas, magram am garemoSi maTi formaluri gavlena Zalze mcirea.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi umravles qveynebSi muSebs ar
hqondaT politikuri uflebebi da veraviTar gavlenas ver axdendnen im pirobebze, romlebSic
uxdebodaT muSaoba. kavSirebi, pirvel rigSi, muSakebsa da damqiraveblebs Soris arsebul
Zalauflebriv disbalanss aregulirebs. muSaki, rogorc individualuri pirovneba, mcire gavleniT
sargeblobda, magram koleqtiur organizaciaSi misi gavlena sagrZnoblad gaizarda. damqiravebels
nebismieri muSakis daTxovna SeuZlia, magram qarxana ver imuSavebs mTeli personalis an
muSebis umravlesobis gareSe. Tavidan kavSirebs “damcveli” organizaciis xasiaTi hqonda,
romelic muSakebs damsaqmebelTa ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis gakontrolebis saSualebas
aZlevda.
uaxlesi miRwevebi
cxadia, Tavad kavSirebma, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, cvlilebebi ganicada. zogierTi maTgani Zlier
gaizarda da, rogorc permanentulma organizaciam, biurokratiuli xasiaTi miiRo. kavSirebSi
dasaqmebuli oficialuri personali sruli datvirTviT muSaobs, magaram mas SeiZleba ar hqondes
sakmarisi warmodgena im pirobebis Sesaxeb, romlebSic kavSiris wevrebs uxdebaT muSaoba.
aqedan gamomdinare, kavSiris liderebis aqtivoba da Sexedulebebi SeiZleba ar eTanxmebodes
kavSiris wevrebis interesebs. sawarmoSi dasaqmebul jgufebsa da maTi kavSirebis strategiebs
Soris zogjer konfliqturi situacia iqmneba. kavSirebis umravlesobam qalebis didi raodenobiT
gawevrianeba ver SeZlo. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTma am mizniT sainiciativo kampania
wamoiwyo, warsulSi bevri maTgani qalebis kavSirebSi gaerTianebas aqtiur winaaRmdegobas
uwevda.
dRes dasavlur qveynebSi arsebul profesiul kavSirebs safrTxes cvlilebaTa sami
urTierTdakavSirebuli procesi uqmnis: es umuSevrobis maRali donea, rac asustebs kavSirebis
garigebisTvis xelsayrel pozicias; Zveli manufaqturuli industriebis Semcireba – kavSirebis
saqmianoba, tardiciulad, am sferoSi iyo Zlieri; da saerTaSoriso konkurenciis intensiuri zrda, rac,
gansakuTrebiT aziur qveynebSi SeiniSneba, sadac xelfasebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, dasavleTTan
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SedarebiT, dabalia. SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva ramdenime evropul qveyanaSi, britaneTis,

safrangeTis, germaniisa da daniis CaTvliT, 1870-1980-ian wlebSi mmarTveli Zala memarjvene
xelisufleba gaxda, romelmac gadawyvita, SeezRuda industriaSi kavSirebis moWarbebuli
gavlena.
kavSirebis wevrTa raodenobisa da gavlenis Semcireba industriuli qveynebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zogadi fenomenia, rac ar unda aixsnas memarjevene xelisuflebis mier
kavSirebis winaaRmdeg politikuri zewolis gamoyenebiT. kavSirebis gavlenis Sesusteba,
Cveulebriv, maRali umuSevrobis periodSi xdeba, rac mraval dasavlur qveyanaSi aRiniSna (ix.
momaval qveTavebSi). ufro moqnili warmoebis ganviTarebis tendenciebi amcirebs kavSirebSi
gaerTianebisadmi miswrafebas. kavSirebi iseT garemoSi viTardeba, sadac did qarxnebSi erTad
bevri adamiani muSaobs.
gaficvebi
ra aris gaficva? pasuxi bundovania da misi formulireba martivi ar aris. magaliTad, ra
gansxvavebaa gaficvasa da muSaobis xanmokle droiT Sewyetas Soris? bevri qveynis statistikaSi
samuSaos SeCerebas gaficvasTan im SemTxvevaSi aigiveben, Tuki is dadgenil periods
(magaliTad, naxevar dRes) gascdeba, an Tu muSaobas muSakTa garkveuli raodenoba
SeaCerebs. aris Tu ara muSaobis SeCerebisas drois gadacileba an samuSao wesis darRveva
gaficvis amsaxveli aqtivobis magaliTi?
ukeTesi iqneba, Tu “gaficvas” ufro viwro gansazRvrebas mivusadagebT; winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, termini zusti ar iqneba. gaficva, ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis an garkveuli
moTxovnis mizniT, dasaqmebulTa jgufis mier samuSaos droebiTi SeCerebaa (Hyman, 1984).
am definiciis yvela komponenti mniSvnelovania, radgan is gaficvas dapirispirebisa da konfliqtis
sxva formebisgan ganasxvavebs. gaficva ukmayofilebis gamoxatvis droebiTi formaa, radgan
muSakebs, samomavlod, igive samuSaoze dabruneba da igive damsaqmebelTan
TananSromlobis gagrZeleba aqvT ganzraxuli; Tu muSakebi muSaobas Tavs samudamod
anebeben, amgvari qmedebis dasaxasiaTeblad es termini ar gamodgeba. gaficva muSaobis
SeCerebaa da ara drois gadaWarbebis akrZalva an “Senelebuli tempiT muSaoba.” gaficvaSi
muSakTa jgufi unda monawileobdes, radgan es koleqtiuri qmedebaa da ara erTi individualuri
muSakis mier gamoxatuli reaqcia. gaficva damsaqmeblis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli
aqtivobaa, rac mas studentebisa Tu mdgmurebis mier gamoxatuli protestis formebisgan
ganasxvavebs. da bolos, gaficvis mizans ukamyofileba da garkveuli moTxovna warmoadgens;
Tu muSaki samuSaos individualurad, sportul RonisZiebaze daswrebis mizeziT, acdens, mas
gaficuls ver vuwodebT.
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gaficva muSakebsa da menejments Soris SesaZlebeli konfliqtis mxolod erT aspeqts Tu tips
warmoadgens. organizebuli konfliqtis sxva formebi lokauti (aseT SemTxvevebSi samuSaos
SeCereba ara muSakebis, aramed damsaqmeblebis mier xdeba), warmoebis SezRudva da
kontraqtTan dakavSirebuli molaparakebis CaSlaa. naklebad organizebuli konfliqti SeiZleba
samuSao Zalis naklebobiT, samsaxuris gacdeniTa da sawarmoo aparaturis wyobidan
gamoyvaniT gamoixatos.
1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gamocemul cnobil naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom gaficvebi Tavs sul
ufro naklebad iCens. avtorTa azriT, xangrZlivi da intensiuri dapirispireba ZiriTadad
industrializaciis adreul fazebs axasiaTebs. gaficvebTan dakavSirebuli aqtivoba mcirdeba,
rodesac arsebobs SeTanxmebuli struqturuli industriuli garigeba (Ross and Hartman, 1960). am
naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, bevr dasavlur qveyanaSi, britaneTis CaTvliT, gaRvivda
industiuli konfliqti. britaneTSi 1960-ian wlebsa da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi araoficialuri
gaficvebis SeTxvevebma sagrZnoblad imata. rogorc Cans, am periodSi mravali muSaki
ukmayofilo iyo rogorc damsaqmebliT, ise kavSirebis oficialuri organizaciebis muSaobiT.
1980-ian da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi oficialurma kavSirebma isev daiwyo sagaficvo
aqtivobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba. amave dros, gaficvebis SemTxvevevebi sagrZnoblad
Semcirda did britaneTSi, rac umTavresad kavSirebis garSemo politikuri da ekonomikuri
klimatis daZabvam gamoiwvia. es saerTaSoriso tendenciebis nawilia. or an sam gamonakliss Tu
ar CavTvliT, am periodSi sagaficvo aqtivobis Semcireba yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi aRiniSna.
qalebi da samuSao
bolo dromde, dasavlur qveynebSi anazRaurebadi samuSao, ZiriTadad, mamakacTa sferod
miiCneoda. ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi situacia radikalurad Seicvala.
samuSao ZalaSi sul ufro meti qali erTveba. momdevno qveTavebSi am fenomenis
warmoSobasa da arss –Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebas _
ganvixilavT.
qalebi da samuSao adgili: istoriuli TvalTaxedva

preindustriul sazogadoebaTa mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis (da mesame samyaros qveynebSi
mcxovrebi bevri adamianisTvis) saojaxo aqtivoba produqtiul aqtivobasTan iyo gaigivebuli.
warmoeba Sin an saxlis maxloblad xorcieldeboda. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi ojaxis yvela wevri
miwas amuSavebda an xelobiT iyo dakavebuli. qalaqis macxovreblebi, Cveulebriv,
saxelosnoebs saxlis pirobebSi awyobdnen da ojaxis TiToeul wevrs warmoebis procesis
sxvadasxva aspeqtSi sakuTari wvlili Sehqonda. magaliTad, Tu ojaxi qsovils amuSavebda,
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bavSvebi Zafs asworebdnen da matyls varcxnidnen, ufrosi qaliSvilebi da maTi dedebi Zafs
axvevdnen, mamebi ki rTavdnen. colebi da Svilebi mamakacebTan erTad Sromas Tanabrad
inawilebdnen da kervaSi, fexsacmelebis damzadebasa da cxobaSi iRebdnen monawileobas.
ekonomikur procesebSi mniSvnelovani rolis gamo, qalebi ojaxSi didi gavleniT sargeblobdnen,
Tumca ar monawileobdnen politikasa da saomar saqmeebSi, radgan es mamakacis sferod
iTvleboda. xelosnebisa da fermerebis colebi xSirad awarmoebdnen saqmian angariSebs,
qvrivebi ki, Cveulebriv, bizness euflebodnen da uZRvebodnen kidec.
mas Semdeg, rac Tanamedrove industriis ganviTarebasTan erTad, samuSao adgilma saSinao
pirobebidan gareT gadainacvla, bevri ram Seicvala. erTaderTi da umTavresi faqtori, warmoebis
meqanizebul qarxnebSi gadanacvleba gaxldaT. samuSao, manqanis daxmarebiT, garkveuli
davalebis Sesrulebis mizniT, sagangebod daqiravebuli adamianebis mier sruldeboda, amitom
damsaqmeblebi kontraqts, mTeli ojaxis nacvlad, individualur pirebTan aformebdnen. imis
gacnobierebas, rom ojaxi, Zveleburad, erTian birTvad aRar aRiqmeba, didi dro dasWirda.
mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi, britaneTsa da sxva evropul qveynebSi damsaqmeblebi
samuSaoze xSirad isev mTel ojaxs qiraobdnen. magaliTad, Tu qmars qarxanaSi asaqmebdnen,
coli da Svilebi Sina mosamsaxureebad ahyavdaT an fermaSi amuSavebdnen.
droTa ganmavlobaSi es praqtika aRmoifxvra da saxli da samuSao adgili erTmaneTs sul ufro
metad gaemijna. qali “saojaxo” RirebulebebTan asocirdeboda, Tumca mosazrebas, rom qalis
adgili Sin aris, sazogadoebis sxvadasxva doneze gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen. mravali qali
Sina mosamsaxured, eqTnad, an saojaxo saqmeSi damxmared muSaobda. xelmokle qalebs ufro
mZime pirobebi hqondaT, radgan isini saojaxo saqmesac uZRvebodnen da, qmris arasakmarisi
Semosavlis gamo, industriuli saqmianobiTac iyvnen dakavebulni.
meoce saukunemde qalTa dasaqmebis maCvenebeli yvela klasSi Zalze dabali iyo. britaneTSi,
1910 wlis bolosac ki, dasaqmebul qalTa erTi mesamedi Sina mosamsaxured an saojaxo
saqmeSi damxmared muSaobda. qalTa samuSao Zala, ZiriTadad, axalgazrda martoxela qalebs
moicavda. Tu es qalebi qarxnebsa an ofisebSi muSaobdnen, damsaqmeblebi xelfass, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, pirdapir maT mSoblebs ugzavnidnen. daqorwinebis Semdeg ki isini muSaobas
Tavs anebebdnen.
mas Semdeg, anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi qalTa monawileoba metnaklebad
Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda. erT-erTi ZiriTadi zemomqmedi faqtori pirveli msoflio omis periodSi
samuSao Zalis Semcireba gaxldaT. saomari wlebis ganmavlobaSi qalebi bevr iseT samuSaos
asrulebdnen, rac manamde mxolod mamakacis saqmianobad miiCneoda. omidan dabrunebis
Semdeg, am saqmianobaTa umravlesoba kvlav mamakacebma gadaibares, magram omamde
damkvidrebuli Tvalsazrisi Seirya. dRevandel evropul qveynebSi, saxlis gareT, anazRaurebad
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samuSaoze Teqvsmetidan samoc wlamde asakis qalTa 35-60 procentia dasaqmebuli.

gansakuTrebuli mateba qorwinebaSi myof qalTa Soris aRiniSna. gaerTianebul samefoSi es
maCvenebeli 53 procents udris. anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul qorwinebaSi myof qalTa
raodenoba, romlebsac sam wlamde asakis mcirewlovani Svilebi hyavT, 40 procentze metia.
miuxedavad amisa, anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, proporciulad
bevrad naklebi qalia. anazRaurebad samuSaoze ocdaxuTidan samoc wlamde asakis mamakacTa
74 procentia dasaqmebuli. anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul mamakacTa proporciuli
raodenoba naklebad Seicvala gasuli saukunidan moyolebuli.
araTanabari samuSao pirobebi

dRes qalebi, ZiriTadad, dabalanazRaurebad, rutinuli xasiaTis samuSaoze arian dasaqmebulni,
rac dasaqmebis organizaciaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma da sqesTan dakavSirebulma
stereotipebma gamoiwvia. amis TvalsaCino magaliTs “klerkis” Tanamdebobis prestiJisa da am
TanamdebobisTvis savaldebulo amocanebis axleburi xedva warmoadgens. 1850 wels,
gaerTianebul samefoSi klerkebis 90 procenti mamakacebi iyvnen. klerkis samuSao
sapasuxismgeblo poziciad iTvleboda, rac sabuRaltro unar-Cvevebis flobasa da, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, menejerisTis savaldebulo pasuxismgeblobasac ki gulisxmobda. yvelaze dabal
safexurze dasaqmebuli klerkic ki sargeblobda garkveuli statusiT gare samyaroSi. meoce
saukuneSi saofise samuSaos zogadi meqanizacia moxda (rasac win uZRoda mecxramete
saukuneSi sabeWdi manqanis SemoReba). aman klerkis statusisa da unar-Cvevebis Selaxva da
masTan miaxloebuli dabali statusisa da dabalanazRaurebadi mdivnis saqmianobis danergva
gamoiwvia. imis gamo, rom mdivnis TanamdebobasTan asocirebuli prestiJi da anazRaureba
maRali ar iyo, es samuSao adgilebi, ZiriTadad, qalebma Seavses. 1991 wels, gaerTianebul
samefoSi saofise muSakebis 90% da mdivnebis 98% qalebi Seadgendnen.
qalebis anazRaurebad samuSao ZalaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze mniSvnelovania,
hyavT Tu ara am qalebs maTze damokidebuli Svilebi. yvela socioekonomikur jgufSi qals,
savarudod, ufro aqvs sruli samuSao datvirTva, Tu mas saxlSi Svilebze zrunva ar uwevs. Tumca
dRes, 1980-ian wlebTan SedarebiT, dedebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, isev iwyeben sruli datvirTviT
muSaobas, ubrundebian igive samuSaos da imave damsaqmebelTan agrZeleben
TanamSromlobas. 1980-ian wlebSi, dedebis umravlesoba, Zveli samuSao adgilisgan
gansxvavebiT, arasruli datvirTviT an ufro dabalanazRurebad Tanamdebobaze muSaobda. 1990-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi, qalebi karieras ubrundebian, gansakuTrebiT im SemxvevaSi, Tu isini
manamde maRalanazRaurebadi saqmianobiT iyvnen dakavebulni (HMSO, 1992).
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arasruli datvirTviT, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, bevrad meti qalia dasaqmebuli. maTi

umravlesoba srul anazRaurebad datvirTvas arasrul samuSao dRes amjobinebs. magram arsebobs
erTi mniSvnelovani sfero, sadac qalebs Tavisufali arCevani ara aqvT. mamakacebs, zogadad,
Svilebis aRzrdis saqmeSi gadamwyveti pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebaT. es pasuxismgebloba
(sxva saojaxo movaleobebTan erTad – ix. qvemoT), qalebs aqvT dakisrebuli; amitom qalebi,
romlebsac surT an sWirdebaT dasaqmeba, arasrul samuSao grafiks aniWeben upiratesobas.
bolo dros qalebi iseT Tanamdebobebs ikaveben, romlebic ,,mamakacTa samuSaoebad” iTvleba.
Tumca jerjerobiT aseTi SemTxvevebi bevri ar aris. britanul kompaniebSi xelmZRvanelis
Tanamdebobaze qalebis 5 procentic ar aris dakavebuli. xuTidan oTx firmaSi arc erT qals ar
ukavia direqtoris Tanamdeboba. igive mdgomareobaa ekonomikis sferoSic. magaliTad,
gaerTianebuli samefos did bankebSi amJamad daaxloebiT erTi milioni qali muSaobs.
vestminsteris nacionalur bankSi qalebs menejerTa Tanamdebobobebis 2 procenti, midlendSi 3
procenti, barkleisSi ki 4 procenti ukaviaT.
analogiuri situaciaa sxva profesiebSic. ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, advokati qalebis
raodenoba gaizarda, magram maTi raodenoba sul 14 procents Seadgens. umaRles sasamarTloSi
qalebs mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobebis sul 3 procenti ukaviaT da maTi umravlesoba qalTa
ganyofilebaSi muSaobs. saapelacio komisiaSi qalebi saerTod ar arian (Grint, 1991).
Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad mwvave iqneba uaxloes momavalSi genderuli uTanasworobis
problema. dRes mniSvnelovani gardaqmnebi mimdinareobs, magram karieris ganviTarebas didi
dro sWirdeba, amitom Sedegebi mxolod wlebis Semdeg gamovlindeba. magaliTad, aviRoT
iuridiuli profesia. britaneTSi, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, iurisprudenciis studentebis naxevars
qalebi Seadgendnen, rac wina aTwleulTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti iyo. savaraudod, maTi
umravlesoba iuristis karieras ganagrZobs; saintereso is aris, maTgan ramdeni daikavebs maRal
Tanamdebobas.
warmatebis problemebi
amJamad ekonomikurad warmatebul qalebs iseT samyarosTan uxdebaT Segueba, romelsac isini
Sinaganad ar ekuTvnian. aRmasrulebel Tanamdebobebze dakavebuli qalebis gamocdileba
ucxoeTSi xangrZlivi periodiT gamgzavrebuli qalebis gamocdilebas Seadares. aseT dros cnobari,
rukebi da adgilobrivi macxovreblebis wes-Cveulebebis codnaa saWiro. amgvar mogzaurobas
Tan “kulturuli Sokic” axlavs da mosaxleoba ucxoels bolomde maSinac ver egueba, Tuki is
aRniSnul qveyanaSi samudamod apirebs darCenas. droTa ganmavlobaSi, qalebma SeiZleba
zemoqmedeba moaxdinon maskulinul RirebulebaTa sistemaze da ojaxTan dakavSirebuli
pasuxismgebloba da samuSao valdebulebebi erTmaneTs SeuTavson.
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qalebis karieris ganviTarebas mamakacTa is damokidebuleba uSlis xels, rom qalisTvis samuSao
meorexarisxovania Svilebis yolasTan SedarebiT. britaneTSi Seiswavles im menejerTa
misazrebebi, romlebic jandacvis samsaxurSi teqnikuri personalis Tanamdebobaze dasaqmebis
msurvel qalbatonebTan uZRvebodnen intervius. kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom interviurebi
qalebs mudmivad ekiTxebian, hyavT Tu ara Svilebi, da Tu ar hyavT, apirebeben Tu ara
momavalSi dedobas. amgvar SekiTxvas arasodes usvamen mamakac aplikantebs. rodesac
interviuerebs amgvari qmedebis mizezi hkiTxes, orgvarma pasuxma gaiJRera: a) im qalebma,
romlebsac Svilebi hyavT, SesaZloa, skolis ardadegebis periodSi an bavSvis avadmyofobis
SemTxvevaSi, samsaxuridan ganTavisuflebis mizniT, damatebiTi dro moiTxovon; b) bavSvze
zrunva ganixileba ara orive mSoblis, aramed dedis pasuxismgeblobad.
1992 wels, ist angliaSi menejeri qalbatonebis gamokiTxvis Sedegad, Semdegi Sedegebi
gamovlinda (Verney, 1992): 200-ma gamokiTxulma qalma ganacxada, rom warmatebuli biznes
karieris Seqmnis msurveli qalbatonisTvis yvelaze didi problema baSvze zrunvis sakiTxia.
yvelaze misaReb, magram moklevadian gamosavlad, isini samuSao adgilze sabavSvo bagebis
gaxsnas miiCneven. magram amgvari SesaZleblobiT TanamSromlebs gamokiTxul kompaniaTa
mxolod 2 procenti uzrunvelyofda.
ra daskvna unda gamovitanoT am Sedegebis safuZvelze? qalebis samuSao SesaZleblobebs
dabrkolebas mamakacTa mikerZoebuli ganwyoba uqmnis? zogierTma menejerma aRniSna, rom
qalebma, romlebsac Svilebi hyavT, anazRaurebadi samuSao ar unda eZebon, saojaxo saqmiT
dakavdnen da Svilebze izrunon. Tumca umravlesoba aRiarebs im princips, rom qalma da
mamakacma, karierasTan momarTebaSi, erTnairi SesaZleblobebiT unda isargeblon. maT
mikerZoebul ganwyobas samuSao ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed mSoblisTvis savaldebulo saojaxo
pasuxismgebloba. aqamde mosaxleobis umravlesobas miaCnda, rom mSoblis funqciebi
Tanabrad ver ganawildeba da amasTan dakavSirebiT TanamSromel qalebs mudmivad eqnebaT
problemebi. erT-erTma menejerma ganacxada, rom qalebi, karierasTan mimarTebaSi,
mamakacebTan SedarebiT, wamgebian poziciaSi arian. es usamarTlobaa, magram cxovrebiseuli
faqtebiT jerjerobiT amgvari mdgomareoba dasturdeba (Cockburn, 1991).
kanonmdebloba, romelic Tanabar SesaZleblobebs iTvaliswinebs

1979 wels gaerTianebul samefoSi Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa aqti SemuSavda. aqtis punqtebis
mixedviT, qalma da mamakacma erTsa da imave samuSaoSi Tanabari anazRureba unda
miiRon. amgvari formulirebis safuZvelze, bevr damsaqmebels mieca lavirebis saSualeba. maT
samuSaos dasaxeleba Seucvales da qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis “gansxvavebuli” samuSao
adgilebi Seqmnes; amgvarad, aqtma maSin ar gaamarTla. 1975 wels evropulma gaerTianebam
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Tanabari anazRaurebis aqti SeimuSava, romlis safuZvelze “Tanabari anazRaurebis principi”

dainerga. Tanabrad ara mxolod ,,msgavsi samuSao”, aramed “Tanabari Rirebulebis samuSaoc”
unda anazRaurdes.
Tumca, saeWvoa, ramdenad aisaxa praqtikulad es gansxvaveba dasaqmebis sistemaSi.
britaneTis Tanabar SesaZleblobaTa komisiam qalTa diskriminaciis ramdenime gaxmaurebuli
saqmis winaaRmdeg gailaSqra. magaliTad, 1989 wels loidis bankis mbeWdav da mdivan qalTa
industriul tribunalze gadacemuli saqme momCivanTa gamarjvebiT dasrulda; maT ganacxades,
rom am Tanamdebobebze dasaqmebuli qalebisa da bankis mamakaci kurierebis samuSao
Tanabari Rirebulebisaa, kurierebs ki maTze maRali xelfasi eZlevaT.
miuxedavad garkveuli cvlilebebisa, dasaqmebuli qalis saSualo anazRaureba kvlav bevrad ufro
dabalia mamakacis saSualo anazRaurebaze; dabalanazRaurebad samuSao seqtorSi qalebi
Warboben. qalebis xelfasebi, saSualod, maSinac ufro dabalia, Tuki isini da mamakacebi
erTsadaimave kategoriaSi arian dasaqmebulni. magaliTad, britaneTSi saofise samuSaoze
dasaqmebul qalebs igive Tanamdebobaze dasaqmebuli mamakacis gamomuSavebis 60 procenti
eZlevaT; maRaziebSi dasaqmebul qalebs ki igive saqmianobiT dakavebuli mamakacis xelfasis -
57 procenti.
saojaxo saqme
saojaxo saqmis Tanamedrove forma ojaxisa da samuSaos gamijvnis Sedegad gaCnda (Oakley,
1974). saxli ufro produqtis moxmarebis da ara warmoebis adgilad iqca. saojaxo saqme aRar aris
iseTi ,,TvalsaCino”, radgan ,,realuri samuSaos” cnebas sul ufro aigiveben saqmianobasTan,
romelSic adamians xelfasi eZleva. cvlilebebi moxda im periodis ganmavlobaSic, romelmac
sakuTari saxlis flobis praqtikamde migviyvana. industrializaciiT ganpirobebulma
gamogonebebma da danadgarebma saojaxo sferoze didi gavlena iqonia. manamde es Zalze
mZime da damqancveli saqmianoba iyo. magaliTad, ZalianN rTuli da Sromatevadi iyo sarecxis
yovelkvireuli recxva. The Maytag Washing Machine Co.–m gamoikvlia, Tu rogor recxavdnen
sarecxs mecxramete saukuneSi. maT daaskvnes, ,,rom Zvelad, sarecxis recxvisas, adamiani
dReSi igive energias xarjavda, rac xuTi milis gadacurvisas ixarjeboda; es aqtivoba igive
moZraobas moiTxovda da recxvisas adamiani iseve sveldeboda, rogorc curvisas.” (citirebulia
Hardyment, 1987, gv. 6).
saxlebis cxeli da civi gamdinare wyliT uzrunvelyofis Semdeg, bevri Sromatevadi da xangrZlivi
saqme gamartivda; manamde wyali saxlamde unda migezida. cxeli wylis moxmarebis mizniT,
wyali aduRebas moiTxovda. eleqtroenergiisa da gazis milebis saxlebSi Seyvanis Semdeg,
naxSirisa da SeSis qurebi usargeblo sagnebad iqca. Sesabamisad, TiTqmis gauqmda SeSis
Cexvis, naxSiris mozidvisa da quris mudmivad wmendis saqmianobebi. iseTma danadgarebma,
rogoric mtversasruti da sarecxi manqanaa, Sroma Zlier Seamsubuqa. ojaxis wevrTa raodenobam
iklo, rac nakleb bavSvze zrunvas gulisxmobda. ucnauria, magram amis miuxedavad, qalis mier
saojaxo saqmeze daxarjuli dro sagrZnoblad ar Semcirebula. mecxramete saukunis meore
naxevarSi umuSevari britaneli qalebis mier saojaxo saqmeze daxarjuli drois raodenoba ar
Secvlila. saojaxo danadgarebis wyalobiT, zogi mZime saojaxo saqme gamartivda, magram isini
axalma saqmianobebma Secvala.
qalebis samuSao ZalaSi CarTulobis zrdis tendenciam saojaxo aqtivobaze imoqmeda. gareT
dasaqmebuli qorwinebaSi myofi qalebi, sxva qalebTan SedarebiT, naklebad arian saojaxo
saqmiT dakavebulni, Tumca, umravles SemTxvevaSi, inawileben saxlze zrunvasTan
dakavSirebul ZiriTad pasuxismgeblobas (ix. cxrili 12.1). maTi aqtivoba sruliad gansxvavebulia.
isini saojaxo saqmes ZiriTadad saRamos saaTebsa da uqmeebs uTmoben. gareT dausaqmebeli
diasaxlisebi ki saqmes sxvagvarad anawileben.
araanazRaurebad saojaxo Sromas ekonomikisTvis uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs. gamoTvlebis
mixedviT, industriul qveynebSi Seqmnili dovlaTis 25-40 procenti saojaxo saqmis Sedegia.
saojaxo samuSao iseT ufaso momsaxurebas uzRunvelyofs, romelzec dasaqmebuli mosaxleobis
didi nawilia damokidebuli, es ki, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs ekonomikis ganviTarebas.
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ojaxze mzrunvel diasaxlisebs (dRes iseTi Semxvevebic gvxvdeba, rodesac ojaxze mamakacebi
zrunaven), ara aqvT anazRaurebadi samuSao. Tumca statistikaSi maT “umuSevrebad” ar
Tvlian. realurad, ras niSnavs, “umuSevroba”? am sakiTxs yuradRebas momdevno qveTavSi
davuTmobT.
cxrili 12.1 col-qmars Soris saojaxo saqmis ganawileba, didi britaneTi 1994 (procentebSi)
yovelTvis Cveulebri orive Cveulebriv yovelTvis yvela
qalebi v qalebi TiTqmis mamakace mamakace wyvili
Tanabrad bi bi
recxva da gauToeba 47 32 18 1 1 100
gadawyvetileba, Tu 27 32 35 3 1 100
ra kerZi unda
momzaddes sadilad
avadmyofi ojaxis 22 26 45 _ _ 100
wevrebis movla
sursaTis yidva 20 21 52 4 1 100
saxlis mcire 2 3 18 49 25 100
SesakeTebeli
samuSao
aq iseTi SemTxvevebic igulsixmeba, rodesac SekiTxvas ar upasuxes an samuSaos mesame piri asrulebda.
wyaro: Social Attitude Survey in Britain, Social & Community Planning Research, Social Trend-ze dayrdnobiT,
1996, gv. 216
umuSevroba
gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli Zlier Seicvala. 1930-ian wlebSi
dasavlur qveynebSi umuSevrobam kulminacias miaRwia, britaneTSi am periodSi samuSao
Zalis 20 procenti iyo dausaqmebeli. omis Semdgom wlebSi, evropisa da SeerTebuli Statebis
sazogadoebriv politikaze Zlier imoqmeda ekonomist jon meinard keinesis ideebma. keiness
miaCnda, rom umuSevrobis zrdas saqonlis Sesyidvis uunaroba iwvevs; mTavrobas SeuZlia
ekonomikaSi Caerios da moTxovnis done gazardos, rasac axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmna
mohyveba. bevri adamianis azriT, saxelmwifos mier ekonomikuri cxovrebis marTvis gamo,
umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebeli warsuls Cabarda. sruli dasaqmebis valdebuleba TiTqmis
yvela dasavluri qveynis samTavrobo politikis Semadgenel nawilad iqca. 1970-ian wlebamde es
politika TiTqos amarTlebda da ekonomikuri zrda metnaklebad Tanmimdevrulad
mimdinareobda.
Tumca, gasuli TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi, umuSevrobis maCvenebeli bevr qveyanaSi
gaizarda da keinesianizms, umravles SemTxvevaSi, aRar iyeneben, rogorc ekonomikuri
aqtivobis kontrolis mcdelobis saSualebas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, daaxloebiT 25 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, britaneTSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli 2 procentsac ar Seadgenda. 1980-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi es maCvenebeli 12 procentamde gaizarda, Semdeg daeca, aTwleulis bolos ki
isev aRmasvla daiwyo; 1995 wels is 11 procents Seadgenda.
umuSevrobis analizi
umuSevrobis oficialuri statistikis interpretacia sworxazovani ar aris (ix. 12.2). umuSevrobis
dasaxasiaTeba ar aris advili amocana. is ,,samuSaos gareSe yofnas” niSnavs. magram
samuSaoSi aq “anazRaurebadi samuSao” an “aRiarebuli saqmianobiT dakaveba” igulisxmeba.
umuSevris statusiT registrirebuli adamiani SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis produqtiuli aqtivobiT,
magaliTad, saxlis RebviT an baRis movliT, iyos dakavebuli. bevri adamiani arasruli
anazRaurebadi datvirTviT muSaobs an anazrurebadi samuSaoTi periodulad aris dakavebuli;
pensionrebs ,,umuSevarTa” kategorias ar akuTvneben.
mravali ekonomistis azriT, umuSevrobis standartul maCvenebels kidev ori faqtori unda
daematos. arseboben ,,uimedobiT Sepyrobili muSakebi”, romlesac muSaoba surT, imedi
gaucruvdaT da samuSaos Zebnaze xeli Caiqnies; ,,iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi”
iseT kategorias ekuTvnian, romlebsac srulad dasaqmebis survili aqvT, magram ver axerxeben
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amgvari samuSaos moZiebas. am faqtorebis damateba, umuSevrobasTan mimarTebaSi, ufro

srulyofil demografiul suraTs uzrunvelyofs. 1993 wels evropuli kavSiris qveynebSi 4
milioni ,,uimedobiT Sepyrobili” da 15 milioni “iZulebiT arasrulad dasaqmebuli” muSaki iyo.
umuSevarTa ofocialuri raodenoba ki 34 milions Seadgenda (The Economist, 22 ivlisi, 1995, gv.
92). Tu iaponiis umuSevrobis maCvenebels am ori damatebiTi kategoriiT SevavsebT,
umuSevrobis saerTo done orjer an metad gaizrdeba.
nax 12.2 SesaZlebeli dasaqmebis, umuSevrobis, an samuSaos gareSe yofnis taqsonomia
wyaro: Peter Sinclair, Unemployment: Economic Theory and Evidence (Blackwell Publishers 1987), gv. 2
skolis Semdgomi asakis mosaxleoba
dasaqmebuli xarT?
diax ara
sruli datvirTviT? gsurT muSaobis dawyeba?
ara diax
gsurT ufro xangrZlivi samuSao dRis amJamad eZebT samuSaos?
qona?
diax ara diax diax ara
sruli datvirTviT arasruli SegiZliaT axlave
dasaqmeba datvirTviT daiwyoT muSaoba?
dasaqmeba
diax jer amJama sruliad ar
ara d ara veZeb
dasaqmebulebi dausaqmebeli naxevrad arc dasaqmebuli,
dausaqmebeli arc dausaqmebeli
ekonomikurad aqtiurebi
britaneTis xelisuflebis mier dokumenturad kargad aris aRnusxuli, Tu rogor aisaxa umuSevroba
sxvadasxva fenebSi. umuSevrobis maCvenebeli qalebs Soris ufro maRalia, vidre mamakacebSi
da eTnikur umciresobebSi ufro maRalia, vidre TeTrkanianebSi. eTnikur umciresobebs Soris,
danarCen mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT, aseve yvelaze maRalia grZelvadiani umuSevrobis
maCvenebeli. umuSevrobis bolodroindeli zrda gansakurebiT axalgazrdebs Seexo; am
kategoriaSic igive problema - is TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, eTnikur umciresobebze ufro
mZafrad aisaxa. Teqvsmetidan cxramet wlamde asakis adamianTa umuSevrobis maCvenebeli
daaxloebiT 20 procentia. SeiZleba es ar iyos realuri monacemi, radgan studentTa umravlesoba
arasruli datvirTviT muSaobs an droebiT samuSaozea dakavebuli. Tumca, xangrZlivad
dausaqmebel adamianTa Soris, Zalian bevri axalgazrdaa, romelTa umravlesoba eTnikur
umciresobas ekuTvnis. mozardi asakis biWebis naxevarze meti umuSevrad rCeba eqvsi Tvis an
ufro xangrZlivi drois manZilze.E
umuSevroba Zneli gadasatania saimedo samsaxurs miCveuli adamianebisTvis. ra Tqma unda,
pirvel rigSi, Tavs Semosavlis dakargva iCens. am garemoebis Sedegi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi
sxvadasxvagvarad aisaxeba, radgan yvela qveyana sxvadasxva moculobis umuSevrobis
daxmarebas gascems. magaliTad, britaneTi umuSevrebs keTildReobis xangrZlivi daxmarebiT
uzrunvelyofs. umuSevrobam SeiZleba mwvave finansuri problemebi gamoiwvios, magram
saxelmwifo jandacva da keTildReobis sxva saxis daxmareba umuSevrebisTvis mainc
xelmisawvdomia. meore mxriv, SeerTebul StatebSi, espaneTsa da sxva zogierT dasavlur
qveyanaSi umuSevrebs daxmareba ufro xanmokle vadiT eZlevaT da, Sesabamisad, aseTi
adamianebi uares ekonomikur pirobebSi aRmoCndebian.
ratom gaizarda umuSevrobis maCvenebeli?
ukanasknel wlebSi dasavlur qveynebSi umuSevroba gaizarda. sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi es
procesi gansxvavebuli formiT aisaxa. dasavleTis farglebs gareT, sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,
naklebi umuSevroba iyo iaponiaSi. ukanaskneli ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, dasavleTis
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qveynebSi arsebuli umuSevrobis maRali maCvenebeli sxvadasxva faqtorTa kombinaciiT

aixsneba.
 mniSvnelovani elementia saerTaSoriso konkurenciis zrda im industriebSi, romlebsac
efuZneboda dasavleTis keTildReoba. 1947 wels foladis msoflio warmoebis 60 procenti
SeerTebul StatebSi xorcieldeboda. dRevandeli maCvenebeli 15 procentia, maSin roca
iaponiasa da mesame samyaros qveynebSi (kerZod, singapurSi, taivansa da hong
kongSi, romlebic iaponur fasebsac amcireben) foladis warmoeba samjer gaizarda.
 sxvadasxva garemoebis, magaliTad, 1973 wlis “navTobis krizisis” (maSin navTobis

mwarmoebeli ZiriTadi qveynebi Seikribnen da koleqtiurad gadawyvites navTobis
safasuris gazrda) gamo, msoflio ekonomikam seriozuli recesia da warmoebis Seneleba
ganicada.
 industriaSi mikroeleqtronikis moWarbebulma gamoyenebam Seamcira moTxovna

samuSao Zalaze.
 warsulTan SedarebiT, sul ufro met qals surs dasaqmeba, ramac xelmisawvdomi
samuSao adgilebis Semcireba gamoiwvia.
Zneli saTqmelia, kidev gaizrdeba Tu ara uaxloes momavalSi umuSevrobis maCvenebeli.
zogierT qveyanas masStabur umuSevrobasTan sabrZolvelad ukeTesi pirobebi gaaCnia.
umuSevrobam SeerTebulAStatebSi, britaneTTan da sxva mniSvnelovan evropul
qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro warmatebiT iklo. amis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom
ekonomikuri siZlieris gamo, es qveyana msoflio bazarze, mcire arastabilur qveynebTan
SedarebiT, ufro didi gavleniT sargeblobs. garda amisa, savaraudod, SeerTebul StatebSi
gansakuTrebiT farTo momsaxurebis seqtoris arsebobis gamo, aSS ufro meti samuSao
adgiliT uzrunvelyofs, vidre qveynebi, romelTa mosaxleoba, tradiciulad, manufaqturul
warmoebaSia dasaqmebuli.
dasaqmebis momavali
kvalificirebuli muSaki
zogierTi sociologi da ekonomisti acxadebs, rom globaluri ekonomikisa da ‘moqnil”
samuSao Zalaze moTxovnis zrdis pirobebSi, momavalSi bevri “kvalificirebuli muSaki”
gveyoleba. am adamianebs unar-Cvevebis nakrebi – gansxvavebuli samuSao unar-Cvevebi
da diplomebi unda hqondeT, rasac isini samuSao karieris ganviTarebis gzaze sxvadasxva
saqmianobaSi gamoiyeneben. mxolod dasaqmebulTa mcire wils eqneba
grZelvadiani ,,kariera” Tanamedrove gagebiT.
zogierTebi kvalificirebuli muSakis damkvidrebisken swrafvas dadebiTad afaseben.
muSaki wlebis ganmavlobaSi erTsa da imave samuSaoze ar iqneba dakavebuli da mas
sakuTari samuSao karieris SemoqmedebiTad dagegmvis saSualeba eqneba (Handy, 1994).
zogi Tvlis, rom “moqniloba” praqtikaSi organizaciebis mier muSakebis TviTneburad
daqiravebasa da daTxovnas niSnavs, ris gamoc TanamSromlebs daucvelobis grZnoba
euflebaT. damsaqmeblebs samuSao ZalasTan xanmokle valdebuleba akavSirebT, rac maT
minimaluri damatebiTi daxmarebis gadaxdisa da sapensio uflebebis SezRudvis saSualebas
aZlevs.
kaliforniaSi Silicon Valley-is mier axlaxan Catarebuli kvleviT dadasturda, rom adgilobrivi
ekonomikuri warmateba kvalificirebul samuSao Zalas efuZneba. Silicon Valley-is firmebSi
Zalian maRalia warumateblobis maCvenebeli: yovel wels daaxloebiT 300 axali kompania
ixsneba, magram TiTqmis igive raodenobis kompania ixureba. situaciis Sesabamisad
iqceva samuSao Zala, romelSic didi raodenobiT aris profesionali da teqnikuri muSaki.
avtorebi amboben, rom erTi firmidan meoreSi niWisa da unarebis swrafi gadineba da,
paralelurad, personalis adaptacia mimdinareobs. teqnikuri specialisti konsultantis pozicias
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ikavebs, konsultanti - menejeris, rigiTi TanamSromlebi kompaniis kapitalistebi xdebian;

SeiZleba procesi sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiTac ganviTardes (Bahrami and Evans,
1995).
amgvari situacia jerjerobiT gamonaklisi ufroa, vidre Cveulebrivi movlena. dasaqmebasTan
dakavSirebuli uaxlesi statistikis mixedviT, industriul britaneTsa da aSS-Si, anu im
qveynebSi, romlebsac industriul qveynebs Soris yvelaze nakleb regulirebadi Sromis bazari
aqvT - srulad dasaqmebuli muSakebi igive datvirTviT muSaoben, rogorc aTi wlis win (The
Economist, 21 maisi, 1995). amis mizezi is aris, rom menejerebi personalis reorganizacias
kompaniisTvis ZviradRirebul da, moraluri TvalsazrisiTac, saziano RonisZiebad
miiCneven, amitom maT axali TanamSromlebis miRebas, Zveli personalis gadamzadeba
urCevniaT, Tundac amisTvis sabazro Rirebulebaze maRali safasuris gadaxda gaxdes
saWiro. wignSi “Built to Last” (1994) jeims kolinzma da jeri porasma meTvramete
saukunis amerikuli kompaniebi gaaanalizes; 1926 wlidan am kompaniebs saaqcio birJaze
mudmivad kargi Sedegi aqvT. avtorebma daadgines, rom isini TanamSromlebs
TviTneburad ar qiraobdnen da arc samuSaodan uSvebdnen, piriqiT, kompania personalis
mimarT mfarvelobiT politikas atarebda. erTmaneTs TxuTmeti kompania Seadares.
aRmoCnda, rom cameti naklebad warmatebuli korporaciisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod orma
daniSna aRmasrulebeli direqtoris Tanamdebobaze pirovneba, romelic ar iyo kompaniis
TanamSromeli.
kvlevis Sedegebi adasturebs im adamianTa Tvalsazriss, romlebsac miaCniaT, rom
ekonomikaSi adgils kvalificirebuli muSaki imkvidrebs. organizaciaTa zomis Semcireba
realobaa, ris Sedegad samuSaos bevri iseTi muSaki kargavs, romelsac Sromis bazarze
sicocxlis bolomde dasaqmebis imedi hqonda. axali samuSaos misaRebad maT SeiZleba
sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebis daufleba mouxdeT. bevrma, gansakurebiT asakovanma
adamianma, SeiZleba saerTod ver SeZlos Zvelebur an, zogadad, anazRaurebad samuSaoze
dasaqmeba.
samuSaos mniSvnelobis Semcireba?

,,yvela adamians aqvs muSaobis ufleba” - vkiTxulobT adamianis uflebaTa universalur
deklaraciaSi, romelsac meore msoflio omis Semdeg gaerTianebuli erebis Sekrebaze moewera
xeli. maSin es gancxadeba anazRaurebad samuSaos gulisxmobda. umuSevrobis gagrZelebis
SemTxvevaSi am mizans realizeba ar uweria. iqneb anazRaurebadi samuSaos buneba Seicvalos,
kerZod, adamianTa cxovrebaSi misi dominanturi pozicia?
damsaqmeblebi da muSakebi umuSevrobas uaryofiTad aRiqvamen, magram es Tvalsazrisi
gadaxedvas saWiroebs. ar aris marTebuli “samuSaos” ,,anazRaurebad dasaqmebasTan”
gaigiveba. Tu vinmes gansakuTrebuli miswrafeba aqvs, magaliTad, lamaz baRs sakuTari
interesiT amuSavebs da materialur anazRaurebas ar elis, gana es samuSao ar aris?
sityva ,,umuSevroba” enaSi mecxramete saukunis bolos damkvidrda; iqneb meoce saukunis
bolos am terminis gamoyeneba aRar iyo mizanSewonili. aseT situaciaSi dasaqmeba iseve
dakargavs enobriv mniSvnelobas, rogorc es sityva ,,umuSevrobis” SemTxvevaSi moxda.
zogierT mecniers miaCnia, rom umuSevrebs TviTdasaqmebulebi unda vuwodoT da
Aadamianebs unda mieceT arCevanis SesaZlebloba.
samuSao kviris saSualo xangrZlivoba yvela industriul qveyanaSi mcirdeba. bevri muSaki mainc
dadgenil samuSao saaTze mets muSaobs, magram zogierTi mTavroba samuSao saaTebis
xangrZlivobis limits awesebs. magaliTad, safrangeTSi damatebiTi samuSao dro weliwadSi
maqsimum 130 saaTiT ganisazRvra. umravles qveynebSi, pensiaze gasasvlelad, oficialurad
dadgenili asaki samocda xuTi welia, magram saSualo samuSao kariera, SesaZloa, samomavlod
Semcirdes da iklos pensiaze gasvlis asakma (Blyton, 1985). samuSao Zalas, materialuri
SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi, savaraudod, samoci an samoc wlamde asakis ufro meti adamiani
datovebs.
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Tu anazRaurebadi dasaqmebisTvis dadgenili periodi kidev ufro Semcirdeba da dasaqmebis

aucileblobis mniSvneloba iklebs, SeiZleba moxdes karieris bunebis mniSvnelovani
reorganizeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba Cveulebriv movlenad iqces SeTavsebiT muSaoba da
samuSao saaTebic ufro moqnili gaxdes. zogierTi Sromis analitikosis azriT, universitetSi
arsebuli samuSaodan ganTavisuflebis principi sxva sferoebSi dasaqmebul muSakebzec unda
gavrceldes da yvelas mieces raime formiT, TviTganviTarebis an swavlis mizniT, samsaxuridan
erTi wliT ganTavisuflebis SesaZlebloba. bevri adamiani, cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze,
savaraudod, Tavad dagegmavs Tavis cxovrebas (airCevs anazRaurebad an araanazRaurebad
samuSaos, srulad an arasrulad daitvirTeba da a.S). aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTma adamianma
SeiZleba jer formaluri ganaTleba miiRos da mere CaerTos samuSao ZalaSi, zogma ki
mogzauroba arCios. bevr adamians Tavad surs arasruli datvirTviT muSaoba mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze; maT arCevans sruli datvirTvis samuSao adgilebis nakleboba ar ganapirobebs.
samuSaos Sesaxeb bolo gamokiTxvebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebul pirobebSic ki, arasruli
datvirTviT dasaqmebuli muSakebi, sruli datvirTviT dasaqmebul adamianebTan SedarebiT, ufro
kmayofilebi arian samuSao pirobebiT. amis mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom arasruli datvirTviT
dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba qalebi arian, romlebsac karierasTan mimarTebaSi, mamakacebTan
SedarebiT, naklebi molodinebi aqvT da monotonuri saojaxo saqmianobisgan ganTavisufleba
surT. bevr adamians kmayofilebas swored is faqti aniWebs, rom mas anazRaurebadi samuSaos
sxva aqtivobebTan SeTavseba da mravalferovani cxovrebiT tkboba SeuZlia. zogierT
adamians ,,umaRlesi mwvervalis” miRweva surs da axalgazrdobidan Sua xnis asakamde
anazRaurebad samuSaozea dasaqmebuli; SeiZleba aseTma adamianma Semdeg kariera
Seicvalos da axali interesebi gauCndes.
frangi sociologisa da socialuri kritikosis andre gorzis azriT, anazRaurebadi samuSao momavalSi
adamianTa cxovrebaSi sul ufro nakleb adgils daikavebs. gorzi sakuTar mosazrebas marqsis
naSromebis kritikuli Sefasebis safuZvelze ayalibebs. marqss miaCnda, rom muSaTa klasi,
romelic mudmivad gaizrdeba, revolucias gamoiwvevs, Sedegad ki ufro humanuri tipis
sazogadoeba Seiqmneba. am sazogadoebaSi adamianis ZiriTad moTxovnilebebs samuSao
daakmayofilebs. gorzi am Tvalsazriss ar iziarebs. muSaTa klasi sazogadoebis yvelaze did jgufad
ki ar iqca (rogorc amas marqsi amtkicebda) da warmatebuli revolucia ki ar gamoiwvia, is
Semcirda da es procesi axlac grZeldeba. cisfersayeloiani muSakebi samuSao Zalis umciresobas
warmoadgenen da maTi raodenoba sul ufro iklebs.
gorzis azriT, im mosazrebam, rom muSebi Caibareben sawarmoebs, romelTa Semadgenel
nawils Tavad warmoadgenen da saxelmwifo gavlena Semcirdeba, azri dakarga. anazRaurebadi
samuSaos bunebis samomavlo gardaqmna realobas ar Seesabameba, radgan misi organizeba
teqnikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs, warmatebuli ekonomikis pirobebSi ki
SeuZlebelia am faqtorebisTvis Tavis arideba. gorzi acxadebs, rom ZiriTadi sakiTxi axla
“Sromisgan gaTavisuflebaa…” (Gorz, 1982, gv. 67). es gansakuTrebiT iq unda ganxorcieldes,
sadac samuSaos organizeba teilorizmis xazebiT xdeba, raTa muSaoba damTrgunveli da
erTferovani ar iyos.
gorzis azriT, umuSevrobisa da arasruli samuSao datvirTvis zrdis Sedegad, stabilurad
dasaqmebulTa paralelurad ukve Seiqmna fena, romelsac “arc samuSao aqvs da arc erT klass ar
ekuTvnis.” adamianTa umravlesoba, faqtobrivad, arc erT klass ar ekuTvnis, radgan stabilur
anazRaurebad samuSaoze mosaxleobis SedarebiT mcire nawilia dasaqmebuli, Tu ar CavTvliT
axalgazrdebs, pensionrebs, avadmyofebsa da diasaxlisebs, arasruli datvirTviT dasaqmebulebsa
da umuSevrebs. gorzs maiCnia, rom mikroteqnologiis gavrceleba momavalSic Seamcirebs sruli
datvirTvis samuSao adgilebis raodenobas. es ki dasavluri sazogadoebis “produqtivistuli”
TvalTaxedvis uaryofas gamoiwvevs, romlisTvisac mTavari dovlaTi ekonomikuri zrda da
materialuri produqtia. momaval wlebSi mosaxleobis umravlesoba mudmiv anazRaurebad
samuSaos cxovrebis mravalferovan stils amjobinebs.
gorzis Tanaxmad, dRes “dualisturi sazogadoeba” yalibdeba. erT seqtorSi maqsimalurad
organizebuli warmoeba da politikuri administracia iqneba. meore seqtorSi adamianebi, sakuTari
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siamovnebis an TviTrealizaciis mizniT, sxvadasxva Tavisufali saqmianobiT iqnebian

dakavebulni.
ramdenad validuria es Tvalsazrisi? is, rom industriul qveynebSi, samuSaos bunebasa da
organizaciasTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi mimdinareobs, sakamaTo ar aris. isic
dasaSvebia, rom “produqtivizmis” – mudmiv ekonomikur zrdasa da materialuri dovlaTis
dagrovebaze aqcentirebis _ ideiT sul ufro naklebi adamiania Sepyrobili. udavod Rirebulia gorzis
Tvalsazrisi imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom umuSevroba yovelTvis uaryofiT movlenad ki ar unda
Sefasdes, aramed interesebisa da axali unarebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobad. Tumca, dRemde
am kuTxiT didi progresi ar yofila. gorzis mier aRwerili situaciidan jer kidev Sors varT. samuSao
karieris ganviTarebisTvis sul ufro meti qali ibrZvis da saimedo anazRaurebadi dasaqmebiTac
aqtiurad kvlav bevri adamiania dainteresebuli. mravalferovani cxovrebisTvis savaldebulo
materialuri resursebis dagrovebis ZiriTad faqtorad bevri adamianisTvis isev anazRaurebadi
samuSao rCeba.
Sejameba
1. muSaoba amocanaTa Sesrulebas gulisxmobs, rasac gonebrivi da fizikuri Zalisxmeva
sWirdeba. am amocanaTa mizani adamianTa moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi saqonlisa da
momsaxurebis warmoebaa. bevri mniSvnelovani samuSao, magaliTad, saojaxo da
moxaliseTa saqmianoba, materialurad ar anazRaurdeba. saqmianoba aris samuSao, romelic
regularuli xelfasis sanacvlod sruldeba. ekonomikuri sistemis safuZvels yvela kulturaSi
samuSao warmoadgens.
2. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ekonomikuri sistemis gamorCeuli Tviseba Sromis
maRalkompleqsuri da mravalferovani ganawilebis ganviTarebaa.
3. Sromis ganawileba samuSaos sxvadasxva saqmianobebad dayofas niSnavs. TiToeuli
maTgani garkveul specializacias moiTxovs. es ekonomikur urTierTdamokidebulebas
iwvevs: saarsebo saSualebebis mopovebis mizniT, yvelani erTmaneTze varT
damokidebulni.
4. amis erT-erTi gamovlineba teilorizmi anu mecnieruli menejmentia. teilorizmi samuSaos
martiv davalebebad dayofas gulisxmobs, romlebic droSi ganawilebuli da organizebulia.
fordizmma samecniero menejmentis proncipebi ganavrco da masobrivi warmoeba masobriv
bazrebs daukavSira. fordizmi da teilorizmi dabali ndobis sistemebia, sadac muSaki
maqsimalurad aris gaucxoebuli. maRali ndobis sistema muSakebs samuSaos tempisa da
Sinaarsis gakontrolebis saSualebas aZlevs.
5. gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi, dasaqmebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, fizikur saqmianobaTa Semcirebis xarjze, gonebriv
saqmianobaTa zrda. Tumca am cvlilebaTa interpretacia sakamaTo sakiTxia.
6. yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi ekonomikuri cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia kavSirebis
warmoSoba da gaficvis uflebis aRiareba. kavSirebi damcavi organizaciebia, romlebic
mSromelebs samuSao pirobebis kontrolisTvis saWiro zomebiT uzrunvelyofs. dRes kavSirTa
liderebi, xSirad, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis formulirebaSi.
Tumca, britaneTSi amgvar SemTxvevebs warsulSi ufro hqonda adgili, vidre amJamad.
7. samuSao adgilis saxlidan gareT gadanacvlebam mniSvnelovnad imoqmeda qalis samuSaos
bunebaze. qorwinebaSi myofi bevri qali ,,diasaxlisia,” magram is ,,umuSevrad” iTvleba –
imis miuxedavad, rom qalis mier saojaxo saqmeebze daxarjuli dro SeiZleba misi qmris
samuSao saaTebs aRematobodes. amJamad anazRaurebad samuSaoze gacilebiT ufro meti
qalia dasaqmebuli, vidre ramdenime aTwleulis win; magram qalebi araproporciulad arian
koncentrirebulni dabalanazRaurebad samuSaoebze.
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8. qalebma warmatebiT daZlies sqesTan dakavSirebuli mikerZoebuli ganwyoba, magram maT

saqmianobas kidev erTi mosazreba abrkolebs – qalma karieris interesebze maRla ojaxis
interesebi unda daayenos. miuxedavad imisa, rom anazRaurebad samuSaoze dasaqmebul
qalTa procentuli maCvenebeli gaizarda, ZiriTad saojaxo saqmes mainc qali uZRveba,
romelic bavSvebis aRzrdiTa da saxlze zrunviT aris dakavebuli.
9. meoce saukuneSi industriul qveynebSi kvlav gaCnda umuSevrobis problema. samuSao
adamianis fsiqologiuri struqturis ZiriTadi elementia, amitom umuSevroba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, dezorientacias iwvevs. umuSevrobis zrdaze, savaraudod, axali teqnologiis
ganviTarebac imoqmedebs.
10. zogierTebi kvalificirebuli muSakebis damkvidrebaze saubroben – muSakebis, romlebic
sxvadasxva unar-Cvevebs floben da advilad SeuZliaT erTi samuSaodan meoreze gadasvla.
aseTi muSakebi marTlac arseboben, magram dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba ,,moqnilobas”
dabalanazRaurebad da naklebad perspeqtiul samuSaos ukavSirebs.
11. samuSaos buneba da organizacia amJamad mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis, rac
momavalSi, savaraudod, Tavs kidev ufro metad iCens. mravalferovani cxovrebisTvis
saWiro resursebis dagrovebis ZiriTad saSualebad bevri adamianisTvis isev anazRaurebadi
samuSao rCeba.
Godfried Engbersen et al., Cultures of Unemployment: A Comparative Look at Long-Term
Unemployment and Urban Poverty (Boulder, Colo: Westview, 1993). diskusia imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad uviTardebaT xangrZlivad umuSevar adamianebs “siRaribis
kultura.”
Keith Grint, The Sociology of Work: An Introduction (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).
Zalian sasargeblo saxelmZRvanelo, romelic Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi muSaobis
Seswavlis aspeqtebis umravlesobas exeba.
Ray Pahl, Divisions of Labour (Ozford: Blackwell, 1984). mniSvnelovani diskusia
muSaobis, saojaxo saqmisa da ojaxis Sesaxeb.
Andrew Sayer and Richard Walker, The New Social Economy (Oxford: Blackwell,
1992). sasargeblo diskusia dRes industriul warmoebaze zemomqmedi movlenebis Sesaxeb.
Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg (eds), The Handbook of Economic Sociology
(Princeton: Pronceton University Press, 1994). zogadi rideri ekonomikuri cxovrebis
sociologiis Sesaxeb.
araformaluri ekonomika
moxaliseTa samuSao
saqmianoba
ekonomikuri sistema
teqnologia
ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba
teilorizmi
fordizmi
dabali ndobis sistemebi
maRali ndobis sistemebi
avtomatizacia
moqnili warmoeba
dasaqmebis sistema
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profesiuli kavSirebi
gaficva
saojaxo saqme (saSinao saqme)
kvalificirebuli muSaki
Tavi 13
mTavroba, politikuri Zalaufleba da omi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
Zalaufleba da xelisufleba
saxelmwifos cneba
demokratia
monawileobiTi demokratia
monarqiebi da liberaluri demokratiebi
liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba
demokratias safrTxe emuqreba?
politikuri partiebi da xmis micema dasavleTis qveynebSi
partiuli sistemebi
partiebi da xmis micema britaneTSi
qalebis monawileoba politikaSi
xmis micemis modelebi da politikuri ganwyobebi
globaluri Zalebi
evropuli kavSiri da evropis Secvlili ruka
cvlilebebi aRmosavleT evropaSi
omi da samxedroebi
lokaluridan totalur omamde
samxedro xarjebi da civi omi
iaraRiT vaWroba
omi da globaluri usafrTxoeba
msoflio omis gareSe?
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
xelisufleba. politika. Zalaufleba. avtoriteti. saxelmwifo.

eri-saxelmwifo. demokratia. omis industrializacia
1989 wels, CineTis dedaqalaq beijingSi (pekinSi), tiananmenis moedanze, movlenebi

dramatulad ganviTarda. iq aTasobiT adamiani Seikriba demokratiis mxardasaWerad. CineTis
komunisturi mTavroba sastikad gausworda maT. wiTeli armiis nawilebi Tavs daesxnen
demonstrantebs, beri maTgani mokles, asobiT adamians ki alya Semoartyes da daapatimres.
demokratia jer kidev ar arsebobs CineTSi, magram msoflios bevr sxva qveyanaSi
demokratiis mxardamWerma moZraobebma warmatebas miaRwies da Secvales avtoritaruli
reJimebi. yofil sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi, am moZraobebis Sedegad, daemxo
komunizmi. bolo periodSi, mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formebi Camoyalibda, agreTve, bevr
laTino-amerikul qveyanaSi, aziisa da afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi. demokratiuli mTavrobebi, ukve
didi xania, arseboben dasavleT evropaSi, Crdilo amerikaSi, avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi.
demokratizacia erT-erTi ZiriTadi politikuri Zalaa dRevandel msoflioSi _ igi
zemoqmedebas axdens globalizaciaze da Tavadac ganicdis mis zemoqmedebas. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis mravali aspeqtis msgavsad, cvlilebebi xorcieldeba mmarTvelobis formebisa da
politikuri cxovrebis sferoSic. mmarTveloba exeba saxelmwifos politikuri kursis,
gadawyvetilebebisa da dadgenilebebis regularul miRebasa da cxovrebaSi maT ganxorcielebas
politikuri aparatis Tanamdebobis pirTa mier. politika warmoadgens saSualebebs, romelTa
meSveobiT xelisufleba iyenebs Zalauflebas xelisuflebis saqmianobis masStabebsa da ZiriTad
Sinaarsze zemoqmedebis mizniT. `politikuri~ sfero SeiZleba sakmaod scildebodes Tavad
saxelmwifo institutebs.
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT im ZiriTad faqtorebs, romlebic politikur cxovrebaze
zemoqmedeben, gavaanalizebT demokratiis bunebas da ganvixilavT politikuri partiebis rols.
Cven vimsjelebT bolo wlebSi britaneTis politikaSi momxdar zogierT transformaciaze da
Semdeg mimovixilavT politikas saerTaSoriso sferoSi. am Tavis bolos ki Cven ganvixilavT
aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlidan momxdari cvlilebis Sedegebs da SeviswavliT sazogadoebaze
omis zemoqmedebas.
Tumca, jer ganvixiloT politikuri cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis aucilebeli ramdenime ZiriTadi
cneba _ Zalaufleba, xelisufleba da saxelmwifo. mTeli politikuri cxovreba, ama Tu im
mniSvnelobiT, dakavSirebulia ZalauflebasTan: vin flobs mas, rogor aRweven mas da ras
akeTeben isini misi meSveobiT.
Zalaufleba da xelisufleba
rogorc I TavSi aris aRniSnuli, sociologiisaTvis Zalauflebis Seswavlas fundamenturi
mniSvneloba aqvs. Zalaufleba aris individebis an jgufebis unari, ganaxorcielon TavianTi
interesebi an saqmeebi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sxvebi winaaRmdegobas uweven. is zogjer
Zalis pirdapir gamoyenebas gulisxmobs, rogorc es CineTSi moxda, rodesac xelisuflebam
tiananmenis moedanze demokratiuli moZraoba CaaxSo. Zalaufleba TiTqmis yvela urTierTobis
Semadgenel elements warmoadgens, rogoric aris, magaliTad, damqiravebelsa da daqiravebuls
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Soris urTierToba. am TavSi yuradReba aris gamaxvilebuli Zalauflebis ufro viwro aspeqtze,
xelisuflebis Zalauflebaze. Zalauflebis am formas TiTqmis yovelTvis Tan axlavs ideologiebi,
romlebic ZlierTa moqmedebebis gasamarTleblad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, CineTis xelisuflebis
mier demokratiisTvis mebrZoli studentebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyeneba iyo komunisturi
ideologiis, rogorc mmarTvelobis ZiriTadi formis, dacva.
xelisufleba aris mTavrobis mier Zalauflebis legitimuri gamoyeneba. legitimuroba niSnavs,
rom adamianebi, romlebic eqvemdebarebian xelisuflebis kanonier Zalauflebas, aRiareben mas.
amgvarad, Zalaufleba gansxvavdeba xelisuflebisagan. rodesac CineTSi demokratiis
mxardamWeri demonstraciebi daiwyo, xelisuflebam demonstrantebis cixeSi CasmiTa da
mokvliT upasuxa. es iyo Zalis gamoyeneba, magram es, agreTve, mianiSnebda mTavrobis
avtoritetis dakargvaze. bevri adamianis Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdegod, demokratia ar aris
mmarTvelobis erTaderTi tipi, romelsac xalxi legitimurad miiCnevs. diqtaturebs, agreTve,
SeiZleba hqondeT legitimuroba. magram rogorc mogvianebiT vnaxavT, amJamad demokratia
legitimuri mmarTvelobis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli formaa.
saxelmwifos cneba
saxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sadac funqcionirebs mmarTvelobis politikuri aparati (parlamentis
an kongresis msgavsi institutebi da saxelmwifo samsaxuris Cinovnikebi), romelic marTavs gar-
kveul teritoriaze, misi legitimuri Zalaufleba ganmtkicebulia samarTlebrivi sistemiT da SeuZlia
samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba Tavisi politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. yvela Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba eri-saxelmwifoa. es niSnavs, rom maTi mmarTvelobis sistema kanonier uflebas
acxadebs garkveul teritoriebze, gaaCnia formalizebuli kanonis kodeqsebi da axorcielebs
kontrols SeiaraRebul Zalebze. eri-saxelmwifoebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi sxvadasxva dros
warmoiSva (magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebi 1776 wels, CexeTis respublika 1993 wels). maTi da
tradiciuli civilizaciebis saxelmwifoebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan.
 suvereniteti _ teritoriebi, romlebsac tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi marTavdnen, arasdros
ar iyo zustad gansazRvruli, centraluri xelisufleba ver axerxebda maT saTanado
kontrols. suvereniteti niSnavs, rom mTavroba flobs xelisuflebas garkveul
teritoriaze, mkafiod gansazRvruli sazRvrebiT, sadac is aris uzenaesi Zalaufleba.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis SemTxvevaSi, es gansazRvreba ar aris relevanturi; yvela
eri-saxelmwifo ki, piriqiT, suverenulia.
 moqalaqeoba _ tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi, sadac mefe an imperatori umaRles
xelisuflebas warmoadgenda, mosaxleobis umravlesobam ar icoda da arc
ainteresebda, mas vin marTavda; mas arc politikuri uflebebi da zegavlena hqonda.
Cveulebriv, mxolod gabatonebul klasebs an ufro mdidar jgufebs hqondaT imis
SegrZneba, rom isini ekuTvnodnen saerTo politikur erTobas. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi ki, piriqiT, im adamianebis umravlesoba, romlebic politikuri
sistemis sazRvrebSi cxovroben, moqalaqeebia; maT gaaCniaT saerTo uflebebi da
movaleobebi da TavianT Tavs saxelmwifos nawilad miiCneven. Tumca, arseboben
politikuri ltolvilebi an `moqalaqeobis armqoneni~, dRes msoflioSi TiTqmis yvela
garkveuli erovnuli politikuri wyobis wevria.
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 nacionalizmi _ eri-saxelmwifoebi nacionalizmis zrdasTan asocirdeba. nacionalizmi

SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc simboloebisa da rwmenebis erToblioba, romelic
gvaZlevs erTi politikuri erTobis wevrobis SegrZnebas. amgvarad, adamianebs
siamayis grZnoba aqvT imis gamo, rom isini arian britanelebi, kanadelebi an
rusebi. albaT, adamianebs yovelTvis hqondaT garkveuli identoba romelime
socialur jgufTan _ maT ojaxTan, sofelTan an religiur TemTan. magram
nacionalizmi mxolod Tanamedrove saxelmwifos CamoyalibebasTan erTad
Cndeba. es aris garkveul suverenul erTobasTan identobis grZnobis mTavari
gamoxatuleba.
dRes, msoflioSi nacionaluri loialoba yovelTvis ar ganisazRvreba saxelmwifoebis
teritoriebis aRmniSvneli fizikuri sazRvrebiT. faqtobrivad, yvela eri-saxelmwifo sxvadasxva
modgmis Temebidan warmoiSva. amitom, adgilobrivi nacionalizmi xSirad warmoiSoboda im
adamianebTan dapirispirebis Sedegad, romlebsac saxelmwifoebi exmareboda. magaliTad,
kanadaSi, kvebekis frangulenovani mosaxleobis erovnuli grZnobebi `kanadelobis~ grZnobis
mqone adamianebisaTvis gamowvevas warmoadgens. da, Tumca, eri-saxelmwifosa da
nacionalizms Soris urTierToba rTulia, orive maTgani warmoiSva, rogorc erTi da imave procesis
nawili.
Cven gavecaniT Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis zogierT mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels. axla
ganvixiloT demokratiis arsi.
demokratia
sityva `demokratia~ warmoiSva berZnuli terminidan “demokratia~, romelic Sedgeba ori
nawilisgan: demos (xalxi) da kratos (marTva). amitom demokratia, Tavisi sawyisi
mniSvnelobiT, aris politikuri sistema, romlis drosac xalxi da ara monarqebi (mefeebi an
dedoflebi) an aristokratebi (keTilSobili warmomavlobis adamianebi, magaliTad, lordebi)
marTaven qveyanas. es martivad da gulaxdilad JRers, magram sinamdvileSi ase ar aris. ras
niSnavs xalxis mmarTveloba? rogorc devid heldma aRniSna, am frazis nebismier nawilis
Sesaxeb SeiZleba wamoiWras kiTxvebi. daviwyoT sityviT `xalxi~:
 vin aris xalxi?
 ra saxis monawileobis ufleba aqvs xalxs?
 ra pirobebia saWiro monawileobis misaRebad?
rac Seexeba `mmarTvelobas~:
 ramdenad farTo an viwro unda iyos mmarTvelobis masStabi? unda Semoifarglos
is, magaliTad, xelisuflebis sferoTi, Tu demokratia SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis sxva sferoebSi, rogoricaa samrewvelo demokratia?
 SeiZleba mmarTvelobam moicvas xelisuflebis mier misaRebi yoveldRiuri
administraciuli gadawyvetilebebi, Tu is exeba mxolod ZiriTad politikur
gadawyvetilebebs?
`vis mieraa marTulis~ SemTxvevaSi:
 xalxis mmarTvelobas unda daemorCilon? ra adgili uWiravs valdebulebebsa da
azrTa sxvadasxvaobas?
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 zogierTma adamianma unda daarRvios kanoni, Tu mas sjera, rom arsebuli kanoni
usamarTloa?
 rogor pirobebSi (Tuki isini arsebobs) unda gamoiyenon demokratiulma
xelisuflebebma Zala imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc ar eTanxmeba maT politikas?
aseT kiTxvebze pasuxebi gansxvavebuli iyo sxvadasxva periodsa da sxvadasxva
sazogadoebaSi. magaliTad, `xalxi~ sxvadasxvanairad aRiqmeboda: rogorc qonebis
mepatroneebi, TeTrkanianebi, ganaTlebuli adamianebi, kacebi, zrdasruli kacebi da qalebi.
zogierT sazogadoebaSi oficialurad miRebuli demokratiis areali SezRudulia politikis sferoTi,
zogierT sazogadoebaSi ki is socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebzec vrceldeba.
monawileobiTi demokratia
monawileobiTi demokratiis (anu pirdapiri demokratiis) dros, is adamianebi iReben
erToblivad gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic SemdegSi ganicdian maT gavlenas. es iyo demokratiis
Tavdapirveli tipi, romelic gavrcelebuli iyo antikur saberZneTSi. isini, vinc iyvnen moqalaqeebi,
sazogadoebis mcire nawili, regularulad ikribebodnen politikuri sakiTxebis gansaxilvelad da
ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. monawileobiT demokratiul mmarTvelobas didi
mniSvneloba ara aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, sadac mosaxleobis udides nawils gaaCnia
politikuri uflebebi da amitom SeuZlebelia, yvela maTganma aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos yvela
im gadawyvetilebis SemuSavebaSi, romlebic maTze zemoqmedebas axdens.
Tumca, monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis zogierTi aspeqti Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSic gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, monawileobiTi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis erT-
erTi formaa referendumebis Catareba, rodesac xalxi raime konkretuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tavis
Sexedulebas gamoxatavs. adamianTa didi raodenobis TaTbiri SesaZlebeli xdeba, rodesac
sakiTxs vamartivebT erT an or kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemiT. zogierT evropul qveyanaSi
refendumi regularulad tardeba erovnul doneze.
monarqiebi da liberaluri demokratiebi

Tumca zogierT Tanamedrove saxelmwifos (rogoricaa, magaliTad, britaneTi da belgia)
kvlavac keTilganwyobili damokidebuleba aqvs monarqebis mimarT, monarqiuli saxelmwifoebi
sul ufro iSviaTi xdeba iq, sadac aseTi saxis tradiciuli mmarTvelebi jer kidev gvxvdebian, maTi
realuri Zalaufleba, Cveulebriv, SezRudulia an saerTod ar arsebobs. mxolod ramdenime
qveyanaSi, rogoricaa saudis arabeTi da iordania, monarqebi inarCuneben garkveul kontrols
mmarTvelobaze, magram, umetes SemTxvevaSi, isini ufro erovnuli identobis simboloebi arian,
vidre realuri politikuri Zalauflebis mqone mniSvnelovani pirovnebebi. gaerTianebuli samefos
dedofali, SvedeTis mefe da iaponiis imperatoric ki konstituciuri monarqebi arian. maTi realuri
xelisufleba mkacrad aris SezRuduli konstituciiT, romelic uflebamosilebas gadascems xalxis
mier arCeul warmomadgenlebs. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis didi umravlesoba respublikebia _
iq arc mefea da arc dedofali. TiTqmis yoveli maTgani, konstituciuri monarqiebis CaTvliT, Riad
aRiarebs demokratiisadmi erTgulebas.
im qveynebs, sadac amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT, or an met partias Soris gaakeTon arCevani,
da sadac srulwlovani mosaxleobis udides nawils xmis micemis ufleba aqvs, liberalur
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demokratiebs uwodeben. am kategorias miekuTvneba britaneTi da dasavleT evropis sxva

qveynebi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia. mesame msoflios
zogierT qveyanaSi, rogoricaa indoeTi, arsebobs liberaluri demokratiuli sistemebi.
liberaluri demokratiis gavrceleba

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, msoflios politikuri sistemebi iyofoda liberalur demokratiad da
komunizmad, romelic arsebobda yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi (da romelic kvlav arsebobs CineTsa
da ramdenime sxva qveyanaSi). komunizmi, arsebiTad, erTpartiuli mmarTvelobis sistema iyo.
amomrCevlebs saSualeba hqondaT, arCevani gaekeTebinaT ara ramdenime partias Soris,
aramed erTi partiis _ komunisturi partiis _ sxvadasxva kandidats Soris, xSirad kenWs mxolod
erTi kandidati iyrida. amgvarad, realuri arCevani saerTod ar arsebobda. komunisturi partia,
udavod, gabatonebuli Zalaufleba iyo sabWoTa stilis sazogadoebebSi; is ara marto politikur
sistemas, aramed ekonomikasac akontrolebda.
1989 wlidan, rodesac daemxo sabWoTa kavSiris batonoba aRmosavleT evropaSi,
demokratizaciis procesebma moicva mTeli msoflio, jaWvuri reaqciis procesis msgavsad. iseTma
qveynebma, rogoricaa nikaragua centralur amerikaSi da zairi da samxreT afrika afrikaSi,
daamyares liberaluri demokratiuli mmarTveloba. CineTSi, romlis mosaxleoba mTeli msoflios
mosaxleobis daaxloebiT mexuTeds warmoadgens, komunisturi mmarTveloba demokratizaciis
procesebis Zlieri zewolis winaSe aRmoCnda. iq aTasobiT adamiani rCeba cixeSi imis gamo,
rom maT demokratiisadmi TavianTi ltolva araZaladobrivi gziT gamoxates. magram CineTSi
kvlav arian jgufebi, romlebic miuxedavad komunisturi xelisuflebis winaaRmdegobisa, aqtiurad
muSaoben, rom uzrunvelyon demokratiul sistemaze usafrTxod gadasvla.
ratom gaxda demokratia ase popularuli? mizezebi, romlebic socialur da ekonomikur
cvlilebebTan aris dakavSirebuli, am wignSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli. pirveli, demokratias
tendencia aqvs, ekonomikur sistemaSi konkurentunarian kapitalizms daukavSirdes, da
kapitalizmma aCvena, rom is saukeTesoa komunizmTan SedarebiT, rogorc keTildReobis
Semqmneli sistema. meore, rac ufro metad globaluri xdeba socialuri aqtivoba da xalxi xedavs,
rom maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaze sul ufro met zegavlenas axdens maTgan Sors mimdinare
movlenebi, miT ufro meti daJinebiT moiTxoven isini met informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor
marTaven maT da, Sesabamisad, ufro met demokratias.
mesame aris masobrivi komunikaciebis, gansakuTrebiT televiziis, gavlena. demokratiis
gavrcelebis jaWvur reaqciaze, albaT, Zalian didi gavlena moaxdina msoflioSi mimdinare
movlenebis xilvadobam. dRes, msoflioSi televiziis axali teqnologiebis, kerZod, sateliturisa da
sakabelos, danergvis gamo, mTavrobebi ver inarCuneben kontrols imaze, rasac maTi
moqalaqeebi uyureben, magaliTad, tiananmenis moedanze momxdari konfrontaciis Cvenebis
dros. CineTis msgavsad, sabWoTa kavSirisa da aRmosavleT evropis komunisturi partiebi
yovelTvis inarCunebdnen mkacr kontrols satelevizio qselebze, romlebic xelisuflebis sakuTrebas
warmoadgenda da romlebsac xelisufleba marTavda. magram satelituri gadacemis gavrcelebis
Sedegad, dasavleTis satelevizio programebi uamravi adamianisaTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda.
maT SesaZlebloba miecaT, maTi sakuTari cxovrebis Sesaxeb orTodoqsi xelisuflebis
propagandisagan gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi moesminaT.
demokratias safrTxe emuqreba?

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radgan liberaluri demokratia ase farTod vrceldeba, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom misi
funqcionireba uaRresad warmatebulia, magram ase ar aris. demokratia TiTqmis yvelgan
garkveul siZneleebs awydeba. es mxolod imitom ar xdeba, rom Zneli aRmoCnda stabiluri
demokratiuli wyobis damyareba ruseTsa da yofil komunistur sazogadoebebSi. demokratias
safrTxe emuqreba, umetesad, im qveynebSi, sadac is warmoiSva: britaneTSi, evropasa da
SeerTebul StatebSi. gamokiTxvebi aCvenebs, rom sul ufro izrdeba im adamianTa raodenoba,
romlebic ukmayofilo arian politikuri sistemiT an indiferentulobas iCenen mis mimarT.
ratom aris amdeni adamiani guldamZimebuli swored im sistemis gamo, romelic,
TiTqosda, yvela dabrkolebas umklavdeba Tavis gzaze mTel msoflioSi. ucnauria, magram
pasuxebi dakavSirebulia im faqtorebTan - kapitalizmis zegavlenasa da socialuri cxovrebis
globalizaciasTan, rolebmac xeli Seuwyves demokratiis gavrcelebas.
rogorc sociologma daniel belma aRniSna, erovnuli xelisufleba Zalian pataraa imisTvis,
rom gavlena moaxdinos iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, rogoricaa globaluri ekonomikuri
konkurencia an msoflios garemos ganadgureba; magram is metad didi gaxda imisTvis, rom
ganixilos iseTi sakiTxebi, problemebi, romlebic aRelvebs garkveul qalaqebsa da regionebs.
mTavrobebs didi Zalaufleba ar gaaCniaT, magaliTad, giganturi biznes korporaciebis - globaluri
ekonomikis ZiriTadi aqtorebis - saqmianobaze. SeiZleba, SeerTebuli Statebis romelime
korporaciam gadawyvitos, daxuros misi produqciis gamomSvebi qarxnebi britaneTSi da, amis
magivrad, gaxsnas axali fabrika meqsikaSi, im mizniT, rom fasebi daswios da sxva korporaciebs
ufro efeqturi konkurencia gauwios. amis Sedegad, aTasobiT britaneli muSa dakargavs
samsaxurs. albaT, maTi survilia, rom mTavrobam raime moimoqmedos, magram erovnul
mTavrobebs ar SeswevT unari, gaakontrolon msoflio ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli procesebi.
erTaderTi, risi gakeTebac mTavrobas SeuZlia, aris mcdeloba, Searbilos dartyma umuSevarTa
daxmarebebisa da maTi gadamzadebis gziT.
garda imisa, rom am mTavrobebs ar xelewifebaT globaluri sakiTxebis gadaWra, isini,
agreTve, daSordnen moqalaqeTa umravlesobis cxovrebas. bevri adamiani aRSfoTebulia im
faqtiT, rom gadawyvetilebebs, romlebic maT cxovrebaze gavlenas axdens, iReben londonSi,
maTgan Sors myofi `Zalauflebis Suamavlebi~ _ partiuli Tanamdebobis pirebi, interesTa jgufebi,
lobistebi da Cinovnikebi. maT miaCniaT, rom maT mTavrobas ar SeuZlia mniSvnelovani
adgilobrivi problemebis mogvarebac, magaliTad, danaSaulisa da usaxlkarobis. amitom
xelisuflebisadmi rwmena mniSvnelovnad Seirya. es, Tavis mxriv, gavlenas axdens xalxis
mzadyofnaze, monawileoba miiRos politikur procesebSi.
Semdeg, cotaTi mogvianebiT, Cven vnaxavT, zogierTi es zegavlena rogor aisaxeba
britanul politikaSi. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, liberaluri demokratia ramdenime partiis arsebobas
gulisxmobs. upirveles yovlisa, Cven ganvixilavT partiuli sistemis sxvadasxva tipebs, romelTa
dajgufeba liberaluri demokratiis saerTo iarliyiT SeiZleba.
politikuri partiebi da xmis micema dasavleTis qveynebSi

politikuri partia SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc organizacia, romelic orientirebulia,
miaRwios mTavrobaze legitimur kontrols arCevnebis procesis meSveobiT. zogierT situaciaSi,
SesaZloa, arsebobdes iseTi organizaciebi, romlebic Zalauflebis miRwevas cdiloben, magram
maT amis sayovelTaod miRebuli saSualebebiT gakeTebis SesaZlebloba ara aqvT. umjobesia,
aseTi organizaciebi ganvixiloT, rogorc politikuri seqtebi an moZraobebi, sanam isini aRiarebas
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ar miaRweven. magaliTad, social-demokratebi mecxramete saukunis bolos, germaniaSi,

bismarkis mier kanongareSed iyvnen gamocxadebulebi. isini warmoadgendnen organizebul
politikur moZraobas, romelic sayovelTaod aRiarebuli xerxebis ignorirebas axdenda. magram
mogvianebiT, social-demokratebma miaRwies aRiarebas da XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
ramdenjerme movidnen xelisuflebaSi.
partiuli sistemebi
arsebobs mravali saxis partiuli sistema. orpartiuli sistema iqneba warmatebuli Tu
mravalpartiuli sistema, es, umTavresad, mocemuli qveynis saarCevno procedurebis xasiaTzea
damokidebuli. ori partia aris gabatonebuli im politikur sistemaSi, sadac arCevnebi dafuZnebulia
principze `gamarjvebuli iRebs yvelafers~. kandidati, romelic xmebis umravlesobas agrovebs,
arCevnebs igebs, miuxedavad imisa, man xmebis saerTo ricxvis ra wili miiRo. iq, sadac
arCevnebi dafuZnebulia gansxvavebul principebze, rogoricaa proporciuli warmomadgenloba,
orpartiuli sistemebi naklebad gvxvdeba.
dasavleT evropis qveynebSi sxvadasxva tipis partiuli organizaciebi gvxvdeba, magram
yvela maTgani ar aris warmodgenili britaneTis politikaSi. zogi partia religiur denominaciazea
dafuZnebuli (rogoricaa, belgiuri partiebi, social-qristianTa partia da kaTolikuri saxalxo partia);
zogierTi eTnikuri partiaa, romelic specifikuri nacionalisturi an lingvisturi jgufebis interesebs
gamoxatavs (rogoricaa Sotlandiuri nacionaluri partia britaneTSi an Sveduri saxalxo partia
fineTSi); arsebobs, agreTve, soflis partiebi, romlebic soflis mosaxleobis agrarul interesebs
warmoadgenen (magaliTad, centristuli partia SvedeTSi an Sveicariis saxalxo partia SveicariaSi).
amis garda, arsebobs garemos dacvis partiebi, romlebic ekologiuri problemebiT arian
dainteresebulni (rogoricaa mwvaneTa partia germaniaSi).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, drois ama Tu im monakveTSi, dasavleT evropis
sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi, socialisturma an leiboristulma partiebma Camoayalibes
mTavrobebi. ukanasknel dromde, komunisturi partiebi oficialurad iyo aRiarebuli, faqtobrivad,
yvela aseT qveyanaSi. zogierTi maTgani didi partia iyo (rogoricaa, magaliTad, italiaSi,
safrangeTsa da espaneTSi). aRmosavleT evropaSi momxdari cvlilebebis kvaldakval, axla
bevrma partiam Seicvala saxelwodeba. arsebobs bevri konservatuli partia (rogoricaa
respublikuri partia safrangeTSi an konservatuli da unionistTa partia britaneTSi) da `centristuli~
partiebi, romlebsac `memarcxeneebsa~ da `memarjveneebs~ Soris `Sualeduri pozicia~ ukaviaT
(rogoricaa liberalur-demokratiuli partia britaneTSi). (termini `memarcxene~ gamoiyeneba im
radikaluri an progresuli politikuri jgufebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic socializmisken ixrebian.
termini `memarjvene~ exeba ufro konservatul jgufebs).
zogierT qveyanaSi, umravlesobis partiis an koaliciaSi Semavali erT-erTi partiis lideri
avtomaturad xdeba premier-ministri, qveynis umaRlesi sajaro Tanamdebobis piri. sxva
SemTxvevebSi (magaliTad, SeerTebul StatebSi), prezidents irCeven mTavar
warmomadgenlobiT organoebSi, partiuli arCevnebisagan damoukideblad. dasavleTis qveynebSi
arc erTi saarCevno sistema ar aris zustad erTnairi da umetesoba ufro rTulia, vidre gaerTianebul
samefoSi. amis kargi magaliTia germania, sadac bundestagis (parlamentis) wevrebs irCeven
iseTi sistemiT, romelSic gaerTianebulia `gamarjvebuli iRebs yvelafers~ da proporciuli
arCevnebi. bundestagis wevrebis naxevars irCeven saarCevno olqebSi, sadac imarjvebs
kandidati, romelic xmebis umravlesobas iRebs. danarCen 50 procents irCeven im xmebis wilis
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Sesabamisad, romlebic maT garkveul regionSi miiRes. es is sistemaa, romlis saSualebiTac

mwvaneTa partiam moigo saparlamento adgilebi. dawesebuli iyo xuTprocentiani barieri, raTa
Tavidan aecilebinaT parlamentSi patara partiebis ricxvis gadaWarbebuli gazrda _ es aris xmebis
mTliani raodenobis minimaluri wili, rac partias unda mieRo parlamentSi adgilebis
dasakaveblad. msgavsi sistema gamoiyeneba adgilobrivi arCevnebis Catarebis drosac.
sistemebs, sadac, ZiriTadad, ori partiaa dominanturi, rogorc es britaneTSia, midrekileba
aqvT, yuradReba gaamaxvilon `Sua adgilze~, sadac xmebis umravlesoba grovdeba, da
gamoricxon ufro radikaluri Sexedulebebi. aseT qveynebSi partiebi, Cveulebriv, zomier imijs
iqmnian da zogjer imdenad emsgavsebian erTmaneTs, rom maT mier SemoTavazebuli arCevani
umniSvneloa. SesaZloa, TiToeulma partiam mravalgvari interesi gamoxatos, magram, Zalian
xSirad, isini ireva xolme sakmaod sust programaSi sul ramdenime TvalsaCino politikuri
strategiiT. mravalpartiuli sistemebi saSualebas iZleva, gansxvavebuli interesebi da Sexedulebebi
ufro pirdapir da Riad iqnes gamoxatuli da, agreTve, uzrunvelyofs radikaluri alternativebis
gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas; meore mxriv, albaT, verc erTi partia ver aRwevs srul umravlesobas.
amis Sedegad, iqmneba koaliciebi, romlebsac, SesaZloa, garkveuli problemebi gauCndes,
radgan mniSvnelovani konfliqtebis, an arCevnebisa da axali mTavrobebis swrafi monacvlebis
gamo, maT ar SeswevT gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari da, aseT situaciaSi, xelisuflebaSi
didxans darCena ar SeuZliaT; Sesabamisad, maTi saqmianoba sakmaod SezRudulia.
partiebi da xmis micema britaneTSi

mecxramete saukunemde, britaneTSi partiebs ganixilavdnen mxolod rogorc droebiT
meqanizmebs, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeboda Zalebis mobilizacia specifikuri movlenebisa da
krizisuli situaciebis mxardaWeris mizniT. rodesac partiebi ufro stabilur organizaciebad
Camoyalibdnen, isini asocirdebodnen ideasTan, rom maTi liderebis mxardaWeras SeeZlo
garkveuli sargeblobis motana. partiis wevroba da misdami loialoba daukavSirda patronaJis
sxvadasxva formas, rac gulisxmobda, rom erTguli adamianebi jildos saxiT miiRebdnen garkveul
Tanamdebobebs axal administraciaSi. meoce saukunis udidesi periodis ganmavlobaSi, ori
mTavari partia (leiboristuli da konservatuli) dominirebda erovnul politikur scenaze da imis
Sedegad, rom izrdeboda ori alternatiuli samTavrobo gundis mxardaWera (TiToeuli gundi
Sedgeboda mxolod erTi partiis wevrebisgan), Camoyalibda metoqeobis politika.
britaneTis saarCevno politika mniSvnelovnad Seicvala daaxloebiT bolo oci wlis
ganmavlobaSi. erTi faqtori struqturuli xasiaTisaa: am periodSi tradiciul mrewvelobaSi,
gansakuTrebiT gadamamuSavebel warmoebaSi, dasaqmebuli, ekonomikurad aqtiuri
mosaxleobis wili mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. udavoa, rom am movlenam leiboristebis
mxardamWer zogierT tradiciul wyaros TandaTanobiT niadagi gamoacala. meore faqtori aris is
ganxeTqileba, romelic leiboristul partiaSi 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi moxda. aman social-
demokratiuli partiis (sdp) daarseba gamoiwvia. marTalia, sdp ukve aRar arsebobs, magram sul
axlaxans Camoyalibebulma liberalur-demokratiulma partiam mniSvnelovani mxardaWera
moipova. mesame faqtori aris 1979-1990 wlebSi konservatuli partiis premier-ministris m.
TetCeris gavlena. qalbaton TetCerisa da misi kabinetis mier wamoyenebuli cvlilebaTa gabeduli
programa mniSvnelovnad gaemijna adreul konservatul filosofias. TetCerizmma ZiriTadi
yuradReba gaamaxvila ekonomikur cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos rolis SezRudvaze da sabazro
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meqanizmebis ganviTareba aRiara rogorc individualuri Tavisuflebis, ise ekonomikuri zrdis

safuZvlad.
1970 wlamde orive ZiriTadi partia amomrCevelTa stabiluri mxardaWeriT sargeblobda
(Heath et al., 1986). eleqtoratis umravlesoba konservatorebis an leiboristebis mimarT Zalian
loialurad iyo ganwyobili. es gacnobierebuli hqondaT partiis kampaniebis dros, roca mTavar
amocanad ufro amomrCevlebis gaerTianeba miaCndaT da ara alternatiuli Sexedulebis mqone
adamianebis momxroba. 1974 wels Catarebulma orma arCevnebma aCvena, rom
amomrCevlebis tradiciuli erTguleba SesamCnevad Sesustda. im amomrCevelTa wili, romlebic
ambobdnen, rom gadawyvetileba bolo kampaniis dros miiRes, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda.
amitom, sarwmunoa, rom kampaniebi ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda arCevnebis saboloo
SedegebisTvis, vidre es adre iyo. aq, albaT, mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia televiziamac,
rogorc partiebisa da politikosebis imijebis `gayidvis~ saSualebam.
qceva xmis micemis dros _ momxreTa CamoSoreba

1970-ian wlebamde, gaerTianebul samefoSi xmis micemis dros qcevis modeli, romlis arsi
ori ZiriTadi partiidan erTis an meoris mimarT erTgulebis gamoxatvaSi mdgomareobda, cnobili
gaxda, rogorc momxreTa dajgufeba. momxreTa dajgufebis idea gulisxmobda, rom socialuri
klasi yvelaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenda qcevaze xmis micemis dros da rom
amomrCevlebi TavianT Tavs àigivebdnen~ erT an meore partiasTan. sxva sityvebiT, isini
TavianT Tavs `konservatorebad~ an `leiboristebad~ Tvlidnen. 1960 w. devid batlerisa da donald
stouksis mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam aCvena, rom mosaxleobis 90 procentze meti Tavs erT
an meore partiasTan aigivebda. umravlesoba ambobda, rom isini TavianT Tavs `sakmaod Zlier~
an `Zalian Zlier~ aigivebdnen maT mier arCeul partiasTan (Butler and Stokes, 1974).
amJamad klassa da xmis micemas Soris korelacia bevrad ufro bundovania. garda amisa,
axla amomrCevelTa bevrad ufro didi raodenoba acxadebs, rom xmis micemis dros maT qcevaze
gavlenas ufro partiebis politika da Sexedulebebi axdens, vidre maTi myari erTguleba erTi an
meore partiis mimarT. amitom es aris mxardamWerTa Camocilebis procesi _ myari partiuli
identifikaciisagan gamijvna.
ra aris mxardamWerTa CamoSorebis zrdis mizezi? aivor qriu (1983) aRniSnavs ori tipis
zegavlenas. pirveli dakavSirebulia adamianTa cxovrebis im aspeqtebis mzard mniSvnelobasTan,
romlebic uSualod klasobriv gansxvavebaze ar aris damokidebuli _ magaliTad, adamianebi
naqiraveb saxlebSi cxovroben Tu sakuTarSi, an arian Tu ara isini profkavSirebis wevrebi.
amgvarad, profkavSiris wevrebi leiboristebs, konservatorebTan SedarebiT, Tanamimdevrulad
sul ufro met xmas aZleven, da es xdeba imis miuxedavad, romeli profkavSiris wevrebi arian
isini _ `TeTrsayeloianTa~ Tu `lurjsayeloianTa~ profkavSiris.
meore is faqtoria, rom amomrCevlebi sul ufro naklebad arian im adre arsebuli politikuri
damokidebulebebis tyveobaSi, romlebic gansazRvravs maT mier romelime partiisaTvis
upiratesobis miniWebas. axla isini amjobineben, xma im partias miscen, romelic, maTi azriT,
maT interesebs yvelaze ukeT daicavs. amgvarad, 1970-iani wlebis bolos da 1980-ian wlebSi,
qriu varaudobs, leiboristulma partiam eleqtorats SesTavaza is politikuri kursi, romelic mis bevr
mxardamWers ar moswonda _ aman ganapiroba konservatorTa mmarTvelobis xangrZlivi
periodi (Ivor Cewe, 1983).
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TetCerizmi da momdevno periodi

rogorc adre iyo aRniSnuli, 1970-iani wlebis bolosa da 1990-ian wlebSi, britaneTis politikis
erT-erTi yvelaze ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo qalbaton TetCeris saxelTan dakavSirebuli
politikuri ideebis gavlena. ra iyo TetCerizmis safuZvlebi? riT iyo is mimzidveli britaneTis
amomrCevlebis aseTi didi nawilisTvis? advili dasaSvebia, rom xalxi qalbaton TetCeris
mTavrobis mier gatarebul politikas ufro unificirebulad da Tanmimdevrulad miiCnevda, vidre es
sinamdvileSi iyo. TetCerizms hqonda garkveuli ganmsazRvreli mimarTulebebi, magram bevr
SemTxvevaSi, is iyo programebisa da iniciativebis sakmaod arazusti, gaurkveveli nakrebi. zogi
maTgani pragmatuli mosazrebebis gamo iyo miRebuli, sxvebi ki mudmivad icvleboda an,
umTavresad, droTa ganmavlobaSi ukugdebul iqna (Riddell, 1985; Kavanagh, 1987).
xelisuflebis saTaveSi yofnis pirveli vadis ganmavlobaSi, TetCeris politika, ZiriTadad,
koncentrirebuli iyo ,,monetarizmze.” fulis maragis kontroli iTvleboda inflaciis Semcirebisa da
ekonomikis keTilgonieri menejmentisaTvis xelSewyobis saSualebad, magram fuladi saxsrebis
kontrolis gziT miznebis miRweva SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda da amis Semdeg monetarizmi,
faqtobrivad, ugulebelyofil iqna. 1983 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg, ekonomikis sakiTxebSi
TetCerizmis mamoZravebeli Zalis SenarCuneba saxelmwifo kompaniebis privatizaciis gziT
gaxda SesaZlebeli. aqciebis gayidvas iseT kompaniebSi, rogoricaa “British Telecom~, “British
Gas~, “British Steel~, “British Airways~ da “British Petroleum,~ didi reaqcia mohyva.
rogorc amtkiceben, privatizacias mravalgvari upiratesoba aqvs. igi tardeba uzarmazari
mouxerxebeli da araefeqturi saxelmwifo biurokratiebis nacvlad, jansaRi ekonomikuri
konkurenciis aRdgenis, saxelmwifo xarjebis Semcirebisa da marTvasTan dakavSirebul
gadawyvetilebebSi politikuri Carevis Sewyvetis mizniT.
TetCeris mier dawyebul privatizaciis politikas xangrZlivi zegavlena hqonda.
Tavdapirvelad, leiboristebi gaafTrebuli ibrZodnen privatizaciis winaaRmdeg, magram
mogvianebiT, maT arakeTilganwyobili pozicia Secvales da im daskvnamde mividnen, rom
aseTi privatizacia gardauvali iyo.
qalbatonma TetCerma Tavis erT-erT sakmaod cnobil sajaro gamosvlaSi ganacxada: `ledi
gzidan ar gadauxvevs!~ SesaZloa, Tavad qalbaton TetCeris pirovneba da moraluri stili iyo
TetCerizmis xangrZlivobis yvelaze Zlieri elementi. misma Sexedulebam kampaniis Catarebaze,
eleqtoratis didi nawilis simpaTia ver daimsaxura, magram pirovnuli Tvisebebis gamo mas,
rogorc erovnul liders, pativs scemdnen. argentinis mier folklendis kunZulebis okupaciis dros
TetCeris uari ukan daxevaze bevrisTvis am Tvisebebis konkretuli gamoxatuleba iyo. misi
dominanturi roli mTavrobaSi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gamyarda, rac man TandaTan,
misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT, daiTxova kabinetis is wevrebi, romlebic mis Sexedulebebs
ar iziarebdnen.
magram 1987 wlis arCevnebSi mopovebuli gamarjvebis miuxedavad, qalbaton TetCeris
popularoba eleqtorats Soris mkveTrad ecemoda, risi ganmsazRvreli faqtorebic iyo fuladi
gadasaxadis arapopularoba (gadasaxadis, romelic Semosavals an qonebas ki ar efuZneba,
aramed erT sul mosaxleze iyo gaTvlili), evropul TanamegobrobaSi britaneTis rolis Sesaxeb misi
winaaRmdegobrivi Sexedulebebi da ekonomikis moZraoba recesiisken. misi xelmZRvanelobis
gamo, ukmayofilebis donem konservatul partiaSi iseT zRvars miaRwia, rom 1990 wlis
noemberSi, maikl hezeltainma is paeqrobaSi gamoiwvia da xmebis 15 procenti, rac mas
absoluturi gamarjvebisTvis sWirdeboda, waarTva, ris Sedegadac xelaxali kenWisyra dainiSna.
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273
am situaciaSi ufrosma kolegebma TetCeri daarwmunes, rom mas monawileoba aRar mieRo
brZolaSi. swored amis Sedegad, politikur arenaze gamoCnda jon meijori, rogorc konservatorTa
axali lideri da qveynis premier-ministri.
àxali leiboristebi~
jon meijoris premier-ministrobis periodSi, konservatorebi agrZelebdnen saxelmwifo
sawarmoebis privatizacias iqac ki, sadac aseTi gegmebi eleqtoratSi naklebi popularobiT
sargeblobda. magaliTad, “British Railway” gayves da kerZo tenderiT gayides, Tumca
gamokiTxvebma aCvena, rom mosaxleobis umravlesoba aseT programas mxars ar uWerda.
leiboristuli partia am gegmebs ewinaaRmdegeboda da rkinigzebis xalxis mflobelobaSi
dabrunebis valdebuleba aiRo, Tu momaval erovnul arCevnebSi warmatebas miaRwevda.
nawilobriv, TetCerizmis gavlenisa da, nawilobriv, didi globaluri movlenebis (maT Soris,
globaluri ekonomikuri konkurenciis gaZlierebis) gamo, leiboristuli partia TandaTan cvlis Tavis
ideologiur Sexedulebebs. es procesi daiwyo neil kinoqis dros. igi leiboristuli partiis liderobidan
mas Semdeg gadadga, rac partiam 1992 wlis arCevnebi waago. es procesi gagrZelda axali lideris
jon smitis dros. magram misi xelmZRvanelobis periodi xanmokle aRmoCnda, misi udroo
gardacvalebis gamo. 1994 wels toni bleri gaxda partiis lideri da dauyovnebliv Seudga
Semdgomi Sorsgamiznuli Sida reformebis ganxorcielebas. blerma Tavis reformirebul partias
àxali leiboristebi~ uwoda da partiis SigniT warmatebul kampanias eweoda ybadaRebuli 3-4
muxlis gasauqmeblad _ partiis wesdebis im muxlisa, romelic avaldebulebda mas,
ganexorcielebina mrewvelobis sayovelTao saxalxo sakuTrebaSi gadacema.
amgvarad, leiboristulma partiam formalurad aRiara im sabazro ekonomikis ZiriTadi
mniSvneloba, romlis gavrceleba TetCers mtkiced hqonda gadawyvetili. amis gakeTebiT, partia
imave cvlilebebs atarebs, rac dasavleT evropis bevr sxva socialistur partiaSi moxda. aq
gadamwyveti gavlena moaxdina sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi komunizmis
ngrevam, rasac mokled mimovixilavT am TavSi.
leiboristuli partiis Sexedulebebi yovelTvis sakmaod gansxvavdeboda komunisturi
Tvalsazrisisagan _ komunistur sazogadoebebSi, saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi myofi samrewvelo
sawarmoebis raodenoba bevrad ufro meti iyo imaze, rasac leiboristuli partia odesme
varaudobda. mainc, adamianTa umravlesoba aRiarebs, rom komunizmis dezintegracia agreTve
imis niSania, rom saWiroa socializmis naklebad eqstremistuli ideebis radikaluri, saguldagulo
gadasinjva. axla moZvelebulia is Sexeduleba, rom Tanamedrove ekonomikis `marTva~
SesaZlebelia, Tu mas saxelmwifos kontrols dauqvemdebareben. es idea mniSvnelovania rogorc
komunizmisTvis, ise leiboristuli stilis socializmisTvis.
qalebis monawileoba politikaSi
xmis micemis modelebi da politikuri ganwyobebi

xmis micemas qalebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, sayovelTao saarCevno
uflebis mosapoveblad maT mier adre warmoebuli im brZolis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac
yvelgan didi dro dasWirda. adreuli periodis qalTa moZraobebis wevrebi saarCevno uflebas
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274
ganixilavdnen, rogorc politikuri Tavisuflebis simbolosa da ufro didi ekonomikuri da socialuri

Tanasworobis miRwevis saSualebas. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac qalTa mcdeloba,
mieRoT saarCevno uflebebi, ufro aqtiuri iyo da mas ufro meti Zaladoba xvdeboda, vidre sadme
sxvagan. qalTa moZraobis liderebs, miznis misaRwevad, mniSvnelovani siZneleebis gadalaxva
uwevdaT. dResac, yvela qveyanaSi qalebs ara aqvT mamakacebis Tanaswori xmis micemis
uflebebi, Tumca saudis arabeTi aris erTaderTi saxelmwifo, sadac qalebs ar SeuZliaT xmis
micema erovnul doneze. xmis micemis uflebebisaTvis Seupovarma brZolam gamoiRo
qalebisTvis sasurveli Sedegi?
mokle pasuxi aris àra~. dasavleTis mraval qveyanaSi, sadac qalebma pirvelad miiRes
saarCevno uflebebi, qalebi kenWs mainc bevrad naklebi raodenobiT iyrian, vidre mamakacebi.
1929 wels, britaneTSi Catarebuli pirveli erovnuli arCevnebis dros, rodesac yvela qals hqonda
arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, qalebis mxolod daaxloebiT erTma mesamedma misca xma,
mamakacebis or mesamedTan SedarebiT. daaxloebiT igive Tanafardoba iyo SeerTebul StatebSi
da msgavsi modeli gvxvdeba sxva saxelmwifoebSi adreul periodSi, sayovelTao xmis uflebis
dawesebis Semdeg. dResac, bevr saxelmwifoSi qalebi ar monawileoben arCevnebSi imave
proporciiT, rogorc mamakacebi; Tumca, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, sxvaoba gaqra. amerikaSi
amomrCevel qalTa raodenoba, bolo sami saprezidento arCevnebis dros, 3-6 procentiT naklebi
iyo, mamakac amomrCevlebTan SedarebiT. britaneTSi, 1970 wlidan moyolebuli, saparlamento
arCevnebSi (im wlis CaTvliT) sxvaoba ar iyo 4 procentze meti. genderuli sxvaoba xmis
micemis dros sruliad gaqra SvedeTSi, dasavleT germaniasa da kanadaSi, xolo italiaSi, fineTsa
da iaponiaSi xmis mimcem qalTa raodenoba mamakacebze odnav metia.
es cifrebi gviCvenebs, rom realuri dabrkoleba sqesTa Soris TanasworobisaTvis, iyo ara
uaris Tqma saarCevno uflebaze, aramed ufro Rrma socialuri gansxvavebebi mamakacebsa da
qalebs Soris, ris gamoc qalebis saqmianoba mxolod ojaxiTa da saSinao saqmeebiT ifargleboda.
swored cvlilebebma socialur gansxvavebaSi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, gamoiwvia qalTa
politikuri aqtiurobis Secvla. radgan TandaTan mcirdeba Zalauflebisa da statusis gansxvavebebi
mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, qalebis xmis micemis done izrdeba.
ramdenad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan qalebisa daa mamakacebis politikuri
ganwyobebi? bevr sufraJists, qalTa xmis micemis uflebis adreul damcvels, sjeroda, rom qalebis
politikaSi monawileoba radikalurad Secvlida politikur cxovrebas, masSi altruizmsa da zneobas
Seitanda. isini, vinc qalebisaTvis xmis uflebis gazrdis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen, aseve
amtkicebdnen, rom qalTa politikur monawileobas mniSvnelovani Sedegebi mohyveboda,
magram es Sedegi damRupveli iqneboda. britaneTSi erT-erTi aseTi cnobili mamakaci oponenti
afrTxilebda sazogadoebas, rom àseTi didi mniSvnelobis revolucia ar SeiZleba moxdes
inglisisTvis udidesi riskis gareSe~ (citirebulia Currell, 1974 w. gv. 2). sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli
mosazrebiT, qalTa CarTva politikaSi, politikur cxovrebas trivialurs gaxdida da, amave dros,
ojaxis stabilurobas Zirs gamouTxrida.
magram arc erTi es ukiduresi daskvna ar gamarTlda. qalebis mier xmis micemis uflebis
mopovebas politikis arsi didad ar Seucvlia. qalebis xmis micemis nimuSebi, iseve, rogorc
mamakacebisa, partiis arCevis, politikuri kursis SerCevisa da arsebuli kandidatebis arCevis
SesaZleblobis gziT yalibdeba, Tumca zogierTi gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis xmis
micemas Soris mainc gvxvdeba. ZiriTadad, amomrCeveli qalebi ufro konservatulebi arian, vidre
mamakacebi; amis daskvnis saSualebas memarjvene partiebisaTvis xmis micemis done iZleva.
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275
amis dasturia, magaliTad, safrangeTi, germania da italia. britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi es

damokidebuleba ufro gaurkvevelia. britaneTSi leiboristul partias ufro meti axalgazrda qali
aZlevs xmas, vidre axalgazrda mamakaci, magram ufro asakovani qalebi araproporciulad xmas
konservatorebs aZleven. ori tendencia met-naklebad abalansebs erTmaneTs. SeerTebul StatebSi
konservatulma orientaciam ar SeiZleba advilad gamoiwvios uSualo asociacia ori ZiriTadi
partiidan erT-erTTan, radgan respublikebsa da demokratebs Soris gansxvaveba ar gulisxmobs
pirdapir dapirispirebas politikur memarjveneebsa da memarcxeneebs Soris.
Tumca, genderuli sxvaoba gamovlinda SeerTebuli Statebis xmis micemis modelebSi.
TeTrkaniani mamakacebi ufro respublikelebs uWeren mxars, vidre demokratebs, gansxvavebaa
51 procenti 23 procentTan mimarTebaSi. xolo TeTrkaniani qalebis xmebi Tanabrad aris
ganawilebuli partiebs Soris. amave dros, orive sqesis Savkaniani da laTino-amerikeli
amomrCevlebi demokratebi arian. Suaxnis daqorwinebuli TeTrkaniani mamakacebi gaxdnen
respublikelebis ZiriTadi mxardamWerebi, xolo dauqorwinebeli qalebi, TeTrkanianebic da
Savkanianebic, demokratiuli partiis mTavari amomrCevlebi gaxdnen.
qalebis gavlena politikaze ar SeiZleba Sefasdes mxolod xmis micemis TvalsazrisiT.
feministurma jgufebma zegavlena moaxdines politikur cxovrebaze, xmis uflebis mopovebisagan
damoukideblad, gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleulebSi. 1960-iani wlebidan, SeerTebul StatebSi
qalTa erovnulma organizaciam (NOW) da qalTa sxva jgufebma daJinebiT moiTxoves, politikur
dRis wesrigSi SeetanaT mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, romlebic uSualod qalebs Seexeboda. es
sakiTxebia: Tanabari uflebebi samuSaoze, abortis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba, cvlilebebi ojaxisa da
ganqorwinebis kanonSi, agreTve lesboselTa uflebebi. umetes evropul qveynebSi, yovelTvis
SeimCneva qalTa erovnuli organizaciebis nakleboba, magram cvlilebebma, romlebic gavlenas
axdens qalebis mdgomareobaze ufro farTo sazogadoebaSi, igive sakiTxebi daayena politikuri
asparezis centrSi. bevri es sakiTxi, magaliTad, rodis iqneba SesaZlebeli abortis Tavisuflad
gakeTeba, sakamaTo aRmoCnda rogorc qalebs, ise mamakacebs Soris.
britaneTSi qalTa jgufebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes, magaliTad, 1967 wels àbortis
kanonisa~ da samsaxurSi seqsualuri diskriminaciis sawinaaRmdego kanonebis miRebis
saqmeSi. qalTa organizaciebma daJinebiT moiTxoves sxva cvlilebebic, romlebic kanoniT aris
aRiarebuli, rogoricaa 1976 wels miRebuli ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplTa dacva, romelic
uzrunvelyofilia kanoniT `saojaxo Zaladobisa da saqorwino procedurebis Sesaxeb~. 1992 wels
Catarebulma erovnulma gamokiTxvam wina planze wamoswia is sakiTxebi, romlebic Zalian
prioritetulia qalebisaTvis, magram nakleb mniSvnelovania mamakacebisaTvis. maT ricxvSi
Sedis, magaliTad, skolamdeli asakis bavSvebis sabavSvo baRebiT uzrunvelyofis politikis
ganviTareba, agreTve bavSvTa daxmarebis politikis srulyofa (Kellner, 1992). rac ar unda
moxdes momavalSi, aSkaraa, bevri problema da sazrunavi, romlebic uSualod qalebze axdens
gavlenas da romlebic adre ugulebelyofil iyo an iTvleboda `politikis miRma~ arsebulad, axla
politikuri debatebis centraluri sakiTxi gaxda.
qalebis mier mamakacebTan gaTanabrebuli xmis micemis uflebis mopoveba1

_ safrangeTi, ungreTi, italia, iaponia,
1893 _ axali zelandia 1945
vietnami, iugoslavia, bolivia
1902 _ avstralia 1946 _ albaneTi, rumineTi, panama
1
wyaro: Liza Tuttle, Encyclopedia of Feminism, 1986, gv. 370-371.
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276
1902 _ fineTi 1947 _ argentina, venesuela

1913 _ norvegia 1948 _ israeli, korea
1915 _ dania, islandia 1949 _ CineTi, Cile
1917 _ ssrk 1950 _ el salvadori, gana, indoeTi
1918 _ kanada 1951 _ nepali
1919 _ avstria, germania, niderlandebi, 1952 _ saberZneTi
poloneTi, SvedeTi, luqsemburgi,
Cexoslovakia
1920 _ aSS 1953 _ meqsika
1922 _ irlandia 1954 _ kolumbia
1928 _ didi britaneTi 1955 _ nikaragua
1929 _ ekvadori 1956 _ egvipte, pakistani, senegali
1930 _ samxreT afrika 1957 _ libani
1931 _ espaneTi, Sri lanka, portugalia 1959 _ maroko
1932 _ tailandi 1962 _ alJiri
1934 _ brazilia, kuba 1963 _ irani, kenia, libia
1936 _ kosta rika 1964 _ sudani, zambia
1937 _ filipinebi 1965 _ avRaneTi, gvatemala
1941 _ indonezia 1977 _ nigeria
1942 _ dominikelTa respublika, urugvai 1979 _ peru, zimbabve
globaluri Zalebi
am Tavis danarCen nawilebSi, britaneTidan gadavinacvlebT ufro farTo saerTaSoriso

arenaze arsebuli politikuri Zalebisa da gavlenebis ganxilvaze. rogorc ukve vnaxeT, demokratia
globaluri Zala gaxda. globalizacia cvlis erovnuli politikisa da eri-saxelmwifos Zalauflebis bevr
sxva aspeqtsac. evrokavSiri globalizaciis gamoZaxilia _ mcdeloba, moaxdinos eri-saxelmwifos
Sesustebuli Zalauflebis kompensacia, evropuli saxelmwifoebis zenacionaluri asociaciis
SeqmniT.
rodesac adamianebi ekiTxebian `Tqven xarT evropis momxre Tu mowinaaRmdege?~ aq
èvropa~ niSnavs evrokavSirs. èvropa,~ ra Tqma unda, ufro metia teritoriulad, vidre
evrokavSirSi Semavali qveynebi; iseTi qveynebi, rogoricaa norvegia da Sveicaria, romlebic
evropas miekuTvnebian, ar arian evrokavSiris wevrebi. ufro metic, evropaSi aseve Sedian
aRmosavleT evropis yofili komunisturi qveynebic, romlebic ar arian evrokavSiris wevrebi _
Tumca, zogierTs amis survili aqvs.
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, evropa omebiT gaxleCili kontinenti iyo. pirveli msoflio omi
da meore msoflio omi evropaSi daiwyo. evropaSi omis ganmeorebis prevencia iyo im
saxelmwifo moRvaweebis erT-erTi motivacia, romlebmac dasabami misces politikur kurss, ris
Sedegac sabolood evrokavSiri Seiqmna. isini amtkicebdnen, rom ekonomikurad integrirebuli da
politikurad gadajaWvuli qveynebi erTmaneTTan oms ar daiwyebdnen.
omi aris Cveni ganxilvis Tema am Tavis daskvniT nawilSi. iqamde, Cven gavecnobiT
evrokavSiris Camoyalibebasa da im cvlilebebs, romlebic sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT
evropaSi komunizmis dezintegraciis Sedegia.
evropuli kavSiri da evropis Secvlili ruka

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kavSiris ganviTareba
1946 wels, ciurixSi sityviT gamosvlis dros, uinston CerCilma ganacxada, `Cven raRac
evropis SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsi unda avaSenoT.” magram is, vinc iniciativa gamoiCina da
ZalRone ar daiSura amis gansaxorcieleblad, iyvnen ara britanelebi, aramed evropis sxva
qveynebi, gansakuTrebiT, safrangeTi da maSindeli dasavleTi germania. 1951 w. parizis
xelSekrulebam daafuZna evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba. amas mohyva evropis
atomuri energiis gaerTianeba, mogvianebiT ki _ evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba (EEC). 1958
wels, romis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze Seqmnilma evropis ekonomikurma gaerTianebam
daafuZna saerTo bazari, evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris saqonliT vaWrobisaTvis.
magram britaneTi ganze idga, igi ufro mTlianad iyo CarTuli Tanamegobrobis sxva qveynebsa
da SeerTebul StatebTan kavSirSi. 1973 wlamde qveyana evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis
wevri ar gamxdara.
radganac evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianeba sul ufro didi politikuri gaerTianebisaken
miemarTeboda, misi saxelwodebidan sityva èkonomikuri~ amovarda da is cnobili gaxda,
rogorc evrogaerTianeba (EC). Semdgomi integraciis Sedegad, is evrokavSiri (EU) gaxda. dRes
evrokavSiri Sedgeba warmomadgenlobiTi da biurokratiuli organizaciebis rTuli erTobliobisagan.
umaRlesi mdgomareoba uWiravs evrosabWos, romelic Sedgeba wevri qveynebis saxelmwifo
meTaurebisagan an mTavrobis meTaurebisagan. isini weliwadSi erTxel ikribebian. ministrTa
sabWo Sedgeba wevri saxelmwifoebis sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisa da msxvili Cinovnikebis
sxva muSa jgufebisagan. is warmoadgens evrokavSiris politikis ganmsazRvrel mTavar organos
da iRebs sakanonmdeblo gadawyvetilebebs. adre aseTi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiro
iyo sruli erTsulovneba, magram axla gadawyvetilebebis umetesobas iReben xmebis
umravlesobis safuZvelze _ es mniSvnelovani nabijia, radgan niSnavs, rom kanonmdeblobas
SeuZlia ama Tu im qveynis survilebis winaaRmdeg wasvla.
evropuli komisia ministrTa sabWos gansaxilvelad sTavazobs moqmedebis kurss,
sxvadasxva winadadebis misaRebad an Sesasworeblad da is pasuxismgebelia sabWos
gadawyvetilebebis Sesrulebaze. mas xelmZRvaneloben wevri saxelmwifoebis mier daniSnuli
komisiis wevrebi. evropis parlamentSi 518 arCeuli wevria, romlebic gamoTqvamen
Sexedulebebs sabWoSi warmodgenil winadadebebze da uzrunvelyofen forums maTi
ganxilvisTvis. evroparlaments ar gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo uflebamosileba. es awuxebs bevr im
adamians, romlebic Tvlian, rom dRes arsebuli formiT, evrokavSiri arsebiTad arademokratiulia.
da bolos, arsebobs evrosasamarTlo, romelic ganmartavs da xels uwyobs evrokavSiris kanonebis
ganxorcielebas. mas ar gaaCnia policiuri Zalebi Tavisi gadawyvetilebebis mxardasaWerad,
magram maTi Sesruleba aucilebelia wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebisTvis.
Tavdapirvelad evrogaerTianebis wevrTa raodenoba iyo eqvsi. 1973 wels, rodesac dania da
irlandia, britaneTTan erTad, gaerTianebas SeuerTdnen, maTi raodenoba cxramde gaizarda.
TandaTan, wevri qveynebis ricxvma Tormets miaRwia, xolo 1996 wels ki _ TxuTmets. didma
dapirispirebebma, gansakuTrebiT, agrarul politikasTan dakavSirebiT, ganviTarebas daRi
daasva, agreTve, Seaferxa Tanamimdevruli SeTanxmebebis formireba. 1987 wels miiRes
erTiani evropis aqti, rasac mohyva mTeli rigi inovaciebi, yvela darCenili savaWro barieris
gauqmebis CaTvliT, romelTa mizani iyo ufro didi gaerTianebis Seqmna.
evrokavSiris Semdgomi ganviTareba problemuri gaxda im gansakuTrebuli cvlilebebis
gamo, romlebmac aRmosavleT evropa da Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiri moicva, 1989 wlidan
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moyolebuli. èvropas~ zusti sazRvrebi hqonda, rodesac is dasavleT evropis liberalur

demokratiebad aRiqmeboda. igi aRmosavleTis komunisturi sazogadoebebisagan iyo gamijnuli.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam es yvelaferi Secvala. axla aRar aris naTeli, sad mTavrdeba èvropa~
da aRmosavleT evropis bevri axlad formirebuli liberaluri demokratia apirebs, gawevriandes
evrokavSirSi.
ra saxis warmonaqmnia evrokavSiri? SesaZlebelia, is ubralod erTgvari ze-erovnuli
saxelmwifo gaxdes, an gansxvavdeba is adre arsebuli politikuri sistemebisgan? filip Smiteri
(1991) miuTiTebs, rom axla evrokavSiri eri-saxelmwifosagan mravali niSan-TvisebiT
gansxvavdeba. rogorc zeviT iyo aRniSnuli, mas ar gaaCnia umaRlesi xelisuflebis erTiani forma:
sasamarTlos SeuZlia ugulebelyos misi wevri saxelmwifoebis garkveuli kanonebi, magram ar
arsebobs gadawyvetilebebis realizaciis universaluri saSualebebi. Tumca, mas suverenuli
saxelmwifos garkveuli niSnebi gaaCnia, magaliTad, is msoflios 130 saxelmwifos mieraa
aRiarebuli, rogorc saxelmwifo warmonaqmni da maT evrokavSirTan diplomatiuri urTierTobebi
aqvT damyarebuli.
eri-saxelmwifoebi garkveul teritoriebze arseboben, magram Sexeduleba, romlis
Tanaxmadac, evrokavSirs Tavisi `sakuTari~ teritoria gaaCnia, ufro bundovania. evrokavSiri
Tavad ar `marTavs~ Tavis teritorias da misi sazRvrebi ar aris zustad dadgenili, radgan uaxloes
momavalSi, albaT, kidev araerTi saxelmwifo gaxdeba misi wevri. evrokavSirs difuzuri struqtura
aqvs. zogierT `gare~ saxelmwifos masTan TanamSromlobis xelSekrulebebi aqvs gaformebuli.
eri-saxelmwifosgan gansxvavebiT, evrokavSirSi ar aris administraciuli dawesebulebebis
ierarqia. winaswar, zogadad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo misi struqturis Semadgeneli sxvadasxva
nawilis moqmedebebis nawilobrivi damTxveva Zalauflebisa da kompetenciis sxvadasxva
sferoSi. komisias centraluri roli aqvs gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesebSi, magram Tavisi
rolis Sesrulebis dros, is did yuradRebas aqcevs evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebisa da misi sxva
organizaciebis Sexedulebebs.
Smiteri amtkicebs, rom evrokavSiri politikuri wyobis Zalian specifikuri formaa da mas
SeuZlia, gza gaukafos im cvlilebebs, romlebic msoflios sxva regionebs misabaZ models
sTavazobs. evrokavSiri ar aris arc eri da arc saxelmwifo, is ufro orives alternatiuli politikuri
sistemaa. garkveuli azriT, is federaluria, magram ara tipuri federaluri saxelmwifos msgavsad,
radgan is, ubralod, Sedgeba ara erToblivad organizebuli regionebisagan, aramed sxvadasxva
erTeulisa da qveerTeulis mTeli mravalferovnebisagan. garkveuli miznebisTvis, is aris erTiani
politikuri aqtori, sxva amocanebisTvis ki _ agregati, romelic damokidebulia mudmivad
`cvalebad SeTanxmebebze~.
momavalSi evrogaerTianeba iqneba politikuri batonobis unikaluri forma. SeiZleba, is daemsgavsos zogierT
arsebul saxelmwifos, rogoricaa SeerTebuli Statebi, germaniis federaciuli respublika, Sveicaria, kanada, espaneTi da
a.S. misi aRwera SesaZlebeli iqneba nacnobi terminebiT: federaciuli, konfederaciuli, teqnokratiuli, demokratiuli,
pluraluri da a.S., magram is gansxvavebuli iqneba (Schmitter, 1991, gv. 29).
maastrixSi xelmowerili xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis bolosTvis evropa
politikurad ufro integrirebuli gaxdeba, vidre axla aris. mas erTiani valuta eqneba. rac Seexeba
1996 wels, jer kidev ar aris naTeli, erTiani valuta iqneba Tu ara saukunis bolomde. albaT,
mxolod ramdenime qveyana aris mzad, daakmayofilos misi gavrcelebisaTvis saWiro rTuli
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ekonomikuri kriteriumebi. miuxedavad amisa, axali valutis saxelwodeba ukve SerCeulia:

èvro~. 2
cvlilebebi aRmosavleT evropaSi

1989 weli safrangeTis revoluciis orasi wlis iubile iyo. is, aseve, evropaSi axali
`revoluciebis weli~ iyo, albaT, 1789 welze aranakleb mniSvnelovani Tavisi Sorsmimavali
SedegebiT. 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropis komunisturma reJimebma, erTimeoris miyolebiT,
dakarges Zalauflebaze kontroli (am movlenebis Semdgomi ganxilvisTvis, ixileT Tavi
`revoluciebi da socialuri moZraobebi~). mTel aRmosavleT evropaSi gavrcelebuli mmarTvelobis
sistema, romelic TiTqos myari da uryevi Canda, uceb daemxo. komunistebi daCqarebuli
tempiT, Tanamimdevrulad, kargavdnen TavianT Zalauflebas im qveynebSi, sadac isini naxevari
saukunis ganmavlobaSi batonobdnen: ungreTi (Tebervali), poloneTi (ivnisi), bulgareTi,
aRmosavleT germania da Cexoslovakia (noemberi), rumineTi (dekemberi). aRmosavleT evropis
TiToeul qveyanaSi, CamorCenil albaneTSic ki, 1992 wlis ianvrisTvis, Tavisufali arCevnebis
Sedegad, airCies axali xelisufleba. da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, amave periodisTvis,
komunisturma partiam dakarga Zalaufleba Tavad sabWoTa kavSirSic, romelic mTel rig
damoukidebel qveynebad daiSala.
ramdenime gamonaklisis garda, aRmosavleT evropam, axali konstituciebis dawerisa da
mravalpartiuli saparlamento sistemebis Seqmnis procesSi, did warmatebebs miaRwia. umetes
SemTxvevaSi, partiebis speqtri dasavleT evropis qveynebis partiebis msgavsia. zogierTi yofili
komunisturi partia kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobas, magram Zalian xSirad maT saxelwodeba aqvT
gamocvlili. amasTanave, isini ukve veRar moqmedeben ise, rogorc erTpartiul sistemebSi,
oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis Sua periodSi maT arCevnebSi saocrad karg Sedegebs miaRwies.
magaliTad, 1995 wels ruseTis dumis (parlamentis) arCevnebis dros, xelaxla aRmocenebulma
ruseTis komunisturma partiam xmaTa 22 procenti moagrova da parlamentSi yvelaze didi partia
gaxda.
aRmosavleT evropis yvela qveyana awydeba Zalian mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da
politikur siZneleebs gardamaval periodSi, axali sazogadoebis mSeneblobis gzaze. am
sazogadoebebis mosaxleobis udidesi nawili ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs TavianT qveynebSi
demokratiis ganviTarebis gamo, bevri ki Sewuxebulia danaSaulisa da Zaladobis gazrdis gamo.
evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis bankis monacemebis Tanaxmad, aRmosavleT evropis
umetesi qveynebis ekonomikam did warmatebas miaRwia gasuli ramdenime wlis
ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, demokratiuli kapitalizmis imedebi bevri adamianisaTvis fuWi
aRmoCnda aRmosavleT evropaSi. iq samocdaTxuTmeti milioni àxali Raribi~ gaCnda,
umuSevrobisa da fiqsirebuli Semosavlebis pirobebSi, xalxis msyidvelobiTi unaris rRvevis
gamo, da es ricxvi moicavs qveynebs yofili sabWoTa kavSiridanac. dasavleT evropis
daxmareba aRmosavleTisaTvis sakmaod mcirea.
momxdarma cvlilebebma, Cans, gansakuTrebiT araxelsayreli gavlena qalebze moaxdina.
zogierT qveyanaSi qalebis wili parlamentsa da sxva politikur organoebSi mkveTrad daeca.
magaliTad, cvlilebebis sawyis etapze, parlamentSi qali-wevrebis procenti CexoslovakiaSi 34-
2
mTargmnelis SeniSvna: ,,evro” mimoqcevaSi Sevida 1998 wels. amJamad, evrokavSirSi 29 saxelmwifoa
gaerTianebuli.
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dan 4 procentamde Semcirda, poloneTSi _ 20-dan 3 procentamde, bulgareTSi _ 21-dan 8

procentamde. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis gamo, umuSevarTa ricxvi Zalian gaizarda da maT
Soris Zalian didia qalebis raodenoba.
ramdenad aRmatebuli iqneba aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebis mcdeloba, Seqmnan
mmarTvelobis stabiluri liberaluri demokratiuli sistemebi? samuel hantingtonis (1990) azriT,
arsebobs eqvsi faqtori, romlebic albaT, gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens am procesze:
1. Tavisi istoriis adreul periodebSi, ramdenad aqvs qveyanas gamocdili liberaluri
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis gamocdileba. yofil Cexoslovakias, am mxriv, yvelaze sasurveli
istoria aqvs, xolo albaneTs, piriqiT, araxelsayreli. magram CexoslovakiaSi Cexebsa da
slovakebs Soris didi daZabuloba iyo da qveyana or damoukidebel saxelmwifod gaiyo.
2. qveynis mier miRweuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done. am mxriv, CexeTis
respublikasa da ungreTs wamyvani adgili ukaviaT.
3. ramdenad efeqturad marTavdnen qveyanas wina komunisturi reJimis dros. arsebobs
varaudi, rom saxelmwifo, romelic efeqturad marTavda avtoritaruli sistemis dros, albaT, aseTive
efeqturi iqneba demokratiuli sistemis dros.
4. im socialuri da politikuri organizaciebis Zalaufleba da mravalferovneba, romlebmac
SeZles damoukideblobis SenarCuneba komunisturi mmarTvelobis dros.
5. ramdenad kargad SeZleben axali mTavrobebi ekonomikuri reformis radikaluri politikis
Seqmnasa da ganxorcielebas.
6. subnacionalur an eTnikur jgufebs, regionebs an klasebs Soris arsebuli gaTiSulobisa da
mtruli damokidebulebis done. aseTi dayofis gamo, iugoslaviam ver gauZlo dezintegracias da
daiSala; Cexoslovakiac gaiyo. magram ramdenad gahyvebian sxvebi maT gzas, jerjerobiT ar
aris cxadi.
bevri aseTi msjeloba gamoiyeneba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad Seqmnili axali
saxelmwifoebisa da Tavad ruseTis mimarT. maTi umetesoba, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebTan
SedarebiT, ufro dabali donidan iwyebs axali saxelmwifos mSeneblobas. umravlesobas ar hqonia
liberaluri demokratiis damoukidebeli istoria, zogierTi maTgani manamde saerTod arc ki
arsebobda, rogorc calke saxelmwifo. rac ar unda moxdes momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi,
evropis ruka samudamod Seicvala, masTan erTad ki globaluri politikuri wyobac _ mas Semdeg,
rac yofili sabWoTa kavSiri gadaWimuli iyo Soreul aziamde.
myarad moikidebs Tu ara fexs demokratia, albaT, damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad aris
gavrcelebuli sabazro ekonomika. 1994 wlis bolos gamoqveynebul evropis rekonstruqciisa da
ganviTarebis bankis angariSSi, yuradRebiT aris ganxiluli yofil komunistur qveynebSi sabazro
ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis saWiro ekonomikuri maCveneblebi. cvlilebis ZiriTadi
maCveneblebia: mrewvelobis privatizaciis done da masStabi, biznesis restruqturizaciis xarisxi,
marTvis wina stilis ukugdeba, Ria konkurencia da sagareo vaWroba, sabanko sistemis reforma.
am maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, CexeTis respublikaSi, ungreTsa da poloneTSi cvlilebaTa done
yvelaze maRalia, xolo azerbaijanSi, saqarTveloSi, TurqmeneTsa da ukrainaSi _ yvelaze dabali.
iugoslavia, yofili komunisturi qveyana, federaluri saxelmwifo, romelic 1989 wlamde erT-
erT yvelaze mowinaved miaCndaT, daiSala iq gaCaRebuli sisxliani omis Sedegad. konfliqtma
bosnia-hercogovinaSi, yofili iugoslaviis erT-erT Semadgenel nawilSi, romelic damoukideblobas
iTxovda, 500 000 sicocxle Seiwira. rogori SemaZrwunebelic ar unda iyos es cifri, konfliqti
bosniaSi SedarebiT lokaluri da Semofargluli iyo. aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris damyarebuli
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urTierTobis Sedegad, SesaZlebeli gaxda, Tavidan aecilebinaT zogierTi sxva iseTi masStaburi
omis gaCaReba, romlebic XX saukuneSi moxda. axla Cven ganvixilavT im problemebs,
romlebic gamowveulia adamianTa socialur saqmianobaSi samxedro Zalauflebis da omis
mudmivi mniSvnelobiT.
omi da samxedroebi
1989 wlisa da Semdgomi movlenebi naTlad gviCveneben samxedro Zalauflebis

gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas, socialuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani gardamavali
periodebis dros. samxedro Zalauflebis sociologia politikuri sociologiis mniSvnelovani nawilia
da swored amas ganvixilavT am Tavis bolo nawilSi. pirvelad ganvixilavT omis istorias, Semdeg
ki civ omsa da mis Sedegebs.
lokaluridan totalur omamde

meoce saukunemde, maSinac ki, rodesac didi brZolebi warmoebda, isini Semofargluli iyo
mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawiliT _ jariskacebiT, romlebic ibrZodnen (Cveulebriv,
sazogadoebis zrdasruli mamakacebis mcire procenti) da samoqalaqo mosaxleobiT, romelic
uSualod im regionebSi cxovrobda, sadac omebi mimdinareobda. aseTi omebi SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT, rogorc lokaluri omebi. magram I msoflio omi (1914-18), romelSic uamravma
jariskacma miiRo monawileoba, namdvilad ar iyo lokaluri omi. totaluri omi moicavs ramdenime
antagonistur saxelmwifos, maTi mosaxleobis mamakacTa maRal wils, mTeli maTi ekonomikis
mobilizebasa da mTel msoflioSi brZolas. pirveli msoflio omi anu `didi omi,~ mravali aspeqtiT,
wyalgamyofi iyo meoce saukunis samxedro saqmis ganviTarebaSi. man mTlianad gaamarTla
Tavisi saxelwodeba; masSi CarTuli qveynebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT _ evropuli
saxelmwifoebis umetesoba, agreTve, ruseTi, iaponia da SeerTebuli Statebi _ istoriuli paralelebi
ar arsebobda. mokluli meomrebisa da samoqalaqo pirebis raodenoba bevrad ufro didi iyo, vidre
romelime wina SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis dros.
sul mcire orma mTavarma movlenam Seuwyo xeli lokaluridan totalur omze gadasvlas:
omis industrializaciam da masobrivi militaristuli organizaciis warmoqmnam. omis
industrializacia gulisxmobs Tanamedrove samrewvelo meTodebis gamoyenebas iaraRis
warmoebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tanamedrove masobrivi samxedro sistemebi biurokratiul
organizaciebad Camoyalibdnen da mniSvnelovnad Secvales omebis momzadebisa da brZolis
xasiaTi. garda amisa, mTavrobebma SemoiRes sayovelTao samxedro begara _ garkveul
asakobriv farglebSi, samxedro samsaxurisTvis vargisi yvela mamakacis gawveva _ radgan omis
masStabi gaizarda.
samxedro xarjebi da civi omi

kacobriobis istoriaSi meoce saukune, udavod, mravalricxovani da damangreveli omebiT
gamoirCeva. aqamde, omebSi 100 milionze meti adamiani daiRupa, saSualod 3 500 dReSi.
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umravlesoba or msoflio omSi mokles. samxedro biujetebi 1989 wlamde progresulad izrdeboda;
samxedro SeiaraReba sul ufro rTuli da damangreveli xdeba. didi zomis birTvul iaraRs
milionobiT adamianis mokvla SeuZlia.
1980-iani wlebis bolomde, globalur samxedro xarjebs, ZiriTadad, civi omi gansazRvravda
_ SeerTebul Statebsa da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs Soris arsebuli antagonisturi metoqeoba, romelic
1940-iani wlebis bolodan daaxloebiT 1990 wlamde gagrZelda. yovel weliwads TiToeuli mxare
ara marto uzarmazar Tanxas xarjavda SeiaraRebis srulyofasa da samxedro personalis didi
raodenobis Senaxvaze, aramed sxva qveynebTan aliansebis farTo sistemebsac qmnida da xSirad
mokavSire saxelmwifoebis SeiaraRebul Zalebs wvrTnida. sabWoelebi yuradRebas aRmosavleT
evropaze amaxvilebdnen, magram isini Sua aRmosavleTis, aziisa da afrikis qveynebsac
amaragebdnen iaraRiT da maTTvis samxedro kadrebs amzadebdnen. SeerTebulma Statebma
Camoayalibes aliansebis sistema, maT Soris Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizacia
(NATO), romelic msoflios udides nawilze vrceldeba.
iaraRiT vaWroba
SeiaraRebis sferoSi msoflio vaWrobis ZiriTadi nawils _ iaraRiT vaWrobas _ mesame
msoflios qveynebisTvis industriuli qveynebis mier gayiduli SeiaraReba Seadgens. didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebuli Statebi da ssrk iyvnen iaraRis msoflios wamyvani eqsportiorebi.
1991 wels, sparseTis yureSi omis dawyebamde, ssrk da dasavleTis zogierTi saxelmwifo erays
awvdidnen iaraRsa da samxedro daniSnulebis sxva produqcias. erays im dros iranTan omis
wagebis saSiSroeba emuqreboda. rogorc sparseTis yuris omis Sedegma aCvena, zogierTi iaraRi,
gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiris mier miwodebuli, aRmoCnda moZvelebuli an Seuferebeli,
gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis uaxlesi iaraRis teqnologiasTan SedarebiT. am omSi erayi sastikad
daamarcxes gaerTianebuli erebis samxedro Zalebma, romlebsac, ZiriTadad, SeerTebuli Statebi
afinansebda. Tumca, mowinave teqnologias sTavazoben yvelas, visac surs da SeuZlia misi
SeZena.
1950-iani wlebidan 1980-iani wlebis bolomde, msoflio samxedro xarjebi zrdis tendenciiT
xasiaTdeboda. 1977 wels msoflio xarjebma SeiaraRebaze gadaaWarba 1 miliard amerikul dolars
dReSi. es niSnavs, rom yovel saaTSi 50 milioni dolari ixarjeboda. 1980-iani wlebis bolos,
realuri gamoTvliT (inflaciis faqtoris gamoklebiT), es maCveneblebi TiTqmis gaormagda. 1993
wels globaluri samxedro xarjebi Seadgenda msoflios mTliani Semosavlis daaxloebiT 5 procents.
es bevrad ufro metia, vidre mTeli afrikuli kontinentis ekonomikuri warmoeba; is metia, vidre
mTeli aziis (iaponiis gamoklebiT) ekonomikuri warmoeba.
civi omis dasrulebis fonze, vinmem SeiZleba imedianad ganWvritos msoflios
ganviTarebuli qveynebis samxedro danaxarjebis Semcireba. SeiaraRebasTan dakavSirebuli
xarjebi mkveTrad Semcirda ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva saxelmwifoebSi.
SeerTebulma Statebma, britaneTma da dasavleTis sxva qveynebmac Seamcires Tavdacvis
xarjebi momdevno ramdenime weliwadSi. Tumca, es gazrdis dawolas iaraRis eqsportze saSinao
bazrebis Sevsebis mizniT. ar SeiZleba darwmunebiT Tqma, rom civi omis dasruleba Seamcirebs
usafrTxoebis moTxovnebs mesame msoflios qveynebSi, es moTxovnebi rogorc Sida, ise
sagareo xasiaTisaa. rogorc Semdeg nawilebSi vnaxavT, jer kidev bundovania, ramdenad
SeiZleba vendoT globaluri mSvidobis dividends.
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omi da globaluri usafrTxoeba

xdeba Tu ara msoflio ufro usafrTxo adgili uaxlesi politikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad? ra Tqma
unda, sayovelTao birTvuli ganadgurebis perspeqtiva Zalian Semcirda. magram birTvuli omis
SesaZlebloba ar gamqrala. 1992 wels msoflioSi jer kidev arsebobda sul mcire 50 000 birTvuli
iaraRi (Barnaby 1992), xolo 1994 wels _ 20 000. iaraRis umravlesoba ekuTvnis SeerTebul
Statebs, ruseTsa da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva saxelmwifoebs. britaneTi, safrangeTi da
CineTi mniSvnelovan maragebs floben. ukve ramdenime xania, rac israeli birTvuli iaraRis
saxelmwifoa; indoeTsa da pakistans, SesaZloa, hqondeT potenciuri SesaZlebloba, sxva
saxelmwifoebs ki gaaCniaT saSualebebi, mibaZon maT.
dRes mTavari problemaa, rogor Seakavon birTvuli proliferacia _ birTvuli iaraRis
gavrceleba im saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic amJamad maT ar floben (Levanthal & Tanzer, 1991).
Znelia imis mtkiceba, rom globaluri usafrTxoeba gaizrdeboda, Tu ocdaaT, ormoc Tu met
saxelmwifos eqneboda birTvuli iaraRi. magram dasavleTis saxelmwifoebs, romlebic TavianTi
birTvuli arsenalebis arsebobas amarTleben imiT, rom maTi saSualebiT isini akaveben agresias,
albaT, ar gaukvirdebaT, Tu sxva qveynebic imave motiviT Seecdebian maT mopovebas. Tu
romelime saxelmwifo miaRwevs mizans, misi metoqe Seecdeba, igive gaakeTos. amgvarad,
proliferaciis SesaZlebloba izrdeba.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT gamowveuli pirdapiri safrTxe, Cans, acilebul iqna. birTvuli
iaraRi, romelic adre gaSlili iyo Tormeti damoukidebeli respublikis teritoriebze, koncentrirebul
iqneba ruseTis teritoriaze, sadac SesaZlebelia Sesabamisi usafrTxoebisa da kontrolis zomebis
ufro drouli ganxorcieleba. magram radgan birTvuli iaraRebisa da masalebis karg pirobebSi
Senaxva dakavSirebulia did xarjebTan, arsebobs eWvebi maT xangrZliv usafrTxoebasTan
dakavSirebiT. garda amisa, sxva qveynebma SeiZleba gadaibiron yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
mecnierebi, maTi kompetenturobis gamo.
proliferaciis problemis arsi aris is, rom birTvuli iaraRis warmoebisaTvis saWiro ori
nivTiereba, gamdidrebuli urani da plutoniumi, aucilebelia agreTve birTvuli energiis
mSvidobiani warmoebisaTvis. teqnologiuri eqspertizis Tanaxmad, erT-erTi am nivTierebis
flobis dros SesaZlebelia birTvuli iaraRis Seqmna. kerZod, iaponiasa da germanias aqvT
plutoniumis maragebi, romlebic iseTive didia, rogorc SeerTebuli Statebis birTvul arsenalebSi.
am qveynebma rom moindomon, isini SeZleben birTvuli SeiaraRebis Zalian swrafad Seqmnas.
atomur eleqtrosadgurebSi daxarjuli sawvavis xelaxali gadamuSaveba aseve qmnis farTo
masStabis proliferaciis saSiSroebas. arsebuli gegmebis Tanaxmad, XXI saukunis damdegisTvis,
evropisa da iaponiis gadamamuSavebel qarxnebSi gamoyenebuli sawvavidan ori aTasi metruli
tona plutoniumi iqneba miRebuli. TxuTmet funtze naklebia saWiro atomuri bombis
Sesaqmnelad. radgan plutoniumi aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs Tavis Tvisebebs, misi
usafrTxoebisa da mSvidobiani gamoyenebis garantiebis problema, Cans, Znelad gadasalaxavia.
msoflio omis gareSe?
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birTvuli iaraRi ar aris erTaderTi damangreveli SeiaraReba, romlis Seqmna adamianebs

SeuZliaT. magaliTad, qimiuri iaraRis warmoeba iafia. 1980-ian wlebSi, iranTan omis dros,
erayma qimiuri SeiaraReba gamoiyena da imuqreboda, rom gamoiyenebda mas sparseTis yuris
omSi 1991 wels. qimiuri iaraRi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba mtris samxedro danayofebis an
samoqalaqo mosaxleobis momwamvleli gzebiT dabombvis dros, rac, SesaZloa, momentalur
sikvdils iwvevdes. erT-erTi aseTi xelovnurad Seqmnili momwamvleli gazi gamoiyenes tokios
metroSi 1995 wels mgzavrebze Tavdasxmis dros, rodesac ramdenime adamiani mokles da bevri
hospitalizebuli iyo.
axla msoflio politikur wesrigSi fundamenturi cvlilebebis droa da arsebobs ufro usafrTxo
msoflios Seqmnis realuri SesaZleblobebi. riskebis danaxva advilia. SesaZlo birTvul
proliferaciasa da masobrivi ganadgurebis sxva iaraRebs unda davumatoT nacionalizmis,
eTnikuri da religiuri antagonizmebis axali formebis gavlena, mdidar da Rarib saxelmwifoebs
Soris arsebuli uTanasworoba _ globaluri konfliqtebis yvela potenciuri wyaro. meore mxriv,
zogierTi faqtori, rac warsulSi saomar moqmedebebs ganapirobebda, gansakuTrebiT ki swrafva,
moepovebinaT axali teritoriebi dapyrobis gziT, dRes nakleb relevanturia. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebi bevrad ufro globalurad arian urTierTdamokidebulni, vidre adre da, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, maTi sazRvrebi zustad aris dadgenili da aRiarebuli saxelmwifoTa msoflio
Tanamegobrobis mier. Tanamedrove saomari moqmedebebi, gansakuTrebiT birTvuli omi, iseTi
damangreveli gaxda, rom misi gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia realuri politikuri an ekonomikuri
miznebis misaRwevad.
sul ufro izrdeba imis Segneba, rom birTvul epoqaSi miuRebelia Zveleburi gamonaTqvami:
`mSvidoba Tu ginda, emzade omisTvis~; es ki bolo wlebis erT-erTi imedis momcemi movlenaa.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu moxerxda birTvuli konfrontaciebis Tavidan acileba, SesaZloa, mainc
ar Sewydes omebi, sadac Cveulebrivi tipis iaraRi iqneba gamoyenebuli, rac masobrivi
ganadgurebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. magram imedis realisturi safuZvelic arsebobs.
maikl maqguaieri, cnobili samxedro analitikosi, amtkicebs, rom momdevno oci an ocdaaTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi, birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali msoflios Seqmnis realuri SesaZlebloba
arsebobs (Michael MccGwire, 1995). birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali msoflio iqneba iseTi
msoflio, sadac birTvuli saxelmwifoebi SeTanxmdebian, rom jarTad aqceven mTel TavianT
birTvul SeiaraRebas garkveul daTqmul vadaSi. misi azriT, birTvuli iaraRisagan Tavisufali
msoflio, proliferaciis SeCerebisa da agresiuli saxelmwifoebisa da teroristuli jgufebisagan
birTvuli iaraRis dacvis erTaderTi saSualebaa. es realisturi arCevania, radgan bevri samxedro
politikuri lideri mixvda, rom birTvuli iaraRi strategiuli miznebisTvis gamousadegaria. maTi
flobis erTaderTi mizani aris is, rom isini sxvebsac aqvT an SeiZleba SeiZinon. amis gamo, rac
ar unda moxdes, omis riski yovelTvis iqneba. magram birTvuli iaraRisgan Tavisufali msoflio
erTaderTi gzaa, rom Tavidan aviciloT kacobriobis damRupveli birTvuli konfrontaciebis
SesaZlebloba, romelsac SeuZlia dedamiwis udidesi nawilis da, albaT, mTeli kacobriobis
ganadgureba.
Sejameba
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1. saxelmwifo arsebobs iq, sadac aris politikuri aparati, romelic marTavs garkveul
teritorias da romlis xelisufleba emyareba samarTlebriv sistemasa da kanonier uflebas,
gamoiyenos Zala Tavisi politikuri kursis ganxorcielebis mizniT.
2. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi aris eri-saxelmwifoebi, sadac, Cveulebriv, kongresis an
saparlamento sistema arsebobs. suverenitetis cneba (mTavrobis kanonieri Zalaufleba mkafiod
gansazRvrul teritoriaze) gulisxmobs rogorc eri-saxelmwifos aRiarebul legitimurobas, ise sxvebis
mier saxelmwifo sazRvrebis aRiarebas. TiToeuli erToba iZens gamorCeul xasiaTs
nacionalizmTan misi kavSiris gziT.
3. demokratia aris politikuri sistema, sadac xalxi marTavs. monawileobiTi demokratiis
dros, gadawyvetilebebs iReben isini, viszec es gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdens. liberaluri
demokratia aris warmomadgenlobiTi mravalpartiuli demokratia (rogoricaa, magaliTad,
gaerTianebuli samefo), sadac moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT, xma miscen erT-erTs sul cota ori
partiidan.
Tumca demokratia farTod gavrcelda, zogierTi siZnele mainc arsebobs. iseT qveynebSi,
rogoric gaerTianebuli samefoa, mTavrobas misi moqalaqeebis gasaWiris mogvarebis unari ara
aqvs. mTavrobiT ukmayofileba izrdeba, xolo politikuri monawileobis done klebulobs.
4. politikuri partia aris organizacia, romelic orientirebulia, arCevnebis gziT miaRwios
mmarTvelobis sistemaze legitimur kontrols. dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis umravlesobaSi, yvelaze
didi is partiebia, romlebic Semdeg ZiriTad politikur interesebs gamoxataven, rogoricaa
socializmi, komunizmi, liberalizmi an konservatizmi. Cveulebriv, arsebobs garkveuli kavSiri
xmis micemis nimuSebsa da klasobriv gansxvavebebs Soris. bolo dros, dasavleTis bevr
saxelmwifoSi SeimCneva tradiciuli partiebis mimarT erTgulebis Semcireba da, saerTod,
imedgacruebis zrda partiuli sistemis gamo.
5. bolo wlebSi, britanulma politikam TetCerizmis Zlieri zemoqmedeba ganicada.
TetCerizmi aris doqtrinebis erToblioba, romelic Tavad qalbaton TetCeris xelisuflebidan wasvlis
Semdegac arsebobs. TetCerizmi eyrdnoba saxelmwifos rolis Semcirebisa da Tavisufali bazris
batonobis aucileblobis rwmenas.
6. TetCerizmma Secvala konservatuli partiis xedva. bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi,
leiboristulma partiamac ganicada mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi; kerZod, toni bleris
xelmZRvanelobiT, àxalma leiboristebma~ xeli aiRes Zvel socialistur Sexedulebebze, maT
Soris nacionalizaciasa da gegmur ekonomikur mewarmeobaze.
7. evropis kavSiris ganviTarebam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina yvela mis wevr
saxelmwifoze. Tumca, srulad ar aris naTeli, rogori momavali eqneba evrokavSirs. is, albaT, ar
gaxdeba `ze-eri-saxelmwifo~, magram SeinarCunebs Tavis gamorCeul xasiaTs.
8. evropis politikuri ruka Seicvala 1989 welsa da momdevno periodSi, komunizmis
daSlis Sedegad. ruseTi da aRmosavleT evropis sazogadoebebi xdebian saparlamento
demokratiebi da sabazro ekonomikis qveynebi, Tumca gadasvlis es procesi aris Zneli da
problemuri.
9. omi politikaSi yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi omis xasiaTi
Zalian Seicvala. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, omis industrializaciis
procesi daiwyo, rac omis warmoebis dros industriuli meTodebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.
birTvul epoqaSi arsebobs imedis safuZveli, rom didi omebis raodenoba Semcirdeba, radgan
omis SesaZlo Sedegebi metad damRupvelia.
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Christopher Dandeker, Surveillance, Power and Modernity (Cambridge: Polity Press,

1990). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi Zalauflebis sistemebis ganviTarebis mimoxilva, romelic
gansakuTrebiT samxedro Zalis rols usvams xazs.
Stephen George, An Awkward Partner: Britain in the European Community (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1990). britaneTsa da evrogaerTianebis sxva qveynebs Soris daZabuli
urTierTobis saintereso mimoxilva.
David Held, Models of Democrac, Second Edition (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996).
klasikuri da mniSvnelovani angariSi demokratiis sxvadasxva formis Sesaxeb.
John Kingdom, Government and Pilitics in Britain (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).
yovlismomcveli da kritikuli teqsti britaneTis politikis Sesaxeb.
James N. Rorenan, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity
(London. Harvester, 1990). mcdeloba, mogvces axali farTo formulireba imis Sesaxeb, rogor
unda gavigoT globaluri politikuri wyoba.
John Scott, Who Rules Britain? (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991). saukeTeso wigni britanul
sazogadoebaSi elitebisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb.
D.W. Urwin and W.E. Petterson, Politics in Western Europe Today: Perspectives, Politics
and Problems since 1980 (London: Longman, 1990). sasargeblo zogadi mimoxilva, romelic
warmoadgens Sesavals dasavleT evropis sxvadasxva qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi.
legitimuroba interesebi
suvereniteti axali leiboristebi
moqalaqe evrokavSiri
nacionalizmi samxedro Zalaufleba
monawileobiTi demokratia lokaluri omi
konstituciuri monarqi totaluri omi
liberaluri demokratia sayovelTao samxedro begara
politikuri partia civi omi
TetCerizmi iaraRiT vaWroba
qceva xmis micemisas birTvuli iaraRis gavrceleba
Tavi 14
masmedia da popularuli kultura
ZiriTadi cnebebi
adreuli masmedia: gazeTebi
gazeTebis gamocema
televiziis gavlena
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287
sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba
televiziis gavlena qcevaze
sociologebi swavloben satelevizio axal ambebs
televizia da Janri
sapnis opera
Teoriebi mediis Sesaxeb
adreuli Teoriebi
iurgen habermasi: sazogadoebrivi sfero
bodriari: hiperrealobis samyaro
jon tompsoni: media da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba
mediis globalizacia
axali ambebi
kino, televizia, reklama da eleqtronuli komunikacia
media imperializmi
mediis regulaciis problema
multimedia
interneti
daskvna
Sejameba
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288
ZiriTadi cnebebi
popularuli kultura. masmedia. komunikacia. ideologia
didi xnis win saTamaSoebi saerTod ar arsebobda da yvela mowyenili iyo. Semdeg gaCnda
televizori, miuxedavad amisa, adamianebi mainc mowyenilebi iyvnen. maT marTva surdaT,
amitomac gamoigones `video TamaSebi~. aseTia kacobriobis istoria, rogorc amas marSa
kinderis 8 wlis vaJi, viqtori, aRwers. marSa kinderi naSromis _ `ZalauflebiT TamaSi~ (1991) _
avtoria. es aris kvleva mozardebze televiziisa da videoTamaSebis gavlenis Sesaxeb. viqtori
ojaxis nintendos Cempionia da, agreTve, televizoris Tavgadadebuli mayurebeli.
marto viqtors ara aqvs aseTi gataceba. videoTamaSebi, gansakuTrebiT nintendo, iseTi
masStabisa da mimzidvelobis masobrivi garTobaa, romelic Cvens globalur epoqamde ar
arsebobda. magram dRes maT TiTqmis mTeli msoflios bavSvebi da mozardebi TamaSoben.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi TamaSebis umravlesoba Zviria, isini msoflios zogierT Rarib
qveyanaSic ki didi raodenobiT iyideba. zogierT ufro mdidar qveyanaSi milionobiT aseTi
saTamaSo gaiyida.
gamomsaxvelobisa da bgeris sisufTave nintendosa da mzardi popularobis mqone sxva
konkurentuli sistemebis mTavari aspeqtia. TamaSebi imdenad `realuri~ xdeba, rom Cndeba
seriozuli kiTxva: nuTu viqtorisnairi biWebi nintendos samyaros iseve realurad aRiqvamen,
rogorc gare samyaros? SesaZloa, es kiTxva yvelas unda davusvaT, radgan adamianebis
umravlesoba popularuli kulturis mudmivi momxmarebeli gaxda. termini `popularuli kultura~
exeba iseT garTobebs, romlebsac asobiT aTasi an milionobiT adamiani uyurebs, kiTxulobs an
masSi monawileobs. magaliTad, sapnis operebis mimzidveli istoriebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
~East Enders~, milionobiT mayurebels izidavs yovel kvira, zogs ki _ yovel dRe.
am TavSi ganvixilavT popularuli kulturis iseTi formebis zegavlenas, romlebsac xSirad
masmediis saxeliT moixsenieben. masmediaSi Sedis videoTamaSebi da televizia, agreTve,
gazeTebi, filmebi, Jurnalebi, reklamebi, videoebi da sidi. rac Seexeba `popularuls~ `popularul
kulturaSi~, isic `masobriv~ medias gulisxmobs, radganac uzarmazar auditoriebs moicavs _
auditoriebs, romlebic adamianTa Zalian did raodenobas aerTianebs. masmedias zogjer
masobrivi komunikaciebis saxeliTac moixsenieben.
masmedia xSirad asocirdeba mxolod garTobasTan _ rogoric nintendoa da mravali
adamiani mas sakmaod marginalurad aRiqvams. magram aseTi Tvalsazrisi mikerZoebulia:
masobrivi kounikaciebi Cveni socialuri saqmianobis mraval aspeqtSic aris CarTuli. medias,
rogoricaa gazeTebi da televizia, didi gavlena aqvs Cvens cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasa da
sazogadoebriv azrze. ase marto imitom ki ar xdeba, rom isini gansakuTrebulad zemoqmedeben
Cvens ganwyobebze, aramed imis gamoc, rom maTi saSualebiT, xelmisawvdomi xdeba codna,
romelzec bevri socialuri saqmianoba aris damokidebuli, magaliTad, erovnul arCevnebSi xmis
micema SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda, Tu informacia mimdinare politikuri movlenebis, kandidatebisa
da partiebis Sesaxeb sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi ar iqneboda. isinic ki, visac politika naklebad
ainteresebT da cota ram ician masSi CarTuli pirebis Sesaxeb, met-naklebad
gaTviTcnobierebulni arian erovnul da saerTaSoriso movlenebSi. SesaZloa, mxolod gandegili
yofiliyo mTlianad mowyvetili àxali ambebisagan~, romlebic yvela Cvenganze zemoqmedebs;
Tumca, savaraudod, meoce saukunis gandegils radio mainc eqneba.
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masmediis Seswavlas misi erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli formis _ gazeTebis ganxilviT

viwyebT. amis Semdeg gavaanalizebT televiziis gavlenas. ganvixilavT ramdenime
mniSvnelovan Teorias masmediis Sesaxeb da vimsjelebT iseTi media antrepreniorebis
warmatebaze, rogoric rupert merdokia. da bolos, ganvixilavT axal eleqtronul medias: internetsa
da informaciul supermagistrals.
adreuli masmedia: gazeTebi
gazeTebi, Tanamedrove formiT, im pamfletebisa da sainformacio furclebis gagrZelebaa,

romlebic 1700-ian wlebSi ibeWdeboda da vrceldeboda. mxolod mecxramete saukunis bolodan
gaxda gazeTebi `yoveldRiuri~. maTi mkiTxvelebis raodenobam mraval aTassa Tu milions
miaRwia. Tanamedrove mediis istoriaSi gazeTi, arsebiTad, mniSvnelovani movlena iyo, radgan
is bevr sxvadasxva tipis informacias mokled da advilad aRsaqmeli formiT aqveynebda.
gazeTebis erT nomerSi mocemuli iyo informacia mimdinare sakiTxebze, garTobebsa da
reklamaze. axali ambebi da reklama erTad viTardeboda, amitom gansxvavebebi axal ambebs,
reklamasa da garTobebs Soris xSirad icvleba da amis gamo maTi dadgena Znelia. magaliTad,
cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom gemi gadis an Camodis, erT konteqstSi SeiZleba axal ambebad
CaiTvalos, meoreSi ki _ rogorc reklama. sxva konteqstSi, Tu is garkveul mgzavrebs exeba da
maRali wris qronikis svetSi weria, is ukve gasarTobia.
iafi yoveldRiuri presis gamoSveba, Tavdapirvelad, SeerTebul StatebSi daiwyes.
erTcentiani yoveldRiuri gazeTi niu-iorkSi daarsda, Semdeg ki aRmosavleTis sxva didma
qalaqebmac mibaZa. 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, qalaqisa da regionuli gazeTebi amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis umravlesobaSi gamodioda (evropis ufro patara qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT,
amerikaSi erovnuli gazeTebi ar daarsebula). masobrivi emigraciis periodSi, SeerTebul StatebSi
bevri ucxoenovani gazeTi qveyndeboda. magaliTad, 1892 wels yoveldRiurad
oTxmocdaCvidmeti germanulenovani gazeTi ibeWdeboda qveynis Sua-dasavleTisa da Crdilo-
aRmosavleTis qalaqebSi. iafi gazeTis qaRaldis gamogonebam, mecxramete saukunis bolodan
dawyebuli da Semdgom, xeli Seuwyo gazeTebis masobriv gavrcelebas.
XX saukunis miwurulisTvis, prestiJuli gazeTebis or saukeTeso nimuSs ~New York
Times~ da londonis ~The Times~ warmoadgenda. isini sxva qveynebis bevri gavleniani
gazeTisTvis sanimuSod iqca. gazeTebi, romlebzec didi moTxovnileba iyo mkiTxvelTa bazarze,
mTavar politikur Zalas warmoadgenda da dRemde aseTad rCeba.
naxevar saukuneze meti drois ganmavlobaSi, gazeTebi sazogadoebisTvis informaciis
swrafad da amomwuravad miwodebis mTavari saSualeba iyo. magram radios, kinosa da,
gansakuTrebiT, televiziis Seqmnis Semdeg, maTi gavlena Semcirda. jer kidev 1960 wels,
gaerTianebul samefoSi erT ojaxze yoveldRe erTze meti gazeTi iyideboda, saSualod, yovel 100
ojaxze _ 112 gazeTi, magram amis Semdeg Tanafardoba mudmivad klebulobs. dRes yovel 100
ojaxze 90-ze naklebi gayiduli gazeTi modis. gansakuTrebiT Semcirda axalgazrdebis mier nayidi
gazeTebis ricxvi.
gazeTebis gamocema
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didi xania, gazeTebi yovlisSemZle magnatis, sagamomcemlo imperiis xelmZRvanelis

saxesTan asocirdeba. suraTi sulac ar aris ararealuri. bevr qveyanaSi gazeTebi sul ramdenime
didi korporaciis sakuTrebas warmoadgens. xSir SemTxvevaSi, es korporaciebi garkveuli pirebis
an ojaxebis sakuTrebaa da maT didi gavlena aqvT. dRes bevri aseTi firma uzarmazar aqciebs
flobs televiziasa da garTobis industriaSi. britaneTSi Zalian didi kompaniebi, romlebsac presis
baronebi, lordebi norTklifi, biverbruki da kemsli marTaven, 1920-ain da 1930-ian wlebSi, maTi
mravalricxovani tiraJis mqone gazeTebis warmatebis safuZvelze ganviTardnen. safrangeTi
erzanis sainformacio imperiis Seqmnis momswrea, germaniaSi Springerisa da grunebis
uzarmazari organizaciebi gaCnda. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi im qalaqebis ricxvi, sadac
konkurenti gazeTebis firmebia, mudmivad klebulobs. XX saukunis dasawyisSi xuTasze meti
aseTi firma iyo, xolo 1984 wels maTi raodenoba ocdaaTamde Semcirda. amerikuli qalaqebis
mxolod 3 procentSi aris konkurentuli gazeTebi _ adgilobrivi gazeTebis gamomcemloba
monopolisturi sawarmo gaxda.
SeerTebuli Statebis garda, dasavleTis yvela qveyanas SeuZlia iamayos ramdenime
erovnuli gazeTiT. xSirad, es gazeTebi sxvadaxva politikur Tvalsazriss gamoxatavs, amitom
mkiTxvelebs didi arCevani aqvT. Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi mxolod adgilobrivi gazeTebi
gamodis, rogorc wesi, maTi mflobelebi adgilobrivi moqalaqeebi ar arian: gazeTis 70 procentze
mets gazeTebis koncerni akontrolebs. zogierTi maTganis, iseve rogorc evropis didi tiraJis
mqone bevri gazeTis, saredaqcio politikas maTi mflobelebi gansazRvraven. aucilebelia, rom es
politika redaqtorebma da Jurnalistebma daicvan. herstis gazeTebis koncernSi rva didi gazeTis
redaqtorebs yoveldRiurad ugzavnian ramdenime mowinave statias, zogierTi maTgani aucileblad
unda gamoqveyndes, sxvebi ki, SesaZloa, rom daibeWdos. redaqtorebi Tavad ar weren statiebs.
dasavleTis qveynebis mTavrobebis umravlesobas awuxebs is faqti, rom gazeTebi
ramdenime adamianis sakuTrebaa. bevr qveyanaSi mTavrobebma garkveuli zomebi miiRes,
raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT didi koncernebis mier gazeTebis xelSi Cagdeba, magram aseTi
mcdeloba xSirad marcxiT mTavrdeboda. zogjer saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen presaSi politikuri
balansis damyarebas. magaliTad, 1970-ian wlebSi, norvegiaSi miiRes kanonproeqti sxvadasxva
politikuri speqtris gazeTebSi investiciebis Tanabari ganawilebis Sesaxeb da amJamad am
qveyanaSi adgilobrivi erTobebis umravlesobas aqvs ori an meti xarisxianad gamocemuli da
mravalferovani informaciis Semcveli gazeTi, romlebic mkiTxvelebs erovnuli da saerTaSoriso
ambebis Sesaxeb gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss awvdis.
SesaZloa, kompiuteruli teqnologiebis ganviTarebam gamoiwvios gazeTebis ufro didi
raodenobiT gamoSveba, radganac axla maTi dabeWdva da gamoSveba adrindelze bevrad ufro
iafi gaxda. meore mxriv, eleqtronulma komunikaciam, SesaZloa, faqtobrivad, mospos gazeTebis
tiraJireba. magaliTad, teleteqstis sistemebis saSualebiT mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi xdeba axali
ambebis Sesaxeb informaciis mudmivi ganaxleba pirdapir televizoris ekranze.
bolo wlebSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi, faqtobrivad, daarsda ramdenime axali erovnuli
gazeTi, magram maTgan mxolod erTma Tu orma miaRwia warmatebas.
televiziis gavlena
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televiziis gavlena sul ufro izrdeba. SesaZloa, es yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRwevaa mediis
sferoSi bolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. Tu televizoris yurebis axlandeli tendencia
gagrZeldeba, dRes dabadebul TiToeul bavSvs, Tvrameti wlis asakisTvis, ufro meti dro eqneba
daxarjuli televizoris yurebaze, vidre sxva raime saqmianobis Sesrulebaze, garda Zilisa.
faqtobrivad, dRes yvela ojaxs aqvs televizori. gaerTianebul samefoSi, saSualod, ojaxebSi
televizori dReSi xuTi-eqvsi saaTia CarTuli. igive suraTia SeerTebul Statebsa da dasavleT
evropis sxva qveynebSic (Goodhardt et al., 1987). ojaxis TiToeuli wevris mier televizorTan
gatarebuli saaTebi, ra Tqma unda, naklebia, vidre am monacemebSia naCvenebi, radgan ojaxis
sxvadasxva wevri televizors sxvadasxva dros uyurebs, magram britaneTSi, saSualod, zrdasruli
moqalaqe dReSi daaxloebiT 3 saaTs atarebs televizorTan.
Tavisufali drois gamoyeneba asakis mixedviT, didi britaneTi, 1995 wlis maisi
(saaTebi kviraSi)1
16- 25- 35- 45- 60 da
24 34 44 59 zeviT
televizia an radio 14 15 13 17 26
megobrebTan stumroba (SesaZloa Wamis CaTvliT) 7 5 4 4 4
kiTxva 1 1 2 3 6
saubari, socializacia da telefoniT megobrebTan urTierToba 3 3 3 4 4
saxlis gareT Wama da sma 6 4 4 4 2
hobi, TamaSebi da kompiuteri 2 2 1 3 3
seirnoba da sxva gamajansaRebeli aqtivobebi 2 2 1 2 3
arafris keTeba (avadmyofobis CaTvliT) 1 1 1 2 2
monawileoba sportSi 3 1 1 1 1
religiuri, politikuri da sxva Sexvedrebi - 1 1 - 1
koncertebi, Teatri, kino da sportuli sanaxaobebi 1 1 - - -
sxva 1 - - - -
mTeli Tavisufali dro 40 37 33 40 52
wyaro: ESRC Research Centre on Micro-Social Change, Omnibus Survey, Social Trends, 1996, gv. 217.
bolo wlebSi video teqnika farTod gamoiyeneba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. adamianebi

iweren sxvadasxva programas, saxlSi videoze maTi naxvis an filmebis Cvenebis mizniT. aseve,
sayovelTaod vrceldeba sxvadasxva saxis video TamaSebi. Tavis wignSi `video bavSvebi~, iujin
provenzo aanalizebs nintendos zegavlenas. SeerTebul StatebSi amJamad 19 milionamde
nintendos TamaSebia da isini kidev ufro metia sxva qveynebSi. TiTqmis yvela maTgani
bavSvebs ekuTvnis da Tavad isini marTaven maT. socialuri kodeqsebi da tradiciebi yalibdeba
TamaSebisa da maTi moqmedi pirebis safuZvelze. 1990 wels, SeerTebul StatebSi im ocdaaTi
saTamaSodan, rolebic yvelaze metad iyideboda, ocdaxuTi an video TamaSi, an video
mowyobiloba iyo. xSirad, TamaSebi uSualod filmebisa da satelevizio programebis
personaJebTan an ambebTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tavis mxriv, satelevizio programebis Sedgena
nintendos TamaSebis safuZvelze xdeba. provenzo askvnis, rom dRes video TamaSebi kulturisa
da bavSvobis gamocdilebis mTavari nawili gaxda.
sazogadoebrivi mauwyebloba
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dRes televizia, masobrivi gazeTebis msgavsad, didi biznesia da qveynebis umravlesobaSi

saxelmwifo uSualod aris CarTuli mis marTvaSi. britaneTSi `britaneTis samauwyeblo
korporacia,~ romelmac pirvelma Seqmna satelevizio programebi, saxelmwifo organizaciaa. misi
dafinanseba xdeba salicenzio gadasaxadiT, romelsac televizoris mflobeli yvela ojaxi ixdis.
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi BBC iyo britaneTSi erTaderTi organizacia, romelsac rogorc
radio, ise satelevizio programebis gadacemis ufleba hqonda, magram dRes BBC-is ori telearxis -
BBC 1-isa da BBC 2-is garda, arsebobs ori Cveulebrivi arxi (ITV da me-4 arxi). reklamis
sixSire da xangrZlivoba kanoniT kontroldeba, saaTSi dasaSvebia, maqsimum, eqvsi wuTi. es
wesebi gamoiyeneba satelitur arxebzec, romlebic jer kidev 1980-ian wlebSi abonentebisTvis
farTod misawvdomi gaxda.
SeerTebul StatebSi samive wamyvani satelevizio organizacia komerciuli qselebia _
amerikis samauwyeblo kompania (ABC), kolumbiis samauwyeblo sistema (CBS) da erovnuli
samauwyeblo kompania (NBC). kanonis Tanaxmad, samauwyeblo qselebs ara aqvs ufleba,
hqondes xuTze meti licenzirebuli sadguri. am sami organizaciis sadgurebi qveynis udides
qalaqebSi aris ganTavsebuli. amitom am `didi sameulis~ mauwyebloba, misi sadgurebis
meSveobiT, moicavs arsebuli ojaxebis erT meoTxedze mets. daaxloebiT orasamde filiali aris
mierTebuli TiToeul qselTan da, erTad, isini qveyanaSi arsebuli Svidasamde telesadguris 90
procents Seadgens. qselebis Semosavali damokidebulia sareklamo drois gayidvidan miRebul
Tanxebze. mauwyeblobis erovnuli asociacia, kerZo organo, adgens saxelmZRvanelo wesebs,
romlebic gansazRvravs reklamisTvis dawesebul satelevizio dros: saaTSi 9.5 wuTi `saukeTeso
dros~ (`praim taim~-is dros) da 16 wuTi sxva gadacemebis dros. sareklamo gadasaxadebis
dadgenis mizniT, telekompaniebi iyenebs regularulad mopovebul statistikur monacemebs imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ramdeni adamiani uyurebs specialur programebs. ra Tqma unda, reitingebi Zlier
gavlenas axdens imaze, gagrZeldeba Tu ara programebis garkveuli seria.
satelituri da sakabelo televiziis Seqmnis Semdeg, didi qselebis SesaZleblobebi Semcirda.
evropis bevr qveyanaSi, gaerTianebuli samefosa da amerikis didi qalaqebis CaTvliT,
mayurebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva arxsa da programas Soris SearCios misTvis sasurveli gadacema.
aseT pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu amas videos zegavlenac emateba, adamianebi sul
ufro met sakuTar `programas~ qmnian. isini Tavad adgenen sanaxavi programebis ganrigs da
naklebad arian damokidebulni qselis mier winaswar mowodebul ganrigze.
sateliturma da sakabelo televiziebma TiTqmis yvelgan Secvala televiziis buneba. rogorc ki
maT daiwyes Cveulebrivi satelevizio arxebis sferoSi SeWra, mTavrobebisTvis gaZnelda
teleprogramebis Sinaarsis gakontroleba, rasac adre isini yovelTvis akeTebdnen. amgvarad,
Cans, rom televiziam da eleqtronulma mediam ZiriTadi roli Seasrula im movlenebSi,
romlebmac 1989 wels aRmosavleT evropaSi revoluciebi gamoiwvia.
televiziis gavlena qcevaze

uamravi gamokvleva Catarda satelevizio programebis gavlenis Sefasebis mizniT. aseTi
kvlevebis umravlesoba bavSvebs exeba, rac savsebiT gasagebia. maTi amocana iyo, daedginaT
im gadacemebis sruli moculoba, romlebsac bavSvebi uyureben, da ganesazRvraT, ra rols
TamaSobs isini bavSvebis socializaciis procesSi. sami Tema, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad
ikvleven, Semdegia: televiziis gavlena danaSaulisa da Zaladobisadmi midrekilebaze, satelevizio
axali ambebis buneba da televiziis roli sazogadoebis socialur da kulturul cxovrebaSi.
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televizia da Zaladoba
satelevizio programebSi Zaladobis Tema Zalian gavrcelebulia da es dokumenturad aris
damtkicebuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT, yvelaze farTomasStabiani kvlevebi gerbnerma da misma
kolegebma Caatares. 1967 wlidan moyolebuli, isini yovel wels, monacemebze dayrdnobiT,
aanalizebdnen yvela mTavari amerikuli qselis im satelevizio gadacemebis SerCeviT
erTobliobas, romlebic gadioda saukeTeso saeTero dros da aseve SabaT-kviras dRisiT.
satelevizio programebis sxvadasxva tipis mixedviT, sqematurad iyo Sedgenili Zaladobrivi
aqtebisa da epizodebis raodenoba da sixSire. am kvlevaSi Zaladoba gansazRvruli iyo, rogorc
fizikuri Zalis muqara an gamoyeneba, rac mimarTulia Tavad pirovnebis an sxvebis mimarT da
iwvevs fizikur daSavebas an sikvdils. aRmoCnda, rom satelevizio dadgmebi sakmaod
gajerebulia ZaladobiT. saSualod, aseTi programebis 80 procenti Zalian gadatvirTulia ZaladobiT
_ 7,5 Zaladobrivi epizodi saaTSi. sabavSvo programebSi Zaladobis kidev ufro maRali done
gamovlinda, Tumca, maTSi mkvleloba naklebad iyo naCvenebi. nebismier satelevizio
gadacemasTan SedarebiT, multiplikaciuri filmebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT Seicavda Zaladobis
aqtebsa da epizodebs (Gerbner et al., 1979, 1980; Gunter, 1985).
rogor moqmedebs telemayureblebze Zaladobis Cveneba, Tu aseTi zemoqmedeba, saerTod,
arsebobs? f. s. andersonma Seagrova im samocdaSvidi gamokvlevis monacemebi, romlebic oci
wlis _ 1956 wlidan 1976 wlamde _ ganmavlobaSi tardeboda. misi mizani iyo, Seeswavla
agresiisadmi bavSvebis midrekilebaze satelevizio Zaladobis gavlena. am gamokvlevebis sami
meoTxedis monacemebis Tanaxmad, aseTi kavSiris arseboba dadasturda. SemTxvevebis 20
procentSi mkveTrad gamoxatuli Sedegebi ar aris miRebuli, xolo kvlevebis sami procentis
mixedviT, mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom televiziiT Zaladobis yureba, faqtobrivad, amcirebs
agresias (Anderson, 1977; Liebert et al., 1982).
Tumca, andersonis mier ganxiluli gamokvlevebi Zalian gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan
gamoyenebuli meTodebiT, gamovlenili kavSiris doniTa da àgresiuli qcevis~ gansazRvrebiT.
kriminalur dramebs, romlebSic Zaladobas aCveneben (agreTve, bevr sabavSvo multfilms),
safuZvlad udevs samarTlianobisa da Surisgebis Temebi. kriminalur dramebSi marTlmsajuleba
ufro met borotmoqmeds sjis, vidre es realur cxovrebaSi xdeba, policielTa mier Catarebuli
gamoZiebis dros. multfilmebSic, Cveulebriv, ulmobel da saSiS personaJebs `sakadrisi
miezRvebaT~ xolme. daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom Zaladobis xSiri Cveneba uSualod iwvevs
mibaZvis survils telemayureblebSi, ar aris marTebuli, SesaZloa, maTze met zemoqmedebas
axdendes dramis safuZvelSi Cadebuli moraluri Temebi. zogadad, auditoriaze televiziis
`gavlenis~ gamokvlevis mixedviT, mayureblebi _ bavSvebi da mozrdilebi _ pasiurebi da
gulgrilebi arian televiziiT nanaxi gadacemebis mimarT. saeWvoa, rom video TamaSebSi,
telegadacemebsa da filmebSi naCvenebi Zaladobis gamomxatveli masala uSualod warmoqmnis
Zaladobisadmi midrekilebas imaTSi, vinc am masalas uyurebs. aseve, sadaoa, rom viqtoris
nintendoTi gataceba aucileblad zians ayenebdes mis warmatebebs skolaSi. video TamaSebis
gavlena, SesaZloa, ganpirobebulia sxva zegavlenebiT, romlebic saskolo procesze zemoqmedebs.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, iq, sadac Zlieria zewola, rom moswavleebma maTi saskolo
saqmeebiT daintereseba sxva rameze gadaitanon, televiziiTa da video TamaSebiT gatacebam,
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SesaZloa, am ganwyobebis gaZliereba gamoiwvios. video TamaSebi da televizia SeiZleba

gaxdes TavSesafari maTTvis arasasiamovno skolis garemosagan Tavis dasaRwevad.
magram, aseve SesaZlebelia, rom video TamaSebma xeli Seuwyos im unarebis
ganviTarebas, romlebic sasargeblo iqneba rogorc formaluri ganaTlebisTvis, ise sazogadoebaSi
ufro farTo monawileobisTvis, rac bevradaa damokidebuli eleqtronul komunikaciaze. marSa
kinderis azriT, im faqtma, rom misi vaJi viqtori nintendos kargi mcodnea, didi gavlena
moaxdina sxva sferoebzec. magaliTad, igi rac ufro gaiwafa video TamaSebSi, miT ufro
dainteresda da daxelovnda multfilmebis xatvaSi.
robert hoji da devid tripi xazs usvamen, rom bavSvebis reaqcia satelevizio gadacemaze
gulisxmobs nanaxis interpretaciasa da wakiTxvas da ara, ubralod, programebis Sinaarsis
damaxsovrebas. isini varaudoben, rom kvlevebis umetesobaSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
bavSvebis gonebrivi procesebis sirTule. televizoris yureba, trivialuri programebisac ki, Tavisi
arsiT, ar aris dabali donis inteleqtualuri aqtivobis gamovlena; bavSvebi `kiTxuloben~
programebs da maT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelobis mqone sxva sistemebTan
akavSireben. magaliTad, Zalian patara bavSvebic ki acnobiereben, rom mediaSi naCvenebi
Zaladoba àr aris marTali~. hojisa da tripis mixedviT, satelevizio programebSi naCvenebi
Zaladoba ki ar moqmedebs adamianTa qcevaze, aramed im ganwyobebis zogadi struqtura,
romelTa farglebSic Zaladoba naCvenebia da ìkiTxeba.~
sociologebi swavloben satelevizio axal ambebs

televiziis sociologiur gamokvlevebSi didi yuradReba eTmoba axal ambebs. mosaxleobis
didi nawili gazeTebs ar kiTxulobs. amgvarad, satelevizio axali ambebi informaciis ZiriTadi
wyaroa msoflioSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. glazgos universitetSi, glazgos media jgufis
mier Catarebuli gamokvlevebi swored satelevizio axal ambebs exeba. es gamokvlevebi Zalian
cnobilia da, amasTanave, sakamaToc. jgufma gamoaqveyna ramdenime kritikuli Sroma axali
ambebis wardgenis Sesaxeb: `cudi axali ambebi~, ùfro cudi axali ambebi~, `Zalian cudi axali
ambebi~ da àxali ambebi omisa da mSvidobis Sesaxeb~. aq dasaxelebul TiToeul wignSi isini
misdevdnen msgavs kvleviT strategiebs, Tumca cvlidnen TavianTi kvlevebis fokuss.
`cudi axali ambebi~ (1976) iyo maTi pirveli da yvelaze mniSvnelovani wigni. masSi
mocemulia 1975 wlis ianvar-ivnisis periodSi yvela arxze (im dros me-4 arxi ar arsebobda) axali
ambebis gadacemebis analizi. misi mizani iyo axali ambebis Sinaarsisa da gadmocemis stilis
sistematuri da miukerZoebeli gaanalizeba. `cudi axali ambebi~ yuradRebas amaxvilebda
sawarmoo disputebis gadmocemaze. Semdegi wignebi ufro koncentrirebuli iyo politikur
reportaJebsa da folklendis omze.
`cudi axali ambebis~ daskvna is iyo, rom axali ambebi sawarmoo urTierTobebis Sesaxeb
gadaicemoda SerCeviTi da tendenciuri formiT. iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa ùsiamovneba~,
`radikaluri~ da ùminzo gaficva~, profkavSirebis sawinaaRmdego azrebs iwvevda. rogorc Cans,
es reportaJebi ufro metad gaficvebis im gavlenebs exeboda, rac sazogadoebaSi ganxeTqilebas
iwvevda, vidre maT gamomwvev mizezebs. gamoyenebul masalebSi, xSirad ise iyo gaSuqebuli
gaficulTa moqmedebebi, rom isini gamoiyureboda, rogorc iracionaluri da agresiuli. magaliTad,
gaficvis Sesaxeb reportaJSi, SesaZloa, yuradReba gamaxvilebuliyo imaze, Tu ra Sejaxebebs
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hqonda adgili, rodesac gaficulebi aCerebdnen qarxanaSi Semaval xalxs, Tumca, realurad, es
konfrontaciebi SeiZleba Zalian iSviaTi iyo.
`cudi axali ambebi~ imasac miuTiTebda, rom isini, vinc axal ambebs adgens,
moqmedeben, rogorc dRis wesrigSi moxvedrili nebismieri sakiTxis `karis mcvelebi,~ anu imis
ganmsazRvrelebi, Tu ras moismens sazogadoeba. magaliTad, gaficvebi, sadac muSebsa da
menejments Soris aqtiuri dapirispirebebi xdeboda, SesaZloa, farTod yofiliyo gaSuqebuli. ufro
mniSvnelovani da xangrZlivi sawarmoo disputebi ki, SesaZloa, ignorirebuli yofiliyo. media
jgufis azriT, axali ambebis Jurnalistebis Sexedulebebi sazogadoebaSi arsebuli im dominanturi
jgufebis Tvalsazriss asaxavs, romlebic gaficulebs aRiqvamen, rogorc saSiS da upasuxismgeblo
adamianebs.
kritikuli gamoZaxili
media jgufis naSromebis Sesaxeb bevrs msjelobdnen rogorc mediis wreebSi, aseve
akademiur sazogadoebaSi. axali ambebis zogierTma prodiuserma mkvlevrebi daadanaSaula,
rom isini, ubralod, mikerZoebulad udgebodnen TavianT saqmes, rac, maTi azriT, gaficulebis
gamo moxda. isini miuTiTebdnen, rom, Tumca wignSi `cudi axali ambebi~ erTi Tavi
eZRvneboda sakiTxs `profkavSirebi da media~, ar iyo arc erTi Tavi iseTi Temis Sesaxeb,
rogoricaa `menejmenti da media.~ mediis kritikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom es sakiTxi aucileblad
unda yofiliyo ganxiluli, radgan xSirad axali ambebis Jurnalistebs Tavad menejmenti
adanaSaulebda gaficulebis mimarT mikerZoebuli damokidebulebis gamo.
akademiuri wris kritikosebi msgavs sakiTxebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. martin
harisonisTvis (1985) xelmisawvdomi gaxda im periodis ITN axali ambebis mauwyeblobis
transkripti, romelsac Tavdapirveli kvleva moicavda. amis safuZvelze is amtkicebda, rom
kvlevaSi gaanalizebuli xuTi Tvis masala ar iyo tipuri. dReebis udidesi raodenoba amovardnili
iyo am periodidan. axali ambebisTvis SeuZlebeli iqneboda yvelafris gadacema da amitom
gasagebi iyo, rom aqcenti keTdeboda gamokveTil, mniSvnelovan SemTxvevebze.
harisonis azriT, media jgufi ar iyo marTali, rodesac amtkicebda, rom axali ambebis
gadacemebSi Zalian didi yuradReba eTmoboda gaficvis Sedegebs. bolos da bolos, gaficvebi
maTSi monawileebze bevrad ufro meti raodenobis adamianebze axdens gavlenas. zogjer
milionobiT adamianis cxovreba nadgurdeba erTi muWa adamianebis qmedebebis gamo. da
bolos, harisonis analizis Tanaxmad, media jgufis mier gakeTebuli zogi daskvna, ubralod, mcdari
iyo. magaliTad, imis sawinaaRmdegod, rasac jgufi amtkicebda, axal ambebSi sworad iyo
dasaxelebuli disputebSi monawile profkavSirebi da imasac aRniSnavdnen, es gaficvebi
oficialuri iyo Tu araoficialuri.
aseTi kritikuli SeniSvnebis sapasuxod, jgufis wevrebma aRniSnes, rom harisonis kvleva
nawilobriv dafinansebuli iyo ITN-is mier, ramac, SesaZloa, safrTxis qveS daayena misi
akademiuri miukerZoebloba. harisonis mier zedmiwevniT Semowmebuli transkriptebi ar iyo
sruli da mxolod is ramdenime nawyveti iyo CarTuli, sadac aRniSnulia, rom, faqtobrivad, ITN
saerTod ar mauwyeblobda.
im droidan moyolebuli, media jgufis wevrebma kidev ramdenime gamokvleva Caatares.
greg filom, erT-erTma wevrma, statiaSi `danaxva niSnavs dajerebas~ warmoadgina Tavisi
kvlevis angariSi. kvleva exeboda adamianebis mogonebebs warsuli movlenebis Sesaxeb (Philo,
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1991). mas gansakuTrebiT ainteresebda mogonebebi 1984-5 wlebis meSaxteTa gaficvis,

meSaxteTa profkavSirsa da misis TetCeris konservatul mTavrobas Soris farTomasStabiani da
xangrZlivi konfrontaciis Sesaxeb.
filo gaficvis amsaxvel suraTebs adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufs aCvenebda da sTxovda maT,
daeweraT axali ambebi maT Sesaxeb, TiTqos isini Jurnalistebi iyvnen. is, agreTve, ekiTxeboda
maT, ra axsovdaT gaficvis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, is mSvidobiani iyo Tu ara. man aRmoaCina,
rom maT mier dawerili ambebi Zalian hgavda teleprogramebis im Tavdapirvel cnobebs,
romlebsac gaficvis dros gadascemdnen. bevri frazac ki identuri iyo. gamokiTxuli adamianebis
naxevarze meti darwmunebuli iyo, rom gaficvis dros mimdinare piketireba, ZiriTadad,
Zaladobrivi iyo (Tumca, Zaladoba, faqtobrivad, Zalian iSviaTi iyo). filom daaskvna, rom Zalian
Zneli iqneba, gaakritiko gabatonebuli mediis angariSi, Tu informaciis alternatiuli wyaroebi
naklebad aris xelmisawvdomi. aseT pirobebSi, ar unda davakninoT mediis Zalaufleba (gv. 177).
wignSi `gzavnilis miReba~ media jgufma axali ambebis gadacemebze Seagrova bolo
periodis kvlevis monacemebi. wignis redaqtori jon eldriji miuTiTebs, rom jgufis mier
Tavdapirvelad Catarebuli samuSaos Sedegad gamowveuli debatebi jer kidev grZeldeba
(Eldridge, 1993). yovelTvis Zneli iqneba imis Tqma, Tu ra SeiZleba CaiTvalos obieqturad axali
ambebis reportaJebSi. xolo imaT sawinaaRmdegod, vinc ambobs, rom obieqturobis ideas
mniSvneloba ara aqvs (ixileT Jan bodriaris Sesaxeb qveTavi am TavSi), eldriji amtkicebs, rom
mniSvnelovania kritikuli TvaliT ganvixiloT mediis produqcia. SesaZlebelia da aucilebelia,
SeviswavloT axali ambebis gadacemis sizuste. bolosdabolos, rodesac fexburTis matCis
Sedegebs gadmoscemen, Cven vimedovnebT, rom isini zusti iqneba. eldriji amtkicebs, rom
aseTi ubralo magaliTi Segvaxsenebs, rom axali ambebis gadacema yovelTvis Seicavs sandoobis
problemebs.
mTavari mainc is aris, rom axali ambebi arasdros ar aris imis ubralo àRwera~,
rac ,,sinamdvileSi moxda” mocemul dRes an mocemul kviraSi. àxali ambebi~ aris rTuli
konstruqti, romelic mudmivad axdens zegavlenas imaze, ris `Sesaxebac~ is gvamcnobs.
magaliTad, rodesac romelime politikosi Cndeba axali ambebis programaSi da komentars
akeTebs sadavo sakiTxze _ davuSvaT, ekonomikis mdgomareobasa da imaze, ra unda gakeTdes
amasTan dakavSirebiT _ Tavad komentari xdeba àxali ambebi~ Semdeg gadacemebSi.
televizia da Janri
dRes televizia uwyvet reJimSi muSaobs. SesaZloa, reklamam Sewyvitos programebi,
magram intervalebi mainc ar arsebobs. Tu ekrani cota xniT gamoirTo, satelevizio kompania
Tavs yovelTvis valdebulad Tvlis, mayureblebs bodiSi mouxados. prodiuserebic da mayureblebic
Tvlian, rom televiziis gadacemebi uwyvetia da, marTlac, bevri arxi saerTod ar wyvets
mauwyeblobas.
televizia aris nakadi, magram satelevizio programebis Sedgena dakavSirebulia srul
uwesrigobasTan. magaliTad, erTi saRamos gadacemebis ganrigi, Cveulebriv, mravali sruliad
gansxvavebuli programisgan Sedgeba. Janris idea sasargebloa, radgan misi saSualebiT garkveul
azrs iZens televiziis programebis Sedgenis moCvenebiTi qaoturoba (Abercrombie, 1996). Janri
gulisxmobs imas, Tu rogor esmiT programis Semdgenlebsa da mayureblebs, `ra~ aris is, rasac
uyureben. is xsnis, rogor aris programebi kategoriebad dayofili, magaliTad, axali ambebi, sapnis
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operebi, saTamaSo Sou, miuziklebi an Trilerebi. TiToeul Janrs axasiaTebs Tavisi wesebi da
konvenciebi, romlebic mas sxvebisgan gamohyofs da gamoarCevs.
aseTi wesebi, nawilobriv, Sinaarssac exeba. magaliTad, sapnis operis moqmedeba
mimdinareobs Sinaur garemoSi, vesternebi mecxramete saukunis istoriul konteqsts asaxavs.
isini agreTve exeba gmirebsa da konteqstebs. sapnis operebis mTavari gmirebi, rogoricaa
ojaxebi, TrilerebSi TiTqmis periferiulia. JanrebisTvis, agreTve, damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva
saxis molodinebi. deteqtiuri serialebis aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia gaurkvevloba da
saidumloeba, magram, Cveulebriv, es ar aris damaxasiaTebeli sapnis operebisTvis.
saerTod, prodiuserebma kargad ician, ras elian mayureblebi, da amis Sesabamisad
moqmedeben. es maT saSualebas aZlevs, miaRwion dawesebul wesrigs im saqmeSi, rasac isini
akeTeben. im msaxiobebis, reJisorebisa da scenaristebis gundebi, romlebic ama Tu im mocemul
JanrSi specializdebian, SeiZleba TandaTan Camoyalibdes. butaforiebi, dekoraciebi da
kostumebi SeiZleba ramdenjerme iqnes gamoyenebuli. auditoriis erTguleba SeiZleba
warmoiSvas maSin, rodesac adamianebi eCvevian ama Tu im Janris regularul programebs. ra
Tqma unda, SeiZleba Janrebis sazRvrebi gafarTovdes, an zogjer ganzrax gascdes zRvars, raTa
garkveuli programis stilis Sesabamisi gaxdes. magaliTad, gadacema àra cxra saaTiani axali
ambebi~ iyenebda axali ambebis Janrs komediis Sesaqmnelad. Tavdapirvelad, amas garkveuli
Sokuri reaqcia hqonda, magram Semdeg auditoria swrafad mieCvia im faqts, rom programa
namdvilad miekuTvneboda komediis Janrs.
Janrebs Soris gansxvavebebi yovelTvis ar aris mkveTrad gamokveTili da maT Soris
dayofa droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleba iseve, rogorc icvleba programis Seqmnisa da yurebis
konvenciebi. magaliTad, policiurma serialma, rogoricaa `Hill Street Blues,~ sapnis operisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi niSani SeiZina. dramisa da dokumenturi filmis Janrebi erwymis
erTmaneTs. istoriuli warmodgenebis dadgmis dros, magaliTad, rodesac gadaiRes dramatuli
seriali prezident niqsonisa da uotergeitis skandalis Sesaxeb, masSi msaxiobebi niqsonisa da misi
kolegebis rolebs asrulebdnen.
sapnis opera
sapnis opera televiziis mier Seqmnili Janria da is programis yvelaze popularuli saxeobaa.
im teleSouebs Soris, romlebsac britaneTSi yvelaze xSirad uyureben yovel kviras, TiTqmis yvela
sapnis operaa _ ~East Enders,~ ~Coronation Street,~ ~Brookside~ da bevri sxva. aravin icis,
termini `sapnis opera,~ sinamdvileSi, saidan wamovida. cnobilia mxolod, rom is warmoiSva
SeerTebul StatebSi. axla zogierTi seriali, romlebsac sapnis operis Janrad Tvlian, Tavidan ar iyo
ase Cafiqrebuli _ isini manamde gadaiRes, sanam termins `sapnis opera~ gamoiyenebdnen
gaerTianebul samefoSi. magaliTad, filmi ~Coronation Street~ manamde arsebobda ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi, sanam mas sapnis operis kategorias mianiWebdnen.
sapnis operebi sxvadasxva gansxvavebul saxeobad anu qveJanrad iyofa, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, britaneTis televiziaSi ase aris warmodgenili. gaerTianebul samefoSi gadaRebuli
sapnis operebi, rogoricaa ~Coronation Street,~ ufro gabeduli da realisturia da xSirad exeba
Raribi xalxis cxovrebas. meore, arsebobs amerikuli importuli filmebic, romelTagan bevri,
rogoricaa “Dallas” da “Dinasty,” asaxavs mdidari adamianebis cxovrebas. mesame kategoriaa
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avstraliaSi gadaRebuli filmebi, rogoricaa “Neighbours.” isini dabalbiujetian produqcias

warmoadgenen da asaxaven saSualo klasis ojaxebsa da cxovrebis stils.
mTlianobaSi, sapnis operebi televiziis msgavsia: isini xangrZlivia. calkeuli ambebi
SeiZleba damTavrdes, sxvadasxva personaJi Cndeba da qreba, magram Tavad sapnis operas
dasasruli ara aqvs, sanam is mTlianad ar moixsneba eTeridan. epizodebs Soris daZabuloba, e.w.
`sulis SemxuTveli siuJetebis~ meSveobiT iqmneba. epizodi uceb wydeba manam, sanam
zogierTi gadamwyveti movlena moxdeba _ mayurebeli iZulebulia, Semdeg epizods daelodos
imis sanaxavad, rogor ganviTardeba siuJeti.
sapnis operis Janris ZiriTadi arsi is aris, rom saWiroa misi regularuli yureba. calkeuli
epizodis naxvas azri ara aqvs. sapnis operebi gvTavazobs raime istorias, romelic erTgulma
mayurebelma icis _ personaJebi, maTi pirovnuli Tvisebebi da cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba
misTvis maxlobeli xdeba. aseTi ambis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro motivebi scildeba yovelgvar
pirovnulsa da emociurs _ umetes SemTxvevaSi, sapnis operebi ar exeba farTo socialur an
ekonomikur struqturebs, romlebic mxolod garedanaa Tavsmoxveuli.
swored aseTi Tvisebebis gamoa, rom sapnis operebs regularulad, umetesad, qalebi
uyureben. sazogadoebebis umravlesobaSi iTvleba, rom qalebi ara marto im ojaxuri cxovrebis
meqanizmis specialistebi arian, sadac sapnis operebis moqmedebebi mimdinareobs da
saidumloebebi ixsneba, aramed, agreTve, fiqroben, rom maT gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba
da grZnobebi aqvT emociebis mimarT.
sapnis operebis popularobis Sesaxeb sociologebs sxvadasxva Sexeduleba aqvT _ marTlac,
sapnis operebi mTel msoflioSia popularuli, ara marto britaneTsa da amerikaSi, aramed afrikaSi,
aziasa da laTinur amerikaSi. zogierTebi Tvlian, rom isini realuri cxovrebidan gaqcevis
saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT im qalebisTvis, romlebic sakuTar cxovrebas mosawyenad da
damTrgunvelad miiCneven. aseTi Tvalsazrisi maincdamainc damajerebeli ar aris, Tumca imiT
aris ganpirobebuli, rom bevri seriali iseT adamianebs asaxavs, romelTa cxovrebac aseveTive
problemuria. ufro sarwmuno is azria, rom sapnis operebi pirovnuli da emociuri cxovrebis
universalur Tvisebebs exeba. isini aaSkaravebs im dilemebs, romlebsac TiToeuli adamiani
awydeba da, albaT, exmareba zogierT mayurebels, ufro SemoqmedebiTad miudges sakuTar
cxovrebas.
rogor unda vifiqroT mediis ufro farTo mniSvnelobaze? es aris im adamianebis erT-erTi
mTavari sazrunavi, romlebmac SeimuSaves socialur ganviTarebisa da socialuri organizaciis
formirebaSi mediis rolis Teoriuli interpretacia. axla swored am Teoriebs mivmarTavT.
Teoriebi mediis Sesaxeb
adreuli Teoriebi
adreuli periodis ori gavleniani mediis Teoretikosi kanadeli avtorebi harold inisi da marSal
makluhani iyvnen. inisi (1950, 1951) amtkicebda, rom sxvadasxva media Zlier gavlenas axdens
sazogadoebis kontrastuli formebis organizaciaze. zogierTi media Zalian didxans Zlebs, magram
maTi sivrceSi gadatana Znelia. amis magaliTia qvis ieroglifebi _ qvaze amokveTili warwera _
romlebic zogierT uZveles civilizaciaSi aRmoaCines. qvaze amotvifruli didxans Zlebs, magram
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misi gadazidva ar aris advili. is araxelsayreli saSualebaa Soreul adgilebTan dasakavSireblad.

aqedan gamomdinare, is sazogadoebebi, romlebic aseTi formis komunikaciaze arian
damokidebulni, ar SeiZleba gaxdnen Zalian didi. komunikacia gulisxmobs informaciis
gadacemas erTi individidan an jgufidan meorisTvis, metyvelebis an sxva saSualebis gziT.
msubuq masalaze dawerili gzavnilebis, rogoricaa papirusi (qaRaldis msgavsi masala,
romelic mcenaris Rerosgan keTdeba), gadatana Soreul adgilebSi bevrad ufro advilia, es
SesaZlebels xdis, Seiqmnas ufro didi sazogadoebebi. magaliTad, papirusis saSualebiT,
romaelebma moaxerxes didi imperiis SenarCuneba iseTi marTviT, romelmac SeZlo Tavisi
kontrolis ganvrcoba Soreul regionebSi.
makluhanma (1964) ganaviTara inisis ramdenime idea da isini Tanamedrove, industriuli
sazogadoebebis mediasTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyena. makluhanis SexedulebiT, `media aris
gzavnili~, anu sazogadoebaSi arsebuli mediis buneba ufro metad axdens gavlenas mis
struqturaze, vidre Sinaarsi an gzavnilebi, romlebsac media gadascems. magaliTad, televizia,
dabeWdil wignTan SedarebiT, Zalian gansxvavebuli saSualebaa. is eleqtronulia, vizualuria da
Sedgeba cvalebadi imijebisgan. im sazogadoebaSi, sadac televizia ZiriTad rols asrulebs,
adamianebi yoveldRiur cxovrebas sxvanairad aRiqvamen, vidre iq, sadac mxolod beWdviTi
sityva arsebobs. amgvarad, satelevizio axali ambebi globalur informacias momentalurad
gadascems milionobiT adamians. eleqtronuli media, makluhanis azriT, qmnis imas, rasac man
globaluri sofeli uwoda _ mTel msoflioSi erTnairi informacia vrceldeba axali ambebis
saSualebiT da amitom adamianebi erTi da imave movlenebis Tanamonawileebi xdebian.
magaliTad, sxvadasxva qveynis milionobiT adamianma icis princesa daianas cxovrebisa da
problemebis Sesaxeb da Tvals adevneben britaneTis samefo ojaxis sagis ganviTarebas.
Jan bodriarze, romlis ideebsac erTi paragrafis Semdeg gavecnobiT, didi gavlena moaxdina
inisisa da makluhanis ideebma, Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, germaneli sociologisa da filosofosis
iurgen harbermasis Teoriebs ganvixilavT.
iurgen habermasi: sazogadoebrivi sfero

germaneli filosofosi da sociologi iurgen habermasi, romlis naSromebsac pirvel TavSi
SevxvdiT, socialuri azris `frankfurtis skolasTanaa~ dakavSirebuli. frankfurtis skola iyo marqsis
ideebiT STagonebul avtorTa jgufi. miuxedavad amisa, maT swamdaT, rom saWiro iyo marqsis
Sexedulebebis radikaluri revizia, raTa isini Tanamedrove moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisi
gamxdariyo. maT, agreTve, sjerodaT, rom marqss saTanado yuradReba ar miuqcevia
Tanamedrove kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi kulturis zegavlenisTvis.
frankfurtis skolis warmomadgenlebma vrceli gamokvleva Caatares im movlenis
Sesaswavlad, rasac isini `kulturis industrias~ uwodebdnen, rac gulisxmobda filmebis, televiziis,
popularuli musikis, radios, gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis gasarTob industriebs. isini amtkicebdnen,
rom kulturis industriis gavrceleba, misi arasaWiro da standartuli produqciiT, pirovnebebs
kritikuli da damoukidebeli azrovnebis unars arTmevs. qreba komercializaciiT walekili
xelovneba _ `mocartis udidesi hitebi~.
habermasma zogierTi es Tema gamoiyena, magram sxvanairad ganaviTara. igi aanalizebs
mediis ganviTarebas meTvramete saukunis dasawyisidan dRevandel dRemde, ganixilavs
`sazogadoebrivi sferos~ gamoCenasa da Semdgom dacemas. sazogadoebrivi sfero aris sajaro
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diskusiebis adgili, sadac SeiZleba yvelasTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis Sesaxeb msjeloba da

Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba.
habermasis mixedviT, sazogadoebrivi sfero Tavdapirvelad londonis, parizisa da sxva
evropuli qalaqebis salonebsa da yavis saxlebSi Caisaxa. adamianebi erTmaneTs xvdebodnen
xolme aseT salonebSi, sadac arCevdnen uaxles ambebs. aseTi debatebis mizniT, isini
iyenebdnen iseT saSualebebs, rogoricaa axali ambebis furclebi an gazeTebi, romlebic is-is iyo
gamoCnda. politikuri debatebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani gaxda. habermasi amtkicebs, rom,
Tumca maTSi mosaxleobis mxolod mcire nawili monawileobda, salonebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba
hqonda demokratiis adreuli ganviTarebisTvis, radgan swored maT Semoitanes, sazogadoebrivi
ganxilvis gziT, politikuri problemebis gadawyvetis idea. sazogadoebrivi sfero, ZiriTadad, im
pirebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic, rogorc Tanasworni, erTad monawileoben forumSi, sajaro
debatebis gamarTvis mizniT.
Tumca, habermasi askvnis, sazogadoebrivi sferos adreuli ganviTarebis mier SeTavazebuli
perspeqtiva ar iyo srulad ganxorcielebuli. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, kulturis industriis
ganviTarebis Sedegad, demokratiuli debatebi CaxSobil iqna. masmediisa da masobrivi
garTobebis ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi sferos TaRliTobad
gadaqceva. politika aris parlamentsa da mediaSi dadgmuli sanaxaoba, xolo komerciuli interesebi
sazogadoebriv interesebze maRla dgas. `sazogadoebrivi azri~ yalibdeba ara Ria, racionaluri
diskusiis safuZvelze, aramed manipulaciebisa da kontrolis meSveobiT, rogorc es xdeba,
magaliTad, reklamaSi.
bodriari: hiperrealobis samyaro

mediis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro gavleniani Tanamedrove Teoretikosia frangi avtori Jan
bodriari. igi Tanamedrove masmediis gavlenas ganxilavs, rogorc sxva nebismieri teqnologiis
zemoqmedebisagan savsebiT gansxvavebulsa da ufro Rrmas. masmediis, gansakuTrebiT ki
eleqtronuli mediis, rogoricaa televizia, warmoSobam Secvala Tavad Cveni cxovrebis arsi.
televizia ara mxolod `warmogvidgens~ msoflios, aramed sul ufro metad gansazRvravs, Tu ras
warmoadgens is msoflio, romelSic Cven, sinamdvileSi, vcxovrobT.
rogorc magaliTi, ganvixiloT o.j. simpsonis sasamarTlo, cnobili sasamarTlo procesi,
romelic gaimarTa los-anjelesSi 1994-95 wlebSi. Tavidan simpsonma saxeli gaiTqva, rogorc
amerikuli fexburTis varskvlavma, xolo mogvianebiT mTel msoflioSi gaxda cnobili sxvadasxva
popularul filmSi TamaSis Sedegad, maT Soris iyo seriali “Naked Gun.” mas brali dasdes
meuRlis, nikolis, mkvlelobaSi, da xangrZlivi sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg, gaamarTles. procesi
pirdapir eTerSi gadaicemoda televiziiT da mas mraval qveyanaSi, maT Soris britaneTSi,
adevnebdnen Tvals. amerikaSi eqvsi satelevizio arxi uwyvet reJimSi gadascemda sasamarTlo
process.
sasamarTlo procesi sasamarTlos darbazSi ar mimdinareobda. es iyo satelevizio movlena,
romelmac milionobiT telemayurebeli da komentatori gaaerTiana mediaSi; sasamarTlo procesi
iyo imis ilustracia, rasac bodriari hiperrealobas uwodebs. ukve aRar arsebobs `realoba~, romlis
naxvis saSualebas televizia gvaZlevs. `realoba~ sinamdvileSi aris msoflios teleekranebze
naCvenebi imijebis mTeli wyeba. sasamarTlo procesi warmoaCines, rogorc globaluri movlena.
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1991 wels sparseTis yureSi, zustad saomari moqmedebebis dawyebamde, bodriarma

gazeTSi gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT `sparseTis yuris omi ar SeiZleba moxdes~. rodesac omi
gamocxadda da sisxliani konfliqti daiwyo, vinmesTvis, SesaZloa, naTeli yofiliyo, rom bodriari
cdeboda. magram sruliadac ara. omis damTavrebis Semdeg, bodriarma dawera meore statia
`sparseTis yureSi omi ar momxdara~. ras niSnavda es? is gulisxmobda, rom es omi ar hgavda
istoriaSi odesme warmoebul omebs. es iyo mediis epoqis omi, satelevizio sanaxaoba, romelsac,
mTeli msoflios mayureblebTan erTad, jorj buSi da sadam huseinic Tvalyurs adevnebdnen CNN-
is saSualebiT, raTa daenaxaT, ra `xdeboda~ sinamdvileSi.
bodriari amtkicebs, rom im epoqaSi, sadac masmedia aris yvelgan, arsebiTad, yalibdeba
axali realoba _ hiperrealoba, romelic iqmneba adamianebis qcevisa da mediis gamosaxulebebis
urTierTSerwymis Sedegad. hiperrealobis samyaro agebulia simulakris safuZvelze _ imijebisa,
romlebsac mniSvnelobas mxolod sxva imijebi aniWeben da amitom maT ar gaaCniaT safuZveli
`garegan realobaSi.~ magaliTad, ~Silk Cut~ sigaretebis axlandeli reklamebi saerTod ar exeba
sigaretebs, aramed mxolod wina reklamebs, romlebic seriebis saxiT midioda. dRes arc erT
politikur liders ar SeuZlia arCevnebis mogeba, Tu is mudmivad ar Cans televiziaSi. lideris
teleimiji is `pirovnebaa~, visac mayureblebis umravlesoba icnobs.
jon Tompsoni: media da Tanamedrove sazogadoeba

eyrdnoba ra habermasis naSromebis nawils, jon tompsoni aanalizebs kavSirs mediasa da
industriuli sazogadoebebis ganviTarebas Soris (Thompson, 1990, 1995). igi amtkicebs, rom
beWdvis adrindeli formebidan moyolebuli, eleqtronul komunikaciamde, mediam Zalian
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove institutebis ganviTarebaSi. Tompsoni Tvlis, rom
sociologiis mTavarma fuZemdeblebma, marqsis, veberisa da diurkemis CaTvliT, umniSvnelo
yuradReba dauTmes mediis rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebis adreuli ganviTarebis procesSic ki.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tompsoni iziarebs habermasis zogierT Sexedulebas, is, agreTve,
kritikulia mis mimarT, radgan frankfurtis skolisa da bodriaris mimdevaria. frankfurtis skolis
damokidebuleba kulturis industriis mimarT Zalian negatiuri iyo. Tompsoni fiqrobs, rom
Tanamedrove masmedia ar zRudavs kritikuli azrovnebis SesaZleblobas. faqtobrivad, masmedia
uzrunvelyofs informaciis mraval formas, romlebic adre CvenTvis ar iyo xelmisawvdomi.
frankfurtis skolis msgavsad, habermasi gvepyroba, rogorc mediis gzavnilebis Zalian pasiur
recipientebs. Tompsonis sityvebiT:
`media gzavnilebs adamianebi, Cveulebriv, ganixilaven maTi miRebis procesSi da amis Semdegac... [isini]
icvleba Txrobisa da xelaxali Txrobis, interpretaciisa da xelaxali interpretaciis, komentarebis, sicilisa da kritikis
mimdinare procesebis saSualebiT... gzavnilebis dauflebiTa da garkveuli wesiT Cvens cxovrebaSi maTi CarTviT...
Cven ganuwyvetliv vqmniT da xelaxla vaZlevT formas Cvens unarebsa da codnis marags, vcdiT Cvens grZnobebsa
da gemovnebas da vafarTovebT Cveni gamocdilebis Tvalsawiers~ (Thompson 1995, gv. 42-3).
Tompsonis Teoria mediis Sesaxeb efuZneba urTierTqmedebis sam tips Soris arsebul
gansxvavebas. pirispir urTierTqmedeba, rogoricaa adamianebis saubari wveulebaze, gajerebulia
cnobebiT, romlebsac adamianebi iyeneben imisaTvis, rom gaigon, ras amboben sxvebi.
gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba gulisxmobs mediateqnologiebs _ qaRaldebis, eleqtrokavSirebis,
eleqtronuli impulsebis _ gamoyenebas. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia,
rom is vrceldeba drosa da sivrceSi, is sakmaod scdeba Cveulebrivi uSualo urTierTobis
konteqstebs. gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba pirdapir dgeba pirovnebebs Soris; magaliTad, ori
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adamiani telefoniT saubrobs, magram aq ar aris cnobebis iseTive mravalferovneba, rogorc

maSin, rodesac adamianebi erTmaneTis pirispir imyofebian. urTierTqmedebis mesame tipia
gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba. es gulisxmobs socialuri urTierTobebis iseT saxes, romelic
Seqmnilia masmediis mier. aseTi urTierTqmedeba vrceldeba drosa da sivrceSi, magram is
adamianebs uSualod ar akavSirebs. aqedan modis termini `kvazi-urTierTqmedeba.~ pirveli ori
tipi `dialoguria~: individebs erTmaneTTan pirdapiri, uSualo urTierToba aqvT. gaSualebuli
kvazi-urTierTqmedeba `monologuria~: magaliTad, teleprograma aris komunikaciis calmxrivi
forma. adamianebma, romlebic programas uyureben, SeiZleba ganixilon is da, albaT,
ramdenime SeniSvnac gauCndebaT televizoris mimarT, magram, ra Tqma unda, is arafers
pasuxobs.
Tompsonis Sexeduleba ar mdgomareobs imaSi, rom urTierTqmedebis mesame tipi
TandaTan gabatonebul mdgomareobas ikavebs sxva orTan SedarebiT; arsebiTad, es aris
bodriaris mier miRebuli Tvalsazrisi. piriqiT, dRes samive tipi erTmaneTs Seeria Cvens
cxovrebaSi. rogorc Tompsoni varaudobs, masmedia Cvens cxovrebaSi cvlis balanss
sazogadoebrivsa da kerZos Soris. habermasis naTqvamis sapirispirod, amJamad bevrad ufro
meti modis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze, vidre adre, da Zalian xSirad es iwvevs debatebsa da
polemikas.
amisi magaliTia 1995 wels `panoramisTvis~ princesa daianas mier micemuli interviu. man
Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobismoyvare mayurebelTa bevr SekiTxvas upasuxa. man isaubra
Tavisi cxovrebis Sesaxeb da, amave dros, bevri ram gamoaaSkarava monarqiis institutis
Sesaxeb. intervius orive sakiTxma didi debatebi gamoiwvia ara marto gazeTebsa da televiziaSi,
aramed saxlebSi, barebsa da kafeebSi mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
urTierTqmedebis tipebi
interaqciuli pirispir urTierTqmedeba gaSualebuli gaSualebuli kvazi-
maxasiaTeblebi urTierTqmedeba urTierTqmedeba
sivrcisa da drois Tanaarsebobis konteqsti; konteqstebis konteqstebis

Semadgenloba sivrcisa da drois gancalkeveba; gancalkeveba;
gaziarebuli sistema gazrdili SesaZlebloba gazrdili SesaZlebloba
drosa da sivrceSi drosa da sivrceSi
simboluri simboluri miniSnebebis simboluri miniSnebebis simboluri miniSnebebis
miniSnebebis mravalferovneba diapazonis Seviwroeba diapazonis Seviwroeba
diapazoni
moqmedebis orientacia orientirebuli orientirebuli orientirebuli potenciuri
specifikuri ,,sxvebis” specifikuri ,,sxvebis” recipientebis
mimarT mimarT ganusazRvreli arealis
mimarT
dialoguri/monologuri dialoguri dialoguri monologuri
wyaro: John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity, Polity Press, 1995.
ideologia da media
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303
mediis gamokleva mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli sazogadoebaSi ideologiis gavlenasTan.

ìdeologia~ gulisxmobs ideebis zegavlenas adamianTa rwmenebsa da qmedebebze. es cneba
farTod gamoiyeneba mediis kvlevebSi, agreTve, sociologiis sxva sferoebSic. magram,
miuxedavad amisa, mis Sesaxeb bevrs kamaToben. es sityva pirvelad frangma mweralma destiut
de trasim gamoiyena 1700-iani wlebis bolos, ìdeebis Sesaxeb mecnierebis~ mniSvnelobiT.
magram, mogvianebiT, sxva avtorebma am termins ufro kritikuli mniSvneloba mianiWes.
magaliTad, marqsi ideologias ganixilavda, rogorc `yalb cnobierebas~. Zalauflebis mqone
jgufebs SeuZliaT, gaakontrolon sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli dominanturi ideebi, raTa
gaamarTlon TavianTi pozicia. amgvarad, marqsis Tanaxmad, religia, xSirad, ideologiuria: is
Raribebs aswavlis, rom iyvnen TavianTi bediT kmayofilni. socialuri sferos analitikosma unda
amxilos ideologiis damaxinjebebi, raTa umweo adamianebs saSualeba mieceT, moipovon
TavianTi cxovrebis namdvili perspeqtiva da imoqmedon cxovrebis pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad.
Tompsoni (1990) de trasis Sexedulebas ideologiis neitralur koncefcias uwodebs, xolo
marqsis Sexedulebas _ ideologiis kritikul koncefcias. neitraluri koncefciebi `movlenebs
axasiaTebs, rogorc ideologias an ideologiurs. amasTanave, maTi mixedviT, es movlenebi
aucileblad unda iwvevdes Secdomebs, rom isini iluzorulia an romelime garkveuli jgufis
interesebTan aris dakavSirebuli. kritikuli Sexedulebebi ideologiis Sesaxeb `gamoxatavs
uaryofiT, kritikul an damamcirebel azrs~ da, agreTve, `Seicavs arapirdapir kritikas an
dagmobas~ (gv. 53-54).
Tompsoni amtkicebs, rom kritikul Sexedulebas upiratesoba unda mieniWos, radgan is
ideologias ZalauflebasTan akavSirebs. ideologia exeba simboluri Zalauflebis ganxorcielebas _
rogor xdeba ideebis gamoyeneba socialur wyobaSi gabatonebuli jgufebis interesebis damalvis,
gamarTlebis an dakanonebis mizniT.
glazgos media jgufi Tavis gamokvlevebSi, arsebiTad, aanalizebda televiziis axali ambebis
gadacemis ideologiur aspeqtebs. axal ambebSi mTavrobisa da menejmentis mimarT
keTilganwyoba iyo gamomJRavnebuli da es gaficulebis sazianod xdeboda. saerTod, Tompsoni
Tvlis, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi masmediam _ ara mxolod axalma ambebma, aramed
sxvadasxva Sinaarsisa da Janris gadacemebma _ Zalian gaafarTova ideologiis sazRvrebi. isini
aRwevs masobriv auditoriebs da, misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, efuZneba `kvazi-
urTierTqmedebas~ _ mayureblebs ar SeuZliaT, uSualod gascen pasuxi.
mediis globalizacia
Tu dRes yvelas gacnobierebuli gvaqvs, rom vcxovrobT èrT msoflioSi,~ es, umeteswilad,
komunikaciuri mediis saerTaSoriso diapazonis Sedegia. nebismieri adamiani, vinc CarTavs
televizors da uyurebs `msoflios axal ambebs,~ Cveulebriv, xedavs Semdegs: im movlenebis
gadmocemas, rac moxda im dRes an cotaTi adre msoflios bevr sxvadasxva regionSi. satelevizio
programebi da filmebi iyideba msxvil saerTaSoriso bazrebze, asobiT milioni adamiani uyurebs
aseT programebsa da serialebs.
yvela es movlena gamoxatavs msoflio sainformacio wesrigis _ informaciis warmoebis,
ganawilebisa da moxmarebis saerTaSoriso sistemis _ warmoSobas. globaluri sazogadoebis sxva
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aspeqtebis msgavsad, axali sainformacio wesrigi araTanabrad ganviTarda da mowinave

sazogadoebebsa da mesame msoflio qveynebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebas asaxavs.
axali ambebi
axali ambebis uwyvet nakadebs ganagebs axali ambebis saagentoTa mcire ricxvi, romelic
uaxles informacias awvdis gazeTebs, radio da telesadgurebs mTel msoflioSi. am sferoSi erT-
erTi pirveli iyo roiteri, britanuli saagento. 1870 wels, frangul kompania havasTan (HAVAS)
erTad, man mTeli dedamiwa dahyo eqskluziuri axali ambebis teritoriebad. roiteri
mauwyeblobda britaneTSi, holandiasa da maT imperiebze damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebic im
dros afrikisa da aziis did nawils moicavdnen. ganawilebis Sedegad, havass Sexvda safrangeTi,
italia, espaneTi, portugalia da Sua aRmosavleTis zogierTi regioni. 1876 wels roiterma aRiara
havas-is gansakuTrebuli ufleba samxreT amerikaze, xolo Tavad man miiRo mTeli Soreuli
aRmosavleTi, maSindeli indoCineTis gamoklebiT, agreTve avstralia da okeania. orive saagento
yvelaze cnobil amerikul saagentosTan Associated Press-Tan (AP) awarmoebda maT xelT
arsebul axali ambebis gacvlas.
amgvarad, im dros AP didad iyo damokidebuli or evropul saagentoze, magram I msoflio
omis Semdeg, wamyvanma amerikulma saagentoebma evropel metoqeebs dauwyes
konkurenciis gaweva msoflios bevr nawilSi. aSS-is ori umsxvilesi saagento _ AP da UPI
(United Press International) TavianTi wliuri Semosavlis did nawils kvlavac iRebs SeerTebul
StatebSi gamoqveynebuli gazeTebidan, radiosa da televiziidan, magram, amasTanave, isini
Zalian gavleniani saagentoebi gaxda mTel msoflioSi, axali ambebis masalis miwodebis sferoSi.
roiteris, AP da UPI saagentoebi da, agreTve, France Press saagento, romelmac Secvala
havasi, akontrolebs mTel msoflioSi gadacemuli saerTaSoriso axali ambebis udides nawils. dRes
UPI aris yvelaze didi saagento zemoT dasaxelebul oTxeuls Soris. mas hyavs 6400 klienti 114
qveyanaSi, misi cnobebi iTargmneba 48 enaze. am saagentoebis mier mopovebuli informacia,
romelic adre morzes anbaniT an telefoniT gadaicemoda, axla kompiuterisa da satelituri
kavSirebis saSualebiT igzavneba. am arxebis meSveobiT, oTxi saagento dReSi 34 milion
sityvas agzavnis da TavianT uflebas acxadebs axali ambebis mTeli raodenobis cxra-meaTedze,
romelic miewodeba msoflio presas, radiosa da televizias.
kino, televizia, reklama da eleqtronuli komunikacia

amerikul wyaroebs gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia satelevizio programebis, filmebis,
reklamebisa da eleqtronuli komunikaciis sxvadasxva formis warmoebisa da ganawilebis sferoSi.
1920-ian wlebSi, rodesac mxatvrulma filmebma pirvelad ixila dRis sinaTle, holivudi
awarmoebda gadaRebuli filmebis oTx-mexuTeds. dResac SeerTebuli Statebi advilad
inarCunebs udides gavlenas kinoindustriaSi. bevri qveynis mTavrobebi gamoyofen subsidiebs
TavianTi kinoindustriebis dasaxmareblad, magram verc erTi sxva qveyana ver uwevs
konkurencias SeerTebul Statebs, rogorc mxatvruli filmebis eqsportiors. magaliTad, britaneTSi
amerikuli filmebi Seadgens kinoTeatrebSi yovelwliurad naCvenebi filmebis ormoc procents.
sxva qveynebis umravlesobas, sadac arsebobs filmebis eqsportis industria, rogoricaa italia,
iaponia da germania, didi raodenobiT SeaqvT amerikuli filmebi. samxreT amerikaSi maTi wili
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50 procents aWarbebs. tailandis kinoTeatrebSi yovelwliurad naCvenebi yvela filmis 90 procenti

amerikulia.
satelevizio programebis sferoSi, amerikulTan erTad, britanul korporaciebsac
mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia mTel msoflioSi. Tu gamovricxavT didi ekranisTvis gadaRebuli
mxatvruli filmebis Cvenebas televiziiT, britaneTis satelevizio eqsportidan miRebuli
Semosavlebi TiTqmis imdenivea, rac SeerTebuli Statebis. Tumca, britanuli programebis bevrad
ufro didi nawili iyideba erTaderT bazarze _ Tavad SeerTebuli Statebis bazarze, xolo amerikuli
produqciis SemTxvevaSi, sul sxva suraTia. amerikuli satelevizio programebis saerTaSoriso
gavlena, sinamdvileSi, ufro mniSvnelovania.
msoflioSi arsebuli aTi udidesi sareklamo firmidan cxra Crdilo-amerikulia. kanadaSi,
germaniaSi, safrangeTSi, britaneTsa da avstraliaSi ganTavsebuli mTavari saagentoebis naxevari
amerikulia. aziis, afrikisa da samxreT amerikis udidesi saagentoebi an amerikulia, an SeerTebuli
Statebis kompaniebs ekuTvnis. wamyvani saagentoebis pirveli aTeuli transnacionaluri
korporaciebia, zogierT maTgans sxva qveynebSi uamravi Svilobili kompaniebi aqvs. giganturi
transnacionaluri korporaciebi did sareklamo saagentoebs iyenebs im sareklamo programebis
koordinirebis mizniT, romlebsac bevr qveyanaSi erTdroulad uSveben.
amerikuli zegavlena Zalian Zlieria im eleqtronul arxebze, romlebsac didi raodenobis
informaciis gadacemis mizniT iyeneben. am informaciaze damokidebulni arian Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoebi da didi korporaciebi. amerikelebis xelSia, ZiriTadad, satelekomunikacio
kavSirebi, romlebsac udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs sabanko sistemisTvis, msoflios fuladi
transaqciebis operaciebis warmoebisa da satelevizio da radiomauwyeblobis zogierTi
saxeobisTvis. SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnebuli firma Ìnternational Business Machines~ (IBM)
aris erT-erTi yvelaze didi transnacionaluri korporacia da mas uzarmazari gavlena aqvs
saerTaSoriso sainformacio nakadze, gansakuTrebiT, kompiuteruli resursebiT uzrunvelyofaze.
dadgenilia, rom yvela im informaciuli Canaweris cxra meaTedi, romlebic msoflios monacemTa
bazebSi inaxeba, xelmisawvdomia amerikuli mTavrobisTvis an SeerTebuli Statebis sxva
organizaciebisTvis.
SeerTebuli Statebis mier aris dafuZnebuli, agreTve, Time-Warner, msoflioSi yvelaze didi
mediakompania. igi Camoyalibda 1989 wels, sxvadasxva kompaniis Serwymis Sedegad. masSi
daaxloebiT 350 000 adamiani muSaobs, aqvs ramdenime Svilobili kompania evropaSi, laTinur
amerikaSi, aziasa da avstraliaSi. misi saqmianobis sferoSi Sedis filmebis warmoeba, televizia,
video, wignebis gamocema da musikis Cawera.
sxva didi korporaciebia (garda merdokisa da berluskonis imperiebisa, romlebsac Semdeg
ganvixilavT): iaponuri sonis korporacia (Japanese Sony Corporation), romelic flobs CBS xmis
Camwer kompaniebsa da holivudis studiebs; germanuli bertelsman jgufi (German Bertelsmann
Group), RCA-is xmis Camweri kompaniebisa da SeerTebul StatebSi dafuZnebuli didi
sagamomcemlo kompaniebis qselis mflobeli; da franguli sagamomcemlo kompania haSeti
(Hachette).
media imperializmi
mediis warmoebasa da gavrcelebaSi industriul qveynebs, yvelaze metad ki SeerTebul
Statebs, gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba ukavia. am movlenaze dakvirvebis Sedegad,
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mkvlevarebma daiwyes saubari `media imperializmis~ Sesaxeb. isini amtkiceben, rom

Camoyalibda kulturuli imperia. mesame msoflios qveynebi gansakuTrebiT zaraldeba amis
gamo, radgan maT ar gaaCnia resursebi sakuTari kulturuli damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad.
marTlac, eleqtronuli mediis saSualebiT, dasavluri kulturis produqcia farTod vrceldeba
mTel msoflioSi. piko aieri saubrobs `video-Rameebze katmanduSi~ da popularul diskoTekebze
baliSi (Iyer, 1989). rogorc amerikuli videofilmebi, ise dasavleTis popularuli musikis audio
kasetebi axla Cveulebrivi ambavia iranis islamur respublikaSi; isini Sav bazarze SeaqvT
(Sreberny-Mohammadis, 1992). magram ara mxolod popularuli garTobis formebi warmoadgens
kamaTis sagans. miaCniaT, rom dasavleTis saagentoebis mier msoflios axali ambebis
gakontroleba informaciul velSi `pirveli msoflios Tvalsazrisis~ gabatonebas niSnavs. amgvarad,
amtkiceben, rom axali ambebis gadacemis dros, mesame msoflios yuradReba eqceva, ZiriTadad,
ubedurebis, krizisis an samxedro konfrontaciis SemTxvevaSi. aseve Tvlian, rom sxva tipis axali
ambebis yoveldRiuri `failebi~ gankuTvnilia industriuli msofliosTvis da es informacia mesame
msoflios ar miewodeba.
herbert Sileri acxadebs, rom SeerTebuli Statebis mier globaluri komunikaciebis
gakontroleba unda ganvixiloT sxvadasxva faqtorTan kavSirSi. is amtkicebs, rom amerikuli tele
da radio qselebi sul ufro metad eqcevian federaluri mTavrobisa da, gansakuTrebiT, Tavdacvis
departamentis gavlenis qveS. Sileri miuTiTebs, rom RCA kompania, romelsac ekuTvnis NCB-is
tele da radio qselebi, aris agreTve pentagonis _ SeerTebuli Statebis SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Stab-
binis _ Tavdacvis ZiriTadi subkontraqtori. amerikuli televiziis eqsporti, reklamebTan erTad,
avrcelebs komerciul kulturas, rac anadgurebs adgilobrivi kulturis gamoxatvis formebs. iq, sadac
mTavrobebi krZalaven komerciul mauwyeblobas TavianT qveynebSi, xSirad, SesaZlebelia
radio da telegadacemebis miReba uSualod mezobeli qveynebidan. Sileri amtkicebs, rom,
marTalia, amerikelebi iyvnen pirvelebi, viszec Zalian imoqmeda `korporaciuli gzavnilis
abreSumis Wiam... magram, rac amJamad xdeba, es aris axali, totaluri korporaciuli informaciul-
kulturuli garemos Seqmna da globaluri gafarToeba~ (Schiller, 1989, gv. 168, 128). radgan
SeerTebuli Statebis korporaciebi da kultura mTel msoflioSia gabatonebuli, maT `msoflios
mniSvnelovani nawili moicves~; amgvarad, amerikuli kulturis batonoba sazRvrebs uwesebs
erovnul diskurss” (Schiller, 1991, gv. 22).
mediis regulaciis problema

bevrs awuxebs media antrepreniorebisa da didi media kompaniebis aRzeveba da
zegavlena, radgan es korporaciebi bizness ewevian ara produqciis gayidvis, aramed adamianTa
Sexedulebebze gavlenis moxdenis mizniT. aseTi korporaciis mflobelebi, magaliTad, merdoki da
berluskoni, ar malaven maT memarjvene politikur Sexedulebebs, rac gansxvavebuli politikuri
poziciebis mqone politikuri partiebisa da sxva jgufebis SeSfoTebis mizezia.
WeSmaritebis garkveul marcvals Seicavs merdokis Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmad, mxolod
mTavrobebi qmnian monopoliebs. merdoki ver uzrunvelyofs monopoliis arsebobas. mas uwevda
uSvelebel finansur riskze wasvla (hqonda danakargebic), rom mieRwia dRevandeli
mdgomareobisTvis. mas konkurencias uweven ara mxolod sxva media gigantebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad aisneris korporacia, aramed uamravi sxva metoqe. gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom Zalian saeWvoa is azri, rom bazris konkurencia xels uSlis did firmebs, gabatondnen
mrewvelobis ZiriTad dargebSi.
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acnobiereben ra amas, yvela qveyanaSi miRebulia dadgenilebebi, romelTa mizania media

sakuTrebis gakontroleba. magram ramdenad mkacri unda iyos es zomebi? media kompaniebis
globaluri xasiaTis gamo, SeuZliaT erovnul mTavrobebs hqondeT maTi gakontrolebis didi
imedi?
media regulaciis sakiTxi ufro rTulia, vidre es erTi SexedviT SeiZleba Candes. aSkaraa,
rom sazogadoebas ainteresebs, arsebobdes mravalferovani media organizaciebi. es, albaT,
iqneba imis garantia, rom SesaZlebeli iqneba, bevri sxvadasxva jgufisa da politikuri perspeqtivis
mosmena. magram SezRudvebis dawesebam imaze, Tu vis risi floba da media teqnologiis ra
formebis gamoyeneba SeuZlia, SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos mediis seqtoris ekonomikur
keTildReobaze. is qveyana, sadac SezRudvebi zedmetad mkacria, SeiZleba CamorCes saerTo
ganviTarebas. media industriebi aris Tanamedrove ekonomikis yvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtori.
marto audio-video industria, savaraudod, Seqmnis 1 milion axal samuSao adgils momaval aT
weliwadSi.
media koncentraciis kritikosebi aRniSnaven, rom didi media kompaniebi floben
metismetad did Zalauflebas. meore mxriv, biznesis warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben, rom Tu isini
daeqvemdebarebian regulirebas, veRar miiReben efeqtur komerciul gadawyvetilebebs da
damarcxdebian msoflio konkurenciaSi. garda amisa, sakiTxavia, vin unda areguliros isini? da
vin unda areguliros maregulireblebi?
faqtobrivad, Zalian cota gamokvlevaa Catarebuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSia
erTmaneTTan mediis mflobeloba da mediis Sinaarsi (Purnell and Collins, 1995). es sakiTxi
adrec ki Zneli Sesaswavli iyo, mediis sxvadasxva formis arsebobis gamo, romelic 1970-ian
wlebamde arsebobda. kidev ufro Znelia misi gamokvleva axla, rodesac gavrcelda axali
interaqciuli media, magaliTad, video moTxovniT.
regulirebis problemis garkvevis mizniT gadadgmuli nabijebi, ZiriTadad, damfuZneblebze
iyo mimarTuli. magaliTad, 1991 wels masmediis politikisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze,
evrosabWo, media regulirebis Sesaxeb ramdenime wlis msjelobis Semdeg, Seecada, mieRwia
SeTanxmebisTvis. verc erT SeTanxmebul daskvnas ver miaRwies.
media regulirebis politikis erT-erTi warmmarTveli xazi SeiZleba iyos imis aRiareba, rom
bazarze ori an sami didi kompaniis mier mopovebuli gabatonebuli mdgomareoba maSinve
uqmnis safrTxes rogorc saTanado ekonomikur konkurencias, aseve demokratias, radgan media
mflobelebs ar irCeven. aq SeiZleba avamoqmedoT arsebuli antimonopolisturi kanonmdebloba,
Tumca is Zalian gansxvavebulia mTel evropasa da sxva industriul qveynebSi. magaliTad,
evrokavSirma axlaxans dabloka erToblivi sakabelo da fasiani televiziis sarisko wamowyeba
germanul telekoms, bertelsmansa da kirh jgufs (Deutsche Telekom, Bertelsmann, Kirch Group)
Soris.
konkurencia pluralizms niSnavs an unda niSnavdes; albaT, pluralizmi kargia
demokratiisaTvis. magram ramdenad sakmarisia marto pluralizmi? ganxilvis dros, bevri
miuTiTebs SeerTebul Statebze da aRniSnavs, rom media arxebis simravle ar aris gadacemebis
Sinaarsis xarisxisa da sizustis garanti. magaliTad, jei blumlerma, SeerTebuli Statebis televiziis
Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoaCina, rom arsebobs àrakeTilganwyobili damokidebuleba
mauwyeblobis mTeli speqtris mimarT _ iqneba es programis forma, sasurveli xarisxi,
mayureblis efeqti Tu stimulirebuli gamocdileba” (Blumler, 1986, gv. 141).
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zogierTi Tvlis, rom Zlieri saxelmwifo mauwyeblobis seqtoris SenarCunebas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan es xels uSlis didi media kompaniebis gabatonebas.
magram saxelmwifo samauwyeblo sistemebs, magaliTad, BBC-is britaneTSi sakuTari
problemebi aqvs. qveynebis umravlesobaSi, isini TavianT Tavs monopolistebad Tvlidnen xolme
da bevr qveyanaSi maT efeqturad iyenebdnen, rogorc xelisuflebis propagandis saSualebas.
sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin unda areguliros maregulireblebi, kvlav gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT
dgeba.
erTi problema, romelic arTulebs media regulirebis sakiTxs, aris teqnologiuri cvlilebis
Zalian swrafi tempi. media ganuwyvetliv icvleba teqnikuri inovaciebis danergvis Sedegad. am
momentisTvis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani inovacia exeba multimediisa da internetis gavlenas,
romelsac am Tavis bolos ganvixilavT.
multimedia
Tumca, aqamde, Cven yuradReba gavamaxvileT gazeTebze, televiziasa da `kulturis
industriis~ sxva mxareebze, komunikaciis media mxolod amiT ar Semoifargleba. rogorc
kompiuteri axdens gansakuTrebul zegavlenas mediaze, iseve es ukanaskneli zemoqmedebs
yvelaferze, rasac Cven vakeTebT bevr sxva sferoSi. magaliTad, axali sakomunikacio
teqnologiebi dgas msoflios savaluto sistemebisa da saaqcio bazrebis Rrma cvlilebebis ukan. fuli
ukve aRar aris oqro, arc naRdi fuli Tqvens jibeSi. sul ufro da ufro metad, fuli xdeba eleqtronuli,
inaxeba ra msoflios bankebis kompiuterebSi. im fulis Rirebuleba, romelic xandaxan,
SemTxveviT, aRmogaCndebaT jibeSi, ganisazRvreba savaluto bazarze birJis makleris
saqmianobiT. aseTi bazrebi Seiqmna mxolod bolo 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi. isini
kompiuterebisa da sakomunikacio satelituri teqnologiebis urTierTkavSiris Sedegia. naTqvamia:
`teqnologia safondo birJas swrafad gardaqmnis mTlian globalur bazrad, romelic
xelmisawvdomia dReSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi~ (Gibbons, 1990, gv. 111).
am movlenebs oTxma teqnologiurma mimarTulebam Seuwyo xeli, esenia: kompiuterebis
SesaZleblobebis mudmivi gaumjobeseba, fasebis SemcirebasTan erTad; monacemTa cifruli
gardaqmna, rac xels uwyobs kompiuteruli da satelekomunikacio teqnologiebis integracias;
satelituri komunikaciebis ganviTareba; boWkovani optika, romlis meSveobiTac, bevri
sxvadasxva gzavnili vrceldeba erTi patara kabelis saSualebiT. bolo wlebSi, komunikaciebis
mkveTrma zrdam aCvena, rom tempis dacemis araviTari niSani ar arsebobs (ix. diagrama 14.1).
nikolas negroponte, masaCusetis teqnologiis institutis media laboratoriis damfuZnebeli,
Tavis wignSi “Being Digital” (1995), aanalizebs cifruli monacemebis udides mniSvnelobas
Tanamedrove komunikaciur teqnologiebSi. nebismieri informacia, maT Soris suraTebi, moZravi
gamosaxulebebi da bgerebi, SeiZleba gadaviyvanoT `bitebSi~. biti aris an 1 an 0, magaliTad,
ricxvebis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 cifruli gamosaxuleba aris 1, 10, 11, 100, 101 da a.S. cifruloba da
siCqare multimediis ganviTarebis safuZvelia. adre gansxvavebul medias sxvadasxva
teqnologiebi sWirdeboda (rogoricaa gamosaxulebebi da xma). axla es gansxvavebuli
teqnologiebi SeiZleba gaerTiandes saerTo mediad (CD-ROM/kompiuteri da sxv.).
kompiuterebis siCqare yovel Tvramet TveSi orjer izrdeba da axla teqnologiam im stadias
miaRwia, sadac videofiri SeiZleba vaqcioT suraTad personaluri kompiuteris ekranze, da piriqiT.
negroponte winaswarmetyvelebs, rom personaluri kompiuteri (PC) momavalSi iqneba
multimediis savizito baraTi. Tanamedrove kompiuterebs ukve gaaCnia multimediis
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SesaZleblobebis garkveuli diapazoni. magram momavalSi isini mkveTrad gaizrdeba. personaluri

kompiuteri iqneba televizoric da èleqtronuli Sesasvlelic~ kabelisTvis, telefonic da satelitic.
momavalSi aRar iarsebebs damoukidebeli satelevizio industria. cifruloba xels uwyobs
interaqtiuli mediis ganviTarebas, rac adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs, aqtiuri monawileoba
miiRon masSi, an moaxdinon imis struqturireba, rasac xedaven an esmiT.
informaciuli supermagistralis Sesaxeb bevrs msjelobdnen 1990 wlebis Sua periodSi.
SeerTebuli Statebis vice-prezidenti el gori am termins xSirad iyenebda. supermagistrali ufro
momavlis saxea, vidre Tanamedroveobis aRwera. is iTvaliswinebs situacias, sadac ojaxebis
umravlesoba dakavSirebuli iqneba boWkovani optikuri kabeliT. yovel saxlSi gaixsneba is
eleqtronuli Sesasvleli, romlis Sesaxeb laparakobs negroponte. amJamad, oTx damoukidebel
teqnologias aqvs saxlSi Sesasvleli damoukidebeli eleqtronuli gza: telefons, miwiszeda
mauwyeblobas, kabelsa da satelits (ra Tqma unda, yvela ojaxs es yvelaferi ar gaaCnia).
momavalSi es yvelaferi gaivlis erTsa da imave kabelSi da maTi gamosasvleli iqneba calkeuli
kopiuteri/televizia.
SesaZloa, ìnformaciuli supermagistrali~ ar iyos yvelaze Sesatyvisi termini cifruli
revoluciis mniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad. is gvTavazobs rukas, radgan axali interaqtiuli
teqnologiebis Sedegad, xdeba manZilis gauqmeba. termini gulisxmobs wesrigs, Tumca axali
teqnologiebis gavlena, SesaZloa, sakmaod qaosuri da damangreveli iyos.
interneti
bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi SeiniSneba, rom mediisa da komunikaciebis titanebi
awarmoeben oms cifruli teqnologiebis momavlisTvis:
didi zarzeimiT, satelefono da sakabelo televiziis kompaniebi mravaljer Seecadnen, eCvenebinaT Cqari
eleqtronuli qselebis maTeuli xedva. es qseli saxlebs akavSirebs informaciis, komunikaciis, ganaTlebisa da garTobis
udides saganZurTan. es kompaniebi laslasiT miemarTebodnen sadeniani msoflios Soreuli miznebisken da imdenad
dakavebulni iyvnen, rom ver SeamCnies im kompiuteruli hakerebis, inJinrebisa da studentebis jgufi, romlebic
facifuciT akeTebdnen TavianT saqmes. maTTvis meti yuradReba unda mieqciaT. garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
gigantebi mxolod informaciuli supermagistralis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen, WianWvelebi ki realurad aSenebdnen mas:
internets (“The accidental superhighway”, The Economist, 1995 wlis 1 ivlisi).
negroponte ambobs: `Cven unda davemSvidoboT personalur kompiuters, uxeS diskebsa
(floppy discs) da failebis folderebs~. am Tvalsazriss bevri iziarebs. axla, TiTqos, personaluri
kompiuteris (PC) eraa, magram, sinamdvileSi, personaluri kompiuteris batonoba TiTqmis
damTavrda. lari elisoni, monacemebis bazis wamyvani kompaniis ~Oracle~ mTavari
administratori, ambobs, rom personaluri kompiuteri ùcnauri mowyobilobaa~ (citirebulia Kelly
1995, gv. 105). im adamianTa umravlesoba, romlebic erT kompiuters iyeneben, misi
kompiuteruli Zalis mxolod erT nawils amuSaveben. es aris mowyobiloba, romelic adamianebs
erTmaneTisgan hyofs. maTi azriT, momavali ekuTvnis ara personalur kompiuters, aramed
urTierTdakavSirebuli kompiuterebis globalur sistemas _ da swored es aris interneti. axali
lozungi aris: `qseli aris kompiuteri~, sxva sityvebiT, personaluri kompiuteri xdeba terminali
sadRac momxdari movlenebisTvis, romlebic xdeba mTel planetaze gadaWimul qselSi; im
qselSi, romelsac ar flobs arc erTi pirovneba an kompania.
bil geitsma, amJamad msoflios erT-erTi udidesi korporaciis Microsoft-is damfuZnebelma,
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom aseTi ram moxdeboda da rom amis realizacia mas saSualebas
miscemda, moewyo Tavisi momavali. bolo dromde, kompiuteruli samyaros gamoCenili
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meocnebeebic ki fiqrobdnen, rom mrewvelobis momavali dakavSirebuli iqneboda teqnikur

mowyobilobasTan _ individualur kompiuterTan. geitsma gaacnobiera, rom is iqneboda
dakavSirebuli kompiuterul programasTan, romelic qmnis kompiuteris sxvadasxva funqcias.
magram Tavad geitsic ki ver akontrolebs internets, romelic misi inovaciebis saSualebiT
Seiqmna.
interneti spontanurad Semovida, is aris ganuyofeli samyaros _ berlinis dacemis Sedegad
Seqmnili samyaros _ produqti. Tumca, misi pirveli nimuSebi swored civi omis periodSi, 1989
wlamde arsebobda. qselis Seqmna Tavdapirvelad daiwyes pentagonSi, amerikis samxedro
Zalebis Stab-binaSi. is 1969 wels Camoyalibda da ARPA qseli uwodes, pentagonis progresuli
kvleviTi proeqtebis saagentos (Pentagon’s Advanced Research Projects Agency) aRsaniSnavad.
misi mizani SezRuduli iyo. ARPA cdilobda, neba miecaT im mecnierebisaTvis, romlebic
amerikis sxvadasxva regionSi samxedro kontraqtebze muSaobdnen, gaeerTianebinaT TavianTi
resursebi da da gaenawilebinaT maT mier gamoyenebuli Zvirad Rirebuli aparatura. amis
sapasuxod, mogvianebiT, misma gamomgoneblebma moifiqres Setyobinebebis gagzavnis
saSualeba _ ase gaCnda eleqtronuli fosta ~e-mail,~ romelic korespondenciis sistemaa, sadac
Setyobinebebi (`mesijebi~) pirdapir igzavneba erTi kompiuteridan meoreSi an bevr sxvaSi.
dakavSireba momentaluria, radgan am dros ar arsebobs lodinis periodi, rogorc es Cveulebrivi
werilis gagzavnis SemTxvevaSi xdeba.
1980-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis pentagonis interneti Sedgeboda xuTasi kompiuterisgan,
yvela moTavsebuli iyo samxedro laboratoriebsa da universitetebis kompiuteruli mecnierebis
departamentebSi. universitetebSi sxva adamianebmac daiwyes misi danergva da sistemis
sakuTari miznebisTvis gamoyeneba. 1987 wlisaTvis interneti ise gafarTovda, rom ukve
moicavda 28 000 kompiuters bevr sxvadasxva universitetsa da kvleviT laboratoriaSi. internetis
gamoyenebam maT saSualeba misca, SemoetanaT uamravi inovacia, SeeqmnaT axali
programebi, ris Sedegadac SesaZlebeli gaxda, individebs monawileoba mieRoT diskusiebSi da
gamoeyenebinaT kvlevis monacemebi.
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi interneti mxolod universitetebSi gamoiyeneboda. magram,
mas Semdeg, rac gavrcelda saxlis personaluri kompiuterebi, is TandaTan gascilda maT farglebs
da daiwyo misi Zalian swrafi gavrcelebis periodi. internetSi “on-line” momsaxureba,
`gancxadebebis dafebi~ _ eleqtronuli sadiskusio jgufebi _ da kompiuteruli programebis
biblioTekebi ganaTavsa adamianebis saocrad didma raodenobam, romlebic ukve mxolod
CrdiloeT amerikaSi ki ar imyofebodnen, aramed mTel msoflioSi. am saqmes korporaciebmac
mohkides xeli. 1994 wels kompaniebma gaaswres universitetebs, rogorc qselis mTavar
momxmareblebs.
internetsa da informaciul supermagistrals Soris urTierToba problemuria. zogierTis azriT,
rasac zemoT warmodgenili citatac adasturebs, interneti, faqtobrivad, informaciuli
supermagistralia. is ubralod gansxvavebulad ganviTarda, vidre es dagegmili iyo sakabelo da
satelefono kompaniebis (da mTavrobebis) mier. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom internets ramdenime
ZiriTadi Tviseba aklia. maTi azriT, namdvili supermagistrali unda Seicavdes ara mxolod
kompiuterebs, aramed yvela sxva sakomunikacio serviss, telefonidan televiziamde.
internetis mTavari nawilia msoflio masStabis qseli _ World Wide Web. marTlac, budeSi
myofi gugulis msgavsad, is cdilobs SeaSinos maspinZeli da ajobos mas. sinamdvileSi, qseli aris
globaluri multimediis biblioTeka. is gamoigona kompiuteruli programebis inJinerma Sveicariis
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fizikis laboratoriaSi 1992 wels; programa, romelmac qseli popularuli gaxada mTel msoflioSi,
dawerili iyo ilinoisis universitetis bolo kursis studentis mier.
ucnobia, realurad ramdeni adamiania CarTuli internetSi. varaudoben, rom mTel msoflioSi
daaxloebiT 35 milioni aseTi adamiania. mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobasTan SedarebiT,
es ricxvi arc ise didia, magram iseTivea, rogorc saSualo zomis qveynis mosaxleoba. ufro
mniSvnelovania misi gavrcelebis tempi. dadginda, rom 1985 wlidan internetis gavrceleba
yovelwliurad 200 procentiT izrdeba.
daskvna
sruliad gansacvifrebeli teqnologiuri cvlilebis samyaroSi, aravis SeuZlia darwmunebuli
iyos, rogori iqneba momavali. aSkaraa, media teqnologiebis ganviTareba aseTi cvlilebis
safuZvels warmoadgens. bevri Tvlis, rom interneti warmoadgens im msoflio wesrigis magaliTs,
romelic warmoiSva meoce saukunis bolos. internetis momxmareblebi cxovroben `kibernetikul
sivrceSi.~ kibersivrce niSnavs interaqciis sivrces, romelic Seqmna kompiuterebis globalurma
sqelma. es qseli ki qmnis internets. kibersivrceSi, rogorc amas bodriari ityoda, `Cven ukve aRar
varT àdamianebi,~ aramed varT gzavnilebi erTmaneTis ekranebze. i-meilis farglebs gareT,
sadac momxmareblebi axdenen TavianTi Tavis identificirebas, internetSi aravin icis, vin vin aris
sinamdvileSi, kacia Tu qali, da sad imyofebian samyaroSi. internetis Sesaxeb arsebobs cnobili
multfilmi, sadac ZaRli zis kompiuteris win, ekranze ki warweraa: ìnternetis sidiade isaa, rom
aravin icis, ZaRli rom xar~.
axali komunikaciuri teqnologiebis Sesaxeb sxva istoriac arsebobs: `Teologma hkiTxa
yvelaze ufro mZlavr superkompiuters: arsebobs RmerTi? kompiuterma Tqva, rom amis
codnisaTvis mas aklia gadasamuSavebeli Zala. man iTxova msoflios yvela superkompiuterTan
dakavSireba. magram Zala kvlav ar iyo sakmarisi, amgvarad, kompiuteri miaerTes yvela
mTavar sistemasTan msoflioSi, Semdeg ki yvela minikompiutersa da personalur kompiuterTan
da, saboloo jamSi, is daakavSires yvela kompiuterTan manqanebSi, mikrotalRovan RumelebSi,
VCR-Si, cifrul saaTebsa da a.S. Teologma bolos ikiTxa àrsebobs RmerTi?~ da kompiuterma
upasuxa: àxla arsebobs!~ (Naisbitt, 1995, gv. 80).
ambavi aerTianebs rogorc imedebs, ise SiSs, rasac interneti iwvevs. davkargavT Cvens
identobas kibersivrceSi? kompiuterizebuli teqnologia gabatondeba Cvenze, Tu piriqiT
moxdeba? gaanadgurebs eleqtronuli media komunikaciuri mediis yvela sxva formas, rogoric,
vTqvaT, wignia? sabednierod, TiToeul am kiTxvaze pasuxi, TiTqmis danamdvilebiT, aris àra~.
adamianebi ar atareben video konferenciebs, Tu maT SeuZliaT erTad Sekreba. axla biznes
administratorebi iyeneben bevrad ufro met sxvadasxva formis eleqtronuli komunikaciis
saSualebebs, vidre odesme. amave dros, pirispir biznes konferenciis ricxvi swrafad izrdeba.
rogorc adamianebi, Cven ver vakontrolebT teqnologiur cvlilebebs da aseTi cvlilebebis
axlandeli tempi Cvens sicocxles ganadgurebiT emuqreba. Tumca mavTulebiT dakavSirebuli
samyaros gaCenam, dRemde ver migviyvana ,,did Zmamde,” piriqiT, man xeli Seuwyo
decentralizaciasa da individualizms. da bolos, Cans, wignebisa da sxva `wina-eleqtronuli~
mediis gaqroba ar aris mosalodneli; iseTi didi moculobis wignic ki, rogoric es aris, ufro
mosaxerxebelia gamosayeneblad, vidre misi kompiuteruli versia. negropontes “Being Digital”
dawerili iyo wignis saxiT da ar iyo Seqmnili im teqnikuri siaxleebis gamo, romlebsac is aRwers.
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bil geitsmac ki saWirod CaTvala, daewera wigni da aRewera axali teqnologiebis samyaro,
romelsac winaswarmetyvelebs.
amasobaSi, interneti iZireba Tavis miwier problemebSi. amaswinaT, gazeTSi ~Guardian~
gamoqveynebuli statiis saTaurma gvamcno, rom ìnternetze damokidebuli adamianebi ewevian
mosawyen virtualur cxovrebas.” statiaSi aRwerilia im adamianebis cxovreba, romlebic
yoveldRe ramdenime saaTs atareben internetSi. arsebobs kidec internetze damokidebuli
adamianebis mxardamWeri jgufi saxelwodebiT `qselSi gabmulebi~. ar SeiZleba kibersivrceSi
kontaqtebi Caenacvlos cocxal adamianebTan urTierTobas da, Cans, arc aris ase.
Sejameba
1. masmedia asrulebs fundamentur rols Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi. masmedia aris

komunikaciis saSualebebi _ gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, televizia, radio, kino, video, kompaqtdiskebi da
sxva formebi _ romlebic masobriv auditoriamde aRwevs.
2. gazeTebi adreuli masmediis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani formaa. isini kvlavac
Zalian mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, magram maT mediis sxva, ufro axali formebi,
gansakuTrebiT, radio da televizia, daemata.
3. masmediis gavlena Cvens cxovrebaze Zalian mniSvnelovania. masmedia ara marto
gvTavazobs gasarTob programebs, aramed gvawvdis da qmnis im informaciis did nawils,
romelsac viyenebT Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.
4. televiziisa da Zaladobis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravali gamokvlevis miuxedavad, jer kidev
ar aris naTeli, ramdenad da rogor uwyobs xels televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladoba agresiul qcevas
realur cxovrebaSi. kvlevebis umetesoba saTanadod ver afasebs imas, Tu ramdenad SerCeviT
akeTeben mayureblebi nanaxis interpretacias da ramdenad kompleqsuria `gamogonilisa~ da
`realuris~ urTierTdamokidebuleba.
5. sociologebma didi yuradReba dauTmes satelevizio axali ambebis Seswavlas.
satelevizio axali ambebis Sesaswavlad, mTeli rigi gamokvlevebi Caatara glazgos media jgufma
_ glazgos universitetSi momuSave mkvlevrebis jgufma. maTma naSromma, romelic
amtkicebda, rom axali ambebis reportaJebi, garkveulwilad, tendenciuri iyo, dasabami daudo
xangrZliv polemikas, romelic dResac grZeldeba.
6. Janris idea mniSvnelovania teleprogramebis sxvadasxva tipis daxasiaTebis dros. Janri
gulisxmobs im urTierTgagebas, romelic arsebobs programis Semqmnelebsa da mayureblebs
Soris imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu `ras~ uyureben. axali ambebi, sapnis opera, saTamaSo Sou da
Trilerebi, sxvadasxva Janris magaliTebia.
7. Camoyalibda mTeli rigi sxvadasxva Teoria mediisa da popularuli kulturis Sesaxeb.
inisi da makluhani amtkiceben, rom sazogadoebaze mediis gavlena ufro metad gansazRvrulia
imiT, Tu rogor gadascems da ara ras gadascems media. makluhanis sityvebiT, `media aris
Setyobineba~; magaliTad, televizia zegavlenas axdens adamianTa qcevasa da ganwyobebze,
radgan is Tavisi bunebiT Zalian gansxvavdeba mediis sxva formebisgan, rogoricaa gazeTebi da
wignebi.
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313
8. habermasi, bodriari da tompsoni mniSvnelovani Teoretikosebi arian. habermasi

miuTiTebs mediis rolze `sazogadoebriv sferoSi~ _ sazogadoebrivi azrisa da sazogadoebrivi
debatebis sferoSi.
bodriarze didi gavlena moaxdina makluhanis Sexedulebebma. mas swams, rom axali
media, gansakuTrebiT televizia, faqtobrivad, cvlis `realobas,~ romelic Cveni cxovrebiseuli
gamocdilebaa.
topsoni amtkicebs, rom masmediam Seqmna socialuri urTierTqmedebis axali forma _
`gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba~, romelic ufro SezRuduli, viwro da calmxrivia, vidre
yoveldRiuri socialuri interaqcia.
9. dRes imis SegrZneba, rom vcxovrobT erT msoflioSi, umTavresad, imis Sedegia, rom
komunikaciis media saerTaSoriso masStabisaa. Seiqmna msoflio informaciuli wesrigi _
informaciuli saqonlis warmoebis, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis saerTaSoriso sistema. msoflio
informaciul wesrigSi, industriuli qveynebis dominanturi mdgomareobis gamo, bevrs sjera, rom
mesame msoflios qveynebi media imperializmis axal formaze arian damokidebulni.
10. Zalian didi kompaniebis mcire raodenobas gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ukavia media
industriebSi mTel msoflioSi. zogierT maTgans xelmZRvaneloben gamoCenili media
antrepreniorebi, maTgan yvelaze cnobilia repert merdoki. bevri kritikosi SeSfoTebulia imiT,
rom mediis Zalaufleba koncentrirebulia iseTi Zlieri pirovnebebis xelSi, romlebic, maTi TqmiT,
ar arian angariSvaldebulni demokratiuli procedurebis winaSe.
11. bolo wlebSi warmoiSva multimedia, rac dakavSirebulia internetis ganviTarebasa da
ìnformaciuli supermagistralis~ SesaZlo SeqmnasTan. `multimedia~ gulisxmobs sxvadasxva
teqnologiis mqone gansxvavebuli mediis erTian mediad gaerTianebas im mizniT, rom,
magaliTad, CD-ROM-s hqondes rogorc gamosaxulebebi, ise xma, da misi dakvra SesaZlebeli
iyos kompiuterze. bevri pretenzia gamoiTqva am movlenebis SesaZlo socialuri Sedegebis
Sesaxeb, magram jer kidev Zalian adrea gavakeToT daskvnebi, Tu ramdenad dadasturdeba es
varaudebi.
Nick Abercrombie, Television and Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996). Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi televiziis rolisa da im saSualebebis gacnoba, romelTa daxmarebiTac iqmneba da
moixmareba teleprogramebi.
James W. Carey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (London:
Unwin Hyman, 1989). eseebis saintereso da xelmisawvdomi krebuli tradiciul da Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi komunikaciisa da mediis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
Richard Collins and Cristina Murroni, New Media, New Policies (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1996). axali komunikaciebis, media teqnologiebisa da maTi regulirebis mimoxilva.
John Eldridge (ed.), Getting the Message: News, Truth and Power (London: Routledge,
1993). glazgos media jgufis naSromebis ganxilvebis ganaxlebuli versia.
John Eldridge (ed.), Glasgow Media Group Reader, vol. 1 (London: Routledge, 1995).
axali ambebis Sinaarsis, enisa da gamosaxulebebis sasargeblo analizi.
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314
John Fiske, Understanding Popular Culture (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). masobrivi
kulturis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso da maprovocirebeli kamaTi.
James Lull, Media, Communication, Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1955). sasargeblo
kvleva masobrivi komunikaciis kulturuli gavlenis Sesaxeb.
Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (London: Hobber and Stoughton, 1955). angariSi
axali informaciuli teqnologiis gavlenis Sesaxeb.
The Polity Reader in Cultural Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
John Thompson, The Media and Modernity: a Social Theory of the Media (Cambridge:
Polity Press, 1995). Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis ganviTarebaSi mediis rolis axali analizi.
sazogadoebrivi azri gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba

Janri simboluri Zalaufleba
globaluri sofeli msoflio informaciuli wesrigi
sazogadoebrivi sfero mediis regulacia
hiperrealoba multimedia
simulakra informaciuli supermagistrali
pirispir urTierTqmedeba interneti
gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba kibersivrce
Tavi 15
ganaTleba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
wera-kiTxvisa da skolebis ganviTareba
britanuli sistemis warmoSoba da ganviTareba

fasiani skolebi. ganaTleba da politika
skolis sistemaTa Sedareba

dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba
umaRlesi ganaTleba
saerTaSoriso Sedarebebi. sistema britaneTSi
genderi da ganaTlebis sistema

genderi da umaRlesi ganaTleba
ganaTleba da eTnikuroba
Teoriebi skolis Sesaxeb
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315
bernStaini: enobrivi kodebi. boulzi da gintisi: skolebi da industriuli kapitalizmi. iliCi: faruli
kurikulumi
ganaTleba da kulturuli aRwarmoeba

uilisi: kulturuli aRwarmoebis analizi
ganaTleba da uTanasworoba
koulmanis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb. ufro gviani
kvlevebi. skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva
inteleqti da uTanasworoba
ra aris inteleqti? emociuri da interpersonaluri inteleqti
ganaTlebis momavali
ganaTleba da axali sakomunikacio teqnologia. ganaTlebis teqnologiebi
Sejameba
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316
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ganaTleba. kulturuli reproduqcia
sakuTari Tavi Jan-pol didionis adgilas warmoidgineT. es aris glexi biWi, romelic daaxloebiT ori
saukunis win frang fermerTa TemSi izrdeboda. 1750 wels Jan-poli ToTxmeti wlis iyo. man
wera-kiTxva ar icoda, magram im periodSi es sruliad Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeboda. mis
sofelSi zrdasruli asakis ramdenime adamians Tu SeeZlo erT-or sityvaze metis wakiTxva.
maxlobel regionebSi aris skolebi, romlebsac berebi da monazvnebi uZRvebian, magram Jan-
polma am skolebis Sesaxeb araferi icis. misi garemocvidan, adgilobrivi mRvdlis garda, skolaSi
aravis uswavlia. gasul rva-cxra weliwads Jan-poli umetes dros yanaSi muSaobas andomebda da
ojaxis wevrebs saSinao saqmeSi exmareboda. rac ufro metad gaizrdeba, miT ufro meti drois
daxarjva mouwevs mamis miwis dasamuSaveblad aucilebel mZime fizikur Sromaze.
savaraudod, Jan-poli mSobliur adgils arasodes datovebs, is mTel cxovrebas sofelsa da mis
garSemo ganlagebul yanebSi gaatarebs, sxva adgilobriv soflebsa da qalaqebs iSviaTad
estumreba. mamiseuli miwis nakveTi mas, savaraudod, memkvidreobiT mxolod maSin
gadaecema, rodesac is ormocdaaTi wlis asaks gadascdeba da miwas umcros ZmebTan erTad
gankargavs. Jan-polma icis, rom is “frangia”, mis qveyanas erTi monarqi marTavs da
safrangeTis sazRvrebs miRma sxva, ufro didi samyaro arsebobs. magram mas “safrangeTis,”
rogorc gamokveTili politikuri erTeulis, Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena aqvs. Jan-pols sxvagan
mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb regularuli informaciis wyaro ar gaaCnia. safrangeTis sazRvrebs
miRma arsebuli didi samyaros Sesaxeb mas mxolod ufrosebisgan, maT Soris, ramdenime
mogzauris monaTxrobidan smenia. Temis sxva wevrebis msgavsad, iseTi mniSvnelovani
cnobebi, rogoric, magaliTad, mefis gardacvalebaa, man SeiZleba ramdenime dRis, kviris, zogjer
ki, Tvis Semdeg Seityos.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Jan-poli, Tanamedrove gagebiT, gaunaTlebelia, is sulac ar aris umecari.
man Zalian kargad icis, rogor izrunos ojaxsa da bavSvebze, radgan mcire asakidan mas
umcrosi da-Zmebis movla evaleba. zedmiwevniT erkveva miwis damuSavebis sakiTxebSi,
mosavlis aRebis meTodebsa da sakvebis Senaxvis wesebSi. kargad icnobs adgilobriv wes-
Cveulebebsa da tradiciebs. sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobis garda, mas bevri sxva xeloba,
magaliTad, qsova da kalaTebis damzadebac xelewifeba.
Jan-poli gamogonili personaJia, magram is adreuli periodis modernuli evropis tipuri

warmomadgenelia. SevadaroT zemoT moyvanili magaliTi dRevandel situacias. industriul
qveynebSi, wera-kiTxva, savaraudod, yvelam icis. Cven vacnobierebT, rom garkveuli
sazogadoebis wevrebi varT da Cveni geografiuli mdebareobisa da warsulis Sesaxeb minimaluri
warmodgena mainc gvaqvs. Cvens cxovrebaze, mcire asakidan moyolebuli, gavlenas axdens
informacia, romelic wignebis, gazeTebis, Jurnalebisa da televiziis saSualebiT mogvewodeba.
yovel Cvengans skolaSi formaluri ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli. Cveni cxovrebis wesze, skolebisa
da kolejebis mier uzrunvelyofil formalur swavlebasTan erTad, beWduri sityva da eleqtronuli
komunikaciac axdens fundamentur gavlenas.
am TavSi SeviswavliT, Tu rogor ganviTarda dRevandeli ganaTleba da mis socialur gavlenas

gavaanalizebT. pirvel rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor ganviTarda skolebi gaerTianebul samefoSi,
gavaanalizebT ra skolis sxvadasxva tipsa da ganaTlebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT wamoWril
politikur debatebs. Semdeg erTmaneTs SevadarebT britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi skolebSi
swavlebis process, sanam umaRlesi ganaTlebis ganxilvaze gadavalT. aRvwerT ra ZiriTad
Teoriul midgomebs ganaTlebisadmi, momdevno TavebSi gavaanalizebT ganaTlebisa da
uTanasworobis sakiTxebs.
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317
wera-kiTxvisa da skolebis ganviTareba
termini “skola” berZnuli warmoSobisaa da dasvenebas Tu rekreacias niSnavs. preindustriul

sazogadoebebSi, skolaSi swavla mxolod im mcire raodenobis adamianebs SeeZloT, visac
amisTvis sakmarisi dro da saxsrebi gaaCndaT. xSir SemTxvevaSi, wera-kiTxvis unars
srulyofilad mxolod mRvdlebi an saeklesio liderebi flobdnen da am codnas sakraluri teqstebis
kiTxvisa da interpretaciis dros iyenebdnen. aRzrdis procesSi, adamianTa umravlesoba imave
socialur da SromiT unar-Cvevebs iTvisebda, raSic maTi ufrosi ojaxis wevrebi iyvnen
daostatebulni. rogorc aRvniSneT, bavSvebi, Cveulebriv, mcire asakidan saSinao saqmianobiT
iyvnen dakavebulni da ufrosebs miwis damuSavebasa da xelobaSic exmarebodnen. yoveldRiur
yofaSi, kiTxvis codna maT srulebiT ar sWirdebodaT.
wera-kiTxvis arcodnis kidev erTi mizezi is gaxldaT, rom yvela teqsti xeliT iyo gadawerili,
Sesabamisad, iSviaTi iyo da ZviradRirebuli. situacia mas Semdeg Seicvala, rac CineTSi
dawyebuli beWdvis praqtika evropaSic dainerga. pirveli sabeWdi presi dasavleTSi 1454 wels
iohan gutenbergma gamoigona. beWdvis Sedegad, teqstebi da dokumentebi gacilebiT ufro
xelmisawvdomi gaxda. es, wignebisa da pamfletebis garda, kompleqsuri sazogadoebis
marTvisTvis savaldebulo rutinuli xasiaTis masalebsac moicavda. magaliTad, daiwera da farTod
gavrcelda samarTlis kodeqsi. Canawerebi, angariSebi da rutinuli xasiaTis monacemebi
mTavrobis, ekonomikuri sawarmoebisa da, zogadad, organizaciebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.
cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, naweri masalebis mzardi moxmarebis gamo, wera-kiTxvis
codnis done (dawyebiT doneze kiTxvisa da weris unari), warsulTan SedarebiT, gaizarda. am
periodSi gaCnda ganaTlebis Tanamedrove gageba, rac sagangebod Seqmnil skolis garemoSi
moswavleebis instruqtaJs gulisxmobs. miuxedavad amisa, erTnaxevari saukunis Semdegac ki,
SeZlebuli adamianebis Svilebi xSirad kerZo maswavleblebisgan iRebdnen ganaTlebas.
mecxramete saukunis pirvel aTwleulebamde, mosaxleobis umravlesoba skolebSi ar swavlobda.
am dros evropul qveynebsa da SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo saskolo sistemis Seqmna daiwyo.
industrializaciisa da qalaqebis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebuli procesebis Sedegad, gaizarda

moTxovna specializebul skolebze. adamianebs mravali gansxvavebuli saqmianoba gauCndaT da
maTi samuSao unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebas, mSoblebisgan SvilebisTvis gadacemuli codna aRar
yofnida. codna mxolod specifikuri unar-Cvevebis gadacemas ki ara, aramed sul ufro met
abstraqtul (maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis, literaturisa da a. S.) ganaTlebas
gulisxmobs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, adamianebs ZiriTadi unar-Cvevebis, kiTxvis, weris,
angariSisa da maTi fizikuri, socialuri da ekonomikuri garemos zogadi codnac moeTxovebaT.
Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom maT swavlis unar-Cvevebic hqondeT, raTa informaciis axali da
zogjer Zalze teqnikuri formebis daufleba SeeZloT.
britanuli sistemis warmoSoba da ganviTareba
Tanamedrove ganaTlebis sistemis formireba, umravles dasavlur sazogadoebebSi, pirvelad

mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moxda. sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, integraluri erovnuli
sistema yvelaze gvian britaneTSi dafuZnda. SotlandiaSi ganaTleba ufro iyo ganviTarebuli, vidre
inglissa da uelsSi. 1818 wels, ganaTlebis sakiTxebis Semswavlelma komitetma ganacxada, rom
“inglisi, ganaTlebis sakiTxSi, kontinentze mis yvela sxva metoqes CamorCeba.” me-19
saukunis Sua wlebSi, holandiaSi, Sveicariasa da germaniaSi, dawyebiT skolebSi, met-naklebad,
mTeli mosaxleoba iRebda ganaTlebas, magram inglissa da uelsSi, am mxriv, gacilebiT uaresi
mdgomareoba iyo.
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318
1870 wlis Semdeg (rodesac britaneTSi pirvelad dafuZnda savaldebulo ganaTleba), meore
msoflio omamde, arsebuli xelisuflebebis iniciativiT, sul ufro izrdeboda ganaTlebis dafinanseba.
skolis damTavrebis asaki aTidan ToTxmet wlamde gaizarda, aSenda axali skolebi, magram
ganaTleba mTavrobis intervenciis ZiriTad sferod mainc ar iqca. (Chapman, 1986). skolebis
umravlesobas, adgilobrivi samTavrobo sabWos kontroliT, kerZo piri an saeklesio xelisufleba
marTavda. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, ganaTlebisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba Seicvala.
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis wvevamdelebs, unarebisa da codnis Semowmebis mizniT, gamocda
CautardaT. xelisuflebisTvis moulodnelad, Sedegebma ganaTlebis uaRresad dabali done
gamoavlina. omis Semdgom reformebs Soris, erT-erT perspeqtivad mTavrobam arsebuli
ganaTlebis sistemis gadaxedva daisaxa.
1944 wlamde britaneli bavSvebis didi umravlesoba mxolod ufaso dawyebiT skolebSi
swavlobda, romelsac 14 wlis asakSi amTavrebdnen. dawyebiTi swavlebis sistemis paralelurad,
saSualo skolebic arsebobda, magram saSualo ganaTlebis misaRebad mSoblebs fuli unda
gadaexadaT. am sistemis wyalobiT, bavSvebi mkveTrad iyvnen gamijnulni socialuri klasebis
mixedviT – TiTqmis yvela xelmokle bavSvi mxolod dawyebiT ganaTlebas iRebda. universitetSi
mosaxleobis ori procentic ar swavlobda. 1944 wlis ganaTlebis Sesaxeb kanonis SemuSavebis
Semdeg, ramdenime mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganxorcielda. erT-erTi aseTi cvlileba sayovelTao
ufaso saSualo ganaTlebis SemoRebas, skolis damTavrebis asakis TxuTmet wlamde gazrdasa da
yvela adamianis Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT uzrunvelyofas gulisxmobda. ganaTleba adgilobrivi
arCeuli xelisuflebis ZiriTadi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxad iqca.
kanonis amoqmedebis Sedegad, ganaTlebis adgilobrivi administraciis umravlesobam, bavSvebis

moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, saSualo ganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofis mizniT, akademiuri SerCeva
daiwyo. TerTmeti wlis _ anu dawyebiTidan saSualo skolaSi gadasvlis _ asakSi akademiuri
SerCeva, savaraudod, socialuri warmomavlobis miuxedavad, unariani da naklebad
ganviTarebuli bavSvebis gadarCevis saSualebas iZleoda. TerTmeti wlis asakSi bavSvebis
umravlesobas utardeboda gamocda, romlis Sedegad, isini an gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo
(ufro “akademiur” bavSvze gaTvlil), an saSualo Tanamedrove (profesiul swavlebaze
orientirebul) skolaSi rCebodnen. bavSvebis umciresoba teqnikur an specialur skolaSi
agrZelebda ganaTlebis miRebas. ganaTlebis gagrZelebis msurvelebs, skolaSi swavlis
SesaZlebloba Cvidmeti wlis asakamde hqondaT.
1960-iani wlebisTvis – nawilobriv, sociologiuri kvlevis wyalobiT – naTeli gaxda, rom TerTmeti
wlis asakSi akademiuri SerCevis Sedegebma molodini ar gaamarTla. 1959 wels krouteris mier
warmodgenilma angariSma daadastura, rom skolaSi Cvidmet wlamde swavla moswavleebis
mxolod 12%-ma gaagrZela. skolaSi swavlis ufro adreul asakSi Sewyvetis mizezi klasobrivi
warmomavloba ufro iyo, vidre akademiuri moswreba. leiboristulma mTavrobam, romelic
qveyanas saTaveSi kvlav 1964 wels Caudga, zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebi daafuZna, riTic
gaauqma gaZlierebuli swavlebisa da Tanamedrove saSualo skolebs Soris dayofa, ris Sedegad,
gansxvavebuli klasobrivi warmomavlobis bavSvebma erTnair skolebSi daiwyes swavla. Tumca,
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolis SemoTavazeba bundovani xasiaTisa iyo: “sayovelTao
gaZlierebuli swavleba” Tu sruliad axali tipis ganaTleba. problemis erTianad mogvareba ver
moxerxda da sxvadasxva skolam da regionma sakuTari midgoma ganaviTara. zogierTi
adgilobrivi xelisuflebisTvis, zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi miuRebeli aRmoCnda da gaZlierebuli
swavlebis saSualo skolebi ramdenime regionSi dRemde arsebobs.
1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saxelmwifo ganaTlebaze Zlier imoqmeda situaciis radikalurma

cvlilebam. samuSao Zala Semcirda da ekonomikisTvis savaldebulo unar-CvevebiT
uzrunvelmyof skolebze moTxovna gaizarda. am periodSi, umuSevroba gaizarda da samTavrobo
dafinanseba Semcirda. omisSemdgomi periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ganaTlebis ganviTarebis
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319
tendencia uecrad sapirispiro damokidebulebiT Seicvala da, am mimarTulebiT, samTavrobo

xarjebis Semcirebis mcdelobebi ganxorcielda. Sua 1970-iani wlebidan 1990-iani wlebis
dasawyisamde saxelmwifos mier ganaTlebaze daxarjuli Tanxebi sazogadoebrivi xarjebis 6.3
procentidan 5 procentamde daeca.
1988 wels ganaTlebis Sesaxeb miRebuli kanonis Sedegad, ramdenime mniSvnelovani reforma
ganxorcielda – zogierT maTgans didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. sxva sferoebSi ganxorcielebul
politikasTan erTad, konservatuli mTavroba ganaTlebaSi sabazro konkurenciis elementis
damkvidrebas Seecada. skolis direqtorebs ufro didi finansuri pasuxismgebloba daekisraT da
skolebs ganaTlebis sferoSi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kontrolisgan ganTavisuflebisa da
“damoukidebeli saxelmwifo skolis” saxeliT moqmedebis ufleba miecaT. SemoRebul iqna
saxelmwifo seqtorSi swavlebis universaluri struqturis ganmsazRvreli sayovelTao erovnuli
kurikulumi (Johnson, 1991).
1992 wels axali safinanso saagento dafuZnda, romelsac damoukideblad moqmedi skolebis
teritoriiT uzrunvelyofa daekisra. TeTr wignSi, romelic detalurad aRwers saagentos funqciebs,
mTavroba imeds gamoTqvams, ,,rom droTa ganmavlobaSi yvela skola dafinansdeba grantiT,”
rac imas niSnavs, rom yvela skola damoukidebeli gaxdeba. Tumca, 1995 wlisTvis 23 000
saxelmwifo skolidan, amgvari gza mxolod 1000-ma skolam airCia.
fasiani skolebi
sazogadoebrivi skolebi britaneTSi iSviaTi movlenaa. sazogadoebrivi skolebis nacvlad, aq,

piriqiT, kerZo, fasiani institutebis simravle aRiniSneba. sxva qveynebis sistemisgan es skolebi,
ZiriTadad, ganaTlebis sistemis damoukideblobis xarisxiTa da sazogadoebaSi maTTvis
gankuTvnili mniSvnelovani roliT gansxvavdeba. sazogadoebrivi skolebi, rogorc wesi,
saxelmwifo daqvemdebarebaSi imyofeba, magram, realurad, maTze ganaTlebis
kanonmdeblobis ramdenime mniSvnelovanma punqtma moaxdina gavlena. 1944 wels miRebuli
kanonis farglebSi zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis SemoRebis Semdeg, am skolebSi araferi
Secvlila; skolebis umravlesoba dRemde mxolod erTi sqesis moswavleebs emsaxureba.
religiur dominaciebTan dakavSirebuli kerZo skolebi, yvela dasavlur qveyanaSi arsebobs,

magram britanulis msgavs eqskluziur da mniSvnelovan kerZo skolebs, verc erT sxva
sazogadoebaSi ver SexvdebiT. dakvirvebis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom saxelmwifo ganaTlebas
saukuneze met xans iseTi adamianebi edgnen saTaveSi, romlebsac es sfero TiTqmis srulebiT ar
ainteresebdaT da sakuTar Svilebs amgvar skolaSi arasodes miabarebdnen.
inglisSi daaxloebiT 2 300 fasiani skolaa, romlebSic mosaxleobis 7 procenti iRebs ganaTlebas.
es skolebi sxvadasxva organizaciebs, maT Soris, iseT prestiJul institutebs, rogoric itoni, ragbi da
Carterhausia da, farTo sazogadoebisTvis ucnob, e.w. mcire sazogadoebriv skolebs, moicavs.
arsebobs izolirebul qalaqebSi ganlagebuli sadReRamiso skolebi, zogierTi maTgani ki,
magaliTad, vestminsteri, qalaqebis centrSi, saqmian nawilSia ganTavsebuli. zogi skola religiur
denominaciazea mibmuli; amgvari skolebis ricxvs eimplforTis kaTolikuri skola ganekuTvneba.
1988 wlis ganaTlebis reformis kanonis miRebis Sedegad, yvela saxelmwifo skola standartul
erovnul kurikulums daeqvemdara, romlis Tanaxmad, moswavleebs Svidi, TerTmeti, ToTxmeti
da Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi, testirebuli gamocdis Cabareba daevalaT. erovnuli kurikulumis
SemoRebas, pedagogiuri profesiis zogierTma jgufma aqtiuri winaaRmdegoba gauwia. maT
standartizebuli testirebis forma ar moiwones da miiCnies, rom kurikulumi usafuZvlo
SezRudvebs gamoiwvevda. 1993 wlis zafxulSi testirebuli gamocdis danergvis gamo,
maswavleblebma gaficvis saprotesto formas mimarTes.
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erovnuli kurikulumis SeqmnaSi fasiani skolebis warmomadgenlebmac miiRes monawileoba;

Tumca am skolebs kurikulumisadmi daqvemdebareba ar evalebaT. fasian skolebSi swavlebis
procesi, survilis mixedviT xorcieldeba da maTTvis arc testirebuli gamocdis Catarebaa
savaldebulo. skolebis umravlesobam Tavad arCia erovnuli kurikulumis mixedviT swavleba,
Tumca zogierTma misi ignorireba moaxdina.
zogierTi ganaTlebis specialisti ZiriTad fasian skolebs “sazogadoebriv skolebs” uwodebs.

arsebobs direqtorTa konferenciis (HMC) wevri skolebi, romlebic, Tavdapirvelad, 1871 wels
Seiqmna. Tavidan konferencia sul ormocdaaT skolas aerTianebda. axla maTi ricxvi 233-mde
gaizarda. konferenciis wevrebi zemoxsenebuli itoni, ragbi da sxva skolebia.
HMC skolis kursdamTavrebulebs, britanul sazogadoebaSi, maRali poziciebi uWiravT.

magaliTad, 1991 wels gamoqveynebuli ivan reidisa da sxvebis kvleva adasturebs, rom
mosamarTleTa 84, bankis direqtorebis 70 da maRali Tanamdebobis samoqalaqo moxeleTa 49
procenti HMC skolebSi swavlobda (Reid et al., 1991).
1990 wels, jon meijorma, konservatuli partiis lideris Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad, kampania
wamoiwyo da ganacxada, rom is “uklaso sazogadoebaze” ocnebobs. meijorma am idealisadmi
erTguleba sakuTari karieris magaliTze daamtkica. man Teqvsmeti wlis asakSi skolaSi swavlas
Tavi daaneba da arc ganaTlebis kvalifikaciebis simravliT gamoirCeoda. miuxedavad amisa, misi
kabinetis pirveli Sekrebis Semdeg, naTeli gaxda, rom uklaso sazogadoebis Seqmna Soreuli
momavlis sakiTxi iyo (Walford, 1993). kabinetis 22 wevridan 19-s fasiani skola hqonda
damTavrebuli (am kabinetis yvela wevri mamakaci iyo). kabinetSi mxolod erTi iseTi
warmomadgeneli aRmoCnda, romlis Svilebi saxelmwifo saSualo skolaSi iRebdnen ganaTlebas.
ganaTleba da politika
ganaTleba, didi xania, politikuri davis sagania, rac 1990-ian wlebSic grZeldeba.
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebis gavlenaze, ganaTlebis standartebsa da farTo sazogadoebaSi
arsebul uTanasworobaze, am periodSi xangrZlivi debatebi mimdinareobda. Tavidan, zogad
ganaTlebas mxars politikuri speqtris orive mimarTuleba uWerda. rogorc aRvniSneT, zogadi
ganaTlebis sistema leiboristulma mTavrobam aamoqmeda. aqedan gamomdinare, zogadi
ganaTlebis mxardaWera, memarjvene politikosebTan SedarebiT, ufro memarcxene
politikosebTan asocirdeba. zogadi ganaTlebis damfuZneblebs miaCndaT, rom axali skolebi
moswavleebs ufro uzrunvelyofda Tanabari SesaZleblobebiT, vidre es SerCeviTi ganaTlebis
pirobebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. isini kurikulums nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen da, ZiriTadad,
ganaTlebis miRebis Tanabar xelmisawvdomobaze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas.
rodesac premier ministris posti qalbatonma TetCerma daikava, konservatorebma

zogadsaganmanaTleblo saskolo ganaTlebis kritika ufro Tamamad daiwyes.
zogadsaganmaTleblo sistemis SemoRebis Semdeg, gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebis
gaauqmeba daiwyo, rac maT dauSveblad miaCndaT. isini Tvlidnen, rom saSualo doneze
sxvadasxva tipis skola unda arsebobdes, raTa mSoblebs hqondeT didi arCevani da Svilebs
maTTvis sasurveli ganaTleba miscen.
1980-iani wlebis bolos qalbatoni TetCeri skolebis marTvis sistemaSi “revoluciuri cvlilebebis”
aucileblobaze alaparakda. revolucia giganturi zogadsaganamnaTleblo skolebis daSlasa da
ganaTlebis sferoSi skolebis marTvaze pasuxismgebeli adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gavlenis
Semcirebas gulisxmobda. erovnuli kurikulumis dafuZnebis garda, 1988 wels, ganaTlebis
Sesaxeb kanonis farglebSi, skolis menejmentis axali sistemac SemuSavda, saxelwodebiT
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“skolebis adgilobrivi menejmenti.” skolebis administracias im centralizaciis dabalanseba

daevala, romelic uciloblad axlda erovnuli kurikulumis SemoRebas. aseve daigegma qalaqis
teqnologiis kolejebis (CTC) axali jgufisa da grantiT dafinansebuli skolebis dafuZneba.
CTC programam ar gaamarTla da 1993 wels moqmedeba Sewyvita. am periodSi, aseTi sul
TxuTmeti koleji arsebobda. 1992 wels axali TeTri wigni gamoica, romelic skolebis
damoukideblobis procesis daCqarebas isaxavda miznad. ganaTlebis sferoSi adgilobrivi
xelisuflebis roli sagrZnoblad unda Semcirebuliyo. grantiT dafinansebul skolebs, romlebmac
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kontrolis qveS yofna aRar isurves, amJamad axali samTavrobo
organizacia, skolebis dafinansebis saagento marTavs.
zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistema da misi kritikosebi
zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemis kritikosebs miaCniaT, rom man ormxriv ar gaamarTla. maTi

azriT, zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemam araTu ver SesZlo Tanabari SesaZleblobebis
uzrunvelyofa, aramed ukuprocesi gamoiwvia. xelmokle niWier bavSvebs, TerTmeti wlis asakSi
gardamavali testirebuli gamocdis Cabarebis SemTxvevaSi, warmatebis miRwevis saSualeba
eZlevaT. zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolaSi ki, isini am mxriv, SezRudul pirobebSi arian.
kritikosTa gancxadebiT, aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom zogadsaganmanaTleblo skola dabali donis
standartul ganaTlebas iZleva, radgan amgvar skolebSi ar xdeba warCinebuli swavlis waxaliseba
da specializacias naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
zogadsaganmanaTleblo saskolo sistemis SemoRebamde, moswavleTa 20 procenti TerTmeti wlis

asakSi gardamaval testirebul gamocdas abarebda da gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolaSi
agrZelebda ganaTlebis miRebas. reforma Sereuli skolebis Seqmnas isaxavda miznad, sadac
unarian da naklebad unarian bavSvebs erTad unda mieRoT ganaTleba. savaraudod,
zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 20 procents unda
eswavla.
movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda. sagamocdo Sedegebis mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli unarebis

mqone bavSvebis 20-procentiani an ufro didi maCvenebeli zogadsaganamnaTleblo skolebis
mxolod 27%-Si dafiqsirda. 20-procentianze ufro maRali maCvenebeli skolebis 18 procentSi
gamovlinda. gansxvavebuli saxelwodebis miuxedavad, es skolebi, realurad, gaZlierebuli
swavlebis saSualo skolebad iqca. am sistemaSi arsebuli naklebad warmatebuli skolebi, met-
naklebad, saSualo Tanamedrove skolebis ekvivalenturi gaxda. am skolebis 38 procentSi,
gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis 10 procenti dafiqsirda, 16 procentSi ki _
maCvenebelma 5 procentsac ver miaRwia.
SerCevis procesi, romelic am situaciias udevs safuZvlad, ramdenime gziT xorcieldeba. pirvel
rigSi, TeTrTmeti wlis asakSi gardamavali testirebuli gamocdis Cabareba bolomde arasodes
gauqmebula. arsebobs 95 gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skola, romlebic dResac iyeneben am
tests. gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi amJamadac moqmedebs.
zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemaSi, SerCeva araformalurad xorcieldeba, magram es procesi amis
gamo aranakleb mniSvnelovania. skolebSi garkveuli bavSvebi upiratesobiT sargebloben.
mSoblebi fuls ixdian, raTa bavSvebma skola saukeTeso SedegebiT daamTavron. maT
sWirdebaT garantia, rom skola sworad SearCies.
Svidi xerxi imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom Tqveni Svilebi “karg skolaSi” moxvdnen
1. gadaxda
2. sacxovreblad gadasvla iseT adgilas, sadac 11 wlis asakSi jer kidev bardeba gardamavali testi da bavSvis kerZo
momzadebaze didi Tanxebis daxarjva.
3. informaciis gadamowmeba uZravi qonebis agentebTan; saWiro misamarTis moZiebis mizniT, grafikuli rukis
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Semdgenlis daqiraveba; Tanxis Sovnis mizniT, sesxis aReba; an sakuTari misamarTis arasworad miTiTeba
4. imaSi darwmuneba, rom Tqvens Svilebs ara aqvT gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebi
5. grantiT dafinansebuli skolis xelmZRvanel pirebTan daaxloveba, raTa bavSvs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
miaqcion
6. inglisis eklesiis/ kaTolicizmis/ iudaizmis aRmsareblobis miReba
7. skolis xazinisTvis mniSvnelovani Semowirulobebis SeTavazeba
wyaro: Observer, 7 ianvari, 1996
im skolebis mniSvnelovani wili, romlebmac adgilobrivi xelisuflebis kontrolis qveS yofna aRar
isurves, moswavleebis skolaSi miRebisas, pirovnul da samedicino faqtorebsac iTvaliswinebs.
magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi faqtori imaSi mdgomareobs, iTvleba Tu ara bavSvi “Znelad
aRsazrdelad.” uaxlesi kvlevis mixedviT, amgvari skolebis 50 procenti, SerCevis kriteriumad,
swored am faqtors iyenebs (Hugill, 1996). 1996 wels, konservatorebis mier SemoTavazebuli
winadadebis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo skolas moswavleTa 15 procenti gansakuTrebuli unaris
flobisa an specialuri sagnebis mixedviT, rogoricaa bunebis mecnierebebi da musika, unda
SeerCia. mTavrobisgan miRebuli sagangebo nebarTvis SemTxvevaSi, isini proporciulad ufro
didi raodenobis SerCevasac SeZleben.
xelisuflebis kontrolisgan ganTavisufleba, saskolo sistemaSi mravalferovnebis Setanas isaxavda

miznad, rac mSobels ufro didi arCevanis saSualebas miscemda. magram am procesma,
SesaZloa, uneburmad arCevanis SezRudva gamoiwvios da bavSvebma ver SeZlon maTTvis
sasurvel skolaSi swavlis dawyeba.
leiboristul partias zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistemis dacva sakuTar valdebulebad miaCnia.

magram toni bleris mTavrobam torebis mier SemoRebuli yvela reforma ver aamoqmeda. bleri
adasturebs, rom britanuli saskolo swavlebis standartebi, saerTaSoriso sazomebiT, maRali ar aris
da axal saganmanaTleblo reformebs prioritetul sakiTxad miiCnevs. is aseve aRiarebs, rom
sasurvelia ganaTlebis mravalferovani sistemis arseboba. problema imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu
rogor unda moxdes leiboristebis mier ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Semcirebaze
orientirebuli valdebulebisa da am mravalferovnebis Sejereba. es marTlac Zalze mniSvnelovani
problemaa. mravalferovani sistemis arsebobas fasiani da grantiT dafinansebuli skolebi
uzrunvelyofen; amave dros, isini, ZiriTadad, privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebs
emsaxurebian da amiT xels uwyoben ganaTlebis sistemaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis
SenarCunebas.
axla, vidre umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas ganvixilavT, kidev erTi qveynis, SeerTebuli Statebis,
skolebs gadavavloT Tvali.
skolis sistemebis Sedareba
SeerTebul StatebSi skolebi gaCnda, rogorc pasuxi bavSvebSi disciplinis ganviTarebis

aucileblobaze. meCvidmete saukuneSi, puritanuli rwmenidan gamomdinare, damkvidrda
mosazreba, rom yvela bavSvi sakuTar mSoblebs usityvod unda damorCileboda. Zvel amerikul
koloniebSi es rwmena sakanonmdeblo kodeqsSic ki aisaxa. 1642 wlis iuridiuli dadgenilebiT, im
bavSvebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic, “wvrTnis procesSi, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs ar
damorCildebodnen,” ramdenime mkacri sanqcia SemuSavda. es zoma araefeqturi aRmoCnda,
amitom puritanulma xelisuflebam yvela qalaqSi skolebis gaxsnis brZaneba gasca. 1647 wels
masaCusetsa da konektikutSi pirveli skolebi amoqmedda.
ganaTlebis miReba amerikis Zlier gazrdili mosaxleobisTvis Cveulebriv movlenad mxolod ori
saukunis Semdeg iqca. 1850-iani wlebisTvis mosaxleobas ufaso dawyebiTi ganaTlebiT yvela
Stati uzrunvelyofda, Tumca Tavidan skolaSi swavla savaldebulo ar iyo da mosaxleobis
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323
umravlesoba oficialur saskolo ganaTlebas ar iRebda. savaldebulo ganaTleba, umravles StatSi,

mecxramete saukunis bolos dainerga. am periodSi Zlier gaizarda skolebisa da kolejebis
mSenebloba. 1870 wels qveyanaSi sul 160 sazogadoebrivi skola iyo, 1900 wlisTvis ki amgvari
skolebis ricxvma 6 000-s miaRwia.
saskolo sistemis ganviTarebas saukunis dasawyisSi gansakuTrebiT arTulebda amerikis kulturuli

mravalferovneba. am periodSi amerikaSi, evropidan da sxva qveynebidan, sxvadasxva enaze
mosaubre emigrantebi dafuZndnen, didi samomavalo imedebiT. skola, emigrantebis
gaanglikanurebis procesSi, enobrivi da kulturuli TvlsazrisiT, yvelaze mniSvnelovan gardamaval
etapad iqca. garda amisa, skolaSi moswavleebi amerikul, Tanabar SesaZleblobebze dafuZnebul
idealebs eziarebodnen, rac emigrantebs axali cxovrebis dawyebaSi uwyobda xels. mosazrebam,
rom yvela adamiani dabadebidan Tanasworia, SeerTebul StatebSi masobrivi sazogadoebrivi
ganaTlebis ganviTareba gamoiwvia, sxva qveynebSi ki analogiuri sistema gacilebiT ufro gvian
Camoyalibda. ganaTleba xels uwyobda mobilobas sazogadoebaSi, sadac ar scnobdnen
aristokratul ideals, TiTqos zogierTi adamiani, sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT, dabadebidan
upiratesobiT sargeblobs. Tanasworobis ideasTan erTad, skolebi, warsulSi da amJamadac,
aSkarad Tu farulad, sxva amerikul Rirebulebebsa da rwmenebsac qadageben.
dawyebiTi da saSualo ganaTleba
sxvadasxva qveynebis ganaTlebis sistema, skolaSi swavlis xangrZlivobiTa (ix. cxrili 15.1) da
saganmanaTleblo sistemis organizebis gzebiT, erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. zogierTi
sistema uaRresad centralizebulia; magaliTad, safrangeTSi yvela moswavle erovnulad dadgenil
kurikulums eqvemdebareba da erTnair erovnul gamocdebs abarebs. amis sapirispirod, amerikuli
sistema bevrad ufro fragmentuli xasiaTisaa. skolebi yoveli Statis mier individualurad da uxvad
finansdeba. xarjebis 40 procents Stati uzrunvelyofs, 40 procents ki _ federaluri mTavroba.
danarCeni xarjebi adgilobrivi regionis sagadasaxado Semosavlebis mier ifareba. amis Sedegad,
skolis administrireba sazogadoebrivi arCevnebis safuZvelze arCeuli adgilobrivi saskolo sabWos
mier xorcieldeba, romlis uflebamosileba maswavleblebisa da skolis sxva oficialuri
warmomadgenlebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas, an teqstebisa da sxva sakiTxavi masalis
SerCevas (zog SemTxvevaSi ki dablokvas) iTvaliswinebs.
skolaze amgvari sazogadoebrivi kontrolis dawesebas, araerTgvarovani Sedegebi moaqvs. is,

rom skola sakuTari regionis saWiroebebsa da interesebs pasuxobs, aSkarad, uaRresad dadebiTi
faqtoria. meore mxriv, yvela Tems gansxvavebuli materialuri SesaZleblobebi aqvs, amitom am
sistemidan gamomdinare, erTi ubnis skola, meore ubanTan SedarebiT, met dafinansebas iRebs.
amis gamo, klasis moculoba, skolisTvis xelmisawvdomi pirobebi da kvalificirebuli
maswavleblebis mozidvis gzebi, ubnebis mixedviT, erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba.
cxrili 15.1 qveynebi, saskolo wlebis xangrZlivobis mixedviT, 1992

1 SeerTebuli AStatebi 12.4
2 kanada 12.2
3 norvegia 12.1
4 avstralia 12.0
5 safrangeTi 12.0
6 gaerTianebuli samefo 11.7
7 germania 11.6
8 Sveicaria 11.6
9 avstria 11.4
10 SvedeTi 11.4
11 belgia 11.2
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324
12 holandia 11.1
13 dania 11.0
14 fineTi 10.9
15 iaponia 10.8
16 axali zelandia 10.7
17 luqsemburgi 10.5
18 israeli 10.2
19 ungreTi 9.8
20 barbadosi 9.4
21 samxreT korea 9.3
22 argentina 9.2
23 yofili Cexoslovakia 9.2
24 islandia 9.2
25 estoneTi 9.0
26 latvia 9.0
27 litva 9.0
28 ruseTi 9.0
wyaro: The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, Profile Books Ltd 1996
umaRlesi ganaTleba
saerTaSoriso Sedareba
sazogadoebebi erTmaneTisgan umaRlesi ganaTlebis (Cveulebriv, skolis dasrulebis Semdeg,

universitetetsa an kolejSi swavlis) organizaciiTac gansxvavdeba. zogierT qveyanaSi, yvela
universiteti da koleji sazogadoebriv saagentos warmoadgens, romelic uSualod samTavrobo
wyaroebiT finansdeba. magaliTad, safrangeTis umaRlesi ganaTleba erovnulad aris organizebuli
da masze iseTive centralizebuli kontroli xorcieldeba, rogorc dawyebiT da saSualo ganaTlebaze.
yoveli kursis struqtura umaRlesi ganaTlebis ministris daqvemdebarebaSi myofi erovnuli
maregulirebeli organizaciis mier fasdeba. umaRlesi ganaTlebis ori tipis xarisxi arsebobs; erTs
individualuri universiteti aniWebs, meores ki _ saxelmwifo. specifikuri universitetis mier
miniWebul xarisxTan SedarebiT, erovnuli xarisxi, zogadad, ufro prestiJulad da Rirebulad
iTvleba, radgan is garantirebul universalur standartebs ufro Seesabameba. zogierT samTavrobo
Tanamdebobaze muSaoba mxolod erovnuli xarisxis mflobelebs SeuZliaT. industriul
damsaqmebelTa umravlesobac erovnul xarisxs aniWebs upiratesobas. safrangeTis skolebis,
kolejebisa da universitetebis TiTqmis yvela maswavlebeli saxelmwifos mier daqiravebuli
TanamSromelia. xelfasis odenoba da swavlebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebis struqtura
centralurad aris gansazRvruli.
ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris, kerZo seqtoris kolejebisa da universitetebis didi raodenobiT

SeerTebuli Statebi gamoirCeva. SeerTebul StatebSi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis organizaciebis 54
procenti kerZoa. maT Soris aris Zalze prestiJuli universitetebi, magaliTad, harvardi, prinstoni da
ieli. sazogadoebrivi da kerZo umaRlesi ganaTleba amerikaSi erTmaneTisgan ise mkveTrad
gamijnuli ar aris, rogorc sxva qveynebSi. kerZo universitetebis studentebs sazogadoebrivi
grantebiTa da sesxebiT sargeblobis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT da am universitetebSi warmoebuli
kvleviTi samuSao saxelmwofos mier finansdeba. sazogadoebrivi universitetebi xSirad uxvad
finansdeba SemowirulobebiT, maT kerZo firmebis mierac didi Tanxebi ericxebaT.
universitetebSi warmoebuli kvleviTi samuSao kerZo industriuli wyaroebidan Semosuli
grantebis saSualebiTac xorcieldeba.
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325
britanuli sistema
umaRlesi ganaTlebis britanuli sistema, safrangeTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro

decentralizebulia, magram ufro unitaruli, vidre SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis sistema.
universitetebi da kolejebi mTavrobis mier finansdeba da maswavlebels, saganmanaTleblo
sistemis yvela doneze, erovnuli saxelfaso ganakveTiT dadgenil xelfass uxdian. amis
miuxedavad, am qveyanaSi arsebuli institutebi da kurikulumebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris
organizebuli.
uSualod omamdel periodSi, britaneTSi 21 universiteti arsebobda. am universitetebis

umravlesoba, dRevandeli standartebiT, Zalze mcire iyo. 1937 wels, britanuli universitetebis
studentTa mTeli raodenoba odnav aWarbebda 1981 wels universitetebSi srulad dasaqmebuli
akademiuri personalis raodenobas (Carswell, 1985). universitetis damTavrebis maCvenebeli,
iseT uZveles universitetebSic ki, rogoric kembriji da oqsfordia, Zalze dabali iyo. 1937 wels,
mTeli qveynis masStabiT, kursdamTavrebulTa 75 procenti londonis universitetSi iyo
registrirebuli.
1945-1970 wlebSi, britaneTis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema oTxjer gaizarda. gafarTovda Zveli
da gaCnda axali, kapitalurad naSeni, universitetebi (saseqsi, kenti, stirlingi da iorki).
politeqnikuri saswavleblebis Seqmnam, ordoniani sistemis danergva gamoiwvia. umaRlesi
ganaTlebis meore done SedarebiT ufro masStaburi iyo, msurvelebs kursebis farTo arCevans
oTxasi koleji sTavazobda. politeqnikuri saswavleblebi, universitetebTan SedarebiT, profesiul
kursebze ufro amaxvilebda yuradRebas. Seiqmna Sefasebis erovnuli akademiuri sabWo,
organizacia, romelic umaRlesi ganaTlebiT miniWebuli xarisxebis universalur standartTan
Sesabamisobis aRiarebas isaxavda miznad.
dRes, umaRlesi ganaTlebis britanul institutebs “standartuli sistemis” institutebs uwodeben. es

imas niSnavs, rom lestersa an lidsSi, Tundac Teoriulad, miniWebuli xarisxi imave standartisaa,
rac kembrijSi, oqsfordSi an londonSi. amis miuxedavad, studentebis oqsfordsa da kembrijSi
miReba yvelaze mkacri SerCeviT xdeba da am studentebis daaxloebiT naxevari fasiani skolebis
kursdamTavrebulebi arian. kembrijisa da oqsfordis mier miniWebuli xarisxi ufro iZleva maRali
ekonomikuri pozocis miRwevis Sanss, vidre sxva universitetebSi miRebuli kvalifikaciebi.
imis miuxedavad, rom omisSemdgom periodSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis msurvelTa

raodenoba gaizarda, britaneTis im mosaxleobis procentuli maCvenebeli, romelic universitetebSi
swavlobda, an ufro zogadi wvrTnis saSualebiT agrZelebda ganaTlebis miRebas, ufro dabali
iyo, vidre sxva dasavlur qveynebSi (ix. cxrili 15.1). universitetebSi ganaTlebis miRebis msurveli
studentebis raodenobam, 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, sagrZnoblad
imata. am periodSi, universitetebSi axalgazrda mosaxleobis 25 procenti swavlobda. es faqti,
nawilobriv, imiTac aixsneba, rom universitetis statusi politeqnikurma saswavlebelmac SeiZina.
gafarToebis procesSi, universitetebs mTavrobis mier dawesebul fiqsirebul, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

Semcirebul dafinansebasTan uxdebodaT Segueba. aman umaRlesi ganaTlebis dafinansebaSi
krizisi gamoiwvia. Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelsac rod diaringi Caudga saTaveSi.
komiteti universitetebisa da, zogadad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis momavlis kvlevas isaxavda miznad.
Sua 1990-ian wlebSi, universitetebi da kolejebi safinanso sistemaze morgebas cdiloben, bevri
maTgani ki, gakotrebis zRvarze imyofeba.
axla genderis, eTnikurobisa da ganaTlebis sakiTxebs ganvixilavT da skolis Teoriebsac

gavaanalizebT.
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genderi da ganaTlebis sistema
Tu ar CavTvliT TamaSebSi monawileobas, skolaSi dawesebuli formaluri kurikulumi, biWebsa

da gogonebs erTmaneTisgan sistemurad aRar mijnavs. Tumca, skolaSi miRebis dros aris sxva
mravali sakiTxi, romelic xels uwyobs ganaTlebaSi genderuli gansxvavebis ganviTarebas. es
faruli kurikulumis zogierT aspeqts, magaliTad, maswavleblebis damokidebulebasa da skolis
ritualebs, moicavs. genderuli dayofis erT-erTi aSkara maCvenebeli is aris, rom zogierTi
regulaciis mixedviT, gogonebs skolaSi kabis an qvedakabis Cacma evalebaT. am qmedebis
Sedegi mxolod garegnuli faqtoriT ar Semoifargleba. amis gamo gogonebs Tavisuflad,
mosaxerxebel pozaSi jdoma ar SeuZliaT, ver erTvebian aqtiur da moZrav TamaSebSi, zogjer
swrafadac ki ver darbian. genderuli imijis SenarCunebas xels skolis sakiTxavi teqstebic uwyobs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad am mimarTulebiT samuSao xorcieldeba, wignebSi, romlebsac
dawyebiT skolebSi iyeneben, biWi iniciativis mqone da damoukidebel arsebad aris
warmodgenili, gogona ki, Tu saerTod moixsenieben, ufro pasiur arsebad aris warmoCenili da
mxolod Zmebis movla evaleba. sagangebod gogonebisTvis dawerili ambebi, xSirad,
saTavgadasavlo elements moicavs, magram maTSi warmodgenili intriga an idumalebiT moculi
istoria, ojaxis an skolis garemoSi viTardeba. biWebis saTavgadasavlo ambebi ufro masStaburi
xasiaTisaa, maTi gmirebi Soreul adgilebSi mogzauroben an sxvamxriv amJRavneben
damoukideblobas (Statham, 1986).
wlebis ganmavlobaSi, gogonebi skolaSi, saSualod, biWebTan SedarebiT, saSualo ganaTlebis

Sua wlebamde ukeTesad swavlobdnen. Semdeg warmatebas biWebi ufro aRwevdnen: O daAA
doneze da universitetSi biWebs ukeTesi akademiuri moswreba hqondaT. Tumca, am bolo dros,
es tendencia Seicvala. britanul skolebSi gogonebma, biWebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesi Sedegebi
gamoavlines. 1955 wels, qalTa skolebma xuTi saukeTeso skolis wodeba moipoves. 20 skolidan
14 saukeTeso skola qalTa iyo. 1970-iani wlebis bolosTvis, O done biWebis da gogonebis
msgavsma raodenobam gadalaxa. momdevno wlebSi suraTi Seicvala. gogonebi O da A doneze,
biWebTan SedarebiT, ukeTesad swavloben.
msgavsi situacia dafiqsirda amerikaSic. gogonebTan SedarebiT, specialur ganaTlebas orjer meti
biWi iRebs da swavlasac, damamTavrebel klasebSi, igive raodenoba wyvets. gansxvaveba Tavs
umaRles ganaTlebaSic iCens. SeerTebul StatebSi, universitetSi ufro meti axalgazrda qali
swavlobs, vidre mamakaci, universitetsac ufro meti qali amTavrebs da, damTavrebis Semdeg,
doqtoranturas ufro meti qali agrZelebs (“karierasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi”, The
Economist, 8 ivlisi, 1995).
zogierTebis azriT, es cvlileba mamakacebisa da qalebis poziciis ufro farTo sazogadoebrivi

transformaciiT aris gamowveuli. mamakacebis pozicia bevr sferoSi dominanturi aRar aris da
bevri mwerali “saxeSecvlil maskulinobaze” saubrobs. amJamad ufro meti umuSevari
mamakacia, vidre qali da ojaxis marCenlad, Zveleburad, mxolod mamakaci aRar iTvleba.
biWebi, warsulTan SedarebiT, naklebad arian darwmunebulni imaSi, Tu ra aris maTi
samomavlo cxovrebiseuli mizani.
genderi da umaRlesi ganaTleba
britaneTsa da sxva qveynebSi qalTa organizaciebi xSirad ilaSqreben skolebsa da umaRles

ganaTlebaSi sqesobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg. kolejebisa da universitetebis samuSao
personalSi, jer kidev sagrZnoblad naklebia qalebis raodenoba. britaneTSi, amJamad, sul 120
profesori qalia, rac mTeli Semadgenlobis 4 procentia. 1988 wels, kontraqtiT momuSave
mkvlevarebis 31 procents qalebi warmoadgendnen, Tanamdebobebze ki sul 7 procenti iyo
dakavebuli (Bogdanor, 1990). universitetSi srulad dasaqmebuli leqtori qalebis raodenoba
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proporciulad izrdeba, magram 17 procents mainc ver ascda. wignSi Storming the Tower (1990)
siuzan li da virjinia o’liri mTel msoflioSi, didi britaneTis, SeerTebuli Statebis, germaniis,
norvegiis, indoeTisa da israelis CaTvliT, umaRles ganaTlebaSi dasaqmebuli qalebis SedarebiTi
statistikis analizs awarmoeben. maT mier Seswavlil yvela qveyanaSi, student qalTa wili
Tanmimdevrulad gaizarda omisSemdgom periodSi. SeerTebul StatebSi, israelsa da norvegiaSi,
studenti qalebis ricxvi mTeli raodenobis naxevars Seadgens. Tumca, rac Seexeba akademiur
poziciebs, aq situacia sakmaod mZimea. am qveynebSi universitetis padagogTa mxolod mcire
wili Seadgens qalebs da maTi ricxvi ufro dabal safexurebsa da Tanamdebobebzec
disproporciulad dabalia.
britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebuli SedarebiTi kvlevis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom

orive qveyanaSi qalebs, mamakac kolegebTan SedarebiT, ufro didi akademiur datvirTva aqvT.
isini naklebad arian CarTulni doqtoranturis ganrigSi. mZime akademiuri datvirTvis gamo,
qalebs kvlevisa da publikaciebisTvis naklebi dro rCebaT; publikaciebi da doqtorantebis
xelmZRvaneloba ki dawinaurebisTvis mniSvnelovani kriteriumebia.
ganaTleba da eTnikuroba
britaneTSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul perspeqtivebze,

sociologebis mier bevri kvleva Catarda. gamokvlevebis seria, maT Soris svonis komitetis
angariSi ,,ganaTleba yvelasTvis,” mTavrobamac daafinansa. svonis angariSis mixedviT,
ganaTlebaSi miRweuli warmatebis saSualo donesTan mimarTebaSi, sxvadasxva eTnikuri
warmomavlobis jgufebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba warmoCinda. akademiuri moswrebis
oficialuri monacemebis Tanaxmad, vest indielTa ojaxebis Svilebi skolaSi uaresad swavlobdnen.
aTi wliT adre, maT ufro savalalo mdgomareoba hqondaT. imis miuxedavad, rom azielebi,
TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, ufro mZime ekonomikur pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, aziel da
TeTrkanian bavSvebs Tanabari maCveneblebi hqondaT (Swann Committee, 1985).
mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, suraTi Seicvala. trevor jonsis (1993) mier
Catarebuli gamokvlevis mixedviT, umciresobaTa yvela jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi,
Teqvsmetidan cxramet wlamde, TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, ufro xSirad agrZelebdnen
srulyofili ganaTlebis miRebas. 1988-90 wlebSi, skolebSi TeTrkanianTa 37, vest indielTa 43,
samxreT azielTa 50, da Cinelebis 77 procenti darCa. jonsi am process uaryofiTi mizeziT xsnis.
eTnikur umciresobaTa bevri warmomadgeneli ganaTlebis miRebas, savaraudod, imitom
agrZelebs, rom maT samuSaos povnis problema aqvT.
Teoriebi skolis Sesaxeb
bernStaini: enobrivi kodebi
Tanamedrove ganaTlebis bunebasa da uTanasworobaze misi gavlenis Sesaxeb ramdenime

Teoriuli mosazreba arsebobs. erT-erTi midgoma lingvistur unar-Cvevebs usvams xazs. bazil
bernStains miaCnda, rom sxvadasxva warmomavlobis bavSvebs adreul asakSi gansxvavebuli
kodebi, metyvelebis gansxvavebuli formebi uviTardebaT, rac Semdgom maTze skolaSic axdens
gavlenas (Bernstein, 1975). mas tradiciuli kvlevis Tema - leqsikur da verbalur unar-CevevebSi
asaxuli gansxvavebebi - ar ainteresebs; bernStaini yuradRebas enis gamoyenebis sistemur
gansxvavebaze amaxvilebs, rac xelmokle da SeZlebul bavSvebs mkveTrad mijnavs
erTmaneTisgan.
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bernStaini acxadebs, rom muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvebis metyveleba SezRudul

kods gamoxatavs – isini Tvalsazriss bolomde ar ayalibeben, radgan fiqroben, rom sxva maT
saTqmels isedac gaigebs. SezRuduli kodi dabali klasobrivi Temis an ubnis kulturuli
garemosTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipis metyvelebaa. muSaTa klasis bevri warmomadgeneli
mkacrad eqvemdebareba ojaxisa da ubnis kulturas, romelSic Rirebulebebi da normebi
sayovelTaod dadgenili WeSmaritebis tolfasia da enaSi ar aisaxeba. mSoblebi bavSvebis
socializacias da maTi qcevis koreqcias waxalisebiTa da sayveduriT cdiloben. SezRuduli kodis
ena praqtikul yofaSi ufro gamoiyeneba, vidre abstraqtul ideebze, procesebsa da urTierTobebze
diskusiebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SezRuduli kodirebuli metyveleba dabali klasis ojaxebisa da
TanatolTa im jgufebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romlebTan erTad bavSvebi drois umetes
nawils atareben. metyveleba jgufis normebzea orientirebuli da adamianebi verc ki xsnian, Tu
ratom iqcevian amgvarad.
bernStaini ambobs, rom, amis sapirispirod, saSualo klasis warmomadgenel bavSvTa enobrivi
ganviTareba daxvewil kods ukavSirdeba. es aris metyvelebis stili, rodesac garkveuli situaciuri
moTxovnis mixedviT SesaZlebelia sityvebis mniSvnelobebis individualizeba. saSualo klasis
warmomavlobis bavSvebis mier enis gamoyenebis Seswavla garkveul konteqsts naklebad
ukavSirdeba. bavSvs abstraqtuli ideebis ganzogadeba da gamoxatva ufro martivad SeuZlia.
rodesac saSualo klasis warmomadgeneli dedebi bavSvebs akontroleben, isini maT xSirad
uxsnian, Tu ra mizezebiTa da principebiT aris gamowveuli bavSvis qcevaze gamovlenili
reaqcia. amave dros, Tu muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli deda bavSvs bevri tkbileulis Wamis
gamo sayvedurobs, is mas ubralod eubneba “tkbileuls aRar SeWam!”; saSualo klasis
warmoamdgeneli deda ki, savaraudod, Svils auxsnis, rom bevri tkbileulis Wama misi
janmrTelobisa da kbilebis mdgomareobisTvis sazianoa.
bernStaini acxadebs, rom bavSvebi, romlebsac metyvelebis daxvewili kodi aqvT, ufro ergebian
oficialuri akademiuri ganaTlebis moTxovnebs, vidre SezRuduli kodis moswavleebi. es imas ar
niSnavs, rom qveklasis warmomadgenel bavSvebs metyvelebis “Seuferebeli” stili an
“miuRebeli” enobrivi kodi aqvT. ufro swori iqneba Tu vityviT, rom maT mier gamoyenebuli
metyveleba skolis akademiur kulturas ar uTavsdeba. is, vinc daxvewil kods flobs, skolis
garemos ukeT ergeba.
Tumca bernStainis Teoriis sandooba dResac debatebis sagania, arsebobs garkveuli samxili mis
mxardasaWerad. joan Toum muSaTa klasisa da saSualo klasis bavSvebis ena Seiswavla da maT
Soris sistemuri gansxvaveba aRmoaCina. is mxars uWers bernStainis Teziss, rom dabali klasis
bavSvebi iSviaTad iReben pasuxebs SekiTxvebze da maT sayveduris mizezebsac iSviaTad
ganumartaven (Tough, 1976). analogiur daskvnamde mividnen momdevno kvlevaSi Bbarbara
tizardi da martin hiusi (1984).
bernStainis ideebi imis gagebaSi gvexmareba, Tu ratom aRweven nakleb warmatebas skolaSi
dabali socioekonomikuri warmomavlobis bavSvebi. qvemoT CamoTvlili niSnebi SezRudul
enobriv kods ukavSirdeba da uaryofiTad moqmedebs dabali klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvis
ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul Sansebze:
 bavSvi, savaraudod, SezRudul pasuxebs iRebs SekiTxvebze, romlebsac saxlSi

svams. aqedan gamomdinare, is daxvewili enobrivi kodis mflobel bavSvebTan
SedarebiT, garemomcveli samyaros Sesaxeb naklebad informirebulia da nakleb
cnobismoyvarec;
 bavSvs uemocio da abstraqtul akademiur enasa da skolis disciplinis zogad
principebze reagireba gauWirdeba;
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 maswavlebeli sxvadasxva lingvistur formas iyenebs, mis mier warmoTqmul

sityvaTa umravlesoba bavSvisTvis gaugebaria, radgan es moswavlisTvis nacnobi
metyvelebisgan ganxvavebuli formaa. bavSvma, SesaZloa, maswavleblis enis
misTvis nacnob enaze gadmoTargmna scados, magram amis gamo, savarudod, ver
gaigebs maswavleblis mier gadmocemul ZiriTad principebs;
 bavSvs, SesaZloa, zepirad damaxsovreba da savarjiSoebis Sesruleba ar gauWirdes,
magram misTvis Zneli iqneba konceptualuri gaazreba, rac ganzogadebasa da
abstrahirebas moiTxovs.
boulzi da gintisi: skolebi da industriuli kapitalizmi
semuel boulzis da herbert gintisis naSromi, ZiriTadad, skolis Tanamedrove sistemis

ganviTarebis instituciur safueZvels exeba (Bowles and Gintis, 1976). boulzisa da gintisis ideebi
SeerTebuli Statebis skolebs efuZneba, magram isini sxva dasavlur qveynebsac miesadageba.
jenksis da misi kolegebis (1972) kvlevebis Tanaxmad, ganaTleba ekonomikur Tanasworobaze
did gavlenas ar axdens. maTi azriT, Tanamedrove ganaTleba industriuli kapitalizmis
ekonomikur moTxovnebze reagirebis konteqstSi unda iqnas gagebuli. skola industriuli
sawarmosTvis savaldebulo teqnikuri da socialuri unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelyofs; is moswavleebs
avtoritetebisadmi pativiscemisa da disciplinis grZnobas uviTarebs. skolis administracia da
kontroli ierarqiuli xasiaTisaa da morCilebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; analogiuri urTierTobebi
dominirebs samsaxurebrivi movaleobis Sesrulebis drosac. samsaxurSi waxalisebisa da dasjis
igive meqanizmi moqmedebs, rac skolaSi. skola zogierT adamians “miRwevebisadmi swrafvas”
da “warmatebis” motivacias uviTarebs, sxvebs ki warumateblobisken ubiZgebs da maT,
savarudod, dabalanazRaurebadi samsaxuri elodebaT.
boulzi da gintisi aRiareben, rom masobrivi ganaTlebis ganviTarebas mravali sargebeli moaqvs.
wera-kiTxva, savaraudod, yvelam icis, skola adamians Sinaganad amdidrebs da didi
gamocdilebiT uzrunvelyofs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom ganaTlebis ganviTareba, ZiriTadad,
ekonomikur moTxovnebs pasuxobs, skolis sistemam gacilebiT ufro didi datvirTva SeiZina,
vidre amas ganmanaTlebeli reformatorebi elodnen.
boulzisa da gintisis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove skolebi ususurobis SegrZnebas warmoSobs, rasac

bevri adamiani sxva situaciaSic ganicdis. ganaTlebisTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovani, pirovnul
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli, idealebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi miiRweva, Tu adamianebs
sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebis gakontroleba, niWisa da TviTgamoxatvis unaris ganviTareba
SeuZliaT. dRevandeli sistemis pirobebSi, “Tanamedrove skolebi samarTlebrivad uwyoben xels
uTanasworobis damkvidrebas, zRudaven pirovnul ganviTarebas, radgan adamiani iZulebulia
arbitraruli xelisuflebis moTxovnebs moergos da iseTi pirobebis warmoqmnas ganapirobeben,
rom axalgazrdebs sakuTar bedisweraze uaris Tqma uxdebaT” (Bowles and Gintis, 1976, gv.
266). boulzisa da gintisis azriT, samuSao adgilebze meti demokratia rom iyos da, zogadad,
sazogadoebaSi adamianebi Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen, ganaTlebis sistema adamianebis
individualur ganviTarebas Seuwyobda xels.
iliCi: faruli kurikulumi
ganaTlebis Teoriis sferoSi erT-erTi yvelaze sakamaTo Tvalsazrisi ivan iliCs ekuTvnis. misi
ideebi Tanamedrove ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kritikiT gamoirCeva. is aRniSnavs, rom am
procesSi adamianebi, romlebic manamde TviTkmarni iyvnen, tradiciul unar-Cvevebs kargaven
da janmrTelobis sakiTxSi _ eqimebze, swavlebaSi _ maswavleblebze, garTobisas _ televizorze
da saarsebod _ damsaqmeblebze xdebian damokidebulni. iliCis azriT, mTel msoflioSi
aRiarebuli savaldebulo saskolo ganaTlebis cneba gadaxedvas saWiroebs (Illich, 1973). boulzisa
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da gintisis msgavsad, iliCi xazs usvams kavSirs ganaTlebis ganviTarebasa da disciplinasa da

ierarqiaze orientirebul ekonomikas Soris. misi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, skola ganviTarebis
procesSi oTx ZiriTad amocanas – skolis pirobebSi bavSvze zrunvas, saqmianobis mixedviT
adamianTa ganawilebas, dominanturi Rirebulebebis daswavlasa da socialurad dadgenili unar-
Cvevebisa da codnis dauflebas _ iTvaliswinebs: skola sapatimros msgavs oirganiziaciad iqca,
radgan skolaSi gakveTilebze daswreba savaldebuloa da moswavleebi, adreuli bavSvobidan
samuSaos dawyebamde, “quCas moSorebulni,” mTel dros skolis kedlebSi atareben.
skolaSi bavSvebi bevr rames swavloben, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo gakveTilebis formalur
SinaarsTan. aq ganxorcielebuli disciplinisa da reJimis gamo, skolis organizacia, iliCis sityvebiT,
pasiuri moxmarebis danergvas uwyobs xels – rac arsebuli socialuri wesrigis upirobo aRiarebas
niSnavs. gakveTilebze moswavleebs masala gaucnobiereblad miewodebaT. es is masalaa,
romelsac skolis procedura da organizacia gulisxmobs. faruli kurikulumi bavSvebs aswavlis, rom
“maT sakuTari adgili unda icodnen da es adgili usityvod unda daikavon” (iqve).
iliCi iseTi sazogadoebis momxrea, romelSic savaldebulo saskolo swavleba ar arsebobs. is

aRniSnavs, rom skolaSi savaldebulo swavla SedarebiT axali movlenaa da ar arsebobs imis
mizezi, rom is gardauvali iyos. Tu skola xels ar uwyobs Tanasworobisa da individualuri
SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTarebas, ratom ar SeiZleba, uari vTqvaT mis amJamindel
formaze? iliCi saganmanaTleblo organizaciis yvela formis gauqmebis aucileblobas ar
gulisxmobs. is acxadebs, rom ganaTlebam swavlis mosurne adamiani – cxovrebis nebismier
periodSi da ara mxolod adreul bavSvobasa an mozard asakSi _ xelmisawvdomi resursebiT unda
uzrunvelyos. aseTi sistema codnis farTod gavrcelebisa da urTierTgaziarebis saSualebas iZleva
da es ar aris privilegia, romliTac mxolod specialistebs SeuZliaT isargeblon. moswavleebi
standartul kurikulums ar eqvemdebarebian, isini Tavad irCeven, ra iswavlon.
es mosazreba, praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, bolomde naTeli ar aris. skolebis nacvlad iliCi ramdenime
saganmanaTleblo struqturas gvTavazobs. oficialuri swavlebisTvis saWiro materialuri resursebi
biblioTekebSi, gasaqiravebel saagentoebSi, laboratoriebsa da sainformacio bankebSi iqneba
daculi da maTze xeli yvela moswavles miuwvdeba. Seiqmneba “sakomunikacio qselebi”,
romlebSic SesaZlebeli iqneba monacemebis moZieba sxvadasxva adamianis unar-Cvevebisa da
imis Sesaxeb, aqvT Tu ara maT maswavleblobis an erTobliv saswavlo aqtivobebSi CarTvis
survili. studentebs gadaecemaT vauCerebi, romelTa saSualebiT isini, maTTvis sasurvel drosa da
pirobebSi, saganmanaTleblo momsaxurebiT isargebleben.
aris Tu ara es winadadebebi mTlianad utopiuri? bevri Tvlis, rom aris. Tumca, momavalSi
anazRaurebadi Sromis Semcirebis an SezRudis SemTxvevaSi, rac savsebiT mosalodnelia, es
mosazrebebi naklebad ararealisturad mogveCveneba. Tu anazRaurebadi dasaqmeba socialur
cxovrebaSi naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxdeba, adamianebma, SesaZloa, is sxvadasxva
saqmianobiT Caanacvlon. aseTi perspeqtivis pirobebSi, iliCis zogierTi idea yuradRebas
imsaxurebs. ganaTleba aRar iqneba mxolod adreul asakSi specialur institutSi gavlili wvrTna. is
nebismieri msurvelisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba.
1990-ian wlebSi, axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebasTan erTad, iliCis ideebi kvlav
popularuli gaxda. zogierTebis azriT, axali, uaRresad ganviTarebuli sainformacio saSualebebi,
ganaTlebaSi revoluciur cvlilebebs gamoiwvevs. am sakiTxze momdevno qveTavSi vimsjelebT.
ganaTleba da kulturuli aRwarmoeba
am sami Teoriuli perspeqtivis zogierTi sakiTxis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba yvelaze

TvalsaCinod kulturuli aRwarmoebis cnebis saSualebiT iqneba SesaZlebeli (Bourdieu, 1986,
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1988; Bourdieu and Passeron, 1977). kulturuli aRwarmoeba gviCvenebs, Tu rogor uwyobs xels
skola, sxva socialur institutebTan erTad, socialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis
SenarCunebas. es uTanasworoba ramdenime TaobaSi aisaxeba. koncefcia skolis faruli
kurikulumis im saSualebebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, romelTa mizani moswavleTa mier
Rirebulebebis, atitudebisa da Cvevebis SeTvisebaa. skola adreul asakSi danergili kulturuli
Rirebulebebisa da Tvalsazrisebis Secvlas ganapirobebs. skolis gavlenis wyalobiT, skolis
damTavrebis Semdeg, zogierTi bavSvis SesaZleblobebi SezRudulia, zogierTi ki, piriqiT,
sasargeblo unar-Cvevebs iZebs.
eWvgareSea, rom farTo kulturul nairgvarobas, bernStainis mier identificirebuli enis

gamoyenebis xerxebic ukavSirdeba, romlebic gansxvavebul interesebsa da gemovnebas usvams
xazs. dabali klasobrivi warmomavlobis, gansakuTrebiT, umciresobaTa warmomadgenel
bavSvebs, skolis dominanturi jgufisgan gansxvavebuli metyveleba da qceva aqvT. boulzisa da
gintisis Tanaxmad, skola moswavleebisgan disciplinisadmi daqvemdebarebas moiTxovs,
maswavlebelTa avtoriteti ki akademiur swavlazea orientirebuli. muSaTa klasis warmomadgenel
bavSvebs, skolaSi swavlis dawyebis dros, privlegirebuli ojaxebis bavSvebTan SedarebiT, ufro
meti kulturuli winaaRmdegoba xvdebaT. isini maTTvis ucxo kulturul garemoSi aRmoCndebian.
bernStaini ambobs, rom isini maRali akademiuri moswrebisTvis naklebad arian motivirebulni;
rogorc ar unda ecadon komunikaciis damyarebas, maTTvis damaxasiTebeli metyveleba da
qceva maswavleblebisTvis miuRebelia.
bavSvebi skolaSi did dros atareben. iliCi xazs usvams, rom isini am garemoSi ufro met codnas
iZenen, vidre gakveTilebze. bavSvebi adreve swavloben, Tu rogori iqneba samuSao samyaro;
isini xvdebian, rom maTgan punqtualobas moiTxoven da cdiloben, administraciis mier dasaxuli
yvela amocana guldasmiT Seasrulon (Webb and Westergaard, 1991).
uilisi: kulturuli aRwarmoebis analizi
pol uilisis mier kulturuli aRwarmoebis Sesaxeb birmingemis skolaSi warmoebulma savele
kvlevam Zalze mniSvnelovani diskusia gamoiwvia (Willis, 1977). es kvleva imis dadgenas
isaxavda miznad, Tu rogor iCens Tavs kulturuli aRwarmoeba, anu, rogorc Tavad avtori
acxadebs, “rogor iReben muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli bavSvebi muSaTa klasis samuSao
adgilebs.” bevrs miaCnia, rom skolaSi swavlis procesSi dabali klasis an umciresobaTa jgufis
warmomadgeneli bavSvebi fiqroben, rom “isini gonebrivad naklebad ganviTarebulni arian” da
samomavlod maRalanazRaurebadi da maRali statusis samuSaos miRebis imedic ki ar aqvT.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dabali akademiuri moswrebis gamo isini Tavs inteleqtualurad
SezRudul adamianebad miiCneven; aRiareben ra sakuTar “arasrulfasovnebas,” isini iseT
saqmianobas iwyeben, sadac karieris ganviTarebis perspeqtiva ar arsebobs.
uilisi aRniSnavs, rom amgvari interpretacia adamianTa realur cxovrebasa da gamocdilebas ar

Seesabameba. SeiZleba Rarib ubanSi aRzrdili adamianis “quCurma sibrZnem” akademiur
warmatebaze ar imoqmedos, magram es gamocdileba iseTive daxvewil da kompleqsur unarebs
moiTxovs, rogorsac skolaSi aswavlian. TiTqmis arcerTi bavSvi, romelic skolas amTavrebs, ar
fiqrobs: “me iseTi suleli var, rom mTeli dRe qarxanaSi yuTebis zidvas vimsaxureb.” Tu
naklebad privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebi dabali donis samuSaos eguebian da mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, Tavs warumatebel adamianebad ar miiCneven, amis mizezi sxva
faqtorebia.
uilisma Seiswavla skolis moswavle biWebis erTi jgufi, romelTan erTad didi dro gaatara. am
jgufis wevrebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs “magar biWebs” eZaxdnen, TeTkanianebi iyvnen.
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skolaSi bevri vest indieli da aziuri warmomavlobis bavSvi swavlobda. uilisma daadgina, rom
magar biWebs skolis administraciis sistemis mimarT sakuTari kritikuli damokidebuleba
hqondaT. isini sistemas ebrZodnen da naklebad cdilobdnen masTan TanamSromlobas. skolas
maTTvis ucxo garemod miiCnevdnen, magram, sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare, skoliT
manipulireba surdaT. maT gansakuTrebul siamovnebas aniWebdaT mudmivi konfliqti,
samizned ki maswavleblebs irCevdnen. isini didi ostatobiT cdilobdnen individualuri sisustisa da
im Secdomebis aRmoCenas, romlebsac maswavleblebi administraciuli movaleobis Sesrulebisas
avlendnen.
magaliTad, gakveTilze yvela bavSvs gaunZrevlad, Cumad jdoma da muSaoba evaleboda.

magari biWebi ki am wess ar eqvemdebarebodnen, maTze maswavleblis gamWoli mzera ar
moqmedebda. isini saubars agrZelebdnen, Riad gamoTqvamdnen SeniSvnebs, riTac TiTqmis
arRvevdnen subordinaciis princips, magram, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari qcevis
gamarTlebasac axerxebdnen.
uilisi am process ostaturad aRwers:
magari biWebi faruli winaaRmdegobis gawevis ostatebi arian, isini Ria konfrontaciaze arasodes midian. am jgufis
wyalobiT, saklaso oTaxSi skamebis mudmivi gawev-gamoweva, maswavleblis martivi Txovnis sapasuxod
ukmayofilebis gamoTqma ismis. maT merxebTan mSvidad jdoma an wola ar SeuZliaT. gakveTilze zogierTi
maTgani Tavs merxze debs, TiTqos daZinebas cdilobs, zogi merxisken zurgiT zis da fanjaraSi iyureba, an ubralod
kedels Sescqeris.... saklaso oTaxSi mudmivad zuzunia, Tvalebis gansakuTrebuli gamometyvelebiT, isini gamalebiT
CurCuleben, TiTqos erTmaneTs konspiraciuli saidumlo unda gaumxilon... derefanSi xmauriT dadian;
maswavlebeli Tu SexvdebaT, an megobrulad esalmebian, an uecrad Cumdebian. saklaso oTaxSi isteriuli xarxari
iwyeba. sicili SeiZleba im adamianma gamoiwvia, romelmac axlaxans derefanSi Caiara, an SeiZleba sxva mizeziT
aris provocirebuli. is iseve usafuZvlod wydeba, rogorc iwyeba... skolisa da moswavleebis dapirispirebis mizezi,
ZiriTadad, institutisa da misi wesebisgan simboluri da fizikuri gamijvna da im ZiriTadi miznis winaaaRmdeg
brZolaa, romelic moswavles “muSaobas” aiZulebs. (Willis, 1977, gv. 12-13, 26).
magari biWebi konformist bavSvebs, anu maT, visTvisac maswavlebelTa avtoriteti misaRebia
da akademiur moswrebas did yuradRebas aniWeben, “Semsruleblebs” eZaxodnen.
Semsruleblebi maswavleblebs usmendnen da emorCilebodnen. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg,
isini warmatebas miaRwevdnen da, magar biWebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRalanazRaurebad da
komfortul samsaxurs daiwyebdnen. magram, rogorc uilisi ambobs, skolis kompleqsuri garemos
Sesaxeb maT gacilebiT naklebi icodnen, vidre magarma biWebma. maTTvis magari biWebis
qmedeba upirobod misaRebi iyo.
moswavleebis umravlesoba arc erT jgufs ar ekuTvnoda. isini naklebad konfliqturebi iyvnen,
vidre magari biWebi da naklebad konformulebi, vidre Semsruleblebi. dapirispirebis stilsa da
gamoxatvis formebze eTnikuri dajgufebac Zlier gavlenas axdenda. maswavlebelTa umravlesoba
TeTrkanianebi iyvnen da, skolisadmi uaryofiTi damokidebulebis miuxedavad, magar biWebs
maTTan ufro meti saerTo hqondaT, vidre Savkanianebs. vest indielTa ojaxebis bavSvebi skolas
ufro Riad da Tamamad upirispirdebodnen, vidre magari biWebi. Tavad magari biWebi aSkara
rasistebi iyvnen da SavkanianTa bandebs mkveTrad emijnebodnen.
magari biWebi samuSaosa da skolas Soris msgavsebas aRiarebdnen, magram aqtiurad elodnen
samsaxuris dawyebas. samuSao garemosgan isini uSualo kmayofilebas ar elodnen, magram
Zlier iyvnen dainteresebulni xelfasebiT. maT mier SerCeuli saqmianobis – saburavebis
dayenebis, xaliCebis dagebis, santeqnikis, Rebvisa da saremonto samuSaoebis _ mimarT,
arasrulfasovnebis gancdis nacvlad, maT iseTive qedmaRluri damokidebuleba hqondaT, rogorsac
manamde skolis mimarT ganicdidnen. samsaxurTan erTad SeZenili zrdasrulobis statusi, maT
siamovnebas aniWebdaT, magram warmatebuli karieriT ar iyvnen dainteresebulni. uilisi
aRniSnavs, rom cisfersayeloianTa saqmianoba, xSirad, magari biWebis mier skolaSi,
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administraciasTan dapirispirebis procesSi, ganviTarebul kulturul Tvisebebs moiTxovs. es

Tvisebebi uboroto iumori, sxarti azrovneba da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,Eadministraciis
moTxovnebisTvis ostaturad Tavis aridebaa. mogvianebiT, SesaZloa, maT mZime Sromas Tavi
veRar daaRwion. am adamianebma, SesaZloa, mxolod daojaxebis Semdeg gaacnobieron, rom
ganaTlebis miReba maTTvis erTaderTi gamosavali iyo, magram amJamad uimedo
mdgomareobaSi arian. Tumca, maSinac ki, Tu isini ecdebian, TavianTi gamocdileba sakuTar
Svilebs gauziaron, savaraudod, isini mSoblebze ufro warmatebulni mainc ar aRmoCndebian.
ganaTleba da uTanasworoba
ganaTlebis ganviTareba yovelTvis mWidrod ukavSirdeba masobrivi demokratiis ideebs.

reformatorebi, ra Tqma unda, sakuTriv ganaTlebas afaseben, im unarebisa da SesaZlebobis
gamo, romliTac is individebs uzrunvelyofs. amasTan, ganaTlebas mudmivad miiCneven
adamianTa gaTanabrebis saSualebad. amboben, rom universaluri ganaTleba axalgazrdebs iseTi
unar-CvevebiT uzrunvelyofs, romlebic maT sazogadoebaSi saTanado adgilis damkvidrebaSi
daexmareba, rac, Tavis mxriv, mdidari da gavleniani adamianebis privilegiebs Seamcirebs.
ramdenad warmatebulad ganxorcielda dRemde es procesi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis
mizniT, mravali sociologiuri kvleva Catarda. Sedegebi naTelia: cvlilebis nacvlad, ganaTleba
arsebuli uTanasworobis gamoxatvasa da xelaxal damkvidrebas uwyobs xels.
koulmanis kvleva SeerTebul StatebSi ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb
mTel rig qveynebSi Catarebuli kvlevebi adasturebs, rom skolaSi warmatebaze Zlier gavlenas
axdens socialuri da ojaxuri warmomavloba, rac, Sesabamisad, Semosavlis donezec aisaxeba.
1960-ian wlebSi, SeerTebul StatebSi erT-erTi klasikuri kvleva Catarda. 1964 wels miRebul iqna
kanoni samoqalaqo uflebebis Sesaxeb, ris safuZvelzec, ganaTlebaze pasuxismgebel pirebs
ganaTlebaSi arsebuli ganxvavebuli eTnikuri, religiuri da erovnuli warmomavlobiT
ganpirobebuli uTanasworobis Sesaxeb angariSi mosTxoves. kvlevis programis direqtorad
sociologi jeims koulmani dainiSna. es sociologiaSi warmoebuli erT-erTi yvelaze farTo kvleva
iyo. misi Sedegebi 1966 wels gamoqveynda.
informaciis Segrovebis mizniT, naxevar milion adamianze meti SeirCa. maT verbaluri da
araverbaluri unarebis, kiTxvis doneebisa da maTematikuri unar-Cvevebis SefasebisTvis mravali
testi CautardaT. oTxi aTasi skolis Sesaxeb monacemTa formebi samoci aTasma maswavlebelma
Seavso. Sedegebma uzrunvelyo qveyanaSi skolaSi swavlebis zogadi mimoxilva. gamokiTxvis
Sedegebi sakmaod moulodneli aRmoCnda da politikis dagegmvaze mniSvnelovani praqtikuli
gavlena moaxdina.
angariSSi dafiqsirda, rom skolis moswavleebis didi raodenoba Savkanianebad da

TeTrkanianebad iyo segregirebuli. skolebis 80 procentSi, romlebSic, ZiriTadad, TeTrkaniani
moswavleebi swavlobdnen, Savkaniani moswavleebis sul 10 an naklebi procenti dafiqsirda.
TeTrkanianma da azielma moswavleebma akademiuri moswrebis testis Cabarebisas, Savkanian
an sxva eTnikuri umciresobis warmomadgenel moswavleebTan SedarebiT, ufro maRali qulebi
miiRes. koulmani varaudobda, rom kvlevis Sedegad, SavkanianTa skolebSi uaresi pirobebi, ufro
didi klasebi da uvargisi Senobebi gamovlindeboda, vidre im skolebSi, romlebSic ricxobrivad
TeTrkanianebi Warbobdnen. Tumca, misi varaudi ar gamarTlda da am tipis gansxvaveba
gacilebiT naklebi aRmoCnda, vodre koulmani eloda.
koulmani askvnis, rom skolis mier uzrunvelyofili materialuri resursebi akademiur moswrebaze
did gavlenas ar axdens. ZiriTadi faqtori bavSvebis warmomavlobaa. koulmani ambobs: “saxliT,
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ubniT da Tanatolebis garemoTi ganpirobebuli uTanasworoba mozrdil asakSi, skolis

damTavrebis Semdegac iCens Tavs” (Coleman et. al., 1996, gv. 325). Tumca, iseTi faqtebic
arsebobs, rodesac dabali warmomavlobis moswavleebs SeZlebuli megobrebi hyavT da,
savaraudod, skolaSic ufro warmatebulebi arian.
koulmanis angariSma sazogadoebrivi debatebi gamoiwvia skolis integraciasTan dakavSirebiT,

britaneTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi. gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom umciresobaTa jgufebis bavSvebi
skolaSi ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu moxdeba maTi SeZlebuli warmomavlobis moswavleebTan
aRreva.
ufro gviani kvlevebi
koulmanis Semdeg warmoebulma kvlevam avtoris zogierTi aRmoCena daadastura, magram

misi naSromis zogierTi aspeqti eWvqveS daayena. koulmanis kvlevam drois garkveuli
monakveTi moicva, amitom masSi cvlilebebi ar iyo gaanalizebuli. maikl raterma londonSi
Catarebul kvlevaSi, ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, Cvidmeti wlis asakis biWebis jgufebis
ganaTlebis ganviTareba Seiswavla. Sesaswavl bavSvebs, pirvelad, dawyebiTi ganaTlebis
dasrulebis periodSi, 1970 wels daekontaqten. am dros Segrovda informacia socialuri
warmomavlobisa da akademiuri moswrebis Sesaxeb. 1974 wels ganmeorebiTi kvleva Catarda.
am dros biWebs saSualo skolaSi samwliani kursi hqondaT gavlili. intensiuri kvlevis mizniT,
jgufi ramdenime skolidan SeirCa: gamoikiTxnen moswavleebi da maswavleblebi da
ganxorcielda dakvirveba saklaso aqtivobaze.
kvlevis SedegebiT dadasturda, rom skola bavSvis akademiur ganviTarebaze did gavlenas
axdens. faqtorebi, romlebic raterma mniSvnelovnad miiCnia, magaliTad, maswavleblisa da
moswavlis interaqciis xarisxi, TanamSromlobisTvis xelsayreli atmosfero, maswavleblebisa da
moswavleebis urTierToba da kursis momzadebis maRal doneze organizeba, koulmanis kvlevaSi
TiTqmis ar iyo gaanalizebuli. ukeTesi saswavlo garemoTi gamorCeuli skolebi yovelTvis ar
iyvnen aRWurvilni keTilmowyobili SenobebiTa da materialuri resursebiT.
rateris kvleva ar uaryofs Sedegebs, rom socialuri uTanasworobis SenarCunebas skolaSi Sesvlis
periodamde da mis miRma arsebuli faqtorebi uwyobs xels. imis gamo, rom es faqtorebi Tavs
gansakuTrebiT iseT skolebSi iCens, sadac motivirebuli moswavleebis waxaliseba da
maswavleblebis xelSewyoba xdeba, rateris mier mopovebuli Sedegebi gvexmareba gavigoT, Tu
ratom uwyobs skola xels uTanasworobis SenarCunebas. procesi mudmivad meordeba,
SedarebiT privilegirebuli ojaxebis Svilebi garkveul skolebSi swavloben da skolis xarisxis
SenarCunebas uwyoben xels; isini isev motivirebulebi arian da karg maswavleblebs izidaven.
skolas, romelSic, ZiriTadad, xelmokle bavSvebi swavloben, analogiuri Sedegis misaRwevad
meti Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. Tumca, rateri askvnis, rom skolis organizaciisa da atmosferos
TvalsazrisiT, arsebuli gansxvaveba, garegani faqtorebis miuxedavad, xels ar uSlis maRali
akademiuri moswrebis miRwevas. swavlebis xarisxis, skolis socialuri klimatis da skolaSi
muSaobis meTodebis gaumjobeseba xelmokle bavSvebs akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebaSi
exmareba. mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvlevis Sedegad, koulmanmac msgavsi daskvnebi
gamoitana (Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore, 1981).
1972 wels jenksis “uTanasworoba” gamoqveynda, romelSic man, ZiriTadad, ganaTlebisa da

uTanasworobis Sesaxeb SeerTebul StatebSi warmoebul kvlevaze dafuZnebuli empiriuli masala
mimoixila (Jencks et al., 1972). jenksma kidev erTxel daadastura, rom ganaTlebasa da
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul miRwevebs, umetesad, ara skola, aramed ojaxuri warmomavloba
ganapirobebs da ganaTlebis reformebi arsebul uTanasworobaze umniSvnelod moqmedebs.
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jenksis Sromam, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, kritika daimsaxura, magram misi zogadi

daskvnebi dResac damajereblad JRers (Oakes, 1985).
gaerTianebul samefoSi, ganaTlebaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis magaliTebis Sesaxeb dRes

mdidari informacia arsebobs. 1980 wels a. h. helsim da misma kolegebma awarmoes kvleva,
romelSic erTmaneTs muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli da “mosamsaxure klasis” (profesiuli da
menejeruli warmomavlobis) biWebis ganaTlebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli SesaZleblobebi
Seadares. omisSemdgom periodSi, skolaSi, muSaTa klasis warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT,
Tvrameti wlis asakis mosamsaxure klasis warmomavlobis aTjer meti biWi swavlobda.
universitetSi swavlas ki TeTrTmetjer meti studenti agrZelebda.
skolis moswavleTa gadarCeva
skolis moswavleTa gadarCevis – maTi unarebisa da miRwevebis mixedviT dayofisa da

sxvadasxva tipis instruqtaJisadmi daqvemdebarebis – praqtika sxvadasxva skolaSi
sxvadasxvagvarad xorcieldeba. zogierT skolaSi moswavleebis gadarCeva mxolod garkveul
sagnebSi xdeba; zogan ki - yvela saganSi. arsebul socialur uTanasworobaze skolis mcire
gavlena, nawilobriv, moswavleTa gadarCevis praqtikiT aixsneba. garkveul jgufSi moxvedril
students unariani, an piriqiT, uunaro moswavlis iarliyi miekereba. rogorc iarliyebis mikerebasa
da deviaciaze msjelobis dros davrwmundiT, mikerebuli iarliyis mocileba Zalze Znelia.
privilegirebuli warmomavlobis bavSvebis ojaxebSi akademiur muSaobas didi mniSvneloba
eniWeba; es bavSvebi, amis gamo, maRali moswrebis jgufSi aRmoCndebian da, umravles
SemTxvevaSi, bolomde am jgufSi rCebian.
Jan ouksma (1985) SeerTebuli Statebis 25 skolis maRal da damamTavrebel klasebSi skolis
moswavleTa gadarCevis praqtika Seiswavla. am qveyanaSi moswavleebis gadarCeva
Cveulebrivi movlenaa. es skolebi qalaqisa da soflis did da mcire organizaciebs moicavda. man
yuradReba skolis SigniT da ara skolebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze gaamaxvila. ramdenime
skolam ganacxada, TiTqos is moswavleebs jgufebad ar anawilebs, magram rogorc ouksma
daadgina, maswavleblisTvis Sromis gaadvilebis mizniT, unarisa da miRwevebis mixedviT,
moswavleebis gadarCevis meqanizmi realurad yovel maTgans gaaCnia. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, isini am meTods iyeneben, termins ki ara. im skolebSic ki, sadac moswavleebis
araformaluri gadarCeva mimdinareobs, maT Zlieri iarliyebi – unariani, dabali moswrebis, neli,
saSualo da a.S _ miekerebaT. am jgufis individualuri wevri, maswavleblebis, sxva
moswavleebisa da sakuTari Tavis mier, am iarliyidan gamomdinare fasdeba. moswavle, romelic
“maRali moswrebis” jgufSi swavlobs, warmatebul – gonier da sxart – pirovnebad Seafases.
“dabali moswrebis” jgufis moswavle ki nel, saSualoze dabali donis, an popularuli eniT Tu
vityviT, CamorCenil moswavled aRiqmeba. ra gavlenas axdens “dabal” jgufSi moswavleebis
gadarCeva? ouksis mier mogvianebiT warmoebuli kvleva adasturebs, rom maTTvis
xelmisawvdomi saswavlo kursebis, maswavleblebisa da saxelmZRvaneloebis xarisxis
TvalsazrisiT, es moswavleebi ufro dabali donis ganaTlebas iRebdnen (Oakes, 1990).
moswavleebis gadarCeva, Cveulebriv, imiT aixsneba, rom niWieri bavSvebi Tanabari

SesaZleblobebis jgufSi ufro swrafad da efeqturad swavloben, Sereul jgufSi ki maTi swavlis
procesi ferxdeba. faqtebis Seswavlis Sedegad, ouksma es mosazreba eWvqveS daayena.
mogvianebiT Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi bolomde Tanmimdevruli ar aris, magram maTi
umravlesoba adasturebs, rom Tanabari SesaZleblobebis jgufSi, yvelaze niWieri studentebi ufro
mets da ufro swrafad ar swavloben, saSualo da neli bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi ki, moswavleebis
gadarCeva swavlebis ufro dabal dones ganapirobebs.
inteleqti da uTanasworoba
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sakiTxi, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba imoqmedos unarze genetikurad miRebulma gansxvavebebma,

mimdinare diskusiebSi ugulebelyofilia. arada, miRwevebi ganaTlebaSi, Semdeg ki
samsaxurebriv poziciasa da SemosavlebSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, swored
diferencirebuli inteleqtiT aixsnebodes. Tu sakiTxs am kuTxiT ganvixilavT, SegviZlia
ganvacxadoT, rom adamianebs skolis sistemaSi Tanabari SesaZleblobebi aqvT, radgan isini
Tandayolili potencialis Sesabamisi donis ekvivalents irCeven.
ra aris inteleqti?
fsiqologebi mravali welia daoben, gaaCnia Tu ara realurad adamians individualuri unari,
romelsac SeiZleba inteleqti ewodos da Tuki gaaCnia, ramdenad gansazRvravs es Tviseba
adamianTa Soris arsebul Tanadayolil gansxvavebas. inteleqtis daxasiaTeba rTulia, radgan is
bevr gansxvavebul, xSirad erTmaneTTan kavSirSi armyof Tvisebebs gulisxmobs. davuSvaT,
rom inteleqtis yvelaze saimedo maCvenebeli abstraqtuli maTematikuri amocanebis amoxsnis
unaria. magram adamianma, romelsac amgvari amocanebis amoxsna exerxeba, SeiZleba sxva
sferoSi, magaliTad, istoriasa an xelovnebaSi, dabali unari gamoavlinos. sayovelTaod miRebuli
definiciis SemuSavebis sirTulis gamo, fsiqologebma inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni testis
SemoReba SemogvTavazes (ganaTlebis yvela specialistma es SemoTavazeba erTxmad miiRo).
aSkaraa, rom amgvari midgoma amomwuravi ar aris, radgan inteleqtis definicia Zalze zogad
xasiaTs iRebs.
inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis testebis umravlesoba konceftualuri da gamoTvliTi magaliTebis

narevs moicavs. testis struqturis mixedviT, saSualo Sefaseba 100 qulaa; 100 qulaze dabali quliT
Sefasebul adamians, “saSualoze dabali inteleqtis” iarliyi miekereba, 100 qulaze maRali quliT
Sefasebuls ki, “saSualoze maRali inteleqtis.” inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis fundamenturi
sirTulis miuxedavad, es testebi kvlevebSi, skolebsa da biznesebSi farTod gamoyeneba.
inteleqtis koeficienti da genetikuri faqtorebi
inteleqtis koeficientis gazomvis testebis Sedegebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, akademiuri

moswrebis Tanmxvedria (es arc aris gasakviri, radgan inteleqtis koeficientis testebi, Tavidan,
skolaSi miRweuli warmatebis xarisxis dadgenis mizniT SemuSavda). testebi mWidrod
ukavSirdeba socialur, ekonomikur da eTnikur gansxvavebebsac, radgan es faqtorebi
ganaTlebaSi mopovebul gansxvavebul miRwevebTanac asocirdeba. TeTrkanian moswavleebs,
Savkanian da umciresobaTa sxva warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ufro maRali
qulebi aqvT. 1969 wels, artur jensenis mier gamoqveynebulma statiam furori gamoiwvia, radgan
man SavkanianTa da TeTrkanianTa gansxvavebuli inteleqtis koeficienti, nawilobriv, genetikur
variaciebs miawera (Jensen, 1967, 1979).
mogvianebiT, inteleqtis koeficientisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb winaaRmdegobrivi debatebi kvlav

ganaxlda fsiqolog riCard J. hernStainisa da sociolog Carlz miureis mier. wignSi The Bell
Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994) vkiTxulobT, rom inteleqtis
koeficientsa da genetikur memkvdreobas Soris kavSiris arsebobis sul ufro meti damadasturebeli
masala moiZebna. maTi azriT, nawilobriv, swored amiT aixsneba mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba
sxvadasxva rasobriv da eTnikur jgufTa inteleqts Soris. maT mier mopovebuli monacemebi,
ZiriTadad, SeerTebul StatebSi Catarebul kvlevebs efuZneba. hernStainisa da miureis azriT, es
monacemebi adasturebs, rom zogierT eTnikur jgufs, sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, ufro
maRali inteleqtis koeficienti aqvs. azieli, gansakuTrebiT, iaponeli da Cineli amerikelebi,
TeTrkanianebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, inteleqtis ufro maRal koeficients floben, Tumca Zalian
didi gansxvaveba ar gamovlenila. azielebisa da TeTrkanianebis inteleqtis koeficienti
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sagrZnoblad ufro maRalia, vidre Savkanianebis. hernStainisa da miureis mier warmoebuli 156
kvlevis Sejamebis mixedviT, am ori rasobrivi jgufis inteleqtis koeficients Soris gansxvaveba,
saSualod, 16 qulaa. avtorebi acxadeben, rom amgvari memkvidreobiT miRebuli inteleqtualuri
gansxvaveba, amerikul sazogadoeobaSi arsebul socialur dajgufebas ganapirobebs. rac ufro
Wkviania adamiani, miT metia misi socialur safexurze aRmasvlis Sansi. adamianebs maRali
Tanamdebobebi, nawilobriv, imitom ukaviaT, rom isini ufro Wkvianebi arian, vidre
mosaxleobis danarCeni nawili; aqedan SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom dabal safexurze naklebad
Wkviani adamianebi rCebian.
hernStainisa da miureis Tvalsazrisis kritikosebi uaryofen, rom rasobriv da eTnikur jgufebs Soris
inteleqtis koeficientis mixedviT gansxvavebas, genetikuri safuZveli aqvs. maTi azriT, inteleqtis
gansxvavebul koeficients socialuri da kulturuli gansxvaveba ganapirobebs. isini acxadeben, rom
inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni testebi abstraqtuli azrovnebis unaris gamosavlen kiTxvebs
moicavs, rasac Savkanian da eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT,
TeTrkaniani SeZlebuli bavSvebi ukeT arTmeven Tavs. inteleqtis koeficientis dasadgeni testis
qulebis raodenobaze, SesaZloa, ara gasazomma unarebma, aramed sul sxva faqtorebma,
magaliTad, stresulma situaciam imoqmedos. kvlevam daadastura, rom rodesac tests TeTkaniani
damkvirvebeli atarebs, afro amerikelebi eqvsi quliT nakleb Sefasebas iReben, vidre Savkaniani
damkvirveblis SemTxvevaSi (Kamin, 1977).
SeerTebul StatebSi, afro-amerikelebs, saSualod, inteleqtis koeficientis iseTive dabali

maCvenebeli aqvT, rogorc sxva qveynebis xelmokle eTnikur umciresobebs, magaliTad,
“xelSeuxeblebs” (kastobriv sistemaSi yvelaze dabal fenas) indoeTSi, maorisebs axal zelandiaSi
da burakuminebs iaponiaSi. am jgufis warmomadgeneli bavSvebis inteleqtis koeficientis
maCvenebeli, eTnikuri umravlesobis warmomadgenel bavSvebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, 10-15
quliT dabalia. am mxriv, gansakurebiT saintereso magaliTia burakuminebi. maTma winaprebma
meTvramete saukuneSi, adgilobrivi omebis Sedegad, kuTvnili miwa dakarges da gandegil da
momTabare adamianebad iqcnen. isini fizikurad sxva iaponelebisgan sruliad ar gamoirCevian,
magram, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, devnasa da diskriminacias ganicdian. am SemTxvevaSi,
inteleqtis koeficientis saSualo maCvenebels genetikuri gansxvaveba ar ganapirobebs, radgan am
adamianebsa da mosaxleobis umravles nawils Soris aranairi genetikuri gansxvaveba ar aris.
miuxedavad amisa, am ori jgufis inteleqtis koeficients Soris iseTive gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba,
rogoric TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris. amerikaSi burakumineli bavSvebisa da sxva
iaponelebis mimarT erTnairi damokidebulebaa; amitom maTi da sxva iaponeli bavSvebis
inteleqtis koeficienti erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba.
amgvari dakvirvebis safuZvelze SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom SeerTebul StatebSi afro-

amerikelebisa da TeTrkanianebis inteleqtis koeficients Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba socialuri da
kulturuli gansxvavebis Sedegia. am daskvnas ToTxmeti qveynis (maT Soris SeerTebuli
Statebis) SedarebiTi kvlevac adasturebs, romlis mixedviT, gasuli naxevari saukunis
ganmavlobaSi, mTeli mosaxleobis inteleqtis saSualo koeficienti sagrZnoblad gaizarda
(Coleman, 1987). inteleqtis koeficientis testebi regularul ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba. rodesac
adamianebis erTsa da imave jgufs Zveli da axali versiebi urigdebaT, isini Zvel versiebSi
gacilebiT ufro maRal qulas iReben. Tanamedrove bavSvebma 1930-iani wlebis testebSi, 1930-
iani wlebis jgufebTan SedarebiT, saSualod, 15 quliT maRali Sefaseba miiRes. igive
gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba, saSualod, Savkanianebsa da TeTkanianebs Soris. es imas ar niSnavs,
rom Tanamedrove bavSvebis Tandayolili inteleqti maTi mSoblebis, bebiebisa da babuebis
inteleqtze maRalia; maRal maCvenebels ukeTesi pirobebi da socialuri upiratesoba
ganapirobebs. TeTrkanianebsa da afro-amerikelebs Soris, saSualod, iseTive socialuri da
ekonomikuri sxvaobaa, rogorc sxvadasxva Taobebs Soris. inteleqtis koeficientebs Soris
gansxvavebac amiT aixsneba. SeiZleba inteleqtis koeficientze individebs Soris arsebulma
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genetikurma gansxvavebamac imoqmedos, magram mosazreba, rom zogierTi rasa sxva rasasTan
SedarebiT ufro inteleqtualuria, usafuZvloa da daudasturebeli.
emociuri da interpersonaluri inteleqti
amave saxelwodebis wignSi, deniel goulmani (1996) acxadebs, rom, materialuri pirobebiT
uzrunvelyofis TvalsazrisiT, “emociuri inteleqti” SeiZleba iseTive mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc
inteleqtis koeficienti. emociuri inteleqti gansazRvravs, Tu rogor iyeneben adamianebi sakuTar
emociebs – motivaciis, TviTkontrolis, enTuziazmisa da Seupovrobis unars. es memkvdreobiT
miRebuli unar-Cvevebi ar aris. rac ufro kargad SesZlebs bavSvi maT dauflebas, miT ukeT
gamoiyenebs is Tavis inteleqtualur SesaZleblobebs.
goulmani ambobs: “niWier adamians vnebisa da impulsebis marTva unda SeeZlos; ucnauria,
magram maRali inteleqtis koeficientis mqone adamiani pirad cxovrebas yovelTvis ver agvarebs”
(gv. 34). Ees aris imis erT-erTi mizezi, rom inteleqtis koeficientis maRali maCvenebeli
yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs warmatebas.
erT-erT kvlevaSi 1940 wlis 95 kursdamTavrebuli Seiswavles. studentebi, romlebmac

universitetis dasrulebisas inteleqtis koeficientis testSi maRali qulebi miiRes, Sua xnis asakSi,
karieris TvalsazrisiT, dabali moswrebis studentebze bevrad warmatebulebi ar iyvnen. kvlevis
meore etapi inteleqtis koeficientis skalis sxva mxares Seexo. Seswavlil iqna 450 biWi,
romelTagan 2/3 harvardis maxloblad RaribTa ubanSi cxovrobda da maTi ojaxebi keTildReobis
programaSi iyo gaerTianebuli. am jgufis mesameds 90-ze dabali inteleqtis koeficienti hqonda.
Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic, am maCvenebelma maT momaval karieraze umniSvnelod
imoqmeda. magaliTad, 80-ze dabali inteleqtis koeficientis mamakacTa 7 procenti umuSevari
iyo, magram aseve umuSevari iyo iseT mamakacTa 7 procenti, romlebsac 100-ze maRali
inteleqtis koeficienti hqondaT. am mxriv, ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda bavSvobaSi SeZenili
unar-Cvevebi, magaliTad, emociebis gakontrolebisa da sxva adamianebTan urTierTobis
mogvarebis unari. rogorc hovard gardneri aRniSnavs:
interpersonaluri inteleqti sxva adamianebis gagebis unaria: ra aris maTi motivacia, rogor muSaoben, rogor unda
iTanamSromlo maTTan muSaobis procesSi. warmatebul gamyidvelebs, politikosebs, maswavleblebs, eqimebsa da
religiur liderebs, savaraudod, maRali interpersonaluri inteleqti aReniSnebaT. intrapersonaluri inteleqti... ki
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb zusti, realisturi modelis formirebisa da am modeliT cxovrebiseul sinamdvileSi operirebis
unaria. (Gardner, 1993 gv. 9)
ideebi inteleqtis Sesaxeb gadaxedvas saWiroebs, radgan cxovrebiseuli waramateba kidev

mravalgvar faqtors gulisxmobs. msgavsi ram SeiZleba ganvacxadoT Tavad ganaTlebasTan
mimarTebaSi. rogorc am Tavis dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, ganaTleba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre
skola. axali teqnologiuri miRwevebis, gansakuTrebiT sainformacio teqnologiebis gamo,
SesaZloa, momavalSi aucilebeli gaxdes ganaTlebis procesebisadmi damokidebulebis
gadaxedva.
ganaTlebis momavali
ganaTleba da axali sakomunikacio teqnologia
sainfrmacio teqnologiis gavrcelebam ganaTlebaze sxvadasxva saxis, maT Soris, sakmaod

fundamenturi, gavlena moaxdina. axali teqnologiebi samuSaos bunebaze zemoqmedebs, zogjer
xdeba adamianuri Sromis manqanebiT Canacvleba. swrafi teqnologiuri cvlilebebi, warsulTan
SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro aCqarebs samuSao Zalis denadobas. ganaTleba aRar miiCneva
mosamzadebel safexurad, romlis dasrulebis Semdeg, adamianma muSaoba unda daiwyos.
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teqnologiur cvlilebebTan erTad, savaldebulo unar-Cvevebic icvleba. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba

miiCnevs, rom im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganaTlebas mxolod profesiuli momzadebis kuTxiT
SevxedavT da samuSaos Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis uzrunvelyofis wyarod ganvixilavT,
momavalSi mainc aucilebeli gaxdeba, adamianma ganaTleba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi
miiRos.
magaliTad, britaneTSi SemoTavazabul iqna “saswavlo bankis” danergva, romliTac adamianebi

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, met-naklebad, nebismier dros isargebleben. bankSi fuls adamianebi,
maTi damqiraveblebi an saxelmwifo daabandeben. Semdeg, ganaTlebis dafinansebis mizniT,
maT SeuZliaT maRali procentiT gazrdili Tanxa gamoiTxovon da, axali teqnikuri an samuSao
unar-Cvevebis dauflebis mizniT, gadaemzadon.
jerjerobiT aravin icis, realurad ra Sedegebs gamoiwvevs sainformacio da sakomunikacio

teqnologiebi. zogierTebis azriT, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis nacvlad, es procesi ufro
samuSao adgilebis gauqmebas gamoiwvevs. saubaria “samuSaos dasasrulze” (samuSaos
mniSvnelobis Semcirebaze diskusia ix. me-12 TavSi). Tu sakmarisi raodenobis anazRaurebadi
samuSao aRar iarsebebs, bundovani warmosadgenia, Tu rogori iqneba Tanamedrove
sazogadoeba. bevri adamiani da, maT Soris, qalebis sul ufro meti raodenoba, sakuTar cxovrebas
maT mier Sesrulebul samuSaos ukavSirebs da, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis Sefasebisas, centralur
adgils samuSaos aniWebs.
samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi, amgvari damokidebuleba sul ufro arqaul xasiaTs
SeiZens da gaxSirdeba umuSevrobis Tanmxlebi, ukve farTod gavrcelebuli usargeblobis gancdis
SemTxvevebi. ganaTlebam aq mniSvnelovani roli unda Seasrulos. magram es ar iqneba
ganaTleba viwro gagebiT, romelic mxolod wvrTnasa da gadamzadebas gulisxmobs. Ees unda
iyos ganaTleba, romelic ufro mravlismomcvel adamianur RirebulebebTan iqneba kavSirSi.
ganaTleba unda iqces TviTganviTarebasa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gagebaze orientirebuli
avtonomiuri TviTganaTlebis saSualebad. es idea srulebiT ar aris utopiuri. is ganmanaTlebeli
filosofosebis humanur idealebs Seesabameba. amis magaliTi ukve arsebobs da mas “mesame
asakis universiteti” hqvia. “mesame asaki” sapensio anu iseT asakovan adamianebs aerTianebs,
romlebmac anazRaurebad samuSaos Tavi daanebes. pesiaze gasvlasTan Segueba zogjer iseve
Znelia, rogorc umuSevrobasTan, radgan pensiaze gasvla, faqtobrivad, umuSevrobas niSnavs.
mesame asakis universiteti asakovan adamianebs, maTi arCevanisa da interesebis mixedviT,
TviTganaTlebis SesaZleblobiT uzrunvelyofs.
amgvari diskusiebi sainformacio teqnologiebis ganviTarebis tempiT aris gamowveuli, radgan is

uSualod ganaTlebis procesis bunebazec moqmedebs. bolo qveTavSi swored am sakiTxze
gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
ganaTlebis teqnologiebi
Tanamedrove gagebiT, ganaTlebis ganviTareba mecxramete saukuneSi ganxorcielebul sxva

mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. erT-erTi aseTi cvlileba skolis ganviTarebaa. SeiZleba
vinmem gulubryvilod ifiqros, rom im periodSi ganaTlebaze moTxovna arsebobda da skolebi da
universitetebi am moTxovnis sapasuxod Seiqmna. realurad, movlenebi sxvagvarad ganviTarda.
rogorc miSel fuko aRniSnavs, skolebs Tanamedrove saxelmwifos administraciuli aparatis
Semadgeneli nawilis funqcia daekisra. “faruli kurikulumi” disciplinasa da bavSvebis kontrols
isaxavda miznad.
ganaTlebaze beWdvis ganviTarebisa da “wignis kulturis” damkvidrebamac moaxdina gavlena.

industriuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi wignebis, gazeTebisa da sxva beWduri mediis
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masobrivma gavrcelebam iseTive mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula, rogoric manqanebma da

qarxnebma. wera-kiTxvisa da angariSis codnis uzrunvelmyofi ganaTlebis wyalobiT,
adamianebs xeli beWduri mediis samyaroze miuwvdebodaT. skolis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel
simbolod skolis saxelmZRvanelo iqca.
bevri adamianis azriT, situacia ganaTlebaSi kompiuterebisa da multimediis teqnologiebis

mzardi moxmarebis gamo Seicvala. amboben, rom “mTel msoflioSi multimediis teqnologiebSi
gamoyenebuli telekomunikaciebis 70-80% ganaTlebas ukavSirdeba an ganaTlebis komponents
Seicavs” (citirebulia Kenway et. al., 1995). Caanacvlebs Tu ara saxelmZRvanelos kompiuteri,
CD-ROM da videokaseta? iarsebebs Tu ara tradiciuli formis skola, Tu bavSvi, merxTan jdomisa
da maswavleblis mosmenis nacvlad, kompiuteris meSveobiT iswavlis?
amboben, rom axali teqnologiebi arsebul kurikulums ki ar Seavsebs, aramed mis rRvevasa da
transformirebas gamoiwvevs. axalgazrdebi informaciasa da mediaze damokidebul
sazogadoebaSi izrdebian; isini teqnologiebSi ufrosebze, maT Soris maswavleblebze, bevrad
ukeT erkvevian. me-14 Tavs Tu gavixsenebT, isini Nnintendo Taobas warmoadgenen –
teqnoaRzrdili da teqnologiasa da videoze ganswavluli bavSvebi arian. zogi “saklaso oTaxis
revoluciaze,” kompiuteruli virtualuri realobis damkvidrebasa da kedlebis gareSe saklaso
oTaxze saubrobs.
TiTqmis aravis epareba eWvi, rom multimediis teqnologiebi ganaTlebis ganuyofeli nawili
gaxdeba. am process gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva qveynebSi politikurma partiebmac
Seuwyves xeli. magram erT-erTi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala biznesia: skolebi da Sinauri
garemo msxvili media kompaniebis samizned iqca. magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebis Sida
kompiuterulma bazarma srulyofilebas miaRwia, rodesac, stimulirebis mizniT, saganmanaTleblo
programebis axali formebis gayidva daiwyo.
Tanamedrove socialuri cxovrebis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, bazari da sainformacio teqnologiebic

ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul cvlilebebzec axdens mniSvnelovan gavlenas. magaliTad,
konservatuli mTavrobis mier danergil britanuli skolis sistemaze globalizaciis zewolam
imoqmeda, radgan man xarjebis Semcireba gamoiwvia. amgvari zewola ganaTlebis komerciuli
da sabazro mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSic aisaxeba. skolebi, biznes korporaciebis msgavsad,
restruqturizacias eqvemdebarebian.
ganaTlebis sferoSi SeiZleba iseTi organiziaciebi CaerTos, romelsac skolebTan manamde araferi
hqonia saerTo. es sakabelo kompaniebi, kompiuteruli programirebis ofisebi, satelekomunikacio
jgufebi, filmebis DSemqmnelebi da aRWurvilobis mimwodeblebi arian. am organizaciebs
skolebsa da universitetebze SeuzRudavi gavlena aqvT. isini, ganaTlebis miRebis tradiciuli
formis paralelurad, zogadad, kompiuterul industriaze da muzeumebze, samecniero parkebsa da
istoriul adgilebze mibmul axal saganmanaTleblo industrias, e.w. “edu-tainment”-s qmnian.
eqneba Tu ara axal teqnologiebs ganaTlebaSi gadamwyveti roli, kvlav Ria sakiTxad rCeba.
kritikosebi acxadeben, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi maT, SesaZloa, ganaTlebis sistemaSi
uTanasworobis zrdas Seuwyon xeli. swavlebis procesis ukve arsebul xelisSemSlel faqtors,
materialur siduxWires, savaraudod, “informaciuli siRatake” daemateba. “kedlebis gareSe
saklaso oTaxis” arseboba dResdReobiT Soreuli momavlis movlenad gveCveneba. bevri skola da
koleji finansebis naklebobasa da zemdgomi organoebis mxridan mudmiv gulgril
damokidebulebas ganicdis.
Sejameba
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1. ganaTleba, Tanamedrove formiT, romelic specialurad mowyobil saklaso oTaxebSi

moswavleebis instruqtaJs gulisxmobs, nabeWdi masalebisa da wera-kiTxvis maRal doneze
codnis moTxovnis gaCenis Sedegad ganviTarda. codnis miReba, ganviTareba da
moxmareba meti adamianis mier sul ufro met adgilas xdeba SesaZlebeli. industrializaciis
Sedegad, samuSaom ufro specializebuli xasiaTi miiRo da praqtikul codnaze – kiTxvis,
werisa da angariSis unarze _ metad abstraqtul codnas mieniWa upiratesoba.
2. meoce saukuneSi ganaTlebis gavrceleba ganswavlul da disciplinirebul samuSao Zalaze
moTxovnis zrdas ukavSirdeba. reformatorebi ganaTlebas uTanasworobis Semcirebis
saSualebad miiCnevdnen, magram, am mxriv, misi roli sakmaod SezRudulia. ganaTleba
arsebul uTanasworobas ufro usvams xazs, vidre axorcielebs cvlilebebs mis aRmosafxvrelad.
3. 1944 wlis ganaTlebis kanonis Tanaxmad, gaerTianebul samefoSi yvelas SeeZlo ufaso
saSualo ganaTlebis miReba, skolis damTavrebis asaki ki 15 wlamde gaizarda. Tumca, fasian
“sazogadoebriv skolebs” kvlav privilegirebuli adgili uWiravT da sazogadoebaSi
mniSvnelovani roli eniWebaT.
saxelmwifo saSualo skolebis funqcia gaZlierebuli swavlebis saSualo skolebma,
Tanamedrove saSualo skolebma da mcire raodenobis teqnikurma skolebma gainawiles.
TeTrTmeti wlis asakSi moswavleebs gardamavali gamocda utardebaT, ris Sedegad xdeba,
unaris mixedviT, maTi sxvadasxva tipis saxelmwifo skolebSi ganawileba.
4. 1960-ian wlebSi skolebSi saSualo zogadsaganmanaTleblo sistema dainerga. gaZlierebuli
swavlebis saSualo skolebsa da Tanamedrove saSualo skolebTan erTad, TeTrTmeti wlis
asakSi gardamavali gamocdac gauqmda. ukanasknel wlebSi zogadsaganmanaTleblo
sistemaze mravali Tavdasxma ganxorcielda. kritikosTa azriT, zogadsaganmanaTleblo
sistemam am iniciativis avtorebis imedi ar gaamarTla, radgan maT mier dasaxuli
saganmanaTleblo standartebi ver daakmayofila.
5. skolebis organizacia da swavlebis sistema genderuli uTanasworobis SenarCunebasac
uwyobs xels. biWebisa da gogonebis gamorCeuli tansacmlisa da stereotipuli personaJebis
monawileobiT Seqmnili teqstebis wyalobiT, sxvadasxva sqesis warmomadgenelTa
gamijvnis waxaliseba xdeba. faqtebi adasturebs, rom maswavleblebi gogonebsa da biWebs
sxvadasxvagvarad epyrobian, zogierTi sagnebi gogonebisTvis Sesaferis sagnebad ufro
miiCneva, vidre biWebisTvis, da piriqiT. umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemaSi, studentebsa da
maswavleblebs Soris dResac naklebi raodenobis qalia. vidre sxva faqtorebi ar Seicvleba, es
situacia, savarudod, ar gamoswordeba.
6. ganaTlebisa da saskolo swavlebis interpretaciebze sxvadasxva sociologiurma Teoriam
iqonia gavlena. bernStainis Teoriis mixedviT, bavSvebi, romlebsac daxvewili enobrivi kodi
aqvT, ukeTesad umklavdebian formaluri akademiuri ganaTlebis moTxovnebs, vidre
SezRuduli enobrivi kodis mqone bavSvebi. inteleqtis koeficientis testi “saWiro” unar-
Cvevebis flobis dadgenas isaxavs miznad. unar-Cvevebi kulturasTan aris kavSirSi,
Sesabamisad, maTi gamoyeneba SezRudulia.
7. skolis formaluri kurikulumi kulturuli aRwarmoebis ufro zogadi procesis nawilia, romelzec
swavlis, ganaTlebisa da skolis garemos bevri araformaluri aspeqti axdens gavlenas. kulturul
aRwarmoebaSi mniSvnelovan rols “faruli kurikulumi” asrulebs.
8. inteleqtis daxasiaTeba rTulia, amitom, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, azrTa didi
sxvadasxvaoba arsebobs. zogierTebis azriT, inteleqtis koeficients genebi gansazRvravs; zogi
ki inteleqtis koeficientis maCvenebels socialuri faqtorebiT xsnis. faqtebi socialuri da
kulturuli faqtorebis sasargeblod metyvelebs. inteleqtis koeficientTan dakavSirebuli azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba wignis “The Bell Curve” gamocemam gamowvia. wignis avtorebi
acxadeben, rom rasebi memkvidreobiT miRebuli inteleqtis saSualo doniT gansxvavdebian.
kritikosebi mTlianad uaryofen am Teziss.
9. devid goulmani did mniSvnelobas aniWebs emociur inteleqts. emociuri inteleqti
gansazRvravs imas, Tu ramdenad axerxeben adamianebi emociebis marTvasa da sxva
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adamianebTan urTierTobebis mogvarebas. misi azriT, karieraSi warmatebis miRwevisTvis

emociuri inteleqti inteleqtis koeficientze aranakleb mniSvnelovania.
10. sainformacio teqnologias – kompiuterebsa da multimedias – skolebisa da ganaTlebis
fundamenturad Secvla SeuZlia. skola SeiZleba naklebad mniSvnelovani gaxdes, radgan
moswavleebma Sin kompiuteris saSualebiT miiRon ganaTleba.
Andy Green, Education and State Formation (London: Macmillan, 1990). inglisis, safrangeTisa
da SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis erovnuli sistemis aRzevebis analizi.
Mark Holmes, Educaional Policy for the Pluralist Democracy: The Common School, Choice,
and Diversity (Washington D.C: Falmer Press, 1992). ganaTlebis socialuri da politikur
aspeqtebis mimoxilva.
Sheila Riddell, Gender and the Politics of the Curriculum (London:Routledge, 1992).
kurikulumsa da genderul identobas Soris kavSiris analizis mizniT, Seiswavlis SemTxvevebs or
saSualo skolaSi.
wera-kiTxvis codna
saganmanaTleblo sistema
umaRlesi ganaTleba
SezRuduli kodi
daxvewili kodi
faruli kurikulumi
inteleqti
inteleqtis koeficienti
emociuri inteleqti
mesame asakis universiteti
saklaso oTaxi kedlebis gareSe
informaciuli siRatakeE
Tavi 16
religia
Ziridi cnebebi
religiis daxasiaTeba
ra ar aris religia. ra aris religia
religiis saxeebi
totemizmi da animizmi. iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami. Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebi
religiis Teoriebi
marqsi da religia. diurkemi da religiuri rituali. veberi da msoflio religiebi. Sefaseba
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religiuri organizaciis tipebi

veberi da trelCi: eklesiebi da seqtebi. bekeri: denominaciebi da kultebi. Sefaseba
religiis mimdinare ganviTareba: islamuri revolucia

islamuri rwmenis ganviTareba. islami da dasavleTi. aRorZinebuli islamis gavrceleba.
civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?
religia gaerTianebul samefoSi

religia SeerTebul StatebSi
mravalgvaroba. qristianuli fundamentalizmi. ,,eleqtronuli eklesia”
daskvna: religia, sekularizacia da socialuri cvlileba
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
religia. rituali. sekularizacia
vficav riJraJs
da vficav Rames, roca is blantdeba.
arc dagtova Sen ufalma Senma da arca mogiZula.
zesTasofeli mjobi geqneba wuTisoflisa.
giboZebs ufali Seni da kmayofil-iqnebi.
gana ar gpova Sen uwin oblad da Segifara,
da gpova Sen gzaabneuli da giwinamZRvra,
da gpova Sen upovari da gagamdidra,
xolo obols rac Seexeba, nu gauwyrebi!
da maTxovars rac Seexeba, nu gaaZeveb.
da aha, Seni uflis madliT ilaparake!
es aris amonaridi wminda werilidan. is kargad aSuqebs im gavlenas, romelsac religia aTasobiT
welia axdens adamianTa cxovrebaze. teqsti gvarwmunebs, rom RmerTi TiToeul Cvenganze
zrunavs, siyvarulsa da simSvides gvaniWebs, sakvebiTa da TavSesafriT uzrunvelgvyofs.
RmerTis Tayvaniscema da misi mowyalebis rwmena cxovrebiseul sikeTes gvaziarebs.
Semdgom davrwmundebiT, rom am rwmenas yvela religia ar iziarebs, magram, ama Tu im

formiT, religia CvenTvis nacnob yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs. CanawerebSi uZvelesi
sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebul
informacias eyrdnoba, naTlad Cans religiuri simboloebisa da ceremonialebis kvali. istoriis
ganviTarebis procesSi religias, adamianTa gamocdilebasTan mimarTebaSi, kvlav centraluri
adgili ekava da did gavlenas axdenda Cvens mier garemos aRqmasa da mis mimarT gamovlenil
reaqciebze.
Cvens mier zemoT citirebuli wminda werili religias piradi simSvidisa da mxardaWeris wyarod
warmoaCens. Tumca, religia bevrjer gamxdara mwvave socialuri dapirispirebisa da konfliqtis
sababi. axla im rCevasa da emociur ganwyobaze vimsjeloT, romelsac Semdegi bibliuri
moZRvreba Seicavs:
gTxovT, Zmebo, scaniT Tqvens Soris mSromelni da Tqveni winamZRolni ufalSi da Tqveni damrigebelni.
uaRresi siyvaruli gamoiCineT maTdami, maTi saqmis gamo iyaviT mSvidobiT erTmaneTSi.
da aha, SegagonebT Tqven, Zmano, daarigeT uwesoni, anugeSeT sulmokleni, mxari dauWireT uZlurT da
sulgrZelni iyaviT yvelas mimarT.
Tvali geWiroT, aravin miagos erTmaneTs borotis wil boroti. aramed mudam cdilobdeT sikeTe uyoT erTmaneTs da
yvelas.
medam xarobdeT.
pirveli teqstis msgavsad, es sityvebic universalur siyvarulsa da RvTiur sikeTes RaRadebs. Zneli
dasajerebelia, rom is, vinc pirvel moZRvrebas iziarebs, SeiZleba meore moZRvrebas ar
daeTanxmos. magram saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, morwmuneTa am or jgufs Soris xSirad
hqonia adgili sisxlian konfliqts. pirveli teqsti yuranidan, islamis wminda wignidan, aris
citirebuli. meore ki qristianuli bibliis axal aRTqmas efuZneba. islamsa da qristianobas saerTo
warmomavloba aqvT, orive religiaSi bevri msgavsi winaswarmetyveli gvxvdeba. Tumca isini
erTmaneTis RmerTs uaryofen da alternatuli religiis an nebismieri sxva religiis mimdevrebs,
auTsaiderebad miiCneven.
XI-XIII saukuneebSi evropis jarebma Sua aRmosavleTis nawili daipyres. maT miznad
musulmanebisgan (islamis mimdevrebisgan) wminda miwis gaTavisufleba da qristianobis
gavrceleba hqondaT dasaxuli. am sastik da sisxlian omebSi, romlebsac qristianebma
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“jvarosnuli” uwodes, adamianebi alahisa da RmerTis saxeliT ibrZodnen. daiRupa aTasobiT

adamiani da orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qristiani da islamuri jarebi erTmaneTs sisastikeSi
ejibrebodnen. pirveli jvarosnuli laSqrobis Semdeg, evropelebma didi teritoriebi da
mniSvnelovani qalaqebi, maT Soris, ierusalimic daipyres. magram 1272 wels, mecxre
galaSqrebis Sedegad, wminda miwa isev musulmanebma daibrunes.
jvarosnebis erT-erTi yvelaze Tavgamodebuli damcveli safrangeTSi klearvos monastris abati

wminda bernari iyo. “netar arian brZolaSi daRupuli wamebulni,” werda abati, “Tu RvTis
saxeliT cxovrob da ipyrob, gixaroden, magram Tu gardaicvlebi da RmerTs SeuerTdebi, dideba
gelis” (Koenigsburger, 1987).
ratom aqvs religias adamianTa cxovrebaze iseTi gavlena, rom isini mzad arian misi
idealebisTvis Tavi gawiron? ratom aris religia sazogadoebis aseTi mravlismomcveli aspeqti? ra
pirobebi uwyobs xels religiis mier sazogadoebaTa gaerTianebas da ra pirobebSi xdeba
sazogadoebebs Soris ganxeTqileba religiuri motiviT? es is kiTxvebia, romlebsac SevecdebiT,
am TavSi gavceT pasuxi. am mizniT ki unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris realurad religia. religiuri
rwmenisa da praqtikis gansxvavebul formebs ganvixilavT. aseve vimsjelebT religiis ZiriTad
sociologiur Teoriebze; religiuri organizaciis sxvadasxva tips gavaanalizebT; da bolos, imaze
vimsjelebT, Tu ra bedi ewia religias Tanamedrove samyaroSi, radgan bevri mkvlevris azriT,
mecnierebisa da Tanamedrove industriis aRzevebis gamo, religias socialur cxovrebaSi iseTi
centraluri adgili aRar uWiravs, rogoric Tanamedrove epoqamde hqonda gankuTvnili.
religiis Seswavla rTuli amocanaa, radgan is sociologiuri warmosaxvis gaTvaliswinebas

moiTxovs. religiuri praqtikis analizis dros, sxvadasxva kulturaSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli
rwmenebisa da ritualebis mniSvnelobis gaazreba gvixdeba. idealebs, romlebsac morwmuneTa
STagoneba efuZneba, didi sifrTxiliT unda movekidoT da, amave dros, Cveni xedva maTTan
mimarTebaSi unda davabalansoT. Cven iseT ideebTan gvixdeba dapirispireba, romlebic
maradiul WeSmaritebas qadageben, radgan vacnobierebT, rom religiur jgufebs sruliad miwieri
miznebic – magaliTad, finansebis moTxovna an mimdevarTa mozidvis mcdeloba –
amoZravebT. unda vaRiaroT, rom bevri sxvadasxva religiuri rwmena da ganxvavebuli qceva
arsebobs, magram religiis buneba zogadi fenomenis WrilSic unda ganvixiloT.
religiis gansazRvreba
Zalian bevri gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmena da organizacia arsebobs, amitom mecnierebs

uWirT religiis yvelasTvis misaRebi definiciis SemuSaveba. dasavleTSi adamianTa umravlesoba
religias qristianobasTan – uflis rwmenasTan _ aigivebs, romelic am qveynad moraluri qcevisken
mogviwodebs da imqveyniur cxovrebas gvpirdeba. ra Tqma unda, zogadad, religias am
terminebiT ver davaxasiaTebT. amgvari rwmena da qristianobis sxva mravali aspeqti msoflio
religiaTa umravlesobaSi ar gvxvdeba.
ra ar aris religia?
religiasTan mimarTebaSi, kulturuli mikerZoebis Tavis aridebis mizniT, albaT sjobs, jer imaze
visaubroT, Tu, zogadi gagebiT, ra ar aris religia. pirvel rigSi, religia ar unda iqnas gaigivebuli
monoTeizmTan (erTi RmerTis rwmenasTan). religiaTa umravlesoba mraval RmerTs aRiarebs.
qristianobis zogierT versiaSic ki, sakraluri Tvisebebi ramdenime salocavs _ RmerTs, iesos,
wminda mariams, suli wmidas, angelozebsa da wmindanebs _ miewereba; iseTi religiebic
arsebobs, romlebSic RmerTebi saerTod ar aris.
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meore, religia ar unda iyos gaigivebuli morwmuneTa qcevis makontrolebel, moralur

receptebTan – amgvarad SeiZleba CaiTvalos moses mcnebebi, romlebic mas, TiTqos,
RmerTma ukarnaxa. idea, rom RmerTebs Cveni miwieri qceva ainteresebT, ucxoa bevri
religiisTvis. magaliTad, Zveli berZnebis azriT, RmerTebs adamianTa aqtivobis mimarT
indiferentuli damokidebuleba hqondaT.
mesame, religia yovelTvis ar gulisxmobs imis axsnas, Tu rogor Seiqmna samyaro. qristianoba
pirveli adamianis gaCenas adamisa da evas miTiT xsnis, amgvar miTebs bevr religiaSi
vxvdebiT, magram bevri iseTi religiac arsebobs, romelic amgvar ganmartebas ar moicavs.
meoTxe, religia ar unda iqnas gaigivebuli zebunebrivTan, romelsac “grZnobadis miRma”

arsebuli samyaro swams. magaliTad, konfucianizmi samyaros bunebriv harmonias aRiarebs da
ar eZebs samyaros miRma arsebul realobas.
ra aris religia?
religiebs, savaraudod, Semdegi saerTo maxasiaTeblebi aerTianebT: religia iseT simboloTa

nakrebia, romlebic Tayvaniscemasa da SiSs iwvevs da morwmuneebis jgufis mier Sesrulebul
ritualebsa da ceremoniebs (magaliTad, saeklesio wirvebs) ukavSirdeba. TiToeuli elementi
ganmartebas moiTxovs. SesaZloa, religia RmerTebis arsebobas ar gulisxmobdes, magram is
yovelTvis moicavs krZalvisa da SiSis gamomwvev cocxal arsebebsa an nivTebs. magaliTad,
zogierT religiaSi adamianebs ara gapirovnebuli RmerTebis, aramed “RvTiuri Zalis” swamT.
iseTi religiebic arsebobs, romlebSic adamianebi RmerTebs ki ar eTayvanebian, aramed iseT
figurebs, rogoric buda da konfucia.
religiasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi erTmaneTisgan Zlier gansxvavdeba. ritualuri aqti SeiZleba

locvas, galobas, simReras, garkveuli sakvebis Wamas, an piriqiT, akrZalvas – garkveul dReebSi
marxvas da a.S. moiTxovdes. imis gamo, rom ritualuri aqtebi religiur simboloebzea
orientirebuli, isini yoveldRiuri cxovrebis Cvevebisa da procedurebisgan Zlier gamoirCeva. Tu
sanTels RvTis sadideblad vanTebT, es qmedeba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sruliad gansxvavdeba im
situaciisgan, rodesac sanTels ganaTebis mizniT viyenebT. religiur rituals pirovneba, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, ganmartoebiT asrulebs, magram morwmuneTa mier ceremoniis koleqtiur
Sesrulebas yvela religia gulisxmobs. regularuli ceremoniebi, Cveulebriv, specialur adgilebSi –
eklesiebSi, salocavebSi, an ceremoniisTvis gankuTvnil moednebze sruldeba.
sociologTa azriT, erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic religias magiisgan gamoarCevs, koleqtiuri
ceremoniaa; Tumca maT Soris arsebuli sazRvrebi gamokveTili ar aris. magia movlenebis
eleqsirebiT, galobiTa da ritualebis saSualebiT marTvaa. is, Cveulebriv, ara morwmuneTa jgufis
mier, aramed individualurad sruldeba. adamianebi magias, xSir SemTxvevaSi, warumateblobisa
da mosalodneli safrTxis dros mimarTaven. Tavis klasikur kvlevaSi wynari okeanis auzis
trobriandis macxovrebelTa Sesaxeb, bronislav malinovski sxvadasxva magiur rituals aRwers,
romlebsac kunZulis macxovreblebi kanoeTi saxifaTo mogzaurobis win asrulebdnen
(Malinowski, 1982). isini amgvari ritualis Catarebas saWirod ar miiCnevdnen, Tuki lagunaSi
mSvid amindSi midiodnen saTevzaod.
magiis praqtika Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi TiTqmis aRmoifxvra, magram saxifaTo

situaciebSi magiis msgavs crurwmenas mainc xSirad vawydebiT. saxifaTo an iseTi
saqmianobiT dakavebuli adamianebi, romlebzec SeiZleba SemTxveviTma faqtorebma
imoqmedos, magaliTad, maRaroelebi, mezRvaurebi da sportsmenebi, mcire crumorwmuneobriv
ritualebs asruleben, an stresul situaciaSi garkveul xerxebs mimarTaven. zogierTi CogburTeli
mniSvnelovani matCebis dros yovelTvis erTsa da imave beWeds ikeTebs. Zvel sazogadoebebSi
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arsebul, magiur ideebze dafuZnebul astrologiur rwmenas amJamadac didi gavlena aqvs, Tumca
adamianTa umravlesoba maT seriozulad ar miiCnevs.
religiis saxeebi
tradiciul sazogadoebebSi religias socialur cxovrebaSi, Cveulebriv, centraluri adgili uWiravs.

religiuri simboloebi da ritualebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis materialur da xelovnebis
kulturasTan – musikasTan, xatvasTan, xis damuSavebasTan, ambis Txrobasa da literaturasTan
aris integrirebuli. mcire kulturebSi profesionali mRvdlis instituti ar arsebobs, magram arian
garkveuli adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebul religiur (xSir SemTxvevaSi magiur) codnas
avlenen. amgvari mcodne SeiZleba bevri iyos, magram erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Samania
(termini pirvelad Crdilo amerikel indielebs Soris gavrcelda). Samani aris adamiani, romelsac,
morwmuneTa azriT, ritualis saSualebiT sulebis an zebunebrivi Zalebis marTva SeuZlia.
Samanebi magebi ufro arian, vidre religiuri liderebi. maT xSirad akiTxaven Temis religiuri
ritualebiT ukmayofilo adamianebi.
totemizmi da animizmi
mcire kulturebSi xSirad gvxvdeba religiis ori forma, romlebsac totemizmi da animizmi
ewodeba. sityva “totemi” pirvelad Crdilo amerikeli indielebis tomebSi gaCnda da mas
zebunebrivi ZaliT dajildoebuli cxovelisa da mcenaris aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen. sazogadoebaSi
arsebul naTesaur jgufsa an klans, Cveulebriv, sakuTari totemi aqvs, romelsac sxvadasxva
ritualuri aqtivoba ukavSirdeba. totemuri rwmena ucxoa industriuli sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis,
Tumca totemizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli simboloebi, SedarebiT viwro konteqstSi, aqac
gvxvdeba – magaliTad, sportuli gundis emblemaze SeiZleba cxoveli an mcenare gamoisaxos.
Tilismac totemia.
animizmi sulebisa an aCrdilebis rwmenas niSnavs, romlebic, adamianTa azriT, maT samyaroSi
binadroben. es suli SeiZleba keTili an boroti iyos da adamianTa qcevaze sxvadasxvagvarad
imoqmedos. magaliTad, zogierT kulturaSi miaCniaT, rom sulebi avadmyofobasa da sigiJes
iwvevs. maT SeiZleba adamianSi daibudon da misi qceva gaakontrolon. animisturi rwmena
mxolod mcire kulturebiT ar Semoifargleba; is, sxvadasxva xarisxiT, bevr religiur garemoSi
gvxvdeba. Sua saukuneebis evropaSi adamians, romelsac avi suli eufleboda, xSirad, borot
jadoqrad naTlavdnen da sikvdiliT sjidnen.
mcire, SedarebiT “primitiuli” sazogadoebebi, xSirad, religiuri rwmenis kompleqsuri sistemiT

gamoirCeva. totemizmi da animizmi, msxvil sazogadoebebTan SedarebiT, am sazogadoebebSi
ufroa gavrcelebuli, magram zogierT mcire sazogadoebas bevrad ufro meti kompleqsuri religia
gaaCnia. magaliTad, rogorc evans-pritCardi aRwers, samxreT sudanSi Teologiuri ideebis
mravlismomcveli nakrebi gvxvdeba, romlis centraluri figura “maRali RmerTi” an “cis sulia”
(Evans-Pritchard 1956). monoTeizmisken mimarTuli religiebi SedarebiT naklebad aris mcire
tradiciul kulturebSi. maTi umravlesoba poliTeisturia – mraval RmerTs aRiarebs.
iudaizmi, qristianoba da islami
msoflio istoriis sami yvelaze gavleniani monoTeisturi religia iudaizmi, qristianoba da islamia.
samive religia Sua aRmosavleTSi warmoiSva da TiToeulma maTganma sxva religiebze didi
gavlena moaxdina.
iudaizmi
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iudaizmi am sam religias Soris yvelaze Zveli religiaa, romelic Cv.w.-mde daaxloebiT 1000
wlidan arsebobs. Zveli iudevelebi momTabare adamianebi iyvnen da Zvel egviptesa da
mimdebare teritoriebze cxovrobdnen. misnebi anu religiuri liderebi, nawilobriv, regionis religiur
rwmenaze dafuZnebul ideebs qadagebdnen, magram erTaderTi yovlisSemZle RmerTisadmi
Tayvaniscemas sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxatavdnen. maTi mezoblebis umravlesoba poliTeistebi
iyvnen. iudevelebs swamdaT, rom RmerTi mkacri moraluri kodeqsis morCilebas moiTxovs,
erTaderT WeSmaritebas aRiarebs da marTebul religiad mxolod maT rwmenas miiCnevs
(Zeitlin, 1984, 1988).
meore msoflio omis dasrulebidan cota xnis Semdeg, israelis saxelmwifo daarsda. manamde
iudaizmi arc erTi saxelmwifos oficialuri religia ar iyo. mudmivi devnis miuxedavad, ramac
kulminacias miaRwia nacistebis mier II msoflio omis periodSi sakoncentracio banakebSi
milionibiT ebraelis gaJletiT, ebrauli Temebi evropaSi, Crdilo amerikasa da aziaSi SemorCnen.
qristianoba
qristianobam iudevelTa bevri Tvalsazrisi gaiTavisa. ieso orTodoqsi ebraeli iyo da qristianoba
Tavdapirvelad iudaizmis seqtad Camoyalibda. surda Tu ara iesos damoukidebeli religiis
dafuZneba, amis mtkiceba Znelia. mowafeebi mas mesias uwodebdnen, rac ebraul enaze
“mxsnels” niSnavs, am sityvis berZnuli Sesatyvisi ki “qristea” - mxsneli, romelsac ebraelebi
elodnen. qristianobis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi iniciatori berZnulad mosaubre romaeli moqalaqe
pavle gaxldaT, romelic aqtiurad qadagebda mcire aziasa da saberZneTSi. qristianebis sastiki
devnis miuxedavad, imperatorma konstantinem qristianoba, sabolood, romauli imperiis
oficialur religiad gamoacxada. momdevno ori aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi, qristianobas dasavleTis
kulturaSi dominanturi adgili eWira.
dRes qristianobas ufro meti mimdevari hyavs da mTel msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli religiaa.
sakuTar Tavs qristians aTas milionze meti adamiani uwodebs, magram Teologiisa da eklesiis
organazaciis TvalsazrisiT, maT Soris bevri gansxvavebaa. ZiriTadi ganStoebebi romauli
kaTolicizmi, protestantizmi da aRmosavluri orTodoqsizmia.
islami
islams, romelsac religiebs Soris msoflioSi meore adgili uWiravs, (ix. cxrili 16.1),
qristianobasTan bevri saerTo aqvs. islami winaswarmetyveli muhamedis swavlebas efuZneba,
romelic Cv.w-iT meSvide saukuneSi moRvaweobda. islamis rwmeniT, adamianebsa da bunebas
erTaderTi RmerTi _ alahi _ ganagebs. islami musulmanebisgan (islamis mimdevrebisgan) xuTi
ZiriTadi religiuri valdebulebis Sesrulebas moiTxovs. pirveli valdebulebis Tanaxmad, “erTaderTi
RmerTi alahia, muhamedi ki alahis mociquli”. meoris mixedviT, morwmunem locva dReSi
xuTjer unda waikiTxos, rasac win ganbanvis ceremoniali uZRvis. sadac ar unda iyos mlocveli,
man, am ritualis Sesrulebisas, saudis arabeTSi mdebare wminda qalaq meqas mimarTulebiT
unda gaixedos.
mesame valdebuleba ramadanis dacvaa; es aris erTTviani marxva, romlis ganmavlobaSi

morwmunes dRisiT sakvebisa da sasmelis miReba ekrZaleba. meoTxe, islamuri kanoniT
dadgenili Sesawiris gacemaa (fuli Raribebs unda daurigdes). am valdebulebas saxelmwifo
xSirad gadasaxadebis akrebis mizniT iyenebs. da bolos, yvela morwmunes, Tundac erTxel,
meqaSi molocva moeTxoveba.
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musulmanTa azriT, muhamedze adre moRvawe winaswarmatyvelnic, mosesa da iesos CaTvliT,

alahis saxeliT qadagebdnen, magram muhamedis swavlebam misi survili yvelaze naTlad
gamoxata. islami gavrcelebuli religiaa, mas mTel msoflioSi 1000 milioni mimdevari hyavs.
umravlesoba CrdiloeT da aRmosavleT afrikaSi, axlo aRmosavleTsa da pakistanSia
koncentrirebuli. (mokle diskusias musulmanuri rwmenis Sesaxeb SegiZliaT gaecnoT qvemoT,
qveTavSi, romelic islamur revolucias exeba).
cxrili 16.1 msoflios religiuri mosaxleoba, 1993
religia raodenoba procentuli maCvenebeli

qristianebi 1 869 282 470 33.5
roameli kaTolikebi 1 042 501 000 18.7
protestantebi 382 374 000 6.9
marTlmadideblebi 173 560 000 3.1
anglikanebi 75 847 000 1.4
sxva qristianebi 195 000 470 3.5
musulmanebi 1 014 372 000 18.2
arareligiurebi 912 874 000 16.4
indusebi 751 360 000 13.5
budistebi 334 002 000 6.0
aTeistebi 242 852 000 4.3
Cinuri xalxuri religiebi 140 956 000 2.5
axali religiebi 123 765 000 2.2
tomebis religiebi 99 736 000 1.8
sikxebi 19 853 000 0.4
ebraelebi 18 153 000 0.3
sxvebi 49 280 000 1.0
wyaro: SeerTebuli Statebis statistikuri mimoxilva, 1994, gv. 855
Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebi
induizmi
iudaizms, qristianobas, islamsa da Soreuli aRmosavleTis religiebs Soris mniSvnelovani

gansxvavebaa. uZvelesi religia, romelic dResac didi popularobiT sargeblobs, induizmia.
rwmena, romelsac es religia efuZneba, eqvsi aTasi welia arsebobs. induizmi poliTeisturi
religiaa. is iseTi Sinagani mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva, rom, zogierTi mecnieris azriT, mas
monaTesave religiebis erToblioba unda vuwodoT da ara erTi religiuri orientacia; mraval
adgilobriv kultsa da religiur praqtikas ramdenime sazogadod miRebuli rwmena aerTianebs.
indusTa umravlesoba reinkarnaciis ciklis doqtrinas aRiarebs – rwmenas, rom yvela sulieri
arseba dabadebis, gardacvalebisa da meored dabadebis mudmivi procesis nawilia. meore
damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba kastobrivi sistemaa, romelic efuZneba rwmenas, TiTqos adamians
dabadebisTanave socialur da ritualur ierarqiaSi garkveuli adgili eniWeba, rasac mis mier wina
cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebuli aqtivoba ganapirobebs. TiToeul kastas sakuTari movaleobebi da
ritualebi aqvs da adamianis bediswera momaval cxovrebaSi ZiriTadad imiT ganisazRvreba, Tu
rogor asrulebda is manamde am movaleobebs. induizmisTis misaRebia ramdenime
gansxvavebuli religiuri Tvalsazrisis arseboba; am religiaSi ar xdeba morwmuneebis
urwmunoTagan mkveTri gamijvna. induizms 750 milion adamianze meti misdevs, savaraudod,
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yvela indoeTis subkontinentis macxovrebelia. qristianobisa da islamisgan gansxvavebiT,

induizmi sxvebis mozidvas da maT “WeSmarit morwmuneebad” moqcevas ar cdilobs.
budizmi, konfucianizmi, taoizmi
aRmosavleTis eTikuri religiebia budizmi, konfucianizmi da taoizmi. es religiebi RmerTebis

Tayvaniscemas ar gulisxmobs. isini eTikur ideebze ufro amaxvileben yuradRebas, romlebic
morwmunes benebisa da samyaros erTianobasTan akavSirebs.
budizmi Cv.w-mde meeqvse saukuneSi moRvawe, samxreT nepalis patara samefos indusTa
princis sidarta gautamas, budas (ganswavlulis), swavlebas efuZneba. buda qadagebs, rom
adamianisTvis reinkarnaciis cikli savaldebulo aRar iqneba, Tu is yofiT survilebs uaryofs.
gadarCenisTvis man TviTdisciplinisa da meditaciis gza unda ganvlos, romelsac araferi aqvs
saerTo miwieri samyaros amocanebTan. budizmis ZiriTadi mizani nirvanas, srulyofili sulierebis
miRwevaa. buda indusTa ritualebsa da kastebs uaryofda. induizmis msgavsad, religiis
adgilobrivi variaciebi arc budizmisTvisaa miuRebeli. es religia mxolod erTi Tvalsazrisis
arsebobas ar moiTxovs. budizmi dRes didi gavleniT sargeblobs Soreuli aRmosavleTis bevr
saxelmwifoSi, maT Soris tailandSi, birmaSi, Sri lankaSi, CineTSi, iaponiasa da koreaSi.
konfucianizmma tradiciuli CineTis mmarTveli jgufebis kulturas Cauyara safuZveli. ,,konfuci”

(k’ung fu-cus laTinuri varianti) Cv.w-mde meeqvse saukuneSi, budas periodSi, cxovrobda.
taoizmis fuZemdeblis lao-Tzus msgavsad, konfucic maswavlebeli iyo da ara axlo aRmosavleTis
religiuri lideri anu misani. konfucianizmis mimdevrebi konfucs RmerTad ar aRiqvamen, isini
mas ”brZenTa Soris ubrZenes kacs” uwodeben. konfucianizmi adamianis cxovrebas bunebis
Sinagan harmonias ukavSirebs da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs winaparTa
Tayvaniscemas. igive principebs iziarebs taoizmi. am religiis principiT, ukeTesi cxovreba
meditaciiTa da mimteveblobiT miiRweva. Cinelma xalxma zemoT xsenebuli religiuri rwmenisa
da praqtikis zogierTi elementi SeinarCuna, magram mTavrobis opoziciuri ganwyobis gamo,
konfucianizmi da taoizmi CineTSi Zveleburi gavleniT aRar sargeblobs.
religiis Teoriebi
religiisadmi sociologiur midgomaze jer kidev Zlier gavlenas axdens sami ,,klasikosi” sociologi
Teoretikosis – marqsis, diurkemisa da veberis – ideebi. am sami mecnieridan arc erTi ar iyo
religiuri da samives miaCnda, rom Tanamedrove cxovrebaSi religia naklebad mniSvnelovani
gaxdeboda. TiTeuli Teoretikosis azriT, religia, fundamenturi gagebiT, iluziaa. sxvadasxva
rwmenis advokatebi darwmunebulni arian maTi rwmenisa da im ritualebis validurobaSi,
romlebSic Tavad iReben monawileobas; samive moazrovenes miaCnia, rom mravalgvari
religiebis arseboba da maTi aSkara kavSiri sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoebasTan, am mosazrebaTa
usafuZvlobaze metyvelebs. monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebaSi dabadebul avstraliel
adamians, indur kastobriv sistemaSi an Sua saukuneebis evropis kaTolikur eklesiaSi dabadebuli
adamianisgan gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmena aqvs.
marqsi da religia
miuxedavad imisa, rom marqsis ideebma am sakiTxze didi gavlena moaxdina, mas religia
detalurad arasodes Seuswavlia. misi ideebi, ZiriTadad, mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis
ramdenime Teologisa da filosofosis naazrevs efuZneba. erT-erTi maTgani cnobili
naSromis ,,qristianobis arsi” avtori ludvig foierbaxia (Feuerbach, 1957; pirvelad 1841 wels
gamoica). foierbaxis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, religia iseTi ideebisa da Rirebulebebisgan Sedgeba,
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romlebic adamianTa kulturuli ganviTarebis procesSi yalibdeba, magram maT warmoSobas,

SecdomiT, RvTiur Zalebs an RmerTebs miaweren. imis gamo, rom adamianebma safuZvlianad
ar ician sakuTari istoria, isini socialuri procesebis Sedegad Seqmnili Rirebulebebisa da normebis
wyarod, RmerTisEaqtivobas miiCneven. magaliTad, aTi mcneba, romelic mosem RmerTisgan
moismina, ebrael da qristian morwmuneTa cxovrebis ZiriTadi moraluri wesebis miTiuri versiaa.
foierbaxi acxadebs, rom Cven Cvens mier Seqmnili religiuri simboloebis buneba ar gvesmis;
swored amitom veqceviT im istoriuli Zalebis tyveobaSi, romelTa gakontroleba Tavad ar
SegviZlia. foerbaxi iyenebs termins gaucxoeba, am terminSi is RmerTebisa da RvTiuri Zalebis
adamianebisgan gamijvnas gulisxmobs. adamianis mier Seqmnili Rirebulebebisa da ideebis
warmoSoba ucxo an sadRac sxvagan myof arsebebs – religiur Zalebsa da RmerTebs _
miewereba. gaucxoebas warsulSi uaryofiTi Sedegi hqonda, magram, foierbaxis azriT, religiis,
rogorc gaucxoebis, gageba, samomavlod imedismomcemi movlenaa. Tu adamiani
gaacnobierebs, rom religiuri warmoSobis Rirebulebebi sinamdvileSi misi Seqmnilia, is am
Rirebulebebis amqveyniur cxovrebaSi realizebis SesaZleblobaSi darwmundeba da mxolod
imqveyniuris imedad aRar iqneba. unari, romelsac, qristianuli rwmenis mixedviT, mxolod
RmerTi flobs, Tavad adamiansac gaaCnia. qristianebs miaCniaT, rom RmerTi yovlisSemZlea da
kacTmoyvare, adamiani ki arasrulyofili arsebaa da mas bevri susti mxare axasiaTebs. foierbaxis
azriT, siyvarulis, sikeTisa da sakuTari cxovrebis gakontrolebis potencia yvela adamianur
socialur instituts gaaCnia da Tu amas bolomde gavacnobierebT, am SesaZleblobaTa realizeba
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba.
Tvalsazriss, rom religia adamianTa TviTgaucxoebas gulisxmobs, marqsic eTanxmeba. bevrs

miaCnia, rom marqsi religias saTanado yuradRebas ar uTmobda, magram es mosazreba
simarTles ar Seesabameba. marqsi wers, rom ,,religia ugulo cxovrebis gulia” – yoveldRiuri
sastiki realobidan gamosavlis Zieba. marqss miaCnda, rom religia, tradiciuli formiT, aRar
iarsebebs da es gamarTlebulic iqneba; amis mizezi Tavad religiuri idealebisa da Rirebulebebis
miuRebloba ar aris; pozitiuri religiuri ideebi SeiZleba kacobriobis ZiriTad idealebad iqces da
samyaros ganviTarebisTvis uaRresad sasikeTo aRmoCndes. Cvens mier Seqmnili RmerTebis ar
unda gveSinodes da maT ar unda mivaweroT Rirebulebebi, romelTa realizeba Tavad SegviZlia.
marqsi Tavis cnobil frazaSi acxadebs: ,,religia adamianebisTvis opiumia.” religia gvaswavlis,
rom adamiani amqveyniur pirobebs unda Seeguos, radgan im qveynad mas bedniereba da jildo
elis. aqedan gamomdinare, is amqveynad arsebul uTanasworobasa da usamarTlobasTan
Seguebas qadagebs da adamians imqveyniur sikeTes hpirdeba. religia Zlier ideologiur elements
Seicavs: religiuri rwmena da Rirebulebebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, simdidrisa da Zaluflebis
araTanabari ganawilebis gamarTlebas cdilobs. magaliTad, religiuri swavlebis
mixedviT, ,,morCilebi daimkvidreben samyaros,” rac CagvrasTan Seguebas niSnavs.
diurkemi da religiuri rituali
marqsisgan gansxvavebiT, emil diurkemma Tavisi inteleqtualuri karieris didi nawili religiis
Seswavlas dauTmo. man, ZiriTadad, mcire tradiciul sazogadoebebze gaamaxvila yuradReba.
diurkemis naSromi ,,religiuri cxovrebis elementaluri formebi,” romelic pirvelad 1912 wels
gamoica, albaT, religiis sociologiis erTaderT, yvelaze gavlenian kvlevad unda CaiTvalos
(Durkheim, 1976). diurkemi religias, pirvel rigSi, Zalauflebis araTanabar socialur ganawilebas
ki ar ukavSirebs, aramed sazogadoebrivi institutebis saerTo bunebas. misi naSromi avstraliur
aborigenul sazogadoebebSi gavrcelebuli totemizmis Seswavlas efuZneba. diurkemis azriT,
totemizmi religiis ,,elementalur” anu yvelaze martiv formas warmoadgens, rac misi wignis
saTaurSi aisaxeba.
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rogorc aRvniSneT, totemi, Tavdapirvelad, jgufisTvis gansakuTrebuli simboluri mniSvnelobis

matarebeli cxoveli an mcenare iyo. es aris sakraluri obieqti, romelic Tayvaniscemas imsaxurebs
da mis sadidebelad sxvadasxva ritualuri aqtivoba xorcieldeba. diurkemi orgvar _ sakralur da
profanul _ religias gamoyofs. misi azriT, sakraluri sagnebi da simboloebi arsebobis rutinul
aspeqtebSi – profanul realobaSi _ ar moiazreba. totemuri cxovelis an mcenaris Wama,
Cveulebriv, mxolod specialur ceremonialzea daSvebuli. morwmuneebs sjeraT, rom totems,
rogorc wminda obieqts, RvTiuri Tvisebebi axasiaTebs, rac mas sxva, nadirobisTvis gankuTvnili
cxovelebisgan da sakvebad vargisi mcenareebisgan gamoarCevs.
ratom aris totemi sakraluri? diurkemis mixedviT, amis mizezi is aris, rom totemi Tavad jgufis
simboloa; is jgufis an Temis yvelaze mniSvnelovan RirebulebebTan aris gaigivebuli.
mowiwebis grZnoba, romelsac adamiani totemis mimarT ganicdis, realurad, mniSvnelovani
sicialuri Rirebulebebis pativiscemas efuZneba. religiaSi Tayvaniscemis obieqti, realurad, Tavad
sazogadoebaa.
diurkemi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs im faqtze, rom religia mxolod rwmeniT ar

amoiwureba. yvela religia regularul ceremoniebsa da ritualur aqtivobas ukavSirdeba, romlis
drosac morwmuneTa jgufi ikribeba. koleqtiuri ceremonia jgufuri solidarobis SegrZnebas
aZlierebs. ceremoniebSi monawileobisas, adamianebs profanuli socialuri cxovrebiseuli
problemebi aviwydebaT da hgoniaT, rom zebunebriv ZalebTan Sedian kontaqtSi. totemebisTvis
miwerili zebunebrivi Zalebi, anu RmerTebis RvTiuri zemoqmedeba, sinamdvileSi, im gavlenis
gamomxatvelia, romelsac koleqtivi individze axdens.
diurkemis TvalsazrisiT, ceremonia da rituali jgufis wevrebis erTmaneTTan damakavSirebeli

yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtoria. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom es movlenebi mxolod
regularuli Tayvaniscemis gamomxatvel sityuaciebSi ki ar gvxvdeba, aramed cxovrebiseuli
krizisisa da mniSvnelovani socialuri gardaqmnebis, magaliTad, dabadebis, qorwinebis, an
gardacvalebis periodSic. aseT SemTxvevebSi, TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi, ritualuri da
ceremoniuli procedura sruldeba. diurkemis azriT, koleqtiuri ceremonia maSin ganamtkicebs
jgufis solidarobas, rodesac adamians mniSvnelovan cvlilebebTan uxdeba Segueba. amis
maniSnebelia dasaflavebis ritualebi; jgufis Rirebulebebi, gardacvalebis faqtTan SedarebiT, ufro
mtkicea da isini adamianebs axal situaciasTan SeguebaSi exmareba. glova dardis spontanuri
gamoxatuleba ar aris. gardacvlili realurad SeiZleba mxolod iseTma pirovnebam iglovos,
romelzec sikvdilis faqtma uSualod imoqmeda. glova jgufis mier gamoxatuli valdebulebaa.
diurkemi acxadebs, rom mcire kulturul jgufebSi cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela aspeqti religiis mier
imarTeba. religiuri ceremoniebi rogorc axal ideebs da azrovnebis kategoriebs uyris safuZvels,
ise arsebul Rirebulebebsac amyarebs. religia mxolod gancdebisa da aqtivobebis nakrebi ar aris;
is tradiciul kulturebSi individTa azrovnebis stils ganapirobebs. azrovnebis ZiriTadi kategoriebic
ki, drosa da sivrcesTan dakavSirebuli naazrevis CaTvliT, Tavdapirvelad, religiuri kuTxiT
moiazreboda. magaliTad, ,,drois” cneba, Tavdapirvelad, religiur ceremoniebs Soris arsebuli
intervalebis aTvlas efuZneboda.
ra religiur cvlilebas elis diurkemi
diurkems miaCnia, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa ganviTareba religiuri gavlenis Sesustebas

gamoiwvevs. religiur dasabuTebas mecnieruli azrovneba Secvlis, da ceremoniebsa da ritualur
aqtivobas adamianTa cxovrebaSi Zalze mcire adgili daeTmoba. diurkemi marqss eTanxmeba
imaSi, rom tradiciul religias – anu religias, romelic RvTiuri Zalebisa da RmerTebis arsebobas
gulisxmobs – gaqroba emuqreba. diurkemi wers: ,,Zveli RmerTebi gardaicvalnen.” amasTan
erTad is acxadebs, rom religia saxecvlili formiT kvlav iarsebebs. Rirebulebebis gamamyarebel
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ritualebze Tanamedrove sazogadoebebic arian damokidebulni, Tumca, Zveli ceremoniebi

SeiZleba axalma aqtivobebma Caanacvlos. diurkemi naTlad ar ganmartavs, Tu, savaraudod, ra
saxis iqneba es aqtivobebi; rogorc Cans, is iseT humanur da politikur Rirebulebebs gulisxmobs,
rogoric Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba da socialuri TanamSromlobaa.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom umravles industriul saxelmwifoebSi samoqalaqo religiebi ganviTarda

(Bellah, 1970). britaneTSi arsebuli simboloebi – droSa, simRerebi – magaliTad, imedisa da
didebis miwa da mefed kurTxevis msgavsi ritualebi ,,britanuli cxovrebis wesis” ganmtkicebas
uwyobs xels. am konteqstSi ,,religiaze” saubari sakamaTo sakiTxia; aseTi simboloebi da
praqtika tradiciul religiebSic arsebobs. Tumca Znelia imis uaryofa, rom samoqalaqo simboloebi
da ritualebi iseTive socialur meqanizmebs ukavSirdeba, romelTa msgavsi religiis tradiciul
formebSic arsebobs.
veberi da msoflio religiebi
diurkemis argumentebi mcirericxovan magaliTebs efuZneba, Tumca is acxadebs, rom misi

ideebi, zogadad, religias miesadageba. amis sapirispirod, maqs veberma msoflio religiebi
safuZvlianad Seiswavla. aseTi masStaburi kvleva arc manamde, arc Semdgom, arc erT mecniers
ar uwarmoebia. mTeli misi yuradReba im religiebze iyo koncentrirebuli, romlebsac is msoflio
religiebs uwodebda, anu religiebze, romlebmac mravali morwmune miizida da globaluri istoriis
kursze didi gavlena moaxdina. man detalurad Seiswavla induizmi, budizmi, taoizmi da Zveli
iudaizmi (Weber, 1951, 1952, 1958, 1963), wignSi ,,protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”
(1976; pirvelad 1904-5 wels gamoica) da sxva naSromebSic, is safuZvlianad ganixilavs
qristianobis gavlenas dasavleTis istoriaze. mas islamis Seswavlac hqonda ganzraxuli, magram es
naSromi ar daasrula.
veberis naSromebi religiis Sesaxeb imiT gansxvavdeba diurkemis naSromebisgan, rom es

ukanaskneli religiasa da socialur cvlilebas Soris kavSirs nakleb yuradRebas uTmobs. is arc
marqsis Tvalsazriss eTanxmeba da acxadebs, rom religia yovelTvis konservatuli Zala ar aris;
piriqiT, religiiT STagonebuli moZraoba xSirad yofila mniSvnelovani socialuri gardaqmnebis
mizezi. magaliTad, protestantizmma, gansakuTrebiT puritanizmma, Tanamedrove dasavleTis
kapitalistur Tvalsazriss Cauyara safuZveli. Zveli mewarmeebi, ZiriTadad, kalvinistebi iyvnen.
warmatebisadmi miswrafebas, Tavidan, RvTis msaxurebis survili ganapirobebda, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, dasavleTis ekonomikur ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli. materialur warmatebas isini zeciuri
wyalobis niSnad miiCnevdnen.
vebers msoflio religiebze erTjeradi kvlevis warmoeba hqonda ganzraxuli. msjeloba imis
Taobaze, Tu ra zegavlena iqonia protestantizmma dasavleTis ganviTarebaze, im mravalmxrivi
mcdelobis nawilia, romelic sxvadasxva kulturis socialur da ekonomikur cxovrebaze religiis
gavlenis gaazrebas isaxavda miznad. aRmosavluri religiebis analizisas, veberi askvnis, rom isini
Zlier abrkolebdnen dasavluri tipis industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebas. es aradasavluri
civilizaciebis CamorCenilobiT ki ar aixsneba, ubralod, maTTvis gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi iyo
misaRebi, evropaSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebas ki sxva dominanturi Rirebulebebi uZRoda win.
veberi aRniSnavs, rom tradiciul CineTsa da indoeTSi, garkveul periodSi, komercia,

manufaqtura da urbanizmi ganviTarda, magram amas ar mohyva is radikaluri socialuri cvlileba,
romelic dasavleTis industriuli kapitalizmis aRzevebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. amgvari
dabrkoleba, ZiriTadad, religiis gavlenam gamoiwvia. magaliTad, veberi induizms ,,miRmuri
samyaros” religias uwodebs, radgan misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirebuleba materialisturi
samyarosTvisTvis Tavis aridebasa da umaRles sulier arsebobaSi mdgomareobs. induizmis
religiuri ganwyobisa da motivaciisTvis materialuri samyaros formireba naklebad
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mniSvnelovania. piriqiT, induizmi materialur realobas safarad aRiqvams; is adamians xels uSlis,
gaacnobieros is WeSmariti sazrunavi, romelzec unda iyos orientirebuli kacobrioba. Zalisxmevis
dasavluri tipis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sawinaRmdegod warmarTvas cdilobs konfucianizmic.
is samyarosTan harmoniis Ziebaze ufro amaxvilebs yuradRebas, vidre samyaros mier
warmoebuli produqtiT aqtiur sargeblobaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xnis ganmavlobaSi,
CineTi msoflioSi yvelaze Zlieri da kulturulad ganviTarebuli civilizacia iyo, misTvis
dominanturma religiurma Rirebulebebma ekonomikuri ganviTarebis seriozuli dabrkoleba
gamoiwvia.
veberi qristianobas xsnis religiad miiCnevs. qristianuli rwmenis mixedviT, adamians xsna im
SemTxvevaSi elodeba, Tuki is religiis rwmenasa da mis moralur principebs gaiziarebs. am
religiaSi codvas da mowyale RmerTis mier codvili adamianis Sendobas mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs. qristianoba daZabulobas emociuri dinamizmiT cvlis, rac, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
ucxoa aRmosavluri religiebisTvis. xsnis religiebi ,,revoluciuri” aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba.
aRmosavleTis religiebi pasiuri damokidebulebis ganviTarebas uwyobs xels, qristianoba ki
codvasTan gamudmebul brZolas, anu realobis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas gulisxmobs. religiuri
liderebi, rogoricaa ieso, arsebuli doqtrinebis gadafasebas axdenen, raTa Zalauflebis arsebul
struqturas daupirispirdnen.
Sefaseba
marqsma, diurkemma da veberma religiis mniSvnelovani zogadi maxasiaTeblebi gamoavlines;

maTi Tvalsazrisi, garkveulwilad, avsebs erTmaneTs. marqsi marTebulad aRniSnavda, rom
religia, xSir SemTxvevaSi, ideologias gulisxmobs, romelic mmarTveli jgufis interesebs
emsaxureba da, Sesabamisad, wamgebiania sazogadoebis danarCeni wevrebisTvis. istoriaSi
amis uamravi magaliTi arsebobs. magaliTad, gavixsenoT, Tu rogor uwyobda xels qristianoba
evropeli kolonizatorebis mier sxva kulturebis marTvis mcdelobas. misionrebi ,,barbarosebis”
qristianebad moqcevis saqmes gulwrfelad emsaxurebodnen, magram maTi swavlebis Sedegi
tradiciuli kulturebis ngreva da TeTrkanianebis gabatoneba iyo. mecxramete saukunemde,
SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi gavrcelebuli tyveoba TiTqmis arc erTi qristianuli
denominaciisTvis ar iyo miuRebeli. imdroindeli doqtrinebis mixedviT, tyveoba zeciur kanons
efuZneboda; urC monebs rogorc maTi mepatroneebis, ise RmerTis winaaRmdeg Cadenil
danaSaulSi debdnen brals.
marTali iyo veberic, rodesac arsebul socialur wyobaze religiuri idealebis revoluciur gavlenas
usvamda xazs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvelad eklesia xels uwyobda SeerTebul StatebSi
monobis ganviTarebas, mogvianebiT, misi gauqmebisTvis brZolis saqmeSi, bevrma religiurma
liderma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. religiurma rwmenam mraval socialur moZraobas Cauyara
safuZveli, romelic xelisuflebis usamarTlo sistemis daSlas isaxavda miznad. magaliTad, religias
mniSvnelovani roli miuZRvis SeerTebul StatebSi 1960-ian wlebSi samoqalaqo uflebebis
mopovebis mizniT ganviTarebul moZraobaSi. religiam socialur cvlilebazec iqonia gavlena –
religiuri motiviT xSirad sisxlic daRvrila – is mravali SeiaraRebuli Setakebisa da omis mizezi
gamxdara.
istoriaSi mravlad aris imis magaliTebi, Tu rogor xdeboda religia uTanxmoebis mizezi, magram
diurkemi Tavis naSromebSi religias am kuTxiT naklebad ganixilavs. diurkemi xazs usvams,
rom religias, sxva funqciebTan erTad, socialuri erTianobis xelSewyobis rolic akisria. solidarobis
garda, misi ideebiT SeiZleba religiuri dajgufeba, konfliqti da cvlilebac aixsnas. sxva religiuri
jgufebis winaaRmdeg gamovlenil uaryofiT ganwyobas, morwmuneTa TemSi arsebuli religiuri
Rirebulebebi ganapirobebs.
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sxva aspeqtebis garda, diurkemis naSromebi kidev imiT aris Rirebuli, rom isini yuradRebas
amaxvilebs ritualsa da ceremoniaze. ritualuri wesebis dacvasa da morwmuneTa regularul
TavSeyras yvela religia moiTxovs. diurkemi marTebulad aRniSnavs, rom ritualuri aqtivoba,
ZiriTadad, cxovrebiseul gardaqmnebs – dabadebas, zrdasrul asakSi gadasvlas (bevr kulturaSi
gvxvdeba momwifebasTan dakavSirebuli ritualebi), qorwinebasa da gardacvalebas ukavSirdeba
(van Gennep, 1977).
am Tavis momdevno nawilSi samive avtoris ideebs gamoviyenebT. pirvel rigSi, religiuri
organizaciis gansxvavebul tipebs SeviswavliT da religiisa da genderis sakiTxs ganvixilavT.
Semdeg arsebuli socialuri wyobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul Sua saukuneebis evropis milenarul
moZraobebze da meoce saukunis zogierT araevropul kulturaze vimsjelebT. mimdinare periodSi
religiuri aRorZinebis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan magaliTs, islamuri fundamentalizmis
aRzevebas ganvixilavT, bolos ki dRevandeli dasavluri sazogadoebebis religiaze visaubrebT.
religiuri organizaciis tipebi
veberi da trelCi: eklesiebi da seqtebi
yvela religia morwmuneTa Tems aerTianebs, magram es Temebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris

organizebuli. religiuri organizaciebis klasificirebis modeli pirvelad maqs veberma da misma
kolegam religiaTmcodne ernst trelCma SeimuSaves (Troeltsch, 1981). veberma da trelCma
ermaneTisgan gamijnes eklesiebi da seqtebi. eklesia msxvili religiuri saxelmwifo organizaciaa,
rogoricaa kaTolikuri an inglisis eklesia. seqta erTgul morwmuneTagan Semdgari ufro mcire,
naklebad organizebuli dajgufebaa, romelic, Cveulebriv, eklesiis winaaRmdeg protestis
gamoxatvis safuZvelze yalibdeba. amis MmagaliTia kalvinistebi da meTodistebi.
robert vuTnou: sociologi religiuri morwmunis rolSi
bevri sociologi, romelic religias Seiwavlis, SeiZleba eklesiis an religiuri dawesebulebis wevri iyos. maT SeiZleba
gulis siRrmeSi miaCndeT, rom zogierTi religiuri Tvalsazrisi, sxva realiebTan SedarebiT, ufro axlos aris RvTiur
WeSmaritebasTan. rogor aRweven sociologebi obieqturobas profesiuli valdebulebisa da piradi rwmenis
dabalansebis xarjze?
am kiTxvas robert vuTnou pasuxobs. misi wigni ,,qristianoba 21-e saukuneSi: mosalodneli sirTuleebi” (1993)
qristianobis momaval perspeqtivebs exeba. vuTnous sfero socialuri mecnierebebia, magram is xazs usvams, rom
kvlevis sagans qristianisa da sociologis kuTxiT ganixilavs. vuTnous, rogorc qristians, Zlier ainteresebda,
SeinarCunebda Tu ara eklesia TviTmyofadobas 21-e saukuneSi. vuTnou, rogorc sociologi, imis gagebas cdilobda,
Tu rogor zemoqmedebas axdens socialuri cvlileba eklesiasa da mis wevrebze.
vuTnous kvlevis meTodi eklesiis wevrebis gamokiTxva iyo. am diskusiam is im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom
qristianuli identoba sul ufro globalur xasiaTs iZens. denominanturi sazRvrebi iSleba. ,,warsulSi qristianebi
baptistebi iyvnen an presbiterelebi, axla ki qristianebi sakuTar Tavs mTeli msoflios qristianul saZmosTan
aigiveben.“ rogori iqneba denominanturi eklesiis roli globalizaciis gazrdili gavlenis fonze?
vuTnous azriT, eklesiis wevrebs ,,globaluri azrovneba da lokaluri qmedeba surT”. es imas niSnavs, rom isini
msoflios sxva morwmuneebTan identobas eZeben, magram urTierToba maT siaxloves myof erTmorwmuneebTan
surT. magaliTad, lili da semi presbiterelebi imitom ki ar arian, rom denominaciis erTguleba amoZravebT, aramed
imitom, rom ,,moZRvari moswonT, mrevlSi gaerTianebul adamianebTan erTad Tavs komfortulad grZnoben,
eklesiis Senoba maT arqiteqturul gemovnebas akmayofilebs da maTTvis mosaxerxebelia eklesiis teritoriuli
siaxlovec.” vuTrou acxadebs, rom eklesia moqnilobas im SemTxvevaSi SeinarCunebs, Tu is ,,adamianebs iseTi
Temisadmi kuTvnilebisESegrZnebiT uzrunvelyofs, sadac isini mxardaWeras da TavSesafars ipovian da RvTis
samsaxurSi iqnebian.”
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miuxedavad imisa, rom vuTnou qristiania, is sociologiuri kuTxiT azrovnebs da obieqtur analizs awarmoebs. misi
midgoma universitetis profesoris Tvalsazriss efuZneba da ara qristianuli mrevlis wevris. es imas niSnavs, rom
vuTnous, rogorc qristianis, mikerZoebulma ganwyobam monacemTa Segrovebaze gavlena ar moaxdina.
rodesac iseT sociologiur sakiTxebs ixilavT, rogoric sekularizacia da fundamentalizmia, religiis Sesaxeb sakuTari
azrebi analizSi xels xom ar giSliT?
eklesia, Cveulebriv, formaluri, biurokratiuli struqturiTa da oficialur religiur pirTa ierarqiiT

gamoirCeva. is religiis konservatuli formis SenarCunebas cdilobs, radgan arsebul instituciur
ganawesTan integrirdeba. Cveulebriv, eklesiis wevrebi mSoblebi, Semdeg ki maTi
memkvidreebi arian.
seqta wevrTa SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT Semoifargleba; is, Cveulebriv, ,,WeSmariti gzis”
aRmoCenasa da am gziT siaruls emsaxureba. misi wevrebi sazogadoebidan gamijvnas da
calkeul TemebSi gaerTianebas cdiloben. seqtis wevrebi saxelmwifo eklesias korumpirebul
organizaciad miiCneven. maT umravlesobas mcire raodenobis oficialuri warmomadgeneli
hyavs, an saerTod ar hyavs oficialuri lideri. yvela wevri Tanabari uflebebiT sargeblobs. seqtaSi
dabadebidan cota adamiani Tu wevriandeba, wevrTa umravlesobas rwmenis ganmtkicebis
mizani amoZravebs.
bekeri: denominacia da kultebi
veberisa da trelCis mier SemoTavazebuli, eklesiis seqtisgan ganmasxvavebeli tipologia sxva

avtorebmac ganaviTares. amis magaliTs hovard bekeris naSromi warmoadgens, romelmac maT
mier SemuSavebul klasifikacias kidev ori tipi - denominacia da kulti – daumata (Becker,
1950). denominacia seqtis “Serbilebuli” formaa, romelSic opoziciurad ganwyobili aqtiuri jgufi
instituciurma organizaciam Caanacvla. xangrZlivi arsebobis Semdeg, seqta sabolood
denominaciad gardaiqmneba. magaliTad, formirebis sawyis periodSi kalvinizmi da meTodizmi
seqtebi iyo da radikalurad ganwyobili wevrebi hyavda; magram wlebis Semdeg
maT ,,respeqtabeluri” ieri SeiZines. eklesia, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, garkveuli xarisxiT, aRiarebs
denominaciebs, isini gverdigverd arseboben da zogjer harmoniuli TanamSromlobac ki
akavSirebT.
kultsa da seqtas erTmaneTTan bevri saerTo aqvs, magram maTi aqcenti gansxvavebulia. es
dajgufebebi ar arian myar kavSirSi sxva religiur organiziciebTan da maTi wevrebi maTTvis
ucxo sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs uaryofen. isini yuradRebas individualur gamocdilebaze
amaxvileben da erTnairad moazrovne individebs uyrian Tavs. adamiani kultSi formalurad ar
erTiandeba, is ubralod garkveul Teoriebs iziarebs da qcevis dadgenil wesebs misdevs.
Cveulebriv, wevrebs sxva religiuri kavSirebis SenarCunebis uflebac eZlevaT. seqtis msgavsad,
kultic, xSirad, iseTi lideris garSemo formirdeba, romelic wevrTa STagonebis wyarod iqceva.
dasavleTSi arsebuli kultebi spiritualizmis, astrologiisa da transcendenturi meditaciis
mimdevrebs moicavs.
Sefaseba
zemoT ganxiluli oTxi cneba Zalze sasargebloa religiuri organizaciis aspeqtebis analizis
TvalsazrisiT, magram maT didi sifrTxiliT unda mivudgeT, radgan isini mxolod qristianul
tradiciebs asaxavs. islamis magaliTiT vrwmundebiT, rom araqristianul religiebSi eklesia sxva
institutebs mkveTrad ar emijneba da sxva saxelmwifo religiebs ganviTarebuli biurokratuli
ierarqia ara aqvT. magaliTad, induizmi Sinaganad imdenad heterogenuli religiaa, rom mis
struqturaSi biurokratuli organizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi TiTqmis ar
moiZebneba. ,,denominacias” verc induizmis sxvadasxva qvedajgufebas vuwodebT.
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seqtisa da kultis cnebebi, savaraudod, farTod gamoiyeneba, magram am sakiTxSic didi sifrTxile
gvmarTebs. msoflio religiebSi xSirad arsebobs seqtis msgavsi dajgufebebi. isini dasavluri
seqtebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli bevri TvisebiT – valdebulebis grZnobiT, gamorCeulobis
SegrZnebiT, orTodoqsulobis wesebidan gadaxvevis miswrafebiT – gamoirCeva. Tumca, am
jgufTa umravlesobas, magaliTad, im jgufebs, romlebic induizmSi gvxvdeba, tradiciul eTnikur
TemebTan ufro meti aqvT saerTo, vidre qristianul seqtebTan (Wilson, 1982). am jgufebis
umravlesoba ,,WeSmariti morwmuneebisTvis” damaxasiaTebel grZnobebs ise mwvaved ar
gamoxatavs, rogorc es qristianobis mimdevrebs axasiaTebT. amis mizezi is aris, rom
aRmosavleTis ,,eTikuri religiisTvis” gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi ufro misaRebia. romeliRac jgufi
“sakuTar gzas irCevs” da mas ufro myarad dafuZnebuli organizaciis mxridan araviTari
winaaRmdegoba ar xvdeba. termini ,,kulti” farTod gamoiyeneba, mas zogierT milenarul
moZraobas usadageben. Tumca am moZraobaTa definicia seqtebs ufro uaxlovdeba, vidre
bekeris mier formulirebuli kultis cnebas.
eklesiis, seqtisa da denominaciis cneba SeiZleba kulturasTan iyos kavSirSi, magram es cnebebi
im daZabuli viTarebis analizSi gvexmareba, romelsac yvela religia gaivlis aRorZinebidan
institucionalizaciamde. religiuri organizaciebi, dafuZnebidan garkveuli drois Semdeg, ufro
biurokratiul da mouqnel xasiaTs iZens, magram religiur simboloebs morwmuneebze Zlieri
emociuri zemoqmedeba aqvT, rac xels uSlis maT rutinul simbolikad gadaqcevas. axali seqtebisa
da kultebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo iqneba diurkemis mosazrebis
gamoyeneba, romelic erTmaneTisgan mijnavs sakralursa da profanuls. rac ufro metad
standartuli xdeba religiuri aqtivoba, anu rac ufro gauTviTcnobiereblad sruldeba misi kanonebi,
miT ufro ikargeba sakralurobis elementi da rituali da rwmena yoveldRiuri miwieri cxovrebis
Semadgenel nawilad iqceva. meore mxriv, ceremoniebi religiuri gamocdilebis gamokveTili
maxasiaTeblebis axleburi kuTxiT gaazrebaSi gvexmareba, amgvari STagonebiT miRebuli
gamocdileba ki SeiZleba dadgenili orTodoqsuli Tvalsazrisisgan gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes.
jgufebi, SesaZloa, mowydnen ZiriTad Tems, moaxdinon saprotesto an separatistuli
moZraobebis mobilizacia, an dafuZnebuli rwmenisa da ritualebisgan gansxvavebuli qcevis
nimuSebi SeimuSavon.
religiis mimdinare ganviTareba: islamuri revolucia
Tvalsazrisi, romelsac samive mecnieri _ marqsi, diurkemi da veberi – iziarebs, imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom Tanamedrove samyarosTvis tradiciuli religia sul ufro marginaluri xdeba da
sekularizacia gardauvali procesia. am sami moazrovnidan, savaraudod, mxolod veberi
eWvobda, rom iseTi tradiciuli religiuri sistema, rogoric islamia, aRorZinebis Zireul process
gaivlis da, meoce saukunis bolos, mniSvnelovan politikur ganviTarebas Cauyris safuZvels.
swored amgvarad warimarTa movlenebi iranSi 1980-ian wlebSi. ukanasknel periodSi,
islamurma fundamentalizmma (xazgasma uSualod wminda werilis teqstis interpretaciidan
momdinareobs) sxva qveynebze, maT Soris, egvipteze, siriaze, libansa da alJirzec,
mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. riT aixsneba islamis masStaburi ganaxleba?
islamuri sarwmunoebis ganviTareba
am fenomenis gasagebad islami unda ganvixiloT, rogorc tradiciuli religia, da im yofiT

cvlilebebzec vimsjeloT, romlebmac Zlier imoqmedes Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebze. islami aris
religia, romelic, qristianobis msgavsad, mudmiv aqtiur qmedebas moiTxovs: yurani – islamis
wminda werili – morwmuneebs ,,RmerTis saxeliT brZolisken” mouwodebs. es aris brZola
urwmunoTa da im adamianebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic musulmanTa TemSi xels uwyoben
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korufciis ganviTarebas. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi musulman reformatorTa warmatebuli

Taobebi arsebobda da islami, qristianobis msgavsad, Sida mimdinareobebad daiyo. xarigizmi da
Siizmi, orTodoqsuli islamis adreuli istoriis periodSi, islamis safuZvelze Seiqmna. xarigitebi
pirveli gamokveTili seqtaa, romelic islamis farglebSi ganviTarda. maT mkacri egalitaruli
rwmena hqondaT, materialuri privilegiis yvela formas uaryofdnen da acxadebdnen, rom
adamiani veRar iqneba musulmani, Tu mas seriozuli codva aqvs Cadenili. xarigizmi seqtis
statusiT did xans ar darCenila, aramed, garkveulwilad, yvela momdevno fundamenturi
reformistuli musulmanuri moZraobis winamorbedi gaxda – rac imas niSnavs, rom moZraobaTa
principebi kvlav islamis ,,ZiriTad safuZvlebs” ubrundeba.
gavlena meore mniSvnelovanma seqtam _ Siizmmac _ SeinarCuna. Siizmi dRes iranis (Zveli
sparseTis) oficialuri religiaa. iranis revoluciis ideebi swored am religiiT iyo STagonebuli.
Siitebis mimdinareobas safuZveli Cauyara meSvide saukuneSi moRvawe religiurma da
politikurma liderma imam alim, romelic, imdroindel msoflio mmarTvelebs Soris, RmerTisadmi
piradi erTgulebiTa da sxva gansakuTrebuli RirsebebiT gamoirCeoda. Siitebs miaCndaT, rom
islamis lideris movaleobis Sesrulebis uflebamosileba mxolod alis STamomavlobas hqonda,
radgan, mmarTveli dinastiebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini winaswarmetyveli muhamedis ojaxis
warmomadgenlebad iTvlebodnen. maT muhamedis Rirseuli memkvidris gabatonebisa da
arsebuli tiranuli da usamarTlo reJimis dasrulebis sjerodaT. muhamedis memkvidre uSualod
RmerTisgan miiRebda miTiTebebs da yuranis moZRvrebis mixedviT imoqmedebda.
Siizmi meTeqvsmete saukunidan iranis oficialuri religiaa. Siitebis mravalricxovan mosaxleobas

axlo aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, maT Soris eraySi, TurqeTsa da saudis arabeTSi, agreTve
indoeTsa da pakistanSic vxvdebiT. Tumca, am qveynebSi islamis liderebi mosaxleobis
umravlesobis warmomadgenlebi, sunitebi, arian. sunis musulmanebi ,,gakvalul gzas”irCeven,
anu yuranis im tradiciebs iziareben, romlebic SiitTa mkacrad dadgenil xedvas emijnebian da
gansxvavebul azrTan Seguebisken mouwodeben. ukanaskneli ori-sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi,
dasavluri gavlenis gavrcelebis Sedegad, sagrZnobi cvlilebebi Tavad sunis doqtrinebmac
ganicada.
islami da dasavleTi
Sua saukuneebSi, qristianul evropasa da im musulmanur saxelmwifoebs Soris, romlebic

axlandeli espaneTis, saberZneTis, iugoslaviis, bulgareTisa da rumineTis did nawils
akontrolebdnen, metnaklebad uwyveti brZola mimdinareobda. musulmanebis mier dapyrobili
miwebis umravlesobaze evropelebi acxadebdnen pretenzias, musulmanTa kuTvnili Crdilo
afrikis teritoriebi ki, dasavleTis koloniebad iqca da meTvramete-mecxramete saukuneebSi aq
dasavluri gavlena kidev ufro gaizarda. es musulmanuri religiisa da civilizaciis katastrofuli
marcxi iyo; musulmani morwmuneebis azriT, islami religiebs Soris yvelaze mowinave da
progresuli religiaa da yvela danarCeni religia mas efuZneba. mecxramete saukunis bolos
musulmanurma samyarom dasavluri kulturis gavrcelebas efeqturi winanaRmdegoba ver gauwia;
aman kvlav ganapiroba iseTi moZraobebis ganviTareba, romlebic Zveli, WeSmariti da
Zlevamosili islamis aRdgenas isaxavda miznad. ZiriTadi idea imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
islamma, sakuTari rwmenisa da praqtikis identobis ganmtkicebiT, dasavleTis gamowvevaze
unda moaxdinos reagireba.
meoce saukuneSi es idea sxvadasxvagvarad ganviTarda da 1978-9 wlebSi iranis ,,islamis

revoluciis” fonis formireba ganapiroba. revoluciuri moZraoba Sahis Sida opoziciam, muhamed
rezam, wamoiwyo, romlisTvisac dasavluri modernizaciis formebi - miwis reforma, qalebis
gazrdili saarCevno uflebebi da saero ganaTlebis ganviTareba - misaRebi iyo da is am formebis
danergvas Seecada. moZraobam, romelmac Sahis taxtidan Camogdebas Seuwyo xeli,
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359
gansxvavebuli interesebis mqone adamianebi gaaerTiana, zogierT maTgans islamur

fumdamentalizmTan araferi ar akavSirebda, magram moZraobis dominanturi figura yvelasTvis
aiaTola xomeini iyo, romelic SiitTa ideebis radikalur reinterpretacias moiTxovda.
xomeinis mTavroba tradiciuli islamuri kanonis mixedviT iyo organizebuli. man am

mTavrobas ,,alis warmomadgenloba” uwoda. islamurma revoluciam yuranis moZRvreba
gaiziara da iranis politikuri da ekonomikuri cxovreba uSualod religias daefuZna. ganaxlebuli
islamuri kanonis mixedviT, mamakacebi da qalebi mkacr segregacias eqvemdebarebian, qalebs
sazogadoebaSi sxeulis da Tmis gamoCena ekrZalebaT, homoseqsualebs damsjel razmebSi
uSveben, col-qmruli Ralati ki CaqolviT isjeba. am mkacr kodeqss, dasavluri gavlenis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli erovnuli Tvalsazrisic amyarebs. imis miuxedavad, rom revoluciurma
ideebma, savaraudod, mTeli islamuri samyaro dasavleTis winaaRmdeg unda gaaerTianos,
qveynebi, romelSic Siitebi umciresobaSi arian, sakuTar Tvalsazriss iranis islamur revolucias
mWidrod ar ukavSireben. Tumca islamurma fundamentalizmma am saxelmwifoTa
umravlesobaSi garkveul popularobas maiRwia da, misi STagonebiT, sxvadasxva formiT,
islamuri aRorZineba sxva qveynebSic daiwyo.
iranis islamuri respublikis mizani islamis mTel saxelmwifoSi gavrceleba – mTavrobisa da

sazogadoebis imgvarad organizebaa, rom islamuri swavleba yvela sferosTvis gaxdes
dominanturi. es procesi jer ar dasrulebula, radgan mas garkveuli Zalebi uweven
winaaRmdegobas. zubaidam (1996) sami, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli, jgufi gamoyo.
radikalebs islamuri revoluciis gagrZeleba da gaRrmaveba surT. amasTan, maT miaCniaT, rom
revolucia aqtiurad unda gavrceldes sxva islamur qveynebSic. konservatorTa rigebs, ZiriTadad,
religiuri funqcionerebi Seadgenen, romelTac miaCniaT, rom revolucia sakmarisad ganviTarda.
maT sazogadoebaSi gavleniani pozicia uWiravT da am poziciis daTmoba ar surT. pragmatistebi
sabazro reformasa da ekonomikaSi ucxouri investiciebisa da vaWrobis Semosvlas uWeren
mxars. isini qalebze, ojaxsa da samarTlebriv sistemaze gavrcelebul mkacr islamur wesebsac
ewinaaRmdegebian. es jgufi aqtiur konfliqtSia radikalebTan.
zubaida acxadebs, rom islamuri revoluciis Sedegad, ,,dasavluri” reJimidan gacilebiT meti
gadmonaSTi SemorCa, vidre miaCniaT xolme. magaliTad, islamuri mTavrobis mier
SemuSavebuli sajaxo kanonis punqtebis umravlesoba, am reJims efuZneba. qalebs iranSi, sxva
islamur qveynebTan, magaliTad, saudis arabeTTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro aqtiuri
sazogadoebrivi roli aqvT.
islamuri aRorZinebis gavrceleba
islamuri aRorZineba wminda religiuri kuTxiT ar unda iqnes gagebuli. es erovnul da kulturul
TviTdamkvidrebaze orientirebuli moZraobaaa, romelic, nawilobriv, dasavleTis gavlenaze
saprotesto reaqcias gamoxatavs. saeWvoa, rom Tundac yvelaze fundamentalisturi formis
islamuri ganaxleba, mxolod tradiciuli ideebis aRdgenas emsaxurebodes. islamuri aRorZineba
gacilebiT ufro kompleqsuri movlenaa. tradiciuli praqtika da cxovrebis wesi aRdga, magram
moxda maTi Tanamedrove problemebTan kombinireba.
gasuli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi, islamurma fundamentalisturma moZraobebma CrdiloeT

afrikis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da samxreT aziis mraval qveyanaze moaxdina gavlena (ix. naxati
16.1). erT-erTi maTgani alJiria. islamuri xsnis frontma, 1991 wlis dekemberSi, uproblemod
gaimarjva erovnuli krebis arCevnebis pirvelive turSi. misi programa alJiris iranis tipis islamur
saxelmwofod Camoyalibebas iTvaliswinebda. magram am procesSi jari Caeria da arCevnebis
Sedegebi gaauqma (Pilkington, 1992).
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360
civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba?
bevri SiSobs, rom islamur samyaros konfrontacia aqvs dagegmili msoflios im regionebTan,
romlebic mis rwmenas ar iziareben. islamur qveynebze TiTqos ar gavrcelebula demokratizaciis
is talRa, romelic msoflios udides nawilSi aRiniSna. im 39 qveynidan, romlebSic islami
dominantur religias warmoadgens, mxolod ramdenimes SeiZleba ewodos liberaluri demokratiuli
qveyana. amis erT-erTi magaliTi TurqeTia, Tumca 1960 da 1980 wels samxedro mmarTvelobis
ramdenime mcdeloba aqac ganxorcielda.
zogierT qveyanaSi, romelic garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod demokratiuli iyo,

magaliTad, alJirSi, demokratia SeizRuda an savsebiT aRmoifxvra. alJiris mTavrobam 1991 wels
Tavisufali arCevnebi dauSva, magram rodesac naTeli gaxda, rom arCevnebSi religiuri
fundamentalizmis gavlenis qveS myofi islamuri partia imarjvebs, man meore turis Catarebaze
uari Tqva. qveyanaSi samxedro mmarTveloba gamocxadda; mTavrobasa da ,,gorilebis” islamur
moZraobas Soris samoqalaqo omis msgavsi movlenebi ganviTarda.
Tu alJirSi islamuri moZraoba gaimarjvebs, am mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba sxva maxlobeli

qveyanac aRmoCndes. egvipteSi 55 milioni adamiani cxovrobs, romelTa Soris religiuri
saxelmwifos damkvidrebis mosurne, islamis mimdevari meamboxeebic arian. bevri analogiuri
SemTxvevaa marokosa da libiis musulmanTa Soris.
politologi semuel hantingtoni (1993) acxadebs, rom dasavlur da islamur xedvas Soris arsebuli
winaaRmdegoma, SesaZloa, msoflio ,,civilizaciaTa Sejaxebis” mizezad iqces da civi omiTa da
globalizaciis aRzevebiT dasruldes. erovnuli saxelmwifo saerTaSoriso urTierTobebze gavlenas
veRar axdens; amitom dapirispireba da konfliqtebi ufro farTo kulturebsa da civilizaciebs Soris
iCens Tavs. aseT konfliqts hqonda adgili eqs-iugoslaviaSi, bosniaSi, sadac bosnieli
musulmanebi qristianuli kulturis warmomadgeneli serbebis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen.
orive religia – qristianobac da islamic – sakuTari religiis utyuarobas iCemebs da acxadebs, rom
mas RvTis moZRvrebis gadmocema SeuZlia. qristianobisTvis misaRebi gaxda kapitalizmi da
demokratia, da, Tu maqs vebers davimowmebT, am mimdinareobebis adreuli ganviTareba
qristianobiT iyo STagonebuli. islamur morwmuneebs bevrad uWirT kapitalimzmsa da
demokratiasTan Segueba. kapitalistur warmoebasa da liberalur demokratias isini dasavluri
kulturis gavlenasTan aigiveben. garda amisa, islami erTmaneTisgan ar mijnavs pirad da
sazogadoebriv cxovrebas.
Tumca, am Tavis dasawyisSi moyvanili citatebi adasturebs, rom am or ,,civilizacias” -

qristianobasa da islams - saerTo ufro meti aqvT, vidre gansxvaveba, radgan maT erTi
warmoSobis wyaro aqvT. TiToeulma maTganma, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, asobiT sisxliani
omi gamoiara. amis sapirispirod, maT Semgueblobisa da zomierebis Zlieri tradiciebic aqvT.
imedi unda viqonioT, rom es faqtorebi SesaZlebels gaxdis am ori kulturis mSvidobian
Tanaarsebobas.
axla dasavleTSi religiis ganviTarebis uaxles periods mivubrundeT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

ki britaneTsa da SeerTebul Statebze gavamaxviloT.
yofili sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebs evangelistebi Seesien
komunizmis ngrevis Sedegad, yofil ssrk-Si religiur misionerTa msvlelobis talRa daiwyo. ruseTis mTavarma,
aRmosavlurma orTodoqsulma eklesiam SeSfoTeba gamoTqva axal religiur moZraobaTa, maT Soris hari kriSnasa
da sxva evangelistur da fundamentalistur qristianul jgufTa, Semosvlis gamo. es SeSfoTeba yvela ZiriTadma
saxelmwifo eklesiam, magaliTad, romaulma kaTolikurma da baptisturma eklesiam gaiziara.
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dRes, mxolod ruseTSi, 300 amerikuli misioneruli jgufi moqmedebs; erT-erTi maTgani damoukidebel
saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobasa (dsT) da aRmosavleT evropaSi weliwadSi 2 000-ze met misioners agzavnis. am
jgufTa religiuri swavleba qveyanaSi arsebuli Zveli eklesiebis moZRvrebisgan gansxvavdeba. bevr misionerul jgufs
miaCnia, rom Zveli eklesiebi ar aris validuri qristianuli eklesiebi. misionrebi sakuTar saqmes didi mondomebiT
asruleben, radgan sjeraT, rom Zveli eklesiebi gandgomilia da SeiZleba eSmaksac ki emsaxurebodes.
bevr jgufs miaCnia, rom WeSmarit qristianul yofas yvelaze zustad amerikuli cxovrebis wesi asaxavs. es Zalze
macdunebeli mosazrebaa im adamianebisTvis, romlebsac dasavleTis momxmarebluri cxovrebis stili izidavs.
ZiriTadi eklesiebis liderebi SiSoben, rom es Rirebulebebi dsT-s qveynebSi mxolod qristianul moZrvrebasTan
dakavSirebul azrTa sxvadaxvaobas ki ar gamoiwvevs, aramed sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan tradiciul religiur
Rirebulebebsac Selaxavs da uaryofiTad imoqmedebs solidarobaze, romelic xalxma komunisturi reJimis drosac ki
SeinarCuna, axla ki mas SeerTebuli Statebis evangelisturi momxmarebluri moZRvreba emuqreba.
wyaro: Hutchinson Gallup, INFO 1995 (Helicon, 1994), gv. 183
religia gaerTianebul samefoSi
1851 wlis, religiasTan dakavSirebuli statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, inglissa da uelsSi

saeklesio wirvas yovel kviras zrdasrul adamianTa 40 procenti eswreboda; 1900 wels es
maCvenebeli 35 procentze davida, 1950 wels _ 20 procentze, dRes ki _ 10 procents uaxlovdeba.
1980-ian wlebSi mTavar britanul denominaciebSi mrevlis raodenobam, saSualod, 5 procentiT
iklo, gansakuTrebuli kleba (8 procenti) romaul kaTolikur eklesiebSi aRiniSna (HMSO, 1992).
Tumca es zusti monacemebi ar aris. magaliTad, arsebobs gansxvaveba trinitarul da aratrinitarul

eklesiebs Soris. trinitaruli – anglikanuri, kaTolikuri, meTodisturi, presbiterianuli da sxv. _
eklesiebi wminda samebas, rogorc erT RmerTs, aRiareben. trinitaruli eklesiis Semadgenloba
1970 wels 8.8 milioni iyo, 1994 wels ki es ricxvi 6.5 milions Seadgenda. amis sapirispirod,
aratrinitarul eklesiebSi, magaliTad, mormonebsa da ieRovas mowmeebSi, igive periodSi,
morwmuneTa raodenoba gaizarda.
britaneTis zrdasruli mosaxleobis umravlesoba Tavs religiuri organizaciis wevrad miiCnevs.

gamokiTvis dros, britanelTa mxolod 5%-ma ganacxada, rom is arc erT sarwmunoebas ar
iziarebs. mTeli mosaxleobis 70 procenti Tavs inglisis eklesiis wevrad miiCnevs, Tumca, maTi
umravlesoba, mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, SesaZloa, wirvas sul ramdenimejer an saerTod ar
daswrebia. inglisis eklesiis, Sotlandiis presbiterianuli eklesiisa da kaTolikuri eklesiis garda,
britaneTSi ebraelebis, mormonebis, musulmanebis, sikxebisa da indusebis religiuri jgufebic
cxovroben. ufro mcire seqtebi plimutis saZmos, rastafarelebsa da RvTiuri naTebis misias
moicavs.
axalma religiurma moZraobebma Tavi dasavlur qveynebSi, maT Soris gaerTianebul samefoSic,
iCina. es moZraobebi bevr religiur tradicias efuZneba, romelTa Sesaxeb aqamde dasavleTSi
TiTqmis aravin araferi icoda. ramdenime maTgani, magaliTad, esTeriusis sazogadoeba da
eminis fondi, ukve arsebobda adreuli periodis britaneTSi, danarCeni moZraobebi ki sxva
evropuli qveynebidan Semovida. umravlesoba SeerTebul Statebsa an aRmosavleTSi
warmoiSva. maTi wevrebi axali rwmenis gavrcelebas ki ar isaxaven miznad, aramed adamianTa
moqcevas maT mier qadagebul sarwmunoebaze. moZraobis wevrebs, umravles SemTxvevaSi,
kargi ganaTleba aqvT miRebuli da warmomavlobiT saSualo klass ekuTvnian.
axal religiur moZraobaTa umravlesobas sakuTari wevrebis mimarT, Zvel saxelmwifo

religiebTan SedarebiT, valdebulebebisa da drois mimarTebaSi, ufro maRali moTxovnebi aqvT.
zogierTi jgufi adamianebis mxridan totaluri erTgulebis misaRwevad, ,,siyvaruliT ieriSis”
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teqnikas iyenebs. im adamianis mimarT, romelic, potenciurad, misioneris mier qadagebul

rwenaze unda moeqces, mudmiv yuradRebasa da siTbos iCenen, sanam is jgufSi emociurad ar
CaerTveba. zogierT axal moZraobas mimdevarTa ,,tvinis gamorecxvaSi” adanaSauleben – isini
am adamianTa gonebis gakontrolebas cdiloben, raTa maT gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad
miReba veRar SeZlon. amgvari praqtikis gamo brals ,,munistebs” deben, Tumca kvlevebi
adasturebs, rom es xelovnuri interpretaciaa. moZraobebi sakuTar wevrTa gonebas amgvari
xarisxiT ar da ver akontroleben. potenciur wevrTa umravlesobas, Tuki moesurvebaT, SeuZliaT
uari Tqvan moZraobaSi gawevrianebaze.
gaerTianebul samefoSi religiuroba asakis, sqesis, klasisa da geografiis mixedviT gansxvavdeba.

asakovani adamianebi, axalagazrdul asakobriv jgufebTan SedarebiT, zogadad, ufro religiurebi
arian. eklesiaSi siaruli axalgazrdebs Soris kulminacias TxuTmeti wlis asakSi aRwevs, Semdeg
eklesiis mimarT yuradRebis done, saSualod, dabla iwevs; ocdaaTi-ormoci wlis asakSi
adamianebs enTuziazmi ubrundebaT da asakis matebasTan erTad isini sul ufro xSirad
akiTxaven eklesias. qalebi, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, ufro erTvebian organizebul religiaSi.
anglikanur eklesiebSi es marginaluri SemTxvevaa, magram qristianul saiantistur eklesiaSi qalTa
raodenoba mamakacTa ricxvs oTxjer aRemateba.
zogadad, saeklesio wirvebis daswreba da religiuri rwmenis mimdevroba, Rarib jgufebTan

SedarebiT, SeZlebul adamianebs Soris ufro aRiniSneba. inglisis eklesias uwodes ,,konservatuli
partia locvisas” da es saxelwodeba simarTlis garkveul marcvals Seicavs. muSaTa klasis
warmomadgenlebi, ZiriTadad, kaTolikebi arian. klasobrivi orinetacia Tavs arCevnebis drosac
iCens: anglikanebi xmas, ZiriTadad, konservatorebs aZleven, kaTolikebi da meTodistebis
umravlesoba ki – leiboristebs. leoboristuli partiis aRzeveba Tavidan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli
meTodizmTan. religiurobaze adamianTa sacxovrebeli adgilic axdens gavlenas: mdinare mersis
mimdebare teritoriaze mcxovreb zrdasrulTa 35 procenti da lankaSiris mcxovrebTa 32 procenti
eklesiis wevrebi arian; amis sapirispirod, hambersaidSi amgvar adamianTa raodenoba 9
procentia, notingemSirSi ki
_ 11 procenti. amis erT-erTi mizezi emigraciaa – liverpulSi mravali irlandieli kaTolike
cxovrobs, CrdiloeT londonSi _ ebraeli, bredfordSi ki _ musulmani da sikxi.
yoveldRiur qcevaSi gamovlenili religiuri gansxvavebebiT, mTel britaneTSi, yvelaze metad,

CrdiloeT irlandia gamoirCeva. protestantebsa da kaTolikebs Soris arsebul dapirispirebaSi, orive
mxridan umciresoba aris CarTuli, magram es dapirispireba xSirad mwvave da sastik xasiaTs
iRebs. am antagonizms, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, CrdiloeT irlandiaSi arsebuli religiuri gavlenac
ganapirobebs; ,,irlandiis erTianobis” ideas, romlis Tanaxmad, eire da Crdilo irlandia erTi
saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi unda iyos, Cveulebriv, kaTolikebi iziareben, protestantebi ki am
gegmas uaryofen. religiuri rwmenis garda, politikur mosazrebebsa da nacionalistur ideebsac
mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba.
cxrili 16.2 eklesiebis wevrTa raodenoba gaerTianebul samefoSi (milionebSi)
1970 1980 1992 1994

trinitaruli eklesiebi
romauli kaTolikuri 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.0
(mesaze daswreba)
anglikanuri 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.8
presbiterianuli 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.1
meTodisti 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4
baptisti 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
sxva Tavisufali 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7
eklesiebi
orTodoqsuli 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3
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363
yvela trinitaruli 8.8 7.4 6.6 6.5

eklesia
aratrinitaruli
eklesiebi
mormonebi 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2
ieRovas mowmeebi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
sxva aratrinitaruli 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
eklesiebi
yvela aratrinitaruli 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
eklesia
sxva religiebi
musulamnebi 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.6
sikxebi 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3
indusebi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
ebraelebi 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
sxvebi 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1
yvela sxva religia 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.2
wyaro: qristianuli kvleva. Social Trend-ze dayrdnobiT, 1996.
religia SeerTebul StatebSi
mravalgvaroba
religiuri organizaciebis pozicia SeerTebul StatebSi, ramdenime niSniT, sakmaod uCveuloa.

religiuri Tavisuflebis gamoxatva gacilebiT adre gaxda amerikuli konstituciis erT-erTi punqti,
vidre nebismieri dasavluri sazogadoeba Seegueboda gansxvavebuli religiuri rwmenisa da
praqtikis arsebobas. SeerTebul StatebSi damkvidrebuli adreuli mosaxleoba, politikuri
xelisuflebis mier religiur niadagze devnili ltolvilebisgan Sedgeboda, romlebic saxelmwifosa da
eklesiis erTmaneTisgan gamijvnas moiTxovdnen. SeerTebul StatebSi ar arsebobs, inglisis
anglikanuri eklesiis msgavsi, ,,oficialuri” eklesia.
SeerTebul StatebSi, sxva nebiesmier industriul qveyanasTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro

mravalgvari religiuri jgufebi moRvaweoben. umetes dasavlur qveynebSi, mosaxleobis
umravlesoba, formalurad, erTi eklesiis erTgulia, magaliTad, britaneTSi _ anglikanuri, italiaSi ki
_ kaTolikuri eklesiis. amerikuli mosaxleobis 90 procenti qristianebi arian, magram sxvadasxva
eklesiebsa da denominaciebs ekuTvnian. zogierTi jgufi sul as adamians aerTianebs, magram
oTxmocdaaTze met religiur organizacias ormocdaaTi aTasze meti wevri hyavs; oci iseTi
organizaciac arsebobs, romelTa wevrebis raodenoba milions aWarbebs. SeerTebul StatebSi,
dRemde dafiqsirebuli yvelaze didi religiuri organizacia kaTolikuri eklesiaa, romelic daaxloebiT
ormocdaaT milion wevrs aerTianebs. Tumca es religiur organizaciebSi gawevrianebul
adamianTa sul 27 procentia. mosaxleobis 60 procenti protestantebi arian da mravalricxovan
denominaciebSi arian gadanawilebulni. maT Soris yvelaze didi samxreTis baptisturi konvenciaa,
romelsac camet milionze meti wevri hyavs; rigiT meore _ gaerTianebuli meTodisturi eklesiaa;
Semdeg _ nacionaluri baptisturi konvencia, luTeranuli da episkopaluri eklesiebi. araqristianul
jgufebs Soris yvelaze didi ebraelTa kongregaciebia, romlebic eqvs milion wevrs iTvlis.
amerikuli mosaxleobis 40 procenti saeklesio wirvas kviraSi erTxel eswreba. eklesiebSi,

sinagogebsa da sxva religiur organizaciebSi mosaxleobis TiTqmis samocdaaTi procenti dadis
da, umravlesobis gancxadebis Tanaxmad, aqtiurad monawileobs kongregaciis msaxurebaSi.
1995 wels bosniaSi SeerTebuli Statebis sahaero Zalebis kapitnis skot o’gradis TviTmfrinavi
Camoagdes. is serbeTis samxedro Zalebis mier datyvevebas gadaurCa, eqvsi dRis Semdeg ki
samSvidobos iqna gayvanili. ,,zRvarze viyavi”, ganucxada kapitanma msoflio medias, ,,pirvel
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rigSi, RmerTs unda gadavuxado madloba. rom ara Cemdami RvTis siyvaruli da Cemi siyvaruli
RvTis mimarT, amas ver gadavitandi. aq RmerTis wyalobiT aRmovCndi, gulis siRrmeSi amis
Zlier mjera.” britaneli an frangi pilotis mier msgavs situaciaSi warmoTqmuli amgvari sityvebi
gaocebas gamoiwvevda, magram amerikeli pilotis naTqvamma sruliad bunebrivad gaiJRera.
amerikaSi, umravles evropul qveynebTan SedarebiT, religiurobis ufro maRali donea. yovel
amerikul banknotze Semdegi sityvebi weria: ,,Cven RmerTis
gvjera,”eeeeoooooooooeoeeeeeeexeooo rac gamudmebiT Segvaxsenebs, Tu raoden didi
gavleniT sargeblobs religia SeerTebul StatebSi.
gamokiTxvis Sedegad vrwmundebiT, rom amerikelebis 95 procentis gancxadebis Tanaxmad,

maT RmerTis wamT; 80 procents saswaulebis da saiqios arsebobis sjera, 72 procents
angelozebis sjera, 65 procents ki eSmakis (Stark and Bainbridge, 1985). 1994 wels msoflio
RirebulebaTa kvlevis Sedegebi gamoqveynda. am Sedegebis mixedviT, respondentTa 82
procenti Tavs ,,religiur adamianad” Tvlis, aseTi adamianebis ricxvi britaneTSi _ 55%, dasavleT
germaniaSi _ 54%, safrangeTSi ki – 48%-ia. igive gamokiTxvis mixedviT, amerikelTa 44%
acxadebs, rom isini eklesiaSi kviraSi erTxel mainc dadian; gaerTianebul samefoSi amgvari
adamianebis ricxvi 14%, safrangeTSi _ 10%, SvedeTSi ki _ sul 4% Seadgens (ix. cxrili 16.2 da
The Economist, 8 ivlisi, 1995, gv. 20).
meore msoflio omis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebis istoriaSi religiur moZraobaTa yvelaze
masStaburi momravleba aRiniSna, es periodi denominaciebis gaerTianebisa da dayofis
uprecendento matebiT gamoirCeva. umravlesobam did xans ver iarseba, magram bevr maTgans
mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. erT-erTi magaliTi korean sun muung munis mier daarsebuli
gaerTianebuli eklesiaa. es seqta SeerTebul StatebSi 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gaCnda; is
milenaruli moZraobis yvela maxasiaTebliT gamoirCeoda. munis mimdevarTa
winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, samyaros aRsasruli 1967 wels unda damdgariyo; mas mere
cxovreba Cveuli riTmiT gagrZelda, magram amis gamo seqtas arseboba ar Seuwyvetia.
milenarul moZraobaTa sxva liderebis msgavsad, munma am arSemdgar winaswarmetyvelebas
axali ideebi miusadaga. misma axalma doqtrinebma kidev ufro meti mimdevari miizida.
amJamad es seqta ormoci aTas wevrs aerTianebs. gaerTianebuli eklesiis rwmena aRmosavlur
swavlebebs, fundamenturi qristianobis zogierT aspeqts da antikomunistur ideebs efuZneba.
seqtis axali wevrebi mkacr religiur wvrTnas eqvemdebarebian.
qristianuli fundamentalizmi
gasuli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi qristianuli fundamentalisturi religiuri

organizaciebis raodenobrivi zrda aRiniSna. fumdamentalistebis azriT, ,,biblia aris wigni, romelic
adamians politikis, mTavrobis, ojaxis da yvela sxva saqmis gaZRolaSi exmareba” (Capps,
1990). fundamentalizmi liberaluri Teologiisa da im adamianTa winaaRmdeg gamovlenili
reaqciaa, romlebic wirvas eswrebian, magram religiis mimarT aqtiur interess ar iCenen.
SeerTebul StatebSi yvelaze gavleniani fundamentalisturi jgufebi samxreTis baptisturi
konvencia, RvTis asamblea da meSvide dRis adventistebi arian.
,,eleqtronuli eklesia”
eleqtronuli media (televizia da radio) aqtiurad aris CarTuli im cvlilebebSi, romlebic 1960-iani
wlebidan gavlenas axdens religiaze SeerTebul StatebSi. misi uwmindesoba bili grehemi iyo
pirveli sasuliero piri, romelmac sahaero talRebis saSualebiT regularuli qadageba daiwyo.
mediis efeqturi moxmarebis wyalobiT,Bbaptist moZRvars mravali mimdevari gamouCnda.
gasuli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, mediis saSualebiT religiuri gzavnilebis gavrcelebisa da saeklesio
Tanxebis mozidvis praqtika ufro daixvewa da sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo. gaCnda ,,eleqtronuli
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eklesia” – religiuri organizacia, romelic kongregaciis adgilobrivi TavSeyris nacvlad, mediis

saSualebiT moqmedebs. satelituri komunikaciebis wyalobiT, religiur programebs mesame
samyaros yvela qveyana (magaliTad, afrika da azia) da sxva industriuli sazogadoebebic
uyureben.
eelqtronuli eklesiis mTavari pionerebi fundamentalistebi da sxva jgufebi iyvnen, romlebsac

urwmunoTa moqceva hqondaT dasaxuli miznad. amis erT-erTi mizezi ,,varskvlavTa sistemaa”
– STagonebuli moZRvrebi, romlebic piradi zemoqmedebiT cdiloben mimdevarTa mozidvas. am
tipis moZRvarTaTvis eleqtronuli media idealuri saSualebaa, radgan maT qarizmatul Tvisebebs,
erTdroulad, aTasobiT an milionobiT adamiani ecnoba. bili grehemis garda, media Tavis ZiriTad
saqmianobad SeerTebul StatebSi sxva ,,eleqtronulma moZRvrebma” – oral robertsma, jeri
felvelma, jimi svegertma, pet robertsonma, jimi bekerma da misma yofilma meuRlem temi
feimac aqcies. mimdevrebs isini TiTqmis mudmivad saeTero gadacemebis saSualebiT izidaven.
zogierTi religiuri wamyvani, maT Soris jim da temi bekeri da jimi svegerti, seqsualur da
finansur skandalSi gaexvia, ramac maT reputaciaze Zalze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. zogierTebis
varaudiT, am usiamovno SemTxvevis gamo, eleqtronuli eklesia Zveleburi gavleniT veRar
isargeblebda. SeiZleba revivalisturi da fundamentalisturi jgufebi marTlac Tmoben dominantur
pozicias, magram religiur organizaciebsa da eleqtronul medias Soris kavSirebi, savaraudod,
gafarTovdeba da kvlav iarsebebs. me-14 TavSi vkiTxulobT, rom televizia, radio da eleqtronuli
komunikaciis sxva formebi yvelaze did gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove samyaroze, es ki religiuri
programirebis samomavlo stimulirebasac ukavSirdeba.
cnobilma teleevangelistma pet robertsonma moisurva, rom 1988 wels respublikur partias is
prezidentobis kandidatad daesaxelebina, magram misi mcdeloba marcxiT dasrulda. amgvari
warumateblobis Semdeg, man religiurad orientirebuli politikuri moZraoba, qristianuli koalicia
daarsa, romelmac sakmao gavlena moipova. koalicia 1.6 milion wevrs aerTianebs da didi
finansuri resursi aqvs, rac mas lobirebisa da reklamirebis saSualebas aZlevs. 1995 wels
koaliciam warmoadgina ,,kontraqti amerikul ojaxTan,” rac abortis akrZalvas, saojaxo
gadasaxadebis Semcirebis xelSewyobas, cixis disciplinasa da pornografiis kontrols
gulisxmobda.
amis sapasuxod, liberaluri eklesiis liderebma ,,ganaxlebisken mowodeba” SeimuSaves. maTTvis

misaRebi aRmoCnda qristianuli koaliciis argumenti, rom moralur RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT
politikuri debatebi unda daiwyos, magram, maTi moTxovnis Tanaxmad, es Rirebulebebi
mimtevebloba da humanuroba unda iyos da ara respublikeli memarjveneebis konservatuli
Rirebulebebi.
religiis eleqtronuli qadageba gansakuTrebuli popularobiT laTinur amerikaSi sargeblobs, sadac

eTerSi Crdilo amerikuli programebi gadis. amis Sedegad, iseT qveynebze, rogoric Cile da
braziliaa, didi gavlena moaxdines protestantulma moZraobebma, romelTa umravlesoba
ormocdaaTianelebis mimdevrebi iyvnen. manamde isini ZiriTadad kaTolikuri qveynebi iyo.
daskvna: religia, sekularizacia da socialuri cvlileba
gamokiTxul britanelTa 70 procenti Tavs ama Tu im sarwmunoebis mimdevrad asaxelebs.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, SeerTebul StatebSi, saxelmwifo eklesiebTan erTad, mravali seqta da
kulti moqmedebs. iransa da axlo aRmosavleTis sxva regionebSi, afrikasa da indoeTSi,
vesternizacias uaRresad mniSvnelovani da dinamikuri islamuri fumdamenetalizmi upirispirdeba.
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi protestanizmi da kaTolicizmi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, oficialurad
Tanabari reputaciiT sargebloben, Tumca denominaciis aqtivisti wevrebi Riad ibrZvian meore
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denominaciis winaaRmdeg. papi xSirad Cadis samxreT amerikaSi, sadac mas didi enTuziazmiT
emxroba milionobiT adgilobrivi kaTolike. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ucnauri iqneba imis
mtkiceba, TiTqos Tanamedrove samyaroze religiis gavlena mcirdeba.
Tumca sociologebi zogadad acxadeben, rom, Tu am movlenas grZelvadiani tendenciebis fonze

ganvixilavT, adgili namdvilad aqvs gavlenis Sesustebas. religiis mxridan socialuri cxovrebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtze gavlenis dakargvis procesi sekularizaciiT aixsneba. sekularizacia
ganzomilebaTa mravali aspeqtiT xasiaTdeba. erT_erTi maTgani religiur organizaciaTa wevrebis
raodenobas exeba – ramdeni wevri hyavs ama Tu im eklesias da religiur organizacias da
ramdeni adamiani eswreba aqtiurad wirvas an sxva ceremonias. amgvari midgomiT, SeerTebuli
Statebis garda, yvela industriuli qveyana masStaburi sekularizaciis procesSi imyofeba.
religiurobis kleba, britaneTis garda, dasavleT evropis umravles, maT Soris iseT kaTolikur
qveynebSi, rogoricaa safrangeTi da italia, dafiqsirda. saeklesio wirvebs, frangebTan SedarebiT,
italielebi ufro regularulad eswrebian da mniSvnelovan ritualebSi (magaliTad, saaRdgomo
ziarebaSi) iReben monawileobas. magram, zogadad, saeklesio wesebis dacvis Semcireba orive
SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba.
sekularizaciis meore ganzomileba imas gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad SeZles eklesiebma da sxva

religiurma organizaciebma socialuri gavlenis, materialuri uzrunvelyofisa da prestiJis
SenarCuneba. Zvelad religiur organizaciebs mTavrobasa da socialur saagentoebze didi gavlena
hqonda da sazogadoebis mxridan uaRresi pativiscemiT sargeblobda. ra mdgomareobaa
amJamad? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi naTelia. Tu am saukunis magaliTze vimsjelebT, davinaxavT,
rom religiuri organizaciebis socialuri da politikuri gavlena iseTi Zlieri aRar aris, rogorc Zvelad.
es msoflio tendenciaa, Tumca gamonaklisebic arsebobs. eklesiis liderebs aRar aqvT imis
molodini, rom isini xelisuflebaze avtomaturad moaxdenen gavlenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom
zogierTi saxelmwifo eklesia, nebismieri standartis mixedviT, isev materialuri siZlieriT
gamoirCeva da am kuTxiT warmatebis miRwevas swrafad axerxeben axali religiuri
moZraobebic, bevri xangrZlivi istoriis mqone organizacia, materialuri pirobebis TvalsazrisiT,
daucvelia. eklesiebi da salocavebi iyideba, radgan isini SesakeTebel samuSaoebs aRar
eqvemdebareba.
sekularizaciis mesame ganzomileba rwmenasa da Rirebulebebs exeba. amas SeiZleba

religiurobis ganzomileba vuwodoT. saeklesio wirvebis daswrebis sixSire da eklesiis socialuri
gavlena, ar aris savaldebulo, uSualod adamianis rwmenasa da idealebs gamoxatavdes. bevr
adamians religiuri rwmena aqvs, magram wirvebs regularulad ar eswreba da sazogadoebriv
ceremoniebSi monawileobas ar iRebs; meore mxriv, regularuli daswreba da monawileoba
yovelTvis religiuri xedvis siZliereze ar mianiSnebs _ adamiani wirvas SeiZleba Cvevis an imis
gamo eswrebodes, rom misi Temi sakuTari wevrebisgan amgvar qmedebas moiTxovs.
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ramdenad aris dRes Semcirebuli religiuroba, sekularizaciis

ganzomilebebis garda, warsulic safuZvlianad unda SeviswavloT. bevr tradiciul sazogadoebaSi,
Sua saukuneebis evropis CaTvliT, religiuri rwmenis valdebuleba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi,
savarudod, arc Tu Zlieri da mniSvnelovani iyo. magaliTad, inglisis istoriis kvleva gviCvenebs,
rom rigiT adamianebs religiuri rwmenis mimarT gulgrili damokidebuleba hqondaT. religiuri
skeptikosebi TiTqmis yvela kulturaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, did tradiciul sazogadoebebSi,
moiZebneba (Ginzburg, 1980).
miuxedavad amisa, eWvgareSea, rom dRes religiuri ideebi, tradiciul samyarosTan SedarebiT,
naklebi gavleniT sargeblobs – es mosazreba kidev ufro swori iqneba im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu ,,religiis” terminis qveS im yvela zebunebriv ideas vigulisxmebT, romlisac
swamdaTAadamianebs. umravlesoba Cvengani aRar fiqrobs, rom garemo RvTiuri an
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spiritualuri movlenebiT imarTeba. msoflioSi arsebuli zogierTi mniSvnelovani konfliqti,

magaliTad, konfliqti israelsa da mezobel islamur respublikebs Soris, uSualod an nawilobriv
religiur niadagze warmoiSva. magram omebisa da konfliqtebis umravlesoba yofiTi interesebiT _
gansxvavebuli politikuri SexedulebebiTa da materialuri interesebiT _ aris gamowveuli.
religiis gavlena, sekularizaciis samive ganzomilebasTan mimarTebaSi, Semcirda. SegviZlia Tu

ara ganvacxadoT, rom mecxramete saukuneSi moRvawe mecnierTa mosazreba WeSmaritebas
Seesabameboda? iqneb religiis gaqrobas ufro didi dro sWirdeba, vidre isini varaudobdnen?
amgvari daskvna mraval kiTxvas badebs. moTxovna religiaze, tradiciuli Tu axali formiT,
savarudod, kidev did xans iqneba. Tanamedrove racionalistur azrovnebasa da religiur
Tvalsazriss Soris daZabuli urTierTobaa. Cveni arsebobis bevri aspeqti racionalisturma
perspeqtivam daipyro da misi gavlena uaxloes momavalSi ar Sesustdeba. magram racionalizmis
winaaRmdeg garkveuli reaqciebi arsebobs, romlebsac religiuri aRorZinebis periodebamde
mivyavarT. albaT, dedamiwaze Zalian cota adamiani Tu arsebobs, romelsac arasodes ganucdia
religiuri emociebi. mecnierebasa da racionalistur azrovnebas ar gaucia pasuxi fendamentur
kiTxvaze – raSi mdgomareobs cxovrebis sazrisi da mizani – es sakiTxebi mudmivad religiis
ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilia.
Sejameba
1. religia yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs; Tumca, religiuri rwmena da praqtika kulturebis

mixedviT gansxvavdeba. yvela religias simboloTa nakrebi aqvs, romelic mowiwebis
grZnobasTan asocirdeba da morwmuneTa Temis mier ganxorcielebul ritualebs
ukavSirdeba.
2. totemizmi da animizmi mcire kulturebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli religiis tipebia. totemizmis
mimdevrebs swamT, rom garkveuli jiSis cxoveli an mcenare zebunebriv Zalas flobs.
animizmis mimdevrebs iseTi sulebis an aCrdilebis sjeraT, romlebic adamianTa
samyaroSi cxovroben da zogjer maT suls euflebian.
3. msoflio istoriis sami yvelaze gavleniani monoTeisturi religia (religia, romelic mxolod
erT RmerTs aRiarebs) iudaizmi, qristianoba da islamia. poliTeizmi (ramdenime an bevri
RmerTis aRiareba) sxva religiebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. zogierT religiaSi, magaliTad,
konfucianizmSi, RmerTebi da zebunebrivi arsebebi saerTod ar arian.
4. religiisadmi sociologiur midgomaze yvelaze didi gavlena sami ,,klasikosi” moazrovnis –
marqsis, diurkemisa da veberis – ideebma moaxdina. samive mecniers miaCnia, rom
religia, fundamenturi gagebiT, iluziaa. maTi azriT, religiis mier Seqmnili ,,saiqio,”
sinamdvileSi, religiuri simbolizmis kuTxiT gaSuqebuli Cveni samyaroa.
marqss miaCnda, rom religia Zlier ideologiur elements Seicavs: religia sazogadoebaSi
simdidrisa da Zalauflebis araTanabari ganawilebis gamarTlebas cdilobs.
diurkems miCnda, rom religia gamaerTianebeli funqciis gamo aris mniSvnelovani;
adamianebi, saerTo rwmenisa da Rirebulebebisadmi erTgulebis gamoxatvis mizniT,
regularulad ikribebian.
veberis azriT, religia mniSvnelovania im rolis gamo, romelsac is socialur cvlilebaSi
asrulebs, es ki, gansakuTrebiT, dasavluri kapitalizmis ganviTarebas exeba.
5. religiuri organizaciis oTxi ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs. eklesia msxvili saxelmwifo religiuri
organizaciia, romelic, Cveulebriv, formaluri biurokratiuli struqturiTa da ofocialur
religiur pirTa ierarqiiT gamoirCeva. seqta morwmuneTa ufro mcire, naklebad formaluri
jgufia, romelic, ZiriTadad, saxelmwifo eklesiis ganaxlebas isaxavs miznad. xangrZlivi
arsebobisa da institucionalizaciis SemTxvevaSi, seqta denominaciad iqceva. seqtasa da
kults bevri saerTo aqvs, magram saxelmwifo eklesiis ganaxlebis nacvlad, kulti axali
religiis formirebas cdilobs.
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6. msoflios sxvadasxva religiur jgufSi fundamentalizmi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. isini

sakuTar Tavs “fundamentalistebs” eZaxian, radgan maT Zveli religiuri doqtrinebis
dabruneba surT. iranis revoluciis ZiriTadi wyaro islamuri fundamentalizmi iyo; am
revoluciis Sedegad, qveyanaSi religiurad STagonebuli mTavroba gabatonda.
7. gaerTianebul samefosa da sxva umravles evropul qveynebSi saeklesio wirvebze
daswrebis maCvenebeli Zalze dabalia. amis sapirispirod, SeerTebul StatebSi eklesiaSi
regularulad dadis mosaxleobis proporciulad ufro didi raodenoba. gaerTianebul samefoSi,
evropasa da SeerTebul StatebSi sul ufro meti adamiani acxadebs, rom mas RmerTis
swams, magram saeklesio wirvas regularulad ver eswreba.
8. sekularizacia religiis gavlenis Semcirebaa. sekularizaciis donis gazomva rTulia, radgan
mas cvlilebis ramdenime ganzomileba ukavSirdeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom religiis
gavlena aSkarad mcirdeba, mas gaqroba ar emuqreba da misi saxeliT adaminebis
gaerTianeba da dajgufeba Tanamedrove samyaroSic grZeldeba. religia sazogadoebaSi
SeiZleba rogorc konservatuli, ise revoluciuri Zala iyos.
Eileen Barker, New Religious Movements (London: HMSO, 1991). gamokiTxva gaerTianebul
samefoSi axal religiur moZraobaTa gavlenis Sesaxeb
Peter B. Clarke and Peter Byrne, Religion Defined and Explained (Basingstoke: Macmillan,
1993). mniSvnelovani saxelmZRvanelo religiis bunebis Sesaxeb
Sir James George Frazer, The Golden Bough: A study in Magic and Religion (London:
Macmillan, 1995). miTologiis, magiis, crurwmenisa da religiis klasikuri Seswavla
Ernest Gellner, Postmodernism, Reason and Religion (London: Routledge, 1992). cxare
diskusia Tanamedrove periodSi religiis aRorZinebisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
Gilles Kepel, The Revenge of God (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994). fundamentalizmis Seswavla
Joseph M. Kitagaura (ed.), The History of Religions: Retrospect and Prospect (London:
Macmillan, 1985). statiebis krebuli, romelSic mocemulia religiis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva
perspeqtiva
Josh Mcdowell and Don Stewart, Concise Guide to Today’s Religions (Amersham-on-the-Hill:
Scripture Press, 1988). religuri sakiTxebis farTo mimoxilva.
monoTeizmi
magia
Samani
totemizmi
animizmi
poliTeizmi
eTikuri religiebi
gaucxoeba
sakraluri
368
369
profanuli
samoqalaqo religia
eklesia
seqta
denominacia
kulti
milenarizmi
fundamentalizmi
Tavi 17
qalaqebi da Tanamedrove urbanizmis ganviTareba
ZiriTadi cnebebi
tradiciuli qalaqi
Tanamedrove urbanizmis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi

Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTareba: cnobiereba da kultura. qalaquri cxovrebis interpretaciebi
urbanizmis Teoriebi
Cikagos skola. urbanizmi da Seqmnili garemo. Sefaseba
dasavluri urbanuli ganviTareba omisSemdgom periodSi

urbanizmi SeerTebul StatebSi. urbanizmi britaneTSi
urbanizmi da saerTaSoriso gavlena

globaluri qalaqi
urbanizacia mesame msoflios qveynebSi

deli. mexiko. qalaqebi da Warbi mosaxleoba. cvlilebis perspeqtivebi
daskvna
Sejameba
369
370
ZiriTadi cneba
urbanizmi
tradiciuli qalaqi
tradiciul qveynebSi, Tanamedrove standartebis mixedviT, umetesad, Zalian patara qalaqebi iyo.
magaliTad, axlo aRmosavleTis erT-erT yvelaze did da uZveles qalaq babilons sul 3.2 kvadratuli
mili ekava, umaRlesi ganviTarebis periodSi misi mosaxleobis raodenoba 15-20 aTasi Tu
iqneboda. msoflios pirveli qalaqebi daaxloebiT Cv.w.-mde 3500 wels egvipteSi _ nilosis,
tigrosisa da evfratis mimdebare dablobebis, agreTve dRevandeli erayisa da pakistanis teritoriaze
gaCnda. imperator avgustusis mmarTvelobis periodSi, CineTs Tu ar CavTvliT, yvelaze didi
Zveli qalaqi romi iyo, romelsac 300 000 macxovrebeli hyavda.
Zveli samyaros qalaqTa umravlesoba saerTo TvisebebiT gamoirCeoda, imis miuxedavad, rom
am qalaqebSi gansxvavebuli civilizaciis adamianebi cxovrobdnen. qalaqs, Cveulebriv, gars
galavani ertya, rasac, pirvel rigSi, samxedro Tavdacvis, Semdeg ki _ qalaqis soflisgan gamijvnis
daniSnuleba hqonda. centralur adgilas, zogjer, Sida kedliT garSemortymuli, sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili sivrce iyo. centSi, Cveulebriv, bazari ewyoboda, magram is Zlier
gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove qalaqis mniSvnelovani saqmiani ubnebisgan. mTavar Senobebs
TiTqmis yovelTvis religiuri an politikuri daniSnuleba hqonda, es salocavebi iyo an sasaxleebi,
romlebSic sasamarTloebi imarTeboda. mmarTveli klasisa da elitis sacxovreblebi, Cveulebriv,
centrSi an centris maxloblad iyo koncentrirebuli, naklebad privilegirebuli adamianebi ki qalaqis
ganapiras cxovrobdnen. zogierTi saxli galavans miRma iyo ganlagebuli, magram, qalaqze
Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi, macxovreblebi umal qalaqs afarebdnen Tavs.
gansxvavebuli eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebi xSirad sxvadasxva ubnebSi iyvnen gansaxlebulni;

maTi wevrebi erTsa da imave adgilas cxovrobdnen da muSaobdnen. zogjer, galavniT amgvari
ubnebic iyo gamoyofili. ceremoniebisTvis gankuTvnili centraluri moedani, Cveulebriv, didi
zomisa ar iyo da moqalaqeTa Zalze mcire raodenobas itevda; amitom qalaqis macxovreblebis
urTierToba naklebi stabilurobiT gamoirCeoda; sazogadoebrivi gancxadebebis dros, oficialur
pirebs yvirili uwevdaT. tradiciuli qalaqebi xmauriani prospeqtebiT ar gamoirCeoda da maT
umravlesobaSi ,,quCis” Tanamedrove gagebasTan miaxloebul quCebs iSviaTad Tu
SexvdebodiT; gzebad jer kidev gauSenebel miwis nakveTebs iyenebdnen. adamianTa
umravlesoba erTsa da imave SenobaSi, zogjer ki _ erTsa da imave oTaxSi cxovrobda da
muSaobda. samuSaoze wasvlis praqtika, metnaklebad, ar arsebobda.
ramdenime tradiciul saxelmwifoSi qalaqebs erTmaneTTan, ZiriTadad, samxedro miznebze

gaTvlili, daxvewili sagzao sistemebi akavSirebda, magram udides nawilSi neli da SezRuduli
komunikacia iyo. mogzauroba mxolod specialuri mizniT xorcieldeboda; regularulad sazRvao
vaWrebi da mezRvaurebi Tu mogzaurobdnen. tradiciul saxelmwifoebSi qalaqebi mecnierebis,
xelovnebisa da kosmopolituri kulturis centrebi iyo, magram maTi gavlena soflebze SedarebiT
umniSvnelo iyo. qalaqSi mosaxleobis Zalze mcire wili cxovrobda da qalaqebi da soflebi
erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad iyo gamijnuli. adamianTa umravlesoba soflis mcire TemebSi iyo
dasaxlebuli da maTi iSviaTi qalaquri kontaqtebi mxolod ofocialur pirebTan da vaWrebTan
urTierTobiT Semoifargleboda.
am TavSi, Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganxilvisas im ZiriTad cvlilebebs gavaanalizebT, romlebic

Cvens samyaros tradiciuli urbanuli garemosgan ganasxvavebs. yvela industriul qveyanaSi
mosaxleobis umravlesoba urbanul teritoriebze cxovrobs. garda amisa, Tanamedrove urbanuli
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371
cxovreba ara mxolod qalaqis macxovreblebze, aramed yvela adamianze zemoqmedebs. pirvel
rigSi, ganvixilavT, Tu rogor gaizarda qalaqis macxovrebelTa raodenoba gasul saukuneSi;
urbanizmis zogierT mniSvnelovan Teorias gavaanalizebT, Semdeg ki, britaneTis, SeerTebuli
Statebisa da mesame msoflios qalaqebis kontrastul magaliTze, erTmaneTs urbanizaciis
gansxvavebul maxasiaTeblebs SevadarebT.
Tanamedrove urbanizmis maxasiaTeblebi
yvela Tanamedrove industriuli sazogadoeba mkveTrad urbanizebulia. industriuli qveynebis

yvelaze did qalaqebSi oc milionamde adamiani cxovrobs, konurbaciebi ki – did teritoriaze
mdebare qalaqTa dajgufebebi – SeiZleba ufro did raodenobasac moicavdes. urbanuli cxovrebis
yvelaze eqstremalur formas e.w. megapolisi, ,,qalaqTa qalaqi”, warmoadgens. termini qalaq-
saxelmwifos Zvel berZnul ganmartebas efuZneba; es yvela civilizaciis sanimuSo qalaqi unda
yofiliyo, magram axlandel definicias im saocnebo qalaqTan cota ram akavSirebs. pirvelad
termini, Tanamedrove periodSi, SeerTebuli Statebis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi sazRvao sazRvris,
CrdiloeT bostonidan vaSingtonamde 450 milze ganlagebuli konurbaciis aRsaniSnavad
gamoiyenes. am regionSi daaxloebiT 40-milioniani mosaxleoba uaRres simWidroveSi,
kvadratul milze 700 adamiani, cxovrobs. aseTive mravalricxovani da mWidrod koncentrirebuli
mosaxleobaa SeerTebul StatebSi greiT leiqsisa da kanadis teritoriaze.
britaneTi pirveli industriuli sazogadoebaa da, Sesabamisad, es iyo pirveli saxelmwifo, romelic
soflis tipis qveynidan urbanul qveyanad gardaiqmna. 1800 wels 10 000 macxovreblidan
qalaqebSi mosaxleobis 20 procenti cxovrobda. 1900 wlisTvis es proporcia 74 procentamde
gaizarda. britaneTis dedaqalaq londonSi 1800 wels 1.1 milioni adamiani cxovrobda; misi
mosaxleoba meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis 7 milionamde gaizarda. londoni im periodSi
msoflios yvela drois udidesi qalaqi iyo, mzardi britanuli imperiis farTo manufaqturuli,
komerciuli da finansuri centri.
mogvianebiT urbanizaciis procesi sxva evropul qveynebsa da SeerTebul StatebSic daiwyo – zog
SemTxvevaSi, is sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT, ufro swrafad warimarTa. 1800 wels SeerTebuli
Statebi ufro soflis tipis sazogadoeba iyo, vidre igive periodis sxva wamyvani evropuli qveynebi.
2500-ze meti Semadgenlobis TemebSi mosaxleobis 10 procentic ar cxovrobda. dRes am
pirobebSi amerikelebis sam meoTxedze meti cxovrobs. 1800-1900 wlebSi niu iorkis
mosaxleoba 60 000-dan 4.8 milionamde gaizarda.
meoce saukunis urbanizacia globaluri procesia da am procesSi sul ufro erTveba mesame
msoflioc. (ix. naxati 17.1). 1900 wlamde mzardi qalaqebiT, ZiriTadad, dasavleTi gamoirCeoda;
momdevno ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi qalaqebi mesame msoflios qveynebSic gafarTovda,
magram gansakuTrebuli zrdiT gasuli ormoci weli aRiniSna. 1960-1992 wlebSi mTel msoflioSi
qalaqis macxovrebelTa ricxvi 1.4 miliardiT gaizarda. momavali TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi
is, savaraudod, kidev 1 miliardiT gaizrdeba. mesame msoflios qveynebSi qalaqSi mcxovreb
adamianTa raodenobis zrda espaneTis mosaxleobis wliuri matebis ekvivalenturia.
urbanuli mosaxleoba gacilebiT ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre mTeli msoflios mosaxleoba:
qalaqebSi 1975 wels msoflio mosaxleobis 39 procenti cxovrobda. gaerTianebuli erebis
gaangariSebis mixedviT, 2000 wels es cifri 50 procenti iyo, 2025 wels ki _ 63 procenti iqneba.
2025 wels msoflio mosaxleobis naxevari aRmosavleT da samxreT aziaSi icxovrebs, am
droisTvis afrikisa da samxreT amerikis urbanuli mosaxleoba evropis mosaxleobas
gadaaWarbebs.
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Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTareba: cnobiereba da kultura
statistikosebma da socialurma mkvlevarebma mcire da didi qalaqebis erTmaneTisgan gamijvna

mxolod me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan daiwyes. didi raodenobis mosaxleobiT gamorCeuli
qalaqebi, mcire centrebTan SedarebiT, ufro kosmopoliturad iqna miCneuli; maTi gavlena im
erovnuli sazogadoebis farglebs miRma vrceldeba, romlebsac es didi qalaqebi ekuTvnian.
qalaqebis gafarToeba mosaxleobis zrdam da fermebidan, soflebidan da patara qalaqebidan axali

macxovreblebis migraciam gamoiwvia. migracia xSirad internacionaluri xasiaTisa iyo, fermeruli
warmomavlobis emogranti pirdapir did qalaqSi saxldeboda. amis aSkara magaliTi SeerTebul
StatebSi Rarib evropel fermerTa farTomasStabiani emigraciaa.
sxvadasxva erovnebis adamianebis masStaburi imigracia Tavad evropuli qveynebis qalaqebSic

Zlier iyo gavrcelebuli. glexebi da soflis macxovreblebi qalaqebSi modiodnen sacxovreblad (es
masobrivi movlenaa dRevandeli mesame msoflios qveynebSi), radgan sofelSi maT naklebi
SesaZleblobebi hqondaT da qalaqi ufro mimzidvelad eCvenebodaT. maTi azriT, aq ,,quCebi
oqroTi iyo mokirwyluli” (anu simdidre, samuSao da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis didi arCevani
iyo). qalaqebi finansur da industriul centrebad iqca, mewarmeebi TiTqmis daugegmavad
qmnidnen axal urbanul teritoriebs. Cikago 1830-ian wlebamde TiTqmis dausaxlebeli teritoria
iyo, 1900 wels ki misma mosaxleobam or milions gadaaWarba.
Tanamedrove qalaqebis ganviTarebam, Cvevebisa da qcevis stilis garda, azrovnebasa da

grZnobebzec imoqmeda. meTvramete saukeneSi msxvili urbanuli aglomeratebis warmoSobam,
socialur cxovrebaze qalaqis zegavlenasTan dakavSirebuli Sexedulebebis polarizeba gamoiwvia
da es procesi dResac grZeldeba. zogierTi qalaqs ,,civilizebul Rirsebad,” dinamizmisa da kuturuli
Semoqmedebis wyarod aRiqvamda. am avtorebis azriT, qalaqi ekonomikuri da kulturuli
ganviTarebis maqsimalur SesaZleblobas iZleva da komfortuli da normaluri arsebobis saSualebas
uzrunvelyofs. jeims bosueli xSirad asxamda xotbas londonis Rirseul mxareebs. is
mas ,,muzeums, walkots, dausrulebel musikalur kombinaciebs adarebda” (Byrd, 1978, gv. 92);
Tumca, zogierTi qalaqs agresiuli da erTmaneTis mimarT undoblobiT ganwyobili adamianebiT
savse mxrColav feCs adarebda, adgils, sadac danaSauli, sisastike da korufcia mefobda.
qalaquri cxovrebis interpretaciebi
mecxramete da meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, rodesac qalaqebi Zlier gaizarda, zemoT

warmodgenili kontrastuli Sexedulebebi axali formiT warmoCinda. kritikosTa argumentebi ufro
safuZvliani gaxda, radgan swrafad ganviTarebad urbanul teritoriebze Raribebs xSirad gausaZlisi
sacxovrebeli pirobebi hqondaT. ingliselma romanistma da socialurma analitikosma jorj jisingma
1870-ian wlebSi, londonsa da CikagoSi cxovrebis dros, ukiduresi siRaribe sakuTar Tavze
gamoscada. mis mier aRwerili qalaqis yvelaze Raribi nawili, ist endi, Zalze mZime
STabeWdilebas axdens. jisingi ist ends Semdegnairad axasiaTebs:
ayrolebuli bazriT, qarxnebiT, xis sawyobebiT, binZuri TavSesafrebiT savse quCebi, gasasvlelebi, sadac wvrili
xelosnebi vaWroben da sibinZure da sibnele sufevs; yoveli adamiani mZimed, uaRresad degradirebuli formiT,
Sromobs; quCebSi datvirTuli urikebis xmauri ismis, qvafenilebze uxeSi garegnobis muSebi darbian, yovel kuTxeSi
saSineli siduxWire igrZnoba. (Gissing, 1973 gv.25-6)
am periodSi amerikuli qalaqebis siRaribe, evropasTan SedarebiT, nakleb yuradRebas iqcevda.

Tumca saukunis bolos reformatorebma niu iorkis, bostonis, Cikagosa da sxva mniSvnelovani
qalaqebis mouvleli nawilebis kritika daiwyes. danieli emigranti iakob riisi, romelic Semdeg New
York Tribune–is Jurnalisti gaxda, intensiurad mogzaurobda SeerTebul StatebSi, siRaribis
amsaxveli pirobebis dokumentacias awarmoebda da reformebis aucileblobaze kiTxulobda
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373
leqciebs. riisis wignma ,,rogor cxovrobs meore nawili,” romelic 1890 wels gamoqveynda, farTo
sazogadoebis yuradReba miipyro (Riis, 1957; Lane, 1974).
urbanuli siRaribis zrdam da qalaqis ubnebs Soris arsebulma didma gansxvavebam im periodis
urbanuli cxovrebis sociologiuri analizi moiTxova. ar aris gasakviri, rom Tanamedrove urbanuli
pirobebis Sesaxeb pirvel mniSvnelovan siociologiur kvlevebsa da Teoriebs CikagoSi Caeyara
safuZveli, radgan es qalaqi ganviTarebis fenomenaluri tempiTa da gamorCeuli TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeboda.
urbanizmis Teoriebi
Cikagos skola
urbanuli sociologiis Teoria da kvleva, wlebis ganmavlobaSi, 1920-1940-ian wlebSi Cikagos

universitetSi moRvawe ramdenime mwerlis, robert parkis, ernest burgesisa da luis virtis, mier
SemuSavebul ideebs efuZneboda. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ,,Cikagos skolis” mier
SemuSavebuli ori koncefcia imsaxurebs. pirveli, urbanuli analizisadmi e.w. ekologiuri
midgomaa; meore, urbanizmis, rogorc cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTeba; meore idea virts ekuTvnis
(Park, 1952; Wirth, 1938).
urbanuli ekologia
ekologia fizikis terminia da mcenarisa da cxoveli organizmebis garemosTan adaptaciis

Seswavlas niSnavs. (zogadad, ,,ekologia” garemosTan dakavSirebuli problemebis konteqstSi
ixmareba, ix. Tavi 19.) bunebriv samyaroSi organizmebis ganawileba sistemuri reJimiT xdeba,
rac sxvadasxva saxeobebs Soris wonasworobasa da balanss uwyobs xels. Cikagos skolas
miaCnia, rom didi urbanuli dasaxlebebisa da sxvadasxva tipis ubnebis ganawilebac am principiT
unda aixsnas. qalaqebi spontanurad ar izrdeba, qalaqebis zrda garemos xelsayrel pirobebze
gamovlenili sapasuxo reaqciaa. magaliTad, Tanamedrove qveynebSi didi urbanuli teritoriebi,
Cveulebriv, mdinaris sanapiros gayolebaze, nayofier dablobebze, savaWro sarkinigzo
gzajvaredinebzea ganlagebuli.
parki ambobs: ,,rodesac qalaqi Sendeba, is TiTqos damaxarisxebel meqanizmad iqceva... is

mosaxleobidan iseT individebs irCevs, romlebic garkveul regions an garemos saukeTesod
ergebian” (Park, 1952, gv. 79). konkurenciis, dapyrobisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis
Sedegad, qalaqi ,,bunebriv teritoriad” yalibdeba – es ki biologiuri ekologiisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli procesebia. Tu bunebriv garemoSi tbis ekologias davakvirdebiT, vnaxavT, rom
saxeobaTa SedarebiT stabiluri gadarCeva sxvadasxva saxeobis Tevzebis, mwerebisa da
organizmebis konkurenciis xarjze miiRweva. balansi mxolod iseTi axali
saxeobebis ,,SemoWris” SemTxvevaSi irRveva, romlebic tbaSi Casaxlebas cdiloben.
organizmebi, romlebic tbis centralur nawilSi mravldebodnen, iZulebulni arian maTi kuTvnili
teritoria datovon, ris gamoc isini arasaimedo pirobebSi aRmoCndebian. centralur nawilSi axla
Tavdamsxmeli saxeobebi gabatondebian.
qalaqebSi dasaxleba, gadaadgileba da gadasaxleba, ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT, analogiuri formiT

mimdinareobs. ramdenime ubani im macxovrebelTa adaptaciis safuZvelze iqmneba, romlebic
qalaqSi damkvidrebas cdiloben. Tu qalaqs rukaze gadavitanT, vnaxavT, rom is gamokveTili da
socialurad kontrastuli teritoriebisgan Sedgeba. Tanamedrove qalaqebis zrdis adreul safexurze,
industriebi Tavs iyrida nedleulis mopovebis da momaragebis TvalsazrisiT xelsayrel adgilebSi.
adamianebi samuSao adgilebis garSemo saxldebodnen; es ubnebi, qalaqis macxovrebelTa
raodenobriv zrdasTan erTad, sul ufro mravalferovan iers iZenda. sacxovrebeli pirobebi ufro
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mimzidveli gaxda da adamianTa Soris konkurencia am kuTxiT gaZlierda. miwis Rirebuleba da

kerZo sakuTrebis begara gaizarda, ris Sedegad ojaxebs centralur ubnebSi sakuTrebis SeZena
uWirT. isini siviwroveSi an Zvel SesakeTebel saxlebSi axerxeben dasaxlebas, radgan aseT
saxlebSi ufro dabali qiris gadaxda uwevT. centri, ZiriTadad, biznessa da gasarTob adgilebs
eTmoba. aq ufro SeZlebuli kerZo macxovreblebi saxldebian, romlebic centris perimetris
garSemo axali gareubnebis formirebas uyrian safuZvels. am process satransporto samarSruto
xazebis SemoRebac axlavs, rac samuSaoze gamgzavrebis dros minimumamde amcirebs;
samarSruto xazebs Soris teritoriebi ufro nela viTardeba.
qalaqs SeiZleba koncentrirebuli wreebis forma hqondes da segmentebad iyos dayofili. centrSi
Sida qalaqis teritoriebia, romlebSic paralelurad arsebobs warmatebuli biznesi da ngrevis
procesSi myofi kerZo saxlebi. garda amisa, qalaqSi didi xnis istoriuli ubnebic aris, romlebSic
fizikuri saqmianobiT stabilurad dakavebuli muSebi saxloben. moSorebul gareubnebSi,
Cveulebriv, maRalSemosavliani jgufebi cxovroben. dapyrobisa da memkvidreobiT gadacemis
procesi qalaqis koncentirirebuli wreebis segmentebSic mimdinareobs. Tu centralur an
aracentralur teritoriaze Senoba mwyobridan gamodis, is SeiZleba eTnikur umciresobaTa
jgufebma daikavon. amis Semdeg Zveli macxovreblebi Senobas toveben da qalaqis sxva
ubnebsa an gareubnebSi saxldebian.
urbanuli ekologia garkveul periodSi Zveli reputaciiT aRar sargeblobda, magram mogvianebiT
es Teoria isev aRorZinda da sxvadasxva avtorebis, gansakuTrebiT, amos holis (Hawley 1950,
1968) naSromebSi ganviTarda. mis winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT, holim deficitur
resursebTan dakavSirebul konkurenciaze ki ar gaamaxvila yuradReba, aramed qalaqis
sxvadasxva ubnebis erTmaneTze damokidebulebas gausva xazi. diferenciacia – jgufTa da
okupaciuri rolebis specializacia – is ZiriTadi faqtoria, romlis saSualebiT, adamiani garemosTan
adaptirdeba. dominanturia jgufebi, romlebzec bevri sxva adamiania damokidebuli, rac xSirad
maT centralur geografiul poziciaSic aisaxeba. magaliTad, msxvili bankebis an sadazRvevo
kompaniis msgavsi saqmiani jgufebi sazogadoebis did nawils mniSvnelovani momsaxurebiT
uzrunvelyofs, amitom es organizaciebi, Cveulebriv, centralur adgilebSia ganTavsebuli. magram,
holis azriT, urbanul teritoriebze ganviTarebuli zonebi ara mxolod sivrciT, aramed droiT
ganpirobebul urTierTobaTa safuZvelzec warmoiSoba. magaliTad, biznesSi mopovebul gavlenas
mxolod miwis moxmareba ki ar ganapirobebs, aramed yoveldRiur aqtivobaTa riTmi; amis
naTeli magaliTi pikis saaTis arsebobaa. adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis riTmi qalaqis ubnebis
ierarqias asaxavs.
ekologiurma midgomam empiriul kvlevebSic mniSvnelovani roli Seitana, radgan am kvlevebis

Sedegad, misi Rirebuleba Teoriul perspeqtivaSi warmoCinda. ekologiuri azrovneba qalaqisa da
konkretuli ubnebis Semswavleli mravali kvlevis mizezi gaxda, romlebic, magaliTad, zemoT
xsenebuli ,,dapyrobisa” da ,,memkvidreobiT gadacemis” procesis problemiT iyvnen
dainteresebuli. Tumca am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT samarTliani kritikac arsebobs. ekologiurma
perspeqtivam SeiZleba gacnobierebuli dizaini da qalaqis organizaciis dagegmareba daCrdilos da
urbanuli ganviTareba ,,bunebriv procesad” miiCnios. parkis, burgesisa da maTi kolegebis mier
SemuSavebuli sivrciTi organizaciis modeli amerikul gamocdilebas efuZneboda da mxolod
SeerTebuli Statebis zogierTi tipis qalaqisTvis iyo misaRebi, rom araferi vTqvaT evropaze,
iaponiasa da mesame msoflios qveynebze.
urbanizmi, rogorc cxovrebis wesi
virtis Teziss urbanizmis, rogorc cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb, naklebad aRelvebs qalaqebis Sida
diferenciacia, vidre urbanizmi, rogorc socialuri arsebobis forma. virti acxadebs:
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,,urbanulobis” xarisxis zusti gazomva SeuZlebelia Tanamedrove samyaroSi qalaqSi mcxovrebi mTeli mosaxleobis
wilis dadgeniT. socialur cxovrebaze qalaqi gacilebiT ufro did gavlenas axdens, vidre es urbanuli mosaxleobis
koeficientSi aisaxeba; qalaqi Tanamedrove adamianebs mxolod mzardi sacxovrebeli da samuSao adgilebiT ki ar
uzrunvelyofs, aramed im ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli centris Seqmnis iniciatori da makontrolebeli erTeulic
aris, romelic adamianebs msoflios Soreuli regionebidan izidavs da mravalgvar teritoriebs, adamianebsa da
aqtivobebs erTian kosmosad gardaqmnis (Wirth, 1938, gv. 342).
virti aRniSnavs, rom qalaqebSi adamianebi teritoriulad axlos cxovroben, magram maTi
umravlesoba erTmaneTs piradad arc ki icnobs –patara tradiciul soflebSi ki am mxriv sruliad
gansxvavebuli suraTia. qalaqis macxovreblebs erTmaneTTan xanmokle da arastabiluri
kontaqtebi akavSirebT, romelTa dros, sasiamovno urTierTobebis Ziebis nacvlad, maT sruliad
sxva miznebi amoZravebT. maRaziebis gamyidvelebTan, bankis molareebTan, mgzavrebTan an
bileTebis SemmowmeblebTan interaqcia xanmokle kontaqts moiTxovs, romelsac adamiani
sakuTari surviliT ki ar amyarebs, aramed garkveuli miznis misaRwevad iyenebs.
qalaqSi mcxovrebi adamianebi mobilobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian, amitom isini stabiluri
kavSirebis damyarebas ar eswrafvian. adamianebi sxvadasxva yoveldRiur aqtivobasa da
situaciaSi arian CarTulni – qalaqebSi, soflebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Cqari ,,cxovrebis
riTmia.” TanamSromlobas konkurencia gadaswonis. virti adasturebs, rom qalaqis daZabuli
socialuri cxovreba gamorCeuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone ubnebis formirebas uwyobs xels;
zogierTma ubanma SeiZleba mcire Temis Tvisebebi SenarCunos. magaliTad, emigrantebiT
dasaxlebul ubnebSi ojaxebi tradiciul kavSirebs inarCuneben da macxovrebelTa umravlesoba
piradad icnobs erTmaneTs. rac ufro metad iTqvifeba ubani mravalferovan qalaqur cxovrebaSi,
miT naklebia misi Zveli Tvisebebis SenarCunebis albaToba.
virtis ideebi damsaxurebuli popularobiT sargeblobda. utyuari faqtia, rom Tanamedrove

qalaqebSi yoveldRiurma kontaqtebma privatulobis elementi dakarga – garkveuli xarisxiT, es
Tviseba zogadad Tanamedrove sazogadoebis socialuri cxovrebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
virtis Teoria Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan misi mtkicebiT, urbanizmi mxolod sazogadoebis
nawili ki ar aris, aramed is farTo socialuri sistemis bunebas gamoxatavs da masze garkveul
gavlenas axdens. zogadad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa socialuri cxovrebisTvis urbanuli
cxovrebis wesis aspeqtebia damaxasiaTebeli da ara did qalaqSi mcxovreb konkretul adamianTa
aqtivobebi. virtis ideebs garkveuli SezRudvebic axlavs. ekologiuri perspeqtivis msgavsad,
romelTanac virtis mosazrebebs bevri ram akavSirebs, misi Teoriac ZiriTadad amerikul
qalaqebze warmoebul dakvirvebas efuZneba, rasac is urbanizmis saerTo konteqstSi
ganazogadebs. urbanizmi yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairi ar aris. magaliTad, rogorc adre
aRvniSneT, Zveli qalaqebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaTa qalaqebisgan mravali niSniT
gansxvavdeboda. Zveli qalaqebi, iseve rogorc soflis Temebi, usaxuri, pirovnul urTierTobebs
moklebuli cxovrebiT ar gamoirCeoda.
virtis mosazreba Tanamedrove qalaqebSi pirovnuli urTierTobebis naklebobis Sesaxeb

gazviadebulia. Tanamedrove urbanul Temebs gacilebiT ufro myari da mWidro megobruli da
naTesauri urTierTobebi akavSirebT, vidre virti miiCnevs. virtis kolega Cikagos universitetidan,
everet hiusi, Tavisi kolegis Sesaxeb werda: ,,luisi mudmivad amtkicebda, rom qalaqSi pirovnuli
urTierTobebi ar arsebobs – sinamdvileSi ki naTesavebisa da megobrebis uzarmazar klanTan
mas swored aseTi urTierTobebi akavSirebs” (citirebulia Kasandra and Janowitz, 1974).
Tanamedrove qalaqSi Cveulebrivi movlenaa jgufebi, romlebsac herbert gansi ,,urbanel
soflelebs” uwodebs (Gans, 1962). mis mier moxseniebuli ,,urbaneli soflelebi” bostonis Sida
qalaqis ubanSi mcxovrebi italieli amerikelebi arian. TeTkanianTa es ,,eTnikuri” dajgufeba
amerikul qalaqebSi Zveleburad aRar gamoirCeva, magram Sida qalaqSi maT adgils axal
emigrantTa Temebi ikaveben. gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania, rodesac ubnebs, mWidro
naTesauri da pirovnuli kavSirebis safuZvelze, Tavad qalaqis cxovreba qmnis; am ubnebs
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376
mxolod Zveli cxovrebis wesi ar aerTianebs, romelic, qalaqSi arsebobis garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi, maT TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebaSi exmareba. klod fiSeri Seecada aexsna, Tu
ratom uwyobs xels masStaburi urbanizmi sxvadasxva subkulturis ganviTarebas, rom yvela
adamiani anonimur masaSi ar aiTqvifos. fiSeri aRniSnavs, rom qalaqis macxovreblebs,
adgilobrivi kavSirebis ganviTarebis mizniT, sxva saerTo warmomavlobisa da interesebis mqone
adamianebTan TanamSromloba SeuZliaT. isini gamokveTil religiur, eTnikur, politikur an sxva
subkulturul jgufSi erTiandebian. patara qalaqi da sofeli aseTi subkulturuli mravalgvarobis
ganviTarebis saSualebas ar iZleva (Fischer, 1984). magaliTad, qalaqis eTnikuri Temis wevrebi
SeiZleba sakuTar qveyanaSi erTmaneTs arc ki icnobdnen. qalaqSi Camosvlis Semdeg, isini iseT
teritoriebze saxldebian, sadac igive lingvisturi da kulturuli warmomavlobis adamianebi
cxovroben da amis safuZvelze axali qvesazogadoebrivi struqturebi iqmneba. mxatvarma
SeiZleba patara qalaqSi an sofelSi ramdenime adamianTan daamyaros urTierToba, magram did
qalaqSi is, savaraudod, garkveuli samxatvro da inteleqtualuri subkulturis nawili xdeba.
didi qalaqi ,,ucnobebis samyaroa”, Tumca is qmnis da xels uwyobs piradi urTierTobebis
ganviTarebas. es paradoqsuli movlena ar aris. erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT ucnob
adamianebTan kontaqtebis sazogadoebrivi sfero da ojaxis, megobrebisa da kolegebis ufro piradi
samyaro. rodesac adamiani did qalaqSi gadadis sacxovreblad, man, SesaZloa, Tavidan bevri
adamianis gacnoba ver moaxerxos. magram patara, didi xnis win dafuZnebul soflis TemSi, is
macxovrebelTa keTilganwyobas igrZnobs, radgan TemSi gaerTianebul adamianebs amgvari
damokidebuleba zrdilobian qcevad miaCniaT, Tumca ,,sazogadoebis sruluflebian wevrad
aRiarebas” SeiZleba wlebi dasWirdes. qalaqSi ki, am amxriv, sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. edvard
krupati aRniSnavs:
urbanul kvercxs... ufro magari naWuWi aqvs da misi gatexva Znelia. imisTvis, rom gaRiaron, xelsayreli
SemTxveva da garemoebebia saWiro. bevri adamiani erTmaneTs yoveldRiurad avtobusis an rkinigzis sadgurSi,
kafeSi an samuSao dawesebulebis derefanSi xvdeba, magram isini erTmaneTisTvis mxolod ,,nacnobi ucnobebi”
arian. zogierTi adamiani, SesaZloa, socialuri unar-Cvevebis an iniciativis naklebobis gamo, sazogadoebas saerTod
ver SeeTvisos. amgvari WeSmaritebis ucnauroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom ucnob adamianTa mravalgvarobis
gamo, TiToeuli maTgani potenciuri megobaria; qalaqSi gansxvavebuli cxovrebis stili da interesebia, amitomac
modian adamianebi sacxovreblad soflidan qalaqSi. rodesac isini romelime jgufSi an qselSi wevriandebian, maTi
kavSirebis gafarToebis SesaZlebloba sagrZnoblad izrdeba. faqtebze dakvirvebis Sedegad, SeiZleba ganvacxadoT,
rom qalaqSi, damabrkolebel garemoebebTan SedarebiT, pozitiuri SesaZleblobebi ufro metia, ris gamoc adamianebs
maTTvis sasurveli urTierTobebis ganviTareba da SenarCuneba SeuZliaT. (Krupat 1985, gv. 36)
virtis ideebma, garkveulwilad, validuroba SeinarCuna, magram, Tu mis naazrevs mogvianebiT

gamoqveynebuli naSromebis kuTxiT ganvixilavT, am mosazrebebma zedmetad ganzogadebuli
elferi SeiZina. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi xSirad aqvs adgili gaucxoebasa da pirovnuli socialuri
urTierTobebis naklebobas, magram is, amave dros, mravalgvari interesebisa da kavSirebis,
zogjer intimurobis wyarodac SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
urbanizmi da Seqmnili garemo
urbanizmis bolodroindeli Teoriebis mixedviT, urbanizmi avtonomiuri procesi ar aris da is

politikuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebTan kavSirSi unda gavaanalizoT.
urbanul analizTan mimarTebaSi, sayuradReboa ori wamyvani mecnieris _ devid harvisa da
manuel kastelsis _ naSromebi; orive avtori marqsis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis (Harvey, 1973, 1982,
1985; Castells, 1977, 1983).
harvi: sivrcis restruqturizacia
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harvi urbanizms industriuli kapitalizmis gavrcelebis Sedegad Seqmnili garemos erT-erT

aspeqts uwodebs. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi qalaqi da sofeli erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad iyo
diferencirebuli. Tanamedrove samyaroSi industriam es gansxvaveba bundovani gaxada. soflis
meurneoba, industriuli samuSaos msgavsad, meqanizebulia, mas mxolod safasuri da
mogebasTan dakavSirebuli interesi marTavs, rac qalaqisa da soflis macxovrebelTa socialuri
cxovrebis stils Soris arsebul zRvars amcirebs.
harvi aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove urbanizmSi sivrce mudmiv restruqturizacias

eqvemdebareba. es procesi imazea damokidebuli, Tu romel adgils irCeven msxvili firmebi maTi
qarxnebis, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis centrebisa da a.S. gansaTavseblad; rogor akontrolebs
mTavroba miwas da industiul warmoebas da rogoria kerZo investorTa aqtivoba - saxlebisa da
miwebis Sesyidva da gayidva. magaliTad, saqmiani firmebi mudmivad ganixilaven axali
lokaciebis upiratesobas, ukve arsebul lokaciebTan SedarebiT. rodesac garkveul adgilas
warmoeba iafdeba, an firma sxva produqtis warmoebaze gadadis, qarxnebi da ofisebi SeiZleba
mocemul adgilas daixuros da sxvagan amoqmeddes. aqedan gamomdinare, sargeblis mopovebis
mizniT, didi qalaqis centrebSi SeiZleba mravalsarTuliani ofisebis gamalebuli mSenebloba
gaCaRdes. rodesac ofisebis mSenebloba mTavrdeba da centraluri teritoriis ,,xelaxali aTviseba”
xdeba, investorebi axali mSeneblobis dasawyebad adgils eZeben. is, rac odezRac momgebiani
iyo, finansuri klimatis cvlilebis Semdeg, SesaZloa, wamgebiani aRmoCndes.
saxlebis SesyidviT dainteresebuli kerZo pirebis aqtivobaze Zlier gavlenas axdens faqtori, Tu sad
da ra raodenobiT yiduloben miwebs saqmiani firmebi da ra moculobisaa adgilobrivi da
centraluri xelisuflebis mier miwaze dawesebuli qira da gadasaxadi. magaliTad, meore msoflio
omis Semdeg, SeerTebuli Statebis ZiriTadi qalaqebis gareubnebSi, mSeneblobis uaRresi zrda
aRiniSna. es, nawilobriv, eTnikuri diskriminaciiTa da TeTrkanianTa Sida qalaqis teritoriebidan
gasvlis tendenciiT iyo gamowveuli. harvis azriT, am process xelisuflebis mier saxlebis
myidvelebisa da samSeneblo firmebis dabegvris pirobebis Serbilebam da finansuri
organizaciebis mier kreditebis gacemis specialuri struqturis Seqmnamac Seuwyo xeli. aman
qalaqis periferiebSi axali saxlebis mSeneblobasa da Sesyidvas Cauyara safuZveli da, amave
dros, erT-erT industriul saqonelze - avtomobilze - gazarda moTxovna. 1960-iani wlebis
Semdeg, inglisis samxreT nawilSi qalaqebis gafarToeba da maTi materialuri SesaZleblobebis
zrda, uSualo kavSirSi iyo CrdiloeTSi ganlagebuli mcire industriebis Semcirebasa da,
Sesabamisad, axali industriuli SesaZleblobebis investirebasTan.
kastelsi: urbanizmi da socialuri moZraoba
harvis msgavsad, kastelsac miaCnia, rom sazogadoebis sivrciTi forma mWidrod ukavSirdeba
misi ganviTarebis zogad meqanizmebs. qalaqis aRsaqmelad, unda gaviazroT, Tu ra procesebs
moiTxovs qalaqis sivrciTi formis warmoSoba da transformireba. qalaqisa da misi ubnebis
dagegmareba da arqiteqturuli maxasiaTeblebi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris arsebul
dapirispirebasa da konfliqts gamoxatavs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, urbanuli garemo farTo
socialuri Zalebis simbolur da sivrciT manifestaciebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, caTambjeni
SeiZleba imitom aSendes, rom mSenebeli am saqmidan mogebas elis, magram giganturi
Senobebi aseve ,,qalaqSi macxovrebeli adamianisTvis, teqnologiiTa da TavdajerebiT
mopovebuli, fuladi Zaluflebisa da korporaciuli kapitalizmis aRzevebis simboloa” (Castells,
1983, gv. 103).
Cikagoeli sociologebisgan gansxvavebiT, kastelsi qalaqs mxolod gamokveTil lokaciad –

urbanul teritoriad _ ar miiCnevs. qalaqi misTvis koleqtiuri moxmarebis procesis integraluri
nawilia, rac, Tavis mxriv, industiuli kapitalizmis ganuyofel aspeqts warmoadgens. adamianebi
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Tanamedrove industriis produqcias saxlebSi, skolebSi, transportiT momsaxurebisas da

dasvenebis dros ,,moixmaren”. maT, vinc saxls qiraobs, yidulobs an aSenebs, dabegvris
sistemasTan aqvs Sexeba. im msxvil korporaciebs, bankebsa da sadazRvevo kompaniebs,
romlebic samSeneblo proeqtebisTvis saWiro kapitals uzrunvelyofen, am procesebze didi
gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. magram qalaqis cxovrebis bevr aspeqtze, uSualod zemoqmedebs
samTavrobo saagentoebic, radgan maT gzebisa da saxelmwifo saxlebis mSenebloba, mwvane
zonebis dagegmva da sxv. evalebaT. aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis fizikuri forma sabazro
Zalebisa da xelisuflebis erToblivi produqtia.
magram Seqmnili garemos bunebas mxolod mdidari da gavleniani adamianebis aqtivoba ar

ganapirobebs. kastelsi im naklebad privilegirebul jgufTa Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobasac usvams
xazs, romlebic sakuTari sacxovrebeli pirobebis Secvlas cdiloben. urbanuli problemebi mraval
socialur moZraobas – sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaumjobesebis moTxovnas, haeris dabinZurebis
winaaRmdeg brZolas, parkebisa da mwvane zonebis dacvas da garemosTvis Seuferebeli
mSeneblobis SeCerebis mcdelobas uyris safuZvels. magaliTad, kastelsma san-franciskoSi
geebis moZraoba Seiswavla, romlebmac TavianTi kulturuli Rirebulebebis mixedviT, ubnebis
restruqturizacia daisaxes miznad da warmatebasac miaRwies – amis Sedegad geebma bevri
organizacia, klubi da bari aamoqmedes da adgilobriv politikaSi mniSvnelovani pozicia daikaves.
harvi da kastelsi aRniSnaven, rom qalaqi Cvens mier Seqmnili, TiTqmis xelovnuri garemoa.
adamianTa intervenciasa da Tanamedrove teqnologiis gavlenas soflebic ki ver gaurbian, radgan
adamianTa aqtivobam bunebrivi samyaros formisa da struqturis Secvla gamoiwvia. sakvebi
adgilobrivi macxovreblebisTvis ki aRar iwarmoeba, aramed misi warmoeba erovnul da
saerTaSoriso bazarze gatanazea orientirebuli. meqanizebul fermebSi miwis zusti da miznobrivi
ganawileba xdeba; axal fizikur maxasiaTeblebsa da garemos bunebriv maxasiaTeblebs
erTmaneTTan cota aqvT saerTo. fermebisa da izolirebuli soflebis macxovreblebs SeiZleba
qalaqelebisgan gansxvavebuli qcevis stili hqondeT, magram ekonomikurad, politikurad da
kulturulad isini farTo sazogadoebasTan mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli.
Sefaseba
kastelsisa da harvis Sexedulebebma farTo debatebi gamoiwvia. am Sromebs didi mniSvneloba

aqvT, radgan maT urbanuli analizi axali mimarTulebiT warmarTes. ekologiuri midgomisgan
gansxvavebiT, es mecnierebi, ,,bunebriv” sivrcul procesebTan SedarebiT, imaze ufro
amaxvileben yuradRebas, Tu rogor aisaxeba Zalauflebis socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi
miwasa da Seqmnil garemoze. es imas niSnavs, rom amjerad kvlevis gansxvavebul obieqtTan
gvaqvs saqme. harvisa da kastelsis ideebi zogjer Zalze abstraqtulad JRers da, Cikagos skolis
SromebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT nakleb kvlevas efuZneba.
harvisa da kastelsis da Cikagos skolis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi erTmaneTs avsebs. es

sasargeblo kombinacia urbanuli procesebis mravlismomcvel suraTs qmnis. qalaqis teritoriebs
Soris arsebuli kontrastebi, aRwerili urbanuli ekologiis mier, da qalaqur cxovrebaSi pirovnuli
urTierTobebis nakleboba, realurad marTlac arsebobs. magram Cikagos skola am procesebs
naklebad cvalebad movlenebad miiCnevda; cvlilebebi ki, ZiriTadad, harvisa da kastelsis mier
gaanalizebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri gavleniT aixsneba. jon loganisa da harvi molotCis mier
SemoTavazebuli midgoma harvisa da kastelsis mier dasaxul perspeqtivebs uSualod ekologiuri
Tvalsazrisis zogierT mxares ukavSirebs (Logan and Molotch, 1987). isini iziareben harvisa da
kastelsis Sexedulebas da acxadeben, rom ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zogadi, erovnul da
saerTaSoriso doneze asaxuli maxasiaTeblebi uSualod urbanul cxovrebaze zemoqmedebs.
magram, maTi azriT, es masStaburi ekonomikuri faqtorebi adgilobriv organizaciebze, maT
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Soris, ubnis biznesebze, bankebsa da samTavrobo saagentoebze, aseve saxlebis individualuri

myidvelebis aqtivobazea fokusirebuli.
loganisa da molotCis Tanaxmad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, sxva saqonelTan erTad,

nakveTebis _ miwisa da Senobebis – Sesyidva da gayidva mimdinareobs; magram qalaqis
struqturis ganmsazRvrel bazarze gavlenas is faqti axdens, Tu rogor iyeneben sxvadasxva jgufebi
maT mier SeZenil an gayidul miwas. es procesi mraval daZabulobasa da konfliqs iwvevs _
qalaqis ubnebis warmoSobis ZiriTadi faqtoric swored es aris. magaliTad, mravalsarTulian
Senobas binadari sakuTar saxlTan aigivebs, saxlis mepatronisTvis ki es Semosavlis wyaroa.
saqmosnebi miwis SesyidviTa da gayidviT, warmoebisTvis Sesaferisi adgilis moZiebiT, an
miwis gayidvis an gaqiravebis Sedegad miRebuli mogebiT arian dainteresebulni. maTi interesi
da sazrunavi binadarTa interesebisgan sruliad gansxvavdeba, radgan binadarTaTvis ubani aris
,,adgili, sadac isini cxovroben.”
rogorc logani da molotCi aRniSnaven, Tanamedrove qalaqebSi msxvili finansuri da saqmiani

firmebi mudmivad cdiloben miwis sfecifikur teritoriebad Semofargvlas. am mxriv miRweuli
warmateba ufro meti teritoriis Sesyidvasa da gayidvas da axali sarfiani mSeneblobebis
dawyebas niSnavs. am kompaniebs naklebad aRelvebT, Tu ra socialur da fizikur Sedegs
gamoiRebs maTi aqtivoba mocemul ubanze – magaliTad, daingreva Tu ara lamazi Zveli saxli
imisTvis, rom mis nacvlad axali uzarmazari mravalsarTuliani saofise Senoba aRimarTos.
samSeneblo firmebis mier waxalisebuli zrdis procesebi da adgilobrivi saqmosnebisa da
binadarTa interesebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, erTmaneTs ar emTxveva, rac am ukanasknelTa
mxridan, savaraudod, aqtiuri winaaRmdegobis gawevis mcdelobas gamoiwvevs. sakuTari
interesebis dacvis mizniT, erTi ubnis binadarni jgufebad erTiandebian. aseTma adgilobrivma
asociaciebma, SesaZloa, teritoriebis zonebad gamocxadebis sababiT, farTo kampania
wamoiwyon, mwvane an parkisTvis gankuTvnil miwis zonaSi dagegmili mSeneblobebi
dablokon da qiris gadaxdis ufro misaRebi wesebi moiTxovon.
dasavluri urbanuli ganviTareba omisSemdgom periodSi
urbanul procesebze SeerTebul StatebSi, britaneTTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro meti kvleva
Catarda, magram omisSemdgomi periodis gaerTianebuli samefos urbanuli ganviTareba,
zogadad, SeerTebul StatebSi manamde ganviTarebul movlenebs emTxveva. amitom, vidre
gaerTianebuli samefos urbanul problemebsa da sakiTxebs ganvixilavT, amerikul gamocdilebaze
vimsjelebT.
urbanizmi SeerTebul StatebSi
suburbanizacia
erT-erTi siaxle, romelic omis Semdeg SeerTebuli Statebis qalaqebSi gamoikveTa, gareubnebis
(Suburbia) ganviTareba iyo. sityva “saberbi” (gareubani) laTinuri warmoSobisaa - termini sub
urbe ,,qalaqis kontrolis qveS yofnas” niSnavs. urbanizmis istoriaSi es termini am mniSvnelobas
zustad Seesabameboda. gareubnebi mcire zomis, urbanul centrebze damokidebuli sacxovrebeli
adgilebi iyo. dRevandel dRes es sityva didi qalaqis mimdebare gaSenebul teritorias niSnavs.
SeerTebul StatebSi suburbanizaciis procesma kulminacias 1950-1960-ian wlebSi miaRwia. am

aTwleulebSi centraluri qalaqebis 10-procentiani zrda aRiniSna, gareubnis teritoriebisa ki _ 48-
procentiani. gareubnebSi, ZiriTadad, TeTrkanianTa ojaxebi saxldebodnen. skolebSi rasobrivi
aRrevis daSvebis gamo, TeTrkanianebi Sida qalaqebs tovebdnen, radgan umravlesobas surda,
rom maT Svilebs mxolod TeTrkanianebisTvis gankuTvnil skolebSi eswavlaT. ra Tqma unda,
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am procesis ganviTarebas sxva mizezebic hqonda. qalaqis centraluri ubnebis macxovreblebi

haeris dabinZurebas, transportis mozRvavebasa da mZafr kriminalur situacias gaurbodnen; maT
kerZo sakuTrebaze dawesebuli dabali gadasaxadebi da didi saxlebis perspeqtivac izidavdaT.
isini binebs iseT saxlebs amjobinebdnen, romlebsac baRebic hqonda. amave dros, gzebis
mSeneblobis eqstensiuri programebis wyalobiT, am teritoriebidan samuSao adgilze
gadaadgilebac gamartivda da industriebi da momsaxureba gareubnebSic dafuZnda. bevri
gareubani Tavad iqca damoukidebel qalaqad, romelic sxva qalaqebs swrafi magistralebis
saSualebiT ukavSirdeboda. 1960-iani wlebis Semdeg, erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli gaerubnebis
wili, qalaqTan dakavSirebul gareubnebTan SedarebiT, kidev ufro gaizarda (dRevandel
gaerTianebul samefoSi analogiuri situaciaa).
SeerTebul StatebSi, gareubnebSi umetesad TeTrkaniani mosaxleoba cxovrobs, magram iq

rasobriv da eTnikur umciresobaTa sul ufro meti warmomadgeneli saxldeba. 1980-dan 1990
wlamde gareubanSi mcxovrebi Savkaniani mosaxleobis raodenoba 34.4, laTinosTa 69.3,
azielebisa ki 125.9 procentiT gaizarda. amis sapirispirod, gareubanSi mcxovrebi TeTrkaniani
mosaxleobis raodenoba sul 9,2 procentiT gaizarda. umciresobebi gareubanSi imave mizeziT
saxldebian, rac maT winamorbedebs amoZravebdaT – isini ukeTesi saxlebis, skolebisa da
pirobebisken miiltvian. im adamianebis msgavsad, romlebmac 1950-ian wlebSi gareubnebSi
gadasaxlebis talRa wamoiwyes, axali mosaxleebic saSualo klasis profesionalebi arian. Cikagos
gansaxlebis samsaxuris Tavmjdomarem ganacxada: ,,suburbanizacia rasasTan aRar aris
kavSirSi; es klasobrivi movlenaa. Raribebis maxloblad cxovreba aravis unda, radgan
RaribebTan erTad cxovrebas RaribTa problemebi – Raribuli skolebi, daucveli quCebi da
bandebi – axlavs.” (citirebulia DeWit1, 994).
miuxedavad amisa, gareubnebi mainc TeTrkanianTa ubnebad miiCneva. umciresobaTa jgufebi

1990 wels gareubnebis mTeli mosaxleobis 18 procents Seadgendnen. oTxidan sami afro
amerikeli, oTxidan erTi TeTrkanianis sapirispirod, kvlav Sida qalaqSi agrZelebs cxovrebas.
gareubnis Savkanian macxovrebelTa umravlesoba, qalaqis mosazRvre SavkanianTa mcire
dasaxlebebSi cxovrobs.
Sida qalaqis rRveva
ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, yvela did amerikul qalaqSi Sida qalaqis
rRveva aRiniSna, rac uSualod gareubnebis zrdam gamoiwvia. maRalSemosavliani jgufebis
qalaqidan gasvla, maT mier Setanili adgilobrivi gadasaxadebidan miRebuli mogebis danakargs
niSnavs. qalaqSi darCenili an qalaqidan gasuli mosaxleobis nacvlad dafuZnebul adamianTa
umravlesoba Raribebi arian, amitom dakarguli Semosavlis anazRaurebis SesaZlebloba Zalze
mcirea. centralur qalaqSi dabegvris gazrdis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlebuli jgufebisa da saqmosnebis
gareubanSi gadasaxlebis tendencia gagrZeldeba.
situacias is faqtic amZimebs, rom centralur qalaqSi samSeneblo inventari, gareubnebTan

SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mZime mdgomareobaSia, da danaSaulisa da umuSevrobis ufro maRali
maCvenebelia. Sesabamisad, keTildReobis programebze, skolebze, Senobebis garemontebaze,
policiasa da saxanZro samsaxurze ufro didi Tanxa ixarjeba. rac ufro viTardeba gareubnebi, miT
ufro izrdeba qalaqis centrTan dakavSirebuli problemebi. bevri amerikuli gareubnis
ganviTarebas, gansakuTrebiT Zvel qalaqebSi, magaliTad, niu iorkSi, bostonsa da vaSingtonSi,
uaRresad mZime Sedegi mohyva. am qalaqebis zogierTi ubani, mTeli industriuli samyaros did
urbanul teritoriebs Soris, yvelaze savalalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. ngrevis procesSi myofi,
mitovebuli da damwvari Senobebi qvaRorRian Tavisufal miwaze icvleba.
urbanuli rRveva da urbanuli konfliqti

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1992 wlis gazafxulze los anjelesSi amboxebaTa talRa daiwyo. saqmis viTarebis Seswavlis
mizniT, qalaqSi piradad gansaxlebisa da urbanuli ganviTarebis departamentis mdivani henri
sisnerosi Cafrinda.
kvamlSi gaxveuli qalaqi vnaxe. yvelgan damwvari sadenebisa da plastmasis suni igrZnoboda. iseTi buRi idga, rom
gzis gakvleva im vertmfrenis pilotsac ki uWirda, romelic qalaqis Tavze gvatarebda. yovel ramdenime wamSi
sirenis xma ismoda. es saxanZro manqanebis xmaa, romlebic jguf-jgufad moZraoben, kaliforniis sagzao sapatrulo
maqanebis TanxlebiT – oci manqana, romelsac patruli, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, icavs – mexanZreebi xanZris erTi
keridan meore keris Casaqrobad garbodnen... im xuTSabaTs narinjisfer kvamlSi gaxveuli saRamos los anjelesi
namdvil urbanul apokalifss mogagonebdaT. gafarToebuli TvalebiT momzirali SeSinebuli adamianebi da xmauri,
romelic mudmiv panikas Tesavs (Cisneros, 1993).
albaT, fiqrobT, rom los anjelesi gasxvavebuli qalaqia. aq, umravles qalaqebTan SedarebiT, ufro
daZabuli cxovrebis riTmia. is, geologiuri TvalsazrisiT, saxifaTo zolzea ganlagebuli. 1994 wlis
TebervalSi momxdarma seriozulma miwisZvram zemoT aRwerili situaciis analogiuri scenebi
gamoiwvia. amis miuxedavad, los anjeless bevri aqvs saerTo SeerTebulio Statebis, britaneTisa
da samyaros sxva regionebis did qalaqebTan. qalaqi mTeli amerikuli sazogadoebis socialur
problemebs koncentrirebulad da gaZlierebulad gamoxatavs.
erT-erTi aseTi problema siRaribea; meore _ eTnikuri dajgufeba da antagonizmi, romelsac

gansakuTrebuli ZaliT TeTrkanianebsa da Savkanianebs Soris aqvs adgili; mesame _ danaSauli;
meoTxe _ ubralod, daucveloba. SeiZleba pirvelma samma faqtorma uSualod adamianebze ar
imoqmedos, magram daucvelobasa da Tavdajerebis naklebobas swored es faqtorebi
ganapirobeben.
gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi 1980-ian wlebSi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelda

siRaribe. Sua 1990-ian wlebSi, oficialuri maCvenebliT, siRaribis zRvars qvemoT myofi
mosaxleobis wilma 25-wliani periodis Semdeg kulminacias miaRwia. usaxsrod darCenili
qveklasis warmoSobam mosaxleobis didi nawilis farTo sazogadoebisgan gamijvna gamoiwvia;
ukidures siRaribeSi mcxovrebi bevri jgufi rRvevis procesSi myof Sida qalaqSi an nangrevebSia
koncentrirebuli.
eTnikuri da klasobrivi dajgufeba erTiani procesia. 1980-ian wlebSi, 1920-iani wlebis Semdeg,
SeerTebul StatebSi, sxva aTwleulebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze meti emigranti Camovida. maTi
umravlesoba did qalaqebSi dasaxlda, ris Sedegad manamde arsebuli feradkanaini mosaxleobis
raodenoba gaizarda. atlantis, vaSingtonis, baltimoris, Cikagos, detroitis, axali orleanisa da
oklendis mosaxleobis 60 procents ,,umciresobebi” Seadgenen – albaT xvdebiT, rom es termini
realobas aRar Seesabameba. yvelaze segregirebul amerikul qalaq detroitSi ,,umciresobebi”
mosaxleobis TiTqmis 80 procents Seadgenen. TeTrkaniani mosaxleobis umravlesobam, romlis
mimarT danarCen nawils undobloba da uaryofiTi damokidebuleba hqonda, qalaqi ukanaskneli
ormocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi datova.
ZaladobiT gamowveuli danaSaulis sixSire epidemias mogagonebT. amerikis mosaxleobis

gacilebiT didi wili imyofeba patimrobaSi, vidre nebismieri sxva qveyanis mosaxleobis.
SeerTebuli Statebis quCebSi iaraRiT yovel dRe aTi axalgazrda kvdeba, 30 ki _ iWreba. Sida
qalaqis ubnebSi saxlis xelmisawvdom fasad SeZena imdenad rTulia, rom qalaqis Raribi
mosaxleoba iZulebulia Semosavlis ori mesamedi saxlis qiraSi gadaixados.
sisnerosi amas ,,siduxWiresa da tragikul Zaladobas” uwodebs:
es mxolod los anjelesSi ar xdeba – yvelgan analogiuri situaciaa. uyuradRebobis, Cveni xalxis daxmarebis
uunarobisa da usulgulobis Sedegad, nel-nela asobiT Temi nadgurdeba... Tundac qalaqSi nakleb dros vatarebdeT,
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urbanuli cxovreba mTeli qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan is produqtiulobas uwyobs xels, axali
SesaZleblobebis wyaroa da ukeTes momavals gvpirdeba (1993).
urbanizmi britaneTSi
suburbanizacia da Sida qalaqis rRveva
omis Semdgomi periodis amerikisTvis damaxasiaTebel urbanul cvlilebaTa umravlesobam Tavi

britaneTSic iCina. gasuli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi didi centraluri
qalaqebi Semcirda, rac umetesad mosaxleobis gareubnebSi da ganapira qalaqebsa (es qalaqebi
qalaqis sazRvars emijneboda da aq, ZiriTadad, qalaqSi dasaqmebuli adamianebi cxovrobdnen)
da soflebSi gadasaxlebam gamoiwvia. 1970-85 wlebSi didi londonis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT
naxevari milioniT Semcirda, patara qalaqebis, magaliTad, kembrijis, ifsviCis, norvikis,
oqsfordisa da lesteris mosaxleoba ki, igive periodSi, gaizarda. Sida qalaqebSi, gansakuTrebiT
CrdiloeTSi, manufaqturuli industriis swrafi Semcireba aRiniSna.
Tu zogierT gamonakliss ar CavTvliT, ,,gareubnebSi gadasaxleba” britaneTSi, SeerTebul

StatebTan SedarebiT, naklebad ganxorcielda da, Sesabamisad, Sida qalaqis rRvevac iseTi
mkveTri ar yofila. amis miuxedavad, Sida qalaqis zogierTi teritoria, magaliTad, liverpulSi,
SeerTebuli Statebis bevri ubnis msgavsad, savalalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. inglisis eklesiam,
1985 wels, Tavis angariSSi saxelwodebiT ,,rwmena qalaqSi” Sida qalaqis teritoriebis mZime
mdgomareoba asaxa: ,,nacrisferi kedlebi, nagviT savse quCebi, Carazuli fanjrebi, WuWyiani
kedlebi, Senobis nangrevebi _ qalaqis ubnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli suraTia da samRvdeloeba
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeSfoTebas gamoTqvams... Sida qalaqSi sacxovrebeli saxlebi,
sxva adgilebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT ufro Zvelia. uxeSi gamoTvliT, inglisis saxlebis erTi
meoTxedi 1919 wlamdea aSenebuli, magram Sida qalaqebSi aseTi saxlebis wili 40-dan 60
procentamdea” (inglisis eklesia, 1985, gv. 18).
SeerTebuli Statebis msgavsad, axali industria fexs Sida qalaqis gareT, qalaqis sazRvrebTan, an
patara qalaqebSi ikidebs. am process, nawilobriv, axali qalaqebis, magaliTad, bukingemSirSi
Mmilton kinsis, gegmazomierma Seqmnam Seuwyo xeli. sxvadasxva erovnuli sqema – rogoric
mflobelebisTvis saxlis sareabilitacio grantebis gacema, an biznesis mozidvis mizniT, dabegvris
pirobebis Semsubuqebaa – Sida qalaqebis aRorZinebas isaxavs miznad, magram am
mcdelobam, umravles SemTxvevaSi, ar gaamarTla. 1982 wels briqstonSi erTi wliT adre
momxdari amboxebebis Sesaxeb warmoebuli oficialuri gamokiTxvis Sesaxeb skarmenis
angariSi adasturebs, rom Sida qalaqis problemebis mimarT koordinirebuli midgoma ar
arsebobda (Scarman, 1982). amboxi ramdenime adgilas 1985 welsac dafiqsirda (kidev erTxel
briqstonSi da CrdiloeT londonSi, totenhemSi broduoteris fermaze, rasac policielis mkvleloba
mohyva). urbanul amboxs 1990 da 1991 wels oqsfordSi, bristolsa da sxva qalaqebSi hqonda
adgili. amboxebebi 1995 wels briqstonSi kvlav ganmeorda.
pol harisoni londonis erT-erTi yvelaze Raribi ubnis, haknis, damTrgunvel atmosferos aRwers:
policia TiTqmis SeuZlebeli amocanis winaSe dgas, radgan dinamiti, romelic britanul sazogadoebaSi devs, Sida
qalaqis asafeTqeblad emzadeba. es dinamiti recesiiTa da umuSevrobiT gamowveuli, danaSaulis maRali
maCvenebelia. amis gamo policias aq sazogadoebasTan, rogorc potenciur eWvmitanilTan, ufro xSiri da
arasasiamovno kontaqti uwevs, rac xSirad usamarTlo gansjisa da Zaladobis mizezi xdeba. (Harrison, 1983, gv. 369)
es procesebi mankierebaTa wres warmoSobs. garda imisa, rom danaSaulis msxverplni, xSir
SemTxvevaSi, yvelaze usaxsro adamianebi arian, maT policiasTan yvelaze xSiri kontaqti aqvT.
mosalodneli kriminaluri danaSaulis motiviT, yvelaze metad isini idevnebian. harisoni acxadebs,
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rom haknis magvar ubnebSi ,,sazogadoeba Tavdacvis mizniT barikadebs aSenebs” da, amasTan
erTad, ,,mudmivad ilaxeba samoqalaqo Tavisuflebac.”
1995 wels londonis zogierT ubanSi 25 wlis qvemoT asakis mamakacTa 40 procenti umuSevari
iyo, axalgazrda SavkaniaTa Soris es maCvenebeli zogjer 60 procents aRwevda. londonsa da niu
iorkSi usaxlkarobis problemac mwvaved dgas; londonSi 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 1990-
iani wlebis dasawyisamde usaxlkaroTa ricxvi 4-5-jer gaizarda. samTavrobo komisiam 1987
wels londonis Sida qalaqis urbanuli menejmenti uaryofiTad Seafasa: sazogadoebrivi
momsaxurebis naklebobam niu iorkSi problemebis gaCenas Seuwyo xeli da londonSic igive
tendencia igrZnoboda.
1988 wlis samTavrobo programam ,,qalaqebisTvis ganxorcielebuli qmedeba”, saxelmwifo

intervenciasTan SedarebiT, kerZo investiciebsa da Tavisufal bazars ufro didi yuradReba
dauTmo. Tumca ministri maikl heseltaini, romelsac uSualod exeboda es
sakiTxi, ,,TanamSromlobis” – kerZo iniciativisa da sazogadoebrivi Zalisxmevis kombinaciis
momxrea. mTavroba acxadebs, rom 1990 wlisTvis grantebma da sazogadoebrivma fondebma,
problemuri ubnebis gaSenebis mizniT, kerZo pirebisgan 900 milioni girvanqis odenobis Tanxis
mozidva SeZles. magram saqmiani wreebis reaqcia gacilebiT ufro susti iyo, vidre isini elodnen.
kvleva adasturebs, rom sanimuSo proeqtebis garda, kerZo warmoebis stimulireba da saqmeSi
CarTva araefeqturia, radgan amgvari midgoma centralur qalaqebSi arsebul fundamentur socialur
problemebs ar iTvaliswinebs. Sida qalaqSi Tavs imdeni damTrgunveli garemoeba iyris, rom Tu
rRvevis ukuqceviT procesebs saTanado yuradRebis gareSe davtovebT, maTi gakontroleba sul
ufro rTuli gaxdeba. am problemis mogvarebas didi saxelmwifo xarjebi sWirdeba, rasac
mTavroba, savaraudod, ar gaiRebs. dafinansebis gareSe ki radikaluri gaumjobesebis perspeqtiva
saTuo xdeba (Macgregor and Pilmott, 1991).
finansuri krizisi britanul qalaqebSi
finansurma krizisma britaneTis bevr Sida qalaqze imoqmeda. 1972 wlis adgilobrivi samTavrobo
aqtis safuZvelze eqvsi ,,qalaqis olqi” – mersisaidi, didi manCesteri, samxreT iorqSiri, dasavleT
midlendsi, dasavleT iorqSiri, taini da veari – Seiqmna. am teritoriebis saolqo sabWoebs
urbanuli regionebis mTliani dagegmarebis pasuxismgebloba daekisraT; mcire ubnebis
sabWoebs ki ganaTlebiT, socialuri momsaxurebiT, gansaxlebiTa da sxva saWiroebebiT
uzrunvelyofa daevalaT. londonSi gansxvavebuli sistema iyo. 21 wlis ganmavlobaSi
administraciul samsaxurs londonis didi sabWo (GLC) marTavda, romelic 1965 wels dafuZnda.
qalaqis olqebis Semosavlis TiTqmis naxevars centraluri samTavrobo wyaro uzrunvelyofs;
GLC-ac, 1985 wlamde anu gauqmebamde, centraluri mTavroba afinansebda.
1970-iani wlebis bolodan, adgilobrivi xelisufleba Zlier zewolas ganicdida, rom biujetisa da
adgilobrivi momsaxurebis xarjebi Seemcirebina. es safrTxe rRvevis procesSi myof Sida
qalaqebsac daemuqra. 1980 wlis parlamentSi kanonproeqti SemuSavda, romlis mixedviT, Tu
pasuxismgebeli piri an organizacia mTavrobiT dadgenili xarjebis zRvars gadascdeboda, mas
jarima ekisreboda. zogierTi Sida qalaqi uaRresad mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo, amitom
sabWoebi, misi saqmeebis mogvarebisas, biujetis mier dadgenil CarCoebSi ver eteodnen;
amgvari situacia mTavrobasa da qalaqis sabWoebs _ gansakuTrebiT leiboristuli partiis mier
kontrolirebad, magaliTad, liverpulis an Sefildis sabWoebs _ Soris intensiuri konfliqtis mizezi
gaxda. zogierTma maTganma uaiTholis mier dadgenili limitis aRiarebaze Tavidanve uari
ganacxada, ris gamoc, 1986 wlis martSi, liverpulisa da lambetis rva mrCeveli arakolegialobis
gamo personalurad dajarimda.
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1980-iani wlebis bolos, adgilobriv samTavrobo dafinansebaze suladobis mixedviT dabegvris

SemoRebam imoqmeda (rasac oficialurad ,,sazogadoebrivi gadasaxadi” ewoda). is, vinc
arCevnebSi monawileobda da adgilobrivi samTavrobo xarjebiT sargeblobda, gadasaxadi yovel
mdidar Tu Rarib individze dawesebuli dabegvris mixedviT unda Seetana da ara kerZo
sakuTrebaze dawesebuli gadasaxadis mixedviT. modifikaciebis miuxedavad, gadasaxadis axali
wesiT akrefa ufro rTuli aRmoCnda. sabolood, dabegvra gauqmda, magram mas mniSvnelovani
Sedegebi mohyva. qalaqis bevr sabWos Semosavali Seumcirda, ris gamoc maT mniSvnelovani
momsaxurebis xarjze mouxdaT ekonomiis gakeTeba. im adamianTa wili, romlebmac
gadasaxadis Setanaze uari ganacxades, sxva adgilebTan SedarebiT, Sida qalaqis teritoriaze
gacilebiT ufro maRali aRmoCnda. gadasaxadisTvis Tavis aridebis mizniT, RaribTa jgufebis
bevrma warmomadgenelma arCevnebSi registracias Tavi aarida da xmis micemis uflebac
dakarga.
saxelmwifo sacxovreblis kerZo sacxovrebliT Secvla
1980 wels SemuSavebuli aqtis safuZvelze, mosaxleobas saxelmwifo - adgilobrivi mTavrobisgan

daqiravebuli - saxlebis 60-procentiani fasdaklebiT Sesyidvis ufleba mieca. saxlis safasuri
binebSi cxovrebis xagrZlivobiTac ganisazRvra. es Zalze popularuli politika aRmoCnda da am
SeTavazebiT mravalma adamianma isargebla. gayiduli sacxovrebeli adgilebis 85 porcenti
saxlebi iyo da ara binebi, rac sacxovreblis qalaqgareT SeZenis tendencias asaxavda. 1988
wlisTvis qveyanaSi daqiravebul saxlTa raodenoba 1.3 milioniT naklebi iyo, vidre rva wliT adre.
es situacia, nawilobriv, sabWos mier gayiduli saxlebis ekvivalentTa ararsebobam, nawilobriv ki

_ gaqiravebuli sakuTrebis bazris SezRudvam ganapiroba. gaqiravebis kerZo seqtori aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi ganicdida Semcirebas, magram adre mas axladaSenebuli saxelmwifo
gasaqiravebeli sacxovreblebi enacvleboda. 1988 wels SemuSavebuli aqtis Sedegad, gaqiravebis
bazris regulireba moxda, rasac gaqiravebaze manamde dawesebuli kontrolis zogierTi samsaxuris
gauqmeba mohyva. amis miuxedavad, xelmisawvdomi saqiravebeli farTis raodenoba
minimalurad gaizarda.
saxelmwifo saxlebs SeZlebuli binadrebi ufro yiduloben. aqedan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis

umravlesobas arCevanis saSualeba ara aqvs. iqmneba imis safrxe, rom zogierT adamians
wasasvleli aRar darCeba da degradirebul mdgomareobaSi myof saxlSi mouwevs cxovreba.
sabWoebis dafinansebis SezRudvis gamo, bevri saxelmwifo saxli dazianebulia (Raynsford,
1991).
1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, gaerTianebul samefoSi arsebulma

xangrZlivma recesiam saxlebis Rirebulebis mkveTri vardna gamoiwvia. bevrma adamianma
farTis, maT Soris saxelmwifo saxlebis, iafad SeZenisa da momavalSi sarfianad gayidvis mizniT,
grZelvadiani sesxiT isargebla. magram maTi molodini ar gamarTlda, samagierod gaizarda iseT
adamianTa ricxvi, romlebmac ver SeZles sesxis dafarva. gaerTianebul samefoSi, sxva
qveynebTan SedarebiT, sacxovrebeli farTis gacilebiT meti mflobeli arsebobs. adamianTa
umravlesobas, naqiraveb farTSi cxovrebas, samSeneblo kompaniisTvis valis gadaxda da
sakuTari saxlis floba urCevnia. Tumca saxelmwifo saxlebis Sesyidvam im adamianebis imedi ar
gaamarTla, vinc am saqmidan seriozul mogebas eloda.
jentrifikacia anu ,,urbanuli ganaxleba”
urbanuli ganaxleba – Zveli Senobebis axali mizniT gamoyeneba – did qalaqebSi Cveulebriv
movlenad iqca. es dagegmarebis programis nawilad miiCneva, magram, xSir SemTxvevaSi, is
qalaqis mitovebul ubnebSi ngrevis procesSi myofi Senobebis aRdgenis Sedegia, riTac
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Semdgom maRalSemosavliani jgufebi sargebloben. am ubnebSi uzrunvelyofis obieqtebi,

magaliTad, maRaziebi da restornebic Sendeba.
amis saukeTeso magaliTi londonis doklendsis ubnis aRdgenaa. rogor unda Sefasdes es procesi –
rogorc urbanuli regeneraciis unikaluri warmatebuli nimuSi Tu metnaklebad sruli katastrofa?
orive Sexedulebas Tavis advokatebi hyavs, Tumca orive mxare aRiarebs, rom doklendsis
ganaxleba ekonomikis recesiis pirobebSi ise progresulad ar warimarTa, rogorc amas mocemuli
ideis mxardamWerni elodnen. doklendss ist londonSi rvanaxevari kvadratuli mili uWiravs da is
temzas esazRvreba – es teritoria, dokis umoqmedobisa da industriuli warmoebis Semcirebis
gamo, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, funqciis gareSe darCa. am ubans ,,dasavleT evropaSi yvelaze
didi axlad gaSenebuli teritoria” da ,,londonis xanZris Semdeg, saukeTeso xelsayreli
SesaZlebloba” uwodes.
doklendsi londonis finansuri ubnis, siTis, maxloblad mdebareobs, magram meore mxridan
muSaTa klasiT dasaxlebul Raribul teritoriebs esazRvreba. 1960-iani wlebidan dRemde, teritoriis
samomavlo gegmebTan dakavSirebiT, intensiuri brZola mimdinareobs. isini, vinc doklendsSi an
doklendsis maxloblad cxovrobdnen, Temis ganviTarebis programiT motivirebel mSeneblobas
uWerdnen mxars, sadac yvelaze Raribi binadrebis interesebi iqneboda daculi. 1981 wels
doklendsis samSeneblo korporaciis dafuZnebis Semdeg, doklendsi centralur startegiul obieqtad
iqca, romelic ubiZgebda kerZo mflobelebs, urbanul ganaxlebaSi CarTuliyvnen.
dResdReobiT ubani mimdebare Raribi teritoriebisgan aSkarad da mkveTrad gansxvavdeba. aq

Tanamedrove saintereso dizainis Senobebis siWarbe igrZnoba. saxelosnoebi keTimowyobil
binebad gadakeTda da, paralelurad, mravali axali maRalsarTuliani saxli aSenda. qeneri varfze
bevri didi ofisi da centraluri Senoba aSenda, romlis danaxva londonis sxva mxareebidanac aris
SesaZlebeli. Tumca am fufunebis fonze bevr dangreul Senobasa da gauSenebel miwebsac
SexvdebiT. saofise sivrce, iseve rogorc axali sacxovrebeli saxlebi, xSirad auTvisebeli rCeba,
radgan Senobebis Sesyidvisas gadaxdili safasuri, samomavlod, realur Rirebulebas ar
Seesabameba. doklendsis ubanSi qveynis yvelaze Raribi dasaxlebebic arsebobs; am saxlebis
mobinadreebs maTi ubnis gaSenebiT TiTqmis ar usargebliaT. bevri saxli ,,xelmisawvdom”
fasad iyideboda, magram maTi SeZenis survili da SesaZlebloba adgilobriv mosaxleTa Zalze
mcire raodenobas gaaCnda. 1991 wels qeneri varfi seriozul finansur krizisSi aRmoCnda da
SenobaTa umravlesoba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, carieli iyo.
iSviaTia doklendsis magvari adgili, sadac mdidarni da uqonelni erTmaneTs amgvari xarisxiT
emijnebian. imis miuxedavad, rom aq axali mSenebloba da ganaxleba mimdinareobs,
integrirebuli ubani mainc ar warmoiSva. ,,uqmeebis gasatarebeli mitovebuli adgili, romelic fulis
keTebas isaxavs miznad” – ase uwodeben ubans, ,,sadac verc WeSmarit sulierebas Sexvdebi da
verc simSvidis momgvrel klasikur arqiteqturas, aq arc normaluri satransporto moZraobaa da arc
sazogadoebrivi adgilebi” (Brownhill, 1990, gv. 177).
riCard seneti Tavis wignSi qalaqis istoriis Sesaxeb, ,,Tvalis sindisi” (1993), doklendsis magvar
mSeneblobebs uaryofiTad afasebs. mas miaCnia, rom is, vinc urbanul dagegmarebaze muSaobs,
e.w. ,,adamianuri qalaqis” SenarCunebasa da aRdgenas unda Seecados. bevr qalaqSi arsebuli
didi, usaxuri Senobebi adamianTa karCaketilobasa da gaucxoebas uwyobs xels. qalaqis
daxmarebiT, adamiani SeiZleba gaixsnas da sxvadasxva kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis
adamianebTan daamyaros kontaqti. Cven ara mxolod usafrTxo, aramed ,,sicocoxliT savse”
qalaquri quCebis Seqmnas unda vecadoT; quCa ar unda iyos mxolod moZravi ,,satransporto
arteria.” gareubnis savaWro centrs standartuli derefnebiTa da maRaziebiT, ,,adamianur
qalaqTan Zalian cota aqvs saerTo”; igive SeiZleba iTqvas satransporto trasebzec. aseTi
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obieqtebis nacvlad, Cven italiuri qalaqis centrebis msgavsi, adamianze orientirebuli, Zveli tipis
qalaqebi unda vaSenoT, sadac mravalferovneba elegantur dizainTanaa Serwymuli.
urbanizmi da saerTaSoriso gavlena
urbanuli analizis, iseve rogorc sociologiis sxva sferoebis analizis dros, mzad unda viyoT
globaluri da adgilobrivi sakiTxebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad. Sida qalaqze zemomqmed
zogierT faqtors londonis sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli cvlilebebi ganapirobebs. magaliTad,
liverpulis an Tisaidis problemebi iq ganlagebuli mniSvnelovani industriebis SemcirebiT aris
gamowveuli, romlebmac saerTaSoriso konkurencias ver gauZles.
logani da molotCi imaze msjeloben, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba sul ufro metad urbanuli teritoriebi
ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saerTaSoriso sistemas. am TvalsazrisiT, maT qalaqis xuTi axali
forma ganasxvaves (Logan and Molotch, 1987, Tavi 7). erT-erTi maTgani saTao qalaqia. am
tipis centrSi transnacionaluri korporaciebi mniSvnelovan saqmeebs uZRvebian da globaluri
sazrunaviT arian dakavebulni. magaliTad, msoflios erT-erTi wamyvani qalaqi, londoni, saTao
qalaqad _ finansuri da industriuli transaqciebis, aseve mTel msoflioSi gavrcelebuli
komunikaciisa da satransporto qselebis centrad iqca.
qalaqis meore tipi sainovacio centria. es iseTi urbanuli teritoriaa, romelSic kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis industriebia koncentrirebuli; isini im teqnikuri da mecnieruli procesebis
ganviTarebas uwyoben xels, romlebic Semdeg sxva adgilas warmoebuli saqonlisTvis
gamoiyeneba. amis magaliTia kembriji; kembrijis universitets did ,,samecniero parkTan” aqvs
kavSirebi. msoflioSi yvelaze gavleniani centri CrdiloeT kaliforniaSi ganlagebuli silikon velia.
sainovacio centrebi SeerTebul Statebsa da, naklebi xarisxiT, britaneTSi, xSirad, uSualo
kavSirSia samxedro warmoebis moTxovnebTan. Tavdacvis departamentis kvlevisa da
ganviTarebis biujetis mesamedi srulad ixarjeba SeerTebuli Statebis kvlevisa da ganviTarebis
programaze. mniSvnelovani kontraqtebi pirdapir kavSirSia sainovacio centrebis warmatebis
xarisxTan.
silikon veli did teritoriebze gadaWimul qalaqTa erTobliobaa. analogiur movlenas SeiZleba sxva
industriebSic hqondes adgili. magaliTad, CrdiloeT italiaSi mdebare po veliSi italiis avejis
industriebia Tavmoyrili. am adgilTan erTmaneTze damokidebuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli
adamianebi – dizainerebi, mkeravebi, mqsovelebi da mRebavebi _ arian dakavSirebulni.
teritoria patara, erT zolze ganlagebuli qalaqebisgan Sedgeba, rogoricaa pratsi da biela, sadac
mTeli qveynis matylis qsovilis 80 procenti iwarmoeba.
mesame tipi modulis warmoebis adgilia. Sromis amJamindeli kompleqsuri saerTaSoriso

ganawilebis pirobebSi, saqonlis damzadeba da awyoba mTel msoflioSi erTmaneTisgan
daSorebul regionebSi xdeba. zogierTi urbanuli teritoria produqtis Semadgeneli nawilebis
warmoebis adgilad iqceva, aRniSnuli produqti ki, sabolood, sxva regionSi an qveyanaSi iwyoba.
magaliTad, belfastSi qarxnebi bevrma transnacionalurma kompaniam gaxsna, sadac im
produqciis nawilebs amzadeben, romelic, sabolood, sxva adgilas moixmareba.
meoTxe forma mesame msoflios karibWea, romelic, qalaqis danarCen tipebTan SedarebiT,
kidev ufro metadaa damokidebuli saerTaSoriso gavlenaze. am tipis qalaqebi, ZiriTadad, mesame
msoflios qveynebis emigrantebiT dasaxlebuli sasazRvro centrebia. amis magaliTad Crdilo
afrikelTa mier safrangeTis sazRvris gadmolaxvis ZiriTadi punqti, marseli, gamodgeba.
SeerTebul StatebSi saukeTeso magaliTi samxreT amerikelebiT dasaxlebuli maiamia, sadac
kubidan emigrirebuli bevri adamiani cxovrobs, agreTve, mzardi meqsikuri teritoriebiT savse los
anjelesia.
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da bolos, iseTi qalaqebic arsebobs, romlebic sapensio centrebis saxiT viTardeba. bevri
pensioneri karg klimatur pirobebSi dasaxlebas cdilobs. es, nawilobriv, Sida migraciis procesia.
magaliTad, ingliselebi samxreT sanapiroze, bornmuTSi an vorTingSi saxldebian. sapensio
teritoriebs saerTaSoriso elferi aqvs: espaneTSi saagarako saxlebis mflobeli ingliselebi,
SesaZloa, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg sacxovreblad espaneTSi gadavidnen.
globaluri qalaqi
wamyvan saTao qalaqebs saskia saseni (1991) globalur qalaqebs uwodebs. misi naSromi am
tipis sami qalaqis, niu iorkis, londonisa da tokios kvlevas efuZneba. is acxadebs, rom msoflio
ekonomikis Tanamedrove ganviTarebam mniSvnelovan qalaqebs axali strategiuli roli daakisra.
am qalaqebis umravlesoba, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centrebi iyo,
magram amJamad maT oTxi axali Tviseba SeiZines:
1. isini ,,brZanebis gamcem punqtebad” – globaluri ekonomikis warmarTvisa da misTvis

aucilebeli politikis SemuSavebis centrebad _ iqcnen.
2. amgvar qalaqebSi finansuri da specializebuli momsaxurebis firmebia ganTavsebuli, rac,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, warmoebaze ufro mniSvnelovani gaxda.
3. aq axladgafarToebuli industriebis warmoeba da inovacia xorcieldeba.
4. es aris bazrebi, sadac finansuri da momsaxurebis industriis ,,produqtis” Sesyidva,
gayidva an sxva mizniT moxmareba xdeba.
niu iorki, londoni da tokio gansxvavebuli istoriis qalaqebia: Cven SegviZlia Tvali gavadevnoT
im cvlilebebs, romlebic am qalaqebis bunebam gasuli ori-sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi
ganicada. dRevandeli, uaRresad mravalferovani msoflio ekonomikis pirobebSi, centraluri
kontroli da gadamwyveti operaciebi amgvar qalaqebSi xorcieldeba. saseni acxadebs, rom, rac
ufro globalizebul xasiaTs iZens ekonomikuri cxovreba, miT ufro metad xdeba menejmentis
ramdenime wamyvan centrSi koncentrireba. globaluri qalaqi mxolod koordinaciis adgili ar aris,
is warmoebis konteqsts gansazRvravs. aq marto materialuri saqonlis warmoeba ki ar aris
mniSvnelovani, aramed specializebuli momsaxurebis warmoeba, romelsac msoflioSi
mimobneuli administraciuli ofisebisa da qarxnebis biznes organizaciebi, axali finansuri
inovaciebi da bazrebi moiTxovs. globaluri qalaqi momsaxurebasa da finansur saqonels
uzrunvelyofs.
globaluri qalaqebis saqmiani centrebi imgvarad aris koncentrirebuli, rom bevrma

sxvadasxva ,,mwarmoebelma” erTmaneTTan mWidro interaqcia SeZlos, rac, zogjer, pirovnul
kontaqtsac gulisxmobs. globalur qalaqSi adgilobrivi firmebi erovnul da mravalerovan
organizaciebTan, maT Soris, bevr ucxour kompaniasTan aris aRreuli. magaliTad, niu iokSi 350
ucxour banks aqvs gaxsnili ofisi, aq 2 500 ucxouri finansuri korporaciaa; bankis oTxidan erTi
TanamSromeli ucxour bankSi muSaobs. globaluri qalaqebi erTmaneTs konkurencias uweven,
magram isini erTmaneTze damokidebul sistemasac qmnian, romelic nawilobriv emijneba
qveyanas, romlebSic es qalaqebia ganTavsebuli.
globalur qalaqs uaryofiTi mxareebic aqvs. mas, vinc finansuri da globaluri momsaxurebis
sferoSi muSaobs, maRali xelfasi aqvs, amitom am tipis mosaxleobis sacxovrebeli adgilebi
jentrifikacias eqvemdebareba. amave dros Zvel warmoebaSi samuSao adgilebi uqmdeba da
jentrifikaciis procesi xels uwyobs restornebSi, sastumroebsa da maRaziebSi dabalanazRaurebadi
samuSao adgilebis warmoSobas. am procesis Tanmdevi movlena siRaribec aris, rac mkveTrad
aisaxa londonis doklendsis kontrastul peizaJebSi.
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mesame msoflios urbanizacia
urbanuli ubnebi, romlebic swrafad viTardeba mesame msoflios qveynebSi, mniSvnelovnad

gansxvavdeba industriuli qveynebis qalaqebisgan. mesame msoflios qveynebSi adamianebi did
qalaqebSi sacxovreblad an soflis warmoebis tradiciuli sistemis dezintegraciis gamo gadadian, an
imitom, rom qalaqi maT ukeTes samuSao pirobebs sTavazobs. maT SeiZleba qalaqSi migracia
xanmokle droiT hqondeT ganzraxuli da sakmarisi raodenobis fulis gamomuSavebis Semdeg,
kvlav sofelSi dabrunebas gegmavdnen. zogierTi maTgani marTlac brundeba sofelSi, magram
umravlesoba iZulebulia qalaqSi darCes, radgan maT, ama Tu im mizeziT, dakarges is Zveli
pozicia, romelic soflis TemSi ekavaT. migrantebi qalaqis sazRvarze zonebad erTiandebian.
dasavleTis qalaqebSi axalCamosulebi qalaqis centraluri ubnebis maxloblad cdiloben dasaxlebas,
magram mesame msoflios qveynebSi gansxvavebuli tendenciaa. migrantebiT dasaxlebul urbanul
ubnebs aq ,,septikur danamats” uwodeben. bevri maTgani, dasavluri gagebiT, warmoudgenel
pirobebSi, dangreul, sacxovreblad uvargis ubnebSi cxovrobs.
magaliTisTvis SegviZlia indoeTisa da laTinuri amerikis qalaqebi ganvixiloT. indoeTis

mosaxleoba kvlav didi siswrafiT izrdeba da soflis tradiciuli ekonomika moWarbebul
mosaxleobas veRar akmayofilebs. qalaqSi migraciis maCvenebeli, mesame msoflios qveynebis
standartebisTvisac ki, ukiduresad maRalia. indoeTis dedaqalaqi deli yvelaze swrafad mzardi
qalaqia, Tumca kalkutaSi, bombeisa da madrasSi ramdenime milioni adamiani cxovrobs. qalaqi,
transportis mxrivac, Zlier gadatvirTulia. qalaqis bevr ubanSi mravali adamiani mTel dRes
quCaSi atarebs da Ramec quCaSi sZinavs. maT aranairi TavSesafari ar gaaCniaT.
zogierTebi muyaosgan damzadebul saxlebSi cxovroben, romlebsac qalaqis ganapiras, yvela

SesaZlebel adgilas ageben. romelime emigrantma samuSao romc iSovos, urbanuli emigraciis
uaRresad maRali maCveneblis gamo, mudmiv sacxovrebelSi dasaxlebas mainc ver moaxerxebs.
indoeTis qalaqebis arastabilur saxlebSi mcxovreb adamianebs sakuTari qoneba ar gaaCniaT,
magram amgvari ubnebi xSirad Temisadmi kuTvnilebis grZnobiTa da wevrebis xelSemwyobi
organizaciebiT gamoirCeva.
axal aziur qalaqebs, evropelebis mier gaidealebul da Ria baraTebze gamosaxul, toskanur
mTagorian qalaqebTan an parizis bulvarebTan araferi aqvT saerTo. es daZabuli, qaosuri da
uzarmazari teritoriebia. aq savaWro centrebi, maRalsarTuliani Senobebi, aeroportebi da
saqmiani parkebia ganlagebuli. qalaqisTvis Cveulma dagegmarebam aziaSi saxecvlileba
ganicada da dasavluri tipis qalaqisgan gansxvavebuli elferi SeiZina. aqauri arqiteqtorebi
gaprialebul TeTr filebs, sarkeebsa da yviTel fers aniWeben upiratesobas. sazogadoebrivi
TavSeyrisTvis gankuTvnili sivrceebi, grandiozuli proeqtebi da STambeWdavi caTambjenebi
realurad ar arsebobs.
evropaSi aRarc ki axsovT, rogor SeiZleba icxovro qalaqSi, romelSic mosaxleoba, cxovrebis
erTi ciklis manZilze, orjer an ufro metad mravldeba, sadac triali mindori SeiZleba fotografiuli
siswrafiT caTanmbjenebis mwkrivad iqces. swored ase viTardeba movlenebi wynari okeanis
auzis garSemo, sadac iseTi gamalebuli mSenebloba mimdinareobs, romlis msgavsi mxolod me-
19 saukuneSi dafiqsirda da am procesis Sedegad londoni da parizi msoflioSi yvelaze did
qalaqebad iqca. amis fonze, evropis mwvane zonasTan da Sida qalaqis rRvevasTan
dakavSirebuli dRevandeli sazrunavi, trivialurad gamoiyureba.
deli
imisTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes, Tu rogor gansxvavdeba aRmosavluri ubnis organizacia

dasavlurisgan, indoeTis dedaqalaq delis magaliTs ganvixilavT. deli ,,Zvel qalaqsa” da bevrad
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ufro gvian aSenebul axal delis aerTianebs. samTavrobo Senobebi axal ubanSia koncentrirebuli.
sxva didi induri qalaqebis msgavsad, zogierT, SedarebiT mcire ubanSi, mosaxleoba uaRresad
mWidrod aris dasaxlebuli, zog teritoriaze ki es maCvenebeli dabalia. Zveli qalaqi patara
quCebis labirinTebisgan Sedgeba, zogierTi mimdebare ubani ki farTo prospeqtebiT
gamoirCeva. mosaxleobis umravlesoba motorizebul transports, velosipediT an fexiT
gadaadgalebas amjobinebs.
dasavluri qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebel saqmian ubans aq ver naxavT. bankebisa da ofisebis

umravlesoba centridan moSorebiT mdebareobs. Zvel qalaqSi uamravi mcire biznesia, romlebic,
ZiriTadad, komerciul miznebs emsaxureba. maRaziebis farTi ramdenime futs ar aRemateba.
zogierT adgilas warmoeba da gayidva erToblivad mimdinareobs. qalaqSi bevr quCis vaWars
SexvdebiT. axali delis ubnebi SedarebiT gaxsnilia da mSvidi. aq dasaqmebuli adamianebi,
urbanuli teritoriis sazRvrebidan ramdenime milis daSorebiT, ufro keTilmowyobil ubnebSi
cxovroben. qalaqis bolos ganlagebul droebiT dasaxlebul punqtebs qalaqTan mravali samarSruto
xazi akavSirebs. droebiTi dasaxlebebi axlad ganTavisuflebel an gauSenebel teritoriebze, maT
Soris, sazogadoebriv parkebSi da odezRac keTilmowyobil ubnebSi Cndeba. droebiTi dasaxleba
zogjer mcire dajgufebas, zogjer ki aTasobiT adamians aerTianebs. qalaqis xelisufleba qalaqs
amgvari dasaxlebebidan periodulad aTavisuflebs, ris Sedegad isini sxva adgilas inacvleben.
mexiko
laTinuri amerikis mniSvnelovan qalaqebs gars didi, naxevrad dangreuli ubnebi akravs,
romlebSic, axal emigrantebTan erTad, urbanuli ganaxlebisa an gzebis mSeneblobis Sedegad,
usaxlkarod darCenili ojaxebic cxovroben. mexikoSi mosaxleobis mesameds gamdinare wyliT
sargebloba ar SeuZlia, SenobaTa meoTxedi ki ar aris aRWurvili kanalizaciis milebiT. qalaqi
Zvel centrs, saqmian da gasarTob ubnebsa da keTilmowyobil sacxovrebel teritorias moicavs
(turistebis umravlesoba mxolod am ubnebs naxulobs). mTel gare perimetrze dangreuli Zveli
saxlebia ganlagebuli. qalaqSi saxelmwifos mier subsidirebuli bevri saxlia, magram amgvari
binis mflobelobas iseTi Semosavali sWirdeba, romelic qalaqis mosaxleobis 40 procents Tu
gaaCnia. saxlis kerZo bazarze SeZena an daqiraveba mosaxleobis mxolod 10 procents SeuZlia.
aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis mosaxleobis umravlesobas sacxovrebel farTze xeli ar miuwvdeba.
adamianebi Tavad cdiloben sacxovreblis moZiebas. isini miwas aTavisufleben da sakuTar
saxlebs aSeneben. amgvari gansaxleba, umravles SemTxvevaSi, ukanonoa, magram qalaqis
xelisufleba am qmedebaze Tvals xuWavs.
mexikoSi ,,popularuli sacxovreblisTvis” gankuTvnili sami tipis ubani arsebobs. colonias

proletarias TviTnagebi droebiTi sacxovreblebia, romlebic, rogorc wesi, qalaqis ganapiras
ukanonod Sendeba. mexikos mosaxleobis naxevarze meti amgvar saxlebSi cxovrobs. am
teritoriis binadrebi, umravles SemTxvevaSi, spontanurad ki ar saxldebian, aramed isini
adgilobrivi xelisuflebisa da kerZo, ukanonod momqmedEdeveloperTa SeTanxmebis
safuZvelzea organizebuli. developerebs organizatorTa sakuTari adgilobrivi qseli aqvT, romelsac
mosaxleebi regularulad fuls uxdian. colonias mier dakavebuli teritoriebi Tavidan sazogadoebriv
an komunalur mflobelobaSi imyofeba da, konstituciis Tanaxmad, gayidvas da gasxvisebas ar
eqvemdebareba.
sacxovreblis meore tipi vecindadas an dangreuli gareubnebia. aseTi ubnebi, ZiriTadad, Zveli
qalaqisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, sadac dazianebul gaqiravebul saxlSi erTad mravali ojaxi
cxovrobs. aseTi sacxovrebliT ori milioni adamiani sargeblobs, maT iseTive mZime pirobebi
aqvT, rogorc droebiT saxlebSi mcxovreb mosaxleobas. mesame tipi ciudades perdidas an
dangreuli qalaqebia. es qalaqi colonias proletarias hgavs, magram, periferiis nacvlad, qalaqis
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centrSi mdebareobs. bolo dros qalaqis xelisuflebam zogierTi aseTi dasaxleba gaauqma da
mosaxleebi sxva ubnebSi gadasaxldnen.
mexikos federaluri raionis 94 procenti gaSenebuli teritoriebisgan Sedgeba, Tavisufali sivrce sul
6 procentia. aq gacilebiT ufro naklebi ,,gamwvanebuli sivrce” - parkebi da didi gamwvanebuli
miwebia - vidre mWidrod dasaxlebul Crdilo amerikul an evropul qalaqebSi. am qalaqis yvelaze
didi problema haeris dabinZurebaa, rasac, ZiriTadad, avtomobilebiT, avtobusebiTa da satvirTo
manqanebiT araadekvaturad gadatvirTuli gzebi da sxva damabinZurebeli industriebi iwvevs.
gamoTvlebiT dadginda, rom mexikoSi cxovreba dReSi ormoci sigaretis mowevis
ekvivalenturia. 1992 wlis martSi haeris dabinZurebam umaRles dones miaRwia. maSin, rodesac
janmrTelobisTvis ozonis damakmayofilebeli done 100 quliT fasdeba, erT TveSi aqaurma
maCvenebelma 398 qulas miaRwia. mTavroba iZulebuli gaxda, garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi, qarxnebi daexura, skolebSi swavla Sewyda da maqanebis 40 procents quCaSi
moZraoba aekrZala. erT-erTma damkvirvebelma im periodis qalaqi Semdegnairad
aRwera: ,,zemodan Tu gadmoixedav... monacrisfro-moyavisfro burusSi verafers dainaxav; iseTi
STabeWdileba iqmneba, TiTqos mexikoSi arnaxuli TqeSia. sinamdvileSi qalaqi mSralia da
mtvriani – is mxolod ,,ozonSi” banaobs (Reid 1992).
sul ocdaaTi wliT adre, karlos fuentesma romans mexikos Sesaxeb “La Region Mas
Transparente” – ,,sadac aseTi sufTa haeria” uwoda.
qalaqebi da Warbi mosaxleoba
mesame msoflios yvelaze did qalaqebSi uamravi xalxi cxovrobs, rac, nawilobriv, mosaxleobis
zrdiT, nawilobriv ki, samuSaos Ziebisa da sakuTar regionebSi siRaribidan Tavis daRwevis
mcdelobiT aris ganpirobebuli. am adamianebis mdgomareoba qalaqSi bevrad ar umjobesdeba,
magram qalaqSi dasaxlebul macxovrebelTa umravlesoba ukan aRar brundeba.
industriul qveynebSi mcxovreb adamianebs, albaT, hgoniaT, rom mesame msoflios qveynebis
mosaxleobis zrda maTi sazrunavi ar aris da am sazogadoebebma, SeZlebisdagvarad, Tavad unda
gadaWran maTi problema. es swori midgoma ar aris da Tu msoflios mosaxleobis ori mesamedis
mimarT moralur valdebulebas gamovricxavT, amis dasabuTeba kidev ori mizeziT aris
SesaZlebeli.
pirveli mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mesame msoflios mosaxleobis zrdas dasavleTis
gavlena ganapirobebs. es, garkveulwilad, sasargeblo gavlenaa, romelic higienasa da jandacvas
gulisxmobs. magram dasavleTis gavlenis gamo, es qveynebi saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze gaxdnen
damokidebuli, ramac maTi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis rRveva gamoiwvia. Tu dRevandeli
maCvenebeli ar Seicvleba, msoflio mosaxleoba imdenad gaizrdeba, rom samyaro globaluri
katastrofis winaSe dadgeba. SezRudul resursebze zewola globalur konfliqts gamoiwvevs, rac
seriozuli omebiT dasruldeba.
TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove industriuli qveyana, warsulTan SedarebiT, Sobadobisa da

sikvdilianobis dabali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva. maS, ratom gaizarda ase sagrZnoblad msoflios
mosaxleoba? mesame msoflios umravles qveynebSi Tanamedrove medicinisa da higienis
danergvam sikvdilianobis swrafi Semcireba gamoiwvia. magram Sobadobis maCvenebeli mainc
maRali darCa. am kombinaciis wyalobiT, mesame msoflios qveynebSi, industriuli qveynebisgan
sruliad gansxvavebuli asakobrivi struqtura Camoyalibda. magaliTad, mexikoSi TxuTmet
wlamde asakis mosaxleobis radenoba 45 procents udris. industriul qveynebSi ki es asakobrivi
jgufi mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxeds Seadgens. araindustriul qveynebSi araTanabari asakobrivi
ganawileba axal socialur da ekonomikur sirTuleebs ganapirobebs. axalgazrda mosaxleobas
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mxardaWera da ganaTleba esaWiroeba da es asakobrivi jgufi naklebi ekonomikuri

produqtiulobiT gamoirCeva. mesame msoflios qveynebi ki universaluri ganaTlebiT
uzrunvelsayofad sakmaris resurss ar floben, amitom bavSvebma an sruli datvirTviT unda
imuSaon, an quCebSi icxovron da imaTxovron. momwifebis periodSi quCis bavSvebis
umravlesoba umuSevaria, zogierTs saxlic ar gaaCnia, zogi ki orives naklebobas ganicdis.
cvlilebis perspeqtivebi
mesame msoflios qveynebi, didi ojaxisadmi tradiciuli midgomis SenarCunebis wyalobiT, isev
Sobadobis maRali doniT gamoirCeva. bevri Svilis yolas kvlav mravali ojaxi cdilobs,
fermerebisTvis es damatebiTi samuSao ZaliT uzrunvelyofis saSualebac aris. zogierTi religia
Sobadobis kontrols ewinaaRmdegeba an mravalSviliani ojaxebis prioritets adasturebs.
kontracefcia mravali qveynis islamis liderisTvis da kaTolikuri eklesiisTvisac miuRebelia, rac,
gansakuTrebiT, samxreT da centralur amerikaSi igrZnoba. nayofierebis Semcirebis waxaliseba
arc politikuri xelisuflebis mxridan aris mosalodneli. 1974 wels argentinaSi amoqmedda
programa, romelic mosaxleobis rac SeiZleba swrafad gaormagebis mizniT, kontraceptivebis
moxmarebis akrZalvasac gulisxmobda. es procesi qveynis ekonomikuri da samxedro
ganviTarebis saSualebad iqna miCneuli.
Tumca mesame msoflios zogierT did qveyanaSi nayofierebis Semcireba sabolod mainc
aRiniSna. magaliTad, CineTSi amJamad 1 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs, rac TiTqmis msoflios
mTeli mosaxleobis meoTxedia. CineTis mTavrobam mosaxleobis kontrolis erT-erTi yvelaze
eqstensiuri programa aamoqmeda, romelic qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobis amJamindeli donis
stabilur SenarCunebas isaxavda miznad. mTavrobam erTSviliani ojaxebis waxalisebis
saSualebebi (magaliTad, ukeTesi sacxovrebeli da ufaso jandacva da ganaTleba) SemoiRo. ojaxs
ki, romelsac erTze meti Svili hyavs, sagangebod Seqmnil sirTuleebTan (mesame Svilis gaCenis
SemTxvevaSi xelfasi eqviTebaT) uxdeba gamklaveba. am samTavrobo programis amoqmedebis
Semdeg zogierTma ojaxma eqstremalur gzebs mimarTa da mdedrobiTi sqesis Cvilebis mokvla
daiwyo. faqtebi imaze metyvelebs, rom Sobadobis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebulma CineTis
sastikma politikam mosaxleobaze mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia. Tumca, meore mxriv, am
midgomas qveyanaSi didi winaaRmdegoba Sexvda. erTSviliani mSoblebi normalur ojaxebad
rTulad aRiqmeba.
CineTSi ganxorcielebuli programa centralizebul samTavrobo kontrols moiTxovs, rac sxva bevri
ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis miuRebeli da xelmiuwvdomeli amocanaa. magaliTad, indoeTSi
ojaxis dagegmvis xelSewyobis bevri sqema da kontraceptivebis moxmarebac mosinjes, magram
am mcdelobas didi warmateba ar mohyolia. indoeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba 1988 wels 789
milioni iyo. 1975-1985 wlebSi yovelwliuri zrdis saSualo maCvenebeli 2.3 procents udrida;
1980-dan 2000 wlamde, oci wlis ganmavlobaSi, mosaxleobis zrdis 1.8-procentiani kleba iyo
navaraudevi. 2000 wlisTvis indoeTis mosaxleobis raodenoba, savaraudod, 1 miliardi unda
yofiliyo. mosaxleobis zrdis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSic ki indoeTSi Zalze mravalricxovani
mosaxleoba iqneba.
Znelia winaswar ganWvrito, rogor ganviTardeba soflis meorneobisa da industriis teqnologia,

amitom veravin ityvis, ramdenad SeZlebs msoflio, sabolood, uzarmazari mosaxleobis
xelSewyobas. mesame msoflios qveynebSi globaluri resursebiT uzrunvelyofili standartebi,
industriul qveynebTan SedarebiT, dResac gacilebiT ufro dabalia. energiis, nedleulisa da sxva
produqtis moxmarebis done dasavlur qveynebSi bevrad ufro maRalia, vidre sxva qveynebSi.
SeerTebuli Statebis yoveli moqalaqe CineTis an indoeTis erT moqalaqeze 320-jer met energias
moixmars. moxmarebis done, nawilobriv, mesame msoflios regionebidan Semosul resursebzea
damokidebuli. Tu msoflioSi energiis moxmarebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ar moxdeba –
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magaliTad, ar gaizrdeba mzisa da qaris energiis gamoyeneba – saeWvoa, rom yovelma

adamianma iseTive raodenibis energiis moxmareba SeZlos, rogorc es dasavleTis qveynebSi
xdeba. amJamad, ramdenadac cnobilia, amisTvis energiis sakmarisi resursi ar arsebobs.
daskvna
ra momavali elis qalaqsa da qalaqis macxovreblebs, mosaxleobis zrdis pirobebSi? am TavSi

ganxiluli faqtorebi rTul Tavsatexs mogvagonebs, romelSic erTi yvelasTvis misaRebi tendencia
ar ikveTeba. industriul qveynebSi qalaqebis gafarToeba, metnaklebad, SeCerebulia.
komunikaciis gaumjobesebuli sistemis wyalobiT, adamianebs axla samuSao adgilebidan
moSorebiT cxovreba SeuZliaT. garda amisa, maT Tavad samuSao adgilebic uaxlovdebaT,
radgan axali industriebic qalaqis centridan moSorebiT aris ganTavsebuli. zogierT,
gansakuTrebiT, Zvel manufaqturul industriebze damokidebul qalaqebSi, mosaxleobis Semcireba
gagrZeldeba, radgan adamianebi aseT qalaqebs toveben da sacxovreblad sxva regionebSi
gadadian. es garemoeba xels uwyobs jentrifikaciis ganviTarebas. rac ufro mZime
mdgomareobaSia centraluri qalaqebi, miT ufro didia jentrifikaciis ganviTarebis albaToba; miwa
imdenad iafdeba, rom aRdgenas didi Tanxebi aRar sWirdeba.
maSin, rodesac industriul qveynebSi qalaqebi stabilur dones inarCunebs da mosaxleoba

mcirdeba, ganviTarebadi sazogadoebebi isev farTovdeba. mesame msoflios qveynebis
qalaqebSi pirobebi kidev ufro uaresdeba, gansakurebiT, urbaneli RaribebisTvis. rogori
mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos industriuli qveynebis problemebi, mesame msoflios problemebTan
SedarebiT, isini martivad mogeCvenebaT.
Sejameba
1. tradiciuli qalaqi Tanamedrove urbanuli teritoriebisgan mravali niSniT gansxvavdeboda.

Tanamedrove standartis mixedviT, Zveli qalaqi patara iyo, gars kedeli ertya, centrSi ki
religiuri Senobebisa da sasaxleebis siWarbe igrZnoboda.
2. tradiciul sazogadoebebSi urbanul teritoriebze mosaxleobis Zalze mcire raodenoba
cxovrobda. dRevandel industriul qveynebSi qalaqSi mosaxleobis 60-dan 90 procentamde
cxovrobs. urbanizmi swrafad viTardeba mesame msoflios qveynebSic.
3. urbanuli sociologiis adreul midgomebze didi gavlena moaxdines Cikagos skolis
Sromebma. am skolis warmomadgenlebi urbanul procesebs biologiidan aRebuli
ekologiuri modelebis fonze ganixilavdnen. luis virtma urbanizmis, rogorc cxovrebis
wesis, koncefcia SeimuSava. misi azriT, qalaqis cxovreba xels uwyobs karCaketilobasa
da socialur distancias. am midgomebma azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia, magram
aqtualoba SeinarCuna. kritikosTa azriT, qalaqis cxovreba yovelTvis karCaketilobas ar
gulisxmobs da piradi axlo kavSirebis damyareba urbanul ubnebSic aris SesaZlebeli.
4. devis harvisa da manuel kastelsis bolodroindeli Sromebi urbanizms farToO
sazogadoebas ukavSirebs da urbanul procesebs ganyenebulad ar ganixilavs. cxovrebis
stili, romelic qalaqis macxovreblebs uviTardebaT, agreTve, sxvadasxva ubnis fizikuri
ganlageba, industriuli kapitalizmis ganviTarebis zogad Tvisebebs gamoxatavs.
5. gareubnebis gafarToebam Sida qalaqis rRvevas Seuwyo xeli. SeZlebuli jgufebi da
saqmosnebi centraluri qalaqidan gasvlas cdiloben, raTa ufro dabali adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebiT isargeblon. ngrevis cikli mudmivad grZeldeba – rac ufro izrdeba
gareubani, miT meti problemis winaSe dganan centraluri qalaqis macxovreblebi.
urbanuli ganaxleba – Zveli Senobebis axali mizniT gamoyeneba _ bevri didi qalaqisTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli, magram Sida qalaqis rRvevas es procesi naklebad exeba.
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6. dRevandel dRes, urbanuli analizis dros, mzad unda viyoT globaluri da lokaluri
sakiTxebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad. urbanul ganviTarebaze zemomqmedi
adgilobrivi faqtorebi zogjer ufro masStaburi procesebis nawilia. adgilobrivi ubnebis
struqtura, maTi zrdisa da Semcirebis maxasiaTeblebi, xSirad, saerTaSoriso industriul
warmoebaSi arsebul cvlilebebs asaxavs.
7. sociologiis sxva sferoebis msgavsad, globalizaciis procesi urbanizmzec axdens gavlenas.
klasifikaciis axalma modelma xuTi axali tipis qalaqi gamoavlina: saTao qalaqi,
sainovacio centri, modulis warmoebis adgili, mesame msoflios karibWe da sapensio
centri.
8. mesame msoflios qveynebSi urbanuli ganviTarebis masobrivi procesebi mimdinareobs.
am sazogadoebebis qalaqebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba dasavleTis qalaqebisgan,
radgan isini droebiTi ukanono mSeneblobebiTa da uaRresad mZime pirobebiT
gamorCeva.
Jim Kemeny, Housing and Social Theory (London: Routledge, 1991). kvleva, romelic
gansaxlebis problemas mecnierebisa da sociologiis sferoSi mimdinare debatebs ukavSirebs.
Anthony D. King, Global Cities (London: Routledge, 1991). amtkicebs, rom Tanamedrove
qalaqis gageba globalur midgomas moiTxovs.
Paul Lawless, Britain’s Inner Cities (London: Chapmen, 1989). msjelobs Sida qalaqis
ganviTarebasa da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis SesaZlebel politikaze.
Suzanne Macgregor and Ben Pimlott, Tackling the Inner Cities (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1991).ganixilavs britaneTis dRevandeli Sida qalaqebis mdgomareobas.
Richard Sennet, The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities (London:
Faber and Faber, 1993). istoriul WrilSi ganxiluli, urbanuli cxovrebis bunebis warmosaxviTi
interpretacia.
Philip J. Waller, Town, City and Nation: England 1850-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1991).
XIX_XX saukuneebis urbanizaciis socialuri mdgomareobis analizi.
urbanizacia
konurbacia
megapolisi
ekologiuri midgoma
Sida qalaqi
urbanuli ekologia
Seqmnili garemo
koleqtiuri moxmareba
suburbanizacia
urbanuli ganaxleba
saTao qalaqi
sainovacio centri
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modulis warmoebis adgili

mesame msoflios karibWe
sapensio centri
globaluri qalaqi
Tavi 18
revoluciebi da socialuri moZraobebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
revoluciis gansazRvreba
rusuli revolucia
Teoriebi revoluciis Sesaxeb
marqsis Teoria. jeims devisi: ratom xdeba revoluciebi? Carlz Tilis protestis Teoria.
brbo, amboxi da koleqtiuri qmedebis sxva formebi
socialuri moZraobebi
socialuri moZraobebis klasificireba. Ffeministuri moZraobebi.
Sejameba
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ZiriTadi cnebebi
revolucia. Zaladoba.
Kkoleqtiuri qmedeba. socialuri moZraoba
1989 wels berlinis cnobili kedeli, romelic dasavleT berlins imisagan hyofda, rac Semdeg
komunisturi germania gaxda, daingra dasavleT germaniis xelisuflebis mier. aTasobiT
aRmosavleT germaneli, romlebsac arasodes hqoniaT SesaZlebloba, Casuliyvnen gayofili qalaqis
dasavleT nawilSi, niaRvariviT wamovida. es movlena erT-erTi udidesi dResaswauli iyo.
adamianebi kedlis orive mxares, romlebsac TavianTi naTesavebi oci wlis manZilze ar enaxaT,
kvlav SeuerTdnen maTTvis Zvirfas adamianebs.
Bberlinis kedlis dacema arsebiTi cvlilebis simbolos warmoadgenda Tanamedrove msoflios
istoriaSi: civi omis dasasrulis simbolos. Ees iyo im uzarmazari cvlilebebis jaWvis nawili, rac
ufro adre iyo aRwerili (Tavi 13) da ramac jer aRmosavleT evropuli komunizmis gaqrobasTan
migviyvana, xolo Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris saboloo daSlasTan. ZiriTadi socialuri Zala, ramac
es cvlilebebi moitana, masobrivi mRelvareba iyo. amave wels aTasobiT adamiani gamovida
quCaSi protestis gamosaxatavad, aRmosavleT germaniis garda, aRmosavleT evropis sxva
qveynebSi _ poloneTSi, CexoslovakiaSi, bulgareTSi da rumineTSi _ maT qveynebze sabWoTa
kavSiris batonobis winaaRmdeg da politikuri da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis moTxovniT. maTma
qmedebebma gamoiwvia am qveynebSi komunisturi mTavrobebis saboloo ngreva da maTi
Secvla mTavrobis formebiT, romlebic Seiqmna dasavleT evropisa da SeerTebuli Statebis
modelebis mixedviT.
1989 weli `revoluciis wlad~ iqna aRiarebuli. marTlac, transformaciebi, romlebic maSin da
momdevno periodSi aRmosavleT evropasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda, namdvilad
gamorCeuli iyo. magram, ra aris revolucia? rogoria is socialuri pirobebi, romelsac revoluciur
cvlilebamde mivyavarT? ra gziTaa SesaZlebeli saprotesto moZraobebis da amboxis saukeTeso
analizi? Ees aris kiTxvebi, romlebsac unda vupasuxoT winamdebare TavSi.
erTma revoluciam yvelaze didi gavlena moaxdina msoflio istoriaze meoce saukuneSi: es
iyo 1917 wlis revolucia ruseTSi. igi sabWoTa kavSiris SeqmniT dasrulda da komunisturi
sazogadoebebi aRmosavleT evropaSic gavrcelda. es swored is sazogadoebebi iyo, romlebic
1989 wlis revoluciebis Sedegad daeca.
Tumca, Tavdapirvelad unda gairkves, ras niSnavs Tavad termini `revolucia.~
revoluciis gansazRvreba
saWiroa, zedmiwevniT zustad ganisazRvros cneba revolucia. mas mTeli rigi

maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:
 revolucia masobrivi socialuri moZraobaa. igi gamoricxavs iseT situacias, rodesac
romelime partia arCevnebis gziT modis mTavrobaSi, an rodesac mcire jgufi, magaliTad,
samxedro meTaurebi, xelSi igdebs Zalauflebas.
 revolucia reformebisa da cvlilebebis farTomasStabian procesebs iwvevs (Skocpol,
1979). rogorc jon dani miuTiTebs, es niSnavs, rom xelisuflebaSi mosulebi namdvilad
ukeTesad SeZleben sazogadoebis marTvas da kontrolis ganxorcielebas, vidre isini, vinc maT
Camoagdes; liderebma unda SeZlon Tundac zogierTi dasaxuli miznis ganxorcieleba (Dunn,
1972). im sazogadoebaSi, sadac aseTi moZraoba Zalauflebis mxolod formalur niSnebs
iZens, magram Semdeg efeqturi marTva ar ZaluZs, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom revolucia
Sedga; aseTi sazogadoeba, SesaZloa, qaosis mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndes an mas daSla
daemuqros.
 revolucia gulisxmobs Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaras an mis realur gamoyenebas
mis monawileTa mxridan. revoluciebi politikuri cvlilebebia, ganxorcielebuli wina
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xelisuflebis mowinaaRmdegeTa mier, radgan SeuZlebeli iyo am xelisuflebis darwmuneba,

daeTmo Zalaufleba, Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqaris an misi realuri gamoyenebis gareSe.
am sami kriteriumis kombinirebiT, Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT revolucia, rogorc
Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba, rac, xSirad, gulisxmobs, masobrivi moZraobis liderebis mier
Zaladobis gamoyenebas, politikuri Zalauflebis mosapoveblad, romelic Semdgom
gamoyenebulia socialuri reformis mniSvnelovani procesebis inicirebisTvis. am TvalsazrisiT,
1989 wlis movlenebi namdvilad revoluciebi iyo. maTSi masobrivi socialuri moZraobebi iyo
CarTuli. Zaladobis muqara zogjer (magaliTad, rumineTSi) realurad iyo gamoyenebuli
xelisuflebis warmomadgenelTa winaaRmdeg; da am movlenebma gamoiwvia socialuri reformis
arsebiTi procesebi.
1989 wlis revoluciebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi yvelaze axalia revoluciuri cvlilebebis
istoriaSi, romelic me-18 saukunidan iwyeba. 1776 wlis amerikuli revolucia da 1789 wlis
franguli revolucia yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTebi iyo meTvramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobis da Tanasworobis idealebi, romlis saxeliTac es revoluciebi iyo
Cafiqrebuli, fundamentur politikur Rirebulebebad gadaiqca. marTlac, swored es Rirebulebebi
daedo safuZvlad 1989 wlis moZraobas aRmosavleT evropaSi. Ffaqtobrivad, meTvramete
saukunis revoluciebma iTamaSes ZiriTadi roli umetesi dasavluri sazogadoebebis politikuri
sistemebis CamoyalibebaSi, da ara mxolod SeerTebul Statebsa da safrangeTSi. Tumca, TiTqmis
yvela revolucia, romelic msoflioSi meoce saukuneSi moxda, 1989 wlis movlenebis CaTvliT,
ganviTarebad qveynebSi dafiqsirda, rogoricaa ruseTi, CineTi, meqsika, TurqeTi, egvipte,
vietnami, kuba da mesame msoflios sxva qveynebi.
Mmomdevno nawilSi, Cven ganvixilavT rusuli revoluciis warmoSobasa da mis Sedegebs;
Cven mas viyenebT, rogorc magaliTs imis gasarkvevad, Tu ratom xdeba revoluciebi. Semdeg,
ufro zogadad, ganvixilavT revoluciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes aspeqts – socialur moZraobebs.
Yyvela revolucia gulisxmobs socialur moZraobebs, Tumca, socialuri moZraobebi scildeba
revoluciuri cvlilebis situaciebs. socialuri moZraobebi sxvadasxva formiTa da zomiT vlindeba da
Zalze Zlieri gavlena aqvs Tanamedrove sazogadoebaze.
rusuli revolucia
1917 wlis wina periodSi, ruseTi ekonomiurad CamorCenili sazogadoeba iyo, avtokratuli
mmarTvelobiT; mas carebi marTavdnen (imperatorebi an mefeebi). Mmosaxleobis umetesoba
soflad siRaribeSi cxovrobda da caristuli reJimi maTi umravlesobisTvis diqtatoruli iyo, romelic
saidumlo policias da informatorebs iyenebda disidentebis CamosaSoreblad. baton-ymoba (anu
monoba) ruseTSi 1860 wlamde arsebobda. mTavrobis gadawyvetileba ymebis ganTavisuflebis
Sesaxeb, nawilobriv, sazogadoebis modernizacias emsaxureboda, imis gamo, rom
CamorCeboda wamyvan evropul Zalebs samxedro saqmeSi. ruseTi damarcxda yirimis omSi
1854-5 wlebSi da kvlav damarcxeba ganicada 1904-5 wlis brZolebSi iaponiasTan.
UumTavresad, am damarcxebebis sapasuxod, miRebul iqna sainvesticio programebi industriis
ganviTarebaSi; kerZod, axali gzebis da rkinigzis mSenebloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveuli
ekonomikuri warmatebebi miRweul iqna, caristuli mTavroba Zalze tradiciuli iyo imisaTvis,
rom daTanxmeboda safuZvliani socialuri reformebis ganxorcielebas, rogorc es evropul
qveynebSi moxda.
1905 wlisTvis rusul sazogadoebaSi ukve SeiniSneboda mniSvnelovani daZabuloba. swrafi
industrializaciis dawyebam samrewvelo muSebis axali klasi warmoSva, romelTa cxovrebis
pirobebi iseTive gausaZlisi iyo, rogoric glexTa umetesobis. muSebi, romlebic CamoSorebulni
iyvnen politikaSi monawileobas da, aseve, sakuTari profkavSirebis organizebas, sul ufro
mtrulad ganwyobilni xdebodnen mTavrobis mimarT (glexebis ukmayofileba mefeebis mimarT
kidev ufro didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mwifdeboda). 1904-5 wlis ruseT-iaponiis omis dros qarxnis
muSebsa da samxedro Zalebs imedgacrueba daeufla omis ganviTarebaSi da ajanyeba
moawyves. igi mxolod imis gamo Cawynarda, rom mTavrobam saswrafod dado zavi
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iaponelebTan, dasaja amboxebuli razmebi da aiZula isini, CaexSoT muSaTa ajanyeba. nikoloz
meorem gaatara ramdenime umniSvnelo reforma, magaliTad, Camoayaliba
warmomadgenlobiTi parlamenti, Tumca gaauqma igi, rogorc ki igrZno, rom kvlav gaamyara
Tavisi Zalaufleba.
1905-1917 wlebs Soris mniSvnelovani ukmayofileba SeiniSneboda muSebsa da glexebSi,
rac mraval ajanyebaSi gamoixata. zogierT ajanyebas bolSevikebi xelmZRvanelobdnen, partia,
romelic socializmisa da marqsizmis erTgulebas aRiarebda. AaseTi partiebis zegavlena pirveli
msoflio omis (1914-18) dasawyisSi gaizarda, romlis drosac ruseTs Zalian ar gaumarTla da
gacilebiT mZime Sedegebi miiRo, vidre winandel omebSi, vinaidan aq adamianebis Zalze didi
raodenoba iyo CarTuli. ruseTs 15-milioniani armia hyavda, Tumca ver axerxebda mis
sakmarisad aRWurvas germanelebis dasamarcxeblad. mravali milioni adamiani iyo mokluli,
daWrili da datyvevebuli am omSi.
sursaTisa da sawvavis nakleboba did sasowarkveTilebas iwvevda mSvidobian
mosaxleobaSi, vinaidan mTeli resursebi omis warmoebas xmardeboda. rogorc SeZlebulebis,
aseve Raribebis jgufebi mtkiced daupirispirdnen mTavrobas. nikoloz meore Tavis xelisuflebas
absoluturi mmarTvelobiT amyarebda da Tavisi ucnauri mrCevlis rasputinis mier iyo marTuli;
igi sul ufro da ufro izolirebuli xdeboda. 1917 wlis martSi, petrogradSi muSebma da
jariskacebma gaficvebisa da amboxebebis seria wamoiwyes, rac mTel dasavleT ruseTSi swrafad
gavrcelda. mefe iZulebuli gaxda, gadamdgariyo; Seiqmna axali, droebiTi mTavroba.
am droisTvis armia met-naklebad daiSala da jariskacebis umravlesoba saxlebs daubrunda.
Gglexebma daiwyes memamuleebisgan ZaliT miwis warTmeva, xolo droebiTi mTavroba uZluri
iyo, gamklaveboda muSebisa da demobilizebuli jariskacebis mudmiv mRelvarebas. leninma,
bolSevikebis liderma, gadawyvita xelisuflebis xelSi Cagdeba; misi cnobili lozungi `qarxnebi -
muSebs, miwa - glexebs, mSvidoba - jariskacebs~ iyo mimarTva uuflebo masebis misamarTiT.
1917 wlis oqtomberSi bolSevikebma, Zalis gamoyenebiT, gadaadgdes droebiTi mTavroba.
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis reorganizaciis, misi wiTel armiad Camoyalibebis da umZimesi
samoqalaqo omidan warmatebuli gamosvlis Semdeg, sabWoTa mTavroba Seudga fundamenturi
socialuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas; ase Caeyara safuZveli imas, rac Semdeg gadaiqca meore
yvelaze Zlier samrewvelo da samxedro Zalad msoflioSi.
ruseTis revolucia, garkveuli azriT, uCveulo iyo. gaficvebi, romlebmac Ziri gamouTxara
caristul reJims, ufro spontanuri iyo da ufro masStaburad mimdinareobda, vidre sxva
revoluciebSi Cvens saukuneSi. 1917 wlis dasawyisSi bolSevikebic ki ar moelodnen imas, rom
revolucia SeiZleba ase mokle droSi momxdariyo. amasTan, rusuli gamocdileba bevrs
gvaswavlis zogadad Tanamedrove revoluciebis Sesaxeb. Ppirveli, Cven vxedavT, rom
revoluciebi, savaraudod, omis fonze xdeba, Tumca, 1989 wels ase ar momxdara. gaWianurebuli
omi daZabulobas matebs arsebul instituciebs da, SesaZloa, mTavrobis mxardaWeris mkveTri
vardniT dasruldes. ukmayofileba SeiaraRebul ZalebSi uunaros xdis xelisuflebas, daTrgunos
opoziciis winaaRmdegoba. meore, glexebma – soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulebma – SeiZleba
mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSon. rusuli revoluciis win mraval adamians (leninis CaTvliT) sjeroda,
rom glexebi konservatuli Zala iqneboda, mihyvebodnen cxovrebis tradiciul gzas da naklebad
SesaZlebeli iqneboda, SeerTebodnen raime moZraobas radikaluri socialuri cvlilebebisaTvis. Ees
mosazreba, rogorc davinaxeT, mcdari aRmoCnda.
revoluciis Teoriebi
imis gamo, rom bolo ori saukunis manZilze, revoluciebma ase mniSvnelovani roli
iTamaSa msoflio istoriaSi, ar aris gasakviri mravali gansxvavebuli Teoriis arseboba, romelic
maT axsnas cdilobs. zogierTi Teoria socialuri mecnierebebis istoriis adreul periodSi Seiqmna;
maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani karl marqsis Teoriaa. marqss, romelic imaze karga xniT adre
cxovrobda, vidre misi ideebiT nakarnaxevi revoluciebi moxdeboda, surda, misi ideebi ara marto
revoluciuri cvlilebis pirobebis analizisTvis gamoeyenebinaT, aramed amgvari cvlilebebis
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gamosawvevad. rogoric ar unda iyos maTi sandooba, marqsis ideebma uzarmazari gavlena
iqonia meoce saukuneSi momxdar socialur cvlilebebze.
revoluciis Sesaswavlad ganvixilavT sam Teorias. es aris: marqsis Sexedulebebi, jeims
devisis mier SemoTavazebuli revoluciasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri molodinebis gazrdis
Teoria, da istoriis sociologis Carlz Tilis mier SemoTavazebuli koleqtiuri protestis interpretaciis
Teoria.
Mmarqsis Teoria
marqsis Tvalsazrisi revoluciaze efuZneba, zogadad, kacobriobis istoriis miseul

interpretacias (ix. Tavi 1). Mmarqsis mixedviT, sazogadoebebis ganviTareba perioduli
klasobrivi konfliqtebiT xasiaTdeba da rodesac es konfliqtebi mwvavdeba, isini revoluciuri
cvlilebis procesiT sruldeba. Kklasobrivi brZolebi sazogadoebebSi arsebuli
winaaRmdegobebidan _ gadauWreli daZabulobidan _ warmoiSoba; winaaRmdegobis ZiriTadi
wyaro, SesaZloa, ekonomikur cvlilebaSi an sawarmoo Zalebis cvlilebaSi vipovoT. Nnebismier
stabilur sazogadoebaSi arsebobs balansi ekonomikur struqturas, socialur urTierTobebsa da
politikur sistemas Soris. sawarmoo Zalebis SecvlasTan erTad winaaRmdegoba mZafrdeba, rac
klasebis Ria Sejaxebas iwvevs, sabolood ki _ revolucias.
marqsma es modeli miuyena rogorc feodalizmis warsul ganviTarebas, aseve samrewvelo
kapitalizmis SesaZlebel momaval evolucias. evropis tradiciuli feodaluri sazogadoebebi glexur
warmoebaze iyo dafuZnebuli; mwarmoeblebi ymebi iyvnen, romlebsac miwaTmflobeli
aristokratebi an wvrili memamuleebi marTavdnen. am sazogadoebebSi momxdarma
ekonomikurma cvlilebebma qalaqebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia, sadac vaWroba da warmoeba
ganviTarda. es axali ekonomikuri sistema feodaluri sazogadoebis farglebSi Seiqmna, rac mis
Zireul safuZvlebs daeumuqra. tradiciul baton-ymur damokidebulebebze damyarebuli
urTierTobebis nacvlad gaCenili axali ekonomikuri wesrigi xels uwyobda, mwarmoeblebs
ewarmoebinaT saqoneli Ria bazrebze gasatanad. sabolood, winaaRmdegoba Zvel feodalur da
axlad warmoqmnil ekonomikas Soris Zalze gamwvavda, ramac Zlieri konfliqtis forma miiRo
aRmaval kapitalistur klassa da feodal miwaTmflobelebs Soris. am procesis Sedegi revolucia
gaxda, risi yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTi 1789 wlis safrangeTis revolucia iyo. marqsi Tvlida,
rom amgvari revoluciebisa da revoluciuri cvlilebebis saSualebiT, rac sxva evropul
sazogadoebebSic xdeboda, kapitalisturma klasma SeZlo, gabatonebuli gavlena moepovebina.
Tumca, marqsis mixedviT, industriuli kapitalizmis mosvla axal winaaRmdegobebs iwvevs,
rasac, sabolood, revoluciebis Semdgom seriebTan mivyavarT, da rac komunizmis idealebiT aris
gamowveuli. Kkomunizmis qveS marqsi gulisxmobda mrewvelobis flobas sazogadoebis, rogorc
mTelis, da ara calkeuli individebis mier. samrewvelo kapitalizmi _ ekonomikuri wesrigi,
romelic dafuZnebulia pirad mogebaze da firmebs Soris konkurenciaze produqtis gasayidad _
qmnis ganxeTqilebas mdidar umciresobas, romelic akontrolebs samrewvelo resurebs, da
daqiravebuli muSebis Rarib umravlesobas Soris. muSebi da kapitalistebi sul ufro mZafr
konfliqtSi modian erTmaneTTan. muSaTa moZraobebi da politikuri partiebi, romlebic
warmoadgenen muSa mosaxleobis masis interesebs, bolosdabolos, gamowvevas ucxadeben
kapitalisturi klasis mmarTvelobas da amxoben arsebul politikur sistemas. Mmarqss sjeroda,
rom, rodesac gabatonebuli klasis poziciebi gansakuTrebiT gamyarebulia, Zalis gamoyeneba
aucilebeli xdeba saWiro cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad. sxva pirobebSi es procesi SeiZleba
mSvidobianad moxdes, saparlamento qmedebebis saSualebiT, da revolucia (zemoTmotanili
gansazRvrebiT) aRar iyos aucilebeli.
jeims devisi: ratom xdeba revoluciebi?
sociologi jeims devisi, akritikebda ra marqss, aRniSnavda, rom iyo periodebi istoriaSi,
rodesac adamianebi gausaZlis siRaribeSi cxovrobdnen, Tumca protests ar mimarTavdnen.
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gamudmebuli siRaribe an gaWirveba adamianebs revolucionerebad ar aqcevda. isini am

gaWirvebas, umetesad, moTminebiT an utyvi sasowarkveTilebiT itandnen. deviss miaCnia, rom
socialuri protesti da, sabolood, revolucia ufro metad maSin xdeba, rodesac SeiniSneba
adamianis cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobeseba. rodesac cxovrebis standartebis gaumjobeseba
iwyeba, adamianebis molodinebic izrdeba. xolo, Tu realur pirobebSi gaumjobesebis tempi
klebulobs, mzardi molodinebis gacruebis gamo, iqmneba pirobebi amboxisTvis (Davies, 1962).
amgvarad, protests absoluturi deprivacia ki ar iwvevs, aramed SedarebiTi deprivacia –
winaaRmdegoba im cxovrebas Soris, romelsac adamianebi iZulebulni arian misdion, da imas
Soris, risi ganxorcielebac maT realisturad miaCniaT. devisis Teoria sasargebloa im kavSirebis
gasagebad, romelic arsebobs revoluciasa da Tanamedrove socialur da ekonomikur ganviTarebas
Soris. progresis idealebis zegavlena, ekonomikuri zrdis molodinebTan erTad, met molodinebs
iwvevs, romlebic, Tu Semdeg gacruvda, protests aRvivebs. aseTi protesti met Zalas ikrebs
Tanasworobis da demokratiuli politikuri monawileobis ideebis gavrcelebis safuZvelze.
Tumca, rogorc amas Carlz Tili aRniSnavda, devisis Teoria ar gvaCvenebs, Tu rogor da
ratom axdenen sxvadasxva jgufebi mobilizebas revoluciuri cvlilebisTvis. protesti, xSirad,
marTlac, SeiZleba gaCndes mzardi molodinebis fonze; imis gasaazreblad, Tu rogor gadaiqceva
igi revoluciur qmedebad, Cven unda davadginoT, rogor organizdebian jgufebi koleqtiurad,
efeqturi politikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdenad.
Carlz Tilis Pprotestis Teoria
Carlz Tili naSromSi `mobilizaciidan revoluciamde~ aanalizebs revoluciuri cvlilebis

procesebs, protestisa da Zaladobis ufro farTo formebis konteqstSi (Tilly, 1978). igi
ganasxvavebs koleqtiuri qmedebis oTx ZiriTad komponents _ qmedebis, romelic arsebul
wesrigTan sabrZolvelad an mis dasamxobad aris mimarTuli:
1. monawile jgufis an jgufebis organizacia. saprotesto moZraobebi mravalnairad aris
organizebuli, dawyebuli spontanurad formirebuli Tavyrilobebidan, mkacrad disciplinirebuli
revoluciuri jgufebiT damTavrebuli. magaliTad, moZraoba, romelsac lenini xelmZRvanelobda,
aqtivistebis mcirericxovani jgufidan daiwyo.
2. mobilizacia _ gzebi, romlis saSualebiTac jgufi sakmaris resursebs moipovebs koleqtiuri
qmedebis gansaxorcieleblad. aseTi resursebi SeiZleba iyos materialuri momarageba, politikuri
mxardaWera an SeiaraReba. Lleninma SesZlo materialuri da moraluri mxardaWeris mopoveba
rogorc TanamgrZnobi glexobisgan, aseve qalaqSi mcxovrebi mravali adamianisgan.
3. imaTi saerTo interesebi, vinc koleqtiur qmedebaSia CarTuli; ra miaCniaT maT maTi
politikis ganxorcielebiT miRweul monapovrad da danakargad. koleqtiuri qmedebis mobilizacias
yovelTvis udevs safuZvlad garkveuli saerTo miznebi. leninma SeZlo mxardamWerTa farTo
koaliciis darazmva, vinaidan bevr adamians amoZravebda saerTo survili, daemxo arsebuli
mTavroba.
4. xelsayreli pirobebi. SesaZloa, SemTxveviTi movlenebis ganviTareba, romlebic iZleva
revoluciuri miznebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. koleqtiuri qmedebis mravali forma,
revoluciis CaTvliT, didad aris ganpirobebuli amgvari SemTxveviTi movlenebiT. Lleninis
warmateba ar iyo gardauvali; igi mraval SemTxveviT faqtorze iyo damokidebuli – maT Soris
warmatebaze brZolaSi. Llenini rom moeklaT, gana iqneboda SesaZlebeli revolucia?
koleqtiuri qmedeba TavisTavad, SesaZloa, martivad ganisazRvros, rogorc adamianebis
erToblivi Zalisxmeva maTi gaziarebuli interesebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. magaliTad,
demonstraciis mowyoba maTi saerTo saqmis dasacavad. am adamianebidan zogierTi SeiZleba
Zalze aqtiurad iyos Cabmuli, sxvebi SeiZleba ufro pasiurebi iyvnen, an regularulad ver
uWerdnen mxars. Eefeqturi koleqtiuri qmedeba, romelic revoluciiT mTavrdeba, Cveulebriv,
oTxive stadias gadis.
Tilis TvalsazrisiT, socialuri moZraobebi, rogorc mobilizebuli jgufuri resursi, viTardeba
maSin, rodesac jgufebs ara aqvT sakuTari xmis miwvdenis instituciuri saSualebebi, an rodesac
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maTi moTxovnebi pirdapir iTrguneba qveynis xelisuflebis mier. Tumca, koleqtiuri qmedeba,
garkveul etapze, politikur xelisuflebasTan Ria konfrontacias anu `quCaSi gasvlas~ gulisxmobs.
Ees mxolod maSin xdeba, rodesac amgvari qmedebis ukan mudmivad dgas organizebuli jgufebi
da, rogorc Cans, did zegavlenas axdens Zalauflebis arsebul sistemaze.
koleqtiuri qmedebis tipuri modelebi icvleba istoriuli da kulturuli garemoebebis mixedviT.
MmagaliTad, britaneTSi dRes Cveulia demonstraciis iseTi formebi, rogoricaa masobrivi
marSebi, didi mitingebi da quCis aqciebi, miuxedavad imisa, monawileobs Tu ara adamianTa
umravlesoba amgvar aqtivobebSi. Tumca, koleqtiuri protestis sxva tipebi naklebad misaRebi
gaxda an savsebiT gaqra Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis umetes nawilSi (aseTebia brZolebi
soflebs Soris, manqanebis damtvreva an linCi). protestebi, SesaZloa, magaliTi gaxdes sxva
qveynebisTvisac: magaliTad, gorilebis moZraobebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi gavrcelda,
rodesac ukmayofilo jgufebma gaiges, Tu rogori warmatebuli SeiZleba iyos gorilebis qmedebebi
regularuli armiebis winaaRmdeg.
rodis da ratom iZens koleqtiuri qmedeba Zaladobriv xasiaTs? mravali SemTxvevis
Seswavlis Sedegad, rac dasavleT evropaSi 1800-iani wlebis Semdeg xdeboda, Tili askvnis, rom
TiTqmis yvela koleqtiuri Zaladoba iwyeba iseTi qmedebebisgan, romelsac Tavdapirvelad
Zaladobrivi xasiaTi ara aqvs. Zaladobis warmoqmna imdenad aqtivobis xasiaTze ar aris
damokidebuli, rogorc sxva faqtorebze, kerZod, xelisuflebis reaqciaze. karg magaliTs quCis
demonstracia warmoadgens. amgvari demonstraciebis umetesoba safrTxes ar uqmnis
adamianebsa da maT qonebas. umciresobas demonstraciebi ZaladobasTan mihyavs, rasac
Semdeg areulobebi mohyveba. xelisufleba, zogjer, iZulebulia, Caerios ukve momxdar
ZaladobaSi; Tumca, rogorc istoriuli Canawerebi gvidasturebs, ufro xSirad, Tavad xelisuflebaa
Zaladobis iniciatori. Tilis sityvebiT, `Tanamedrove evropuli gamocdilebiT, Tavad represiuli
Zalebia koleqtiuri Zaladobis iniciatorebi da Semsruleblebi~ (1978). Uufro metic, roca
Zaladobrvi dapirispireba xdeba, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi pasuxismgebelni arian daWrisa
da sikvdilis SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaze. Ees gasakviric ar aris, vinaidan iaraRi da samxedro
disciplina maT xelSia. amis sapirispirod, jgufebi, romlis kontrolsac xelisufleba cdilobs, did zians
ayeneben sxvadasxva obieqtsa Tu qonebas.
Tilis mixedviT, revoluciuri moZraobebi koleqtiuri qmedebebis erT-erTi tipia, romelic iseT
situaciebSi xdeba, romelsac igi mravaljerad suverenitets uwodebs. es maSin xdeba, rodesac
mTavroba, garkveuli mizezebis gamo, ver axorcielebs srul kontrols im sferoebze, romelsac unda
marTavdes. mravaljeradi suvereniteti SeiZleba gamoiwvios gare omma, Sida politikurma
dapirispirebam an orivem erTad. Mmoxdeba Tu ara Zalauflebis revoluciuri Secvla,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad akontrolebs mmarTveli xelisufleba samxedro Zalebs,
ramdenad Zlieria winaaRmdegoba Tavad mmarTvel wreebSi, da imazec, Tu ramdenad
organizebulia saprotesto moZraoba, romelic Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebas cdilobs.
Tilis naSromi warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze srulyofil analizs koleqtiuri Zaladobisa da
revoluciuri brZolis Sesaxeb. Mmosazrebebs, romlebsac igi aviTarebs, farTo gamoyeneba aqvs,
da igi maT zustad iyenebs istoriuli droisa da adgilis mravalgvarobis mixedviT. rogor aris
organizebuli moZraobebi, rogoria resursebi, romlis mobilizeba xelewifebaT xelisuflebaze
pretenziis mqone jgufebs, rogoria saerTo interesebi da xelsayreli pirobebi _ yvela es revoluciuri
gardaqmnis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebia.
Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Tili Zalze cotas saubrobs im garemoebebis Sesaxeb, rasac
mravaljerad suverenitetTan mivyavarT. es ki revoluciis gagebis imdenad fundamenturi mxarea,
rom misi gamotoveba seriozul xarvezs warmoadgens. Teda skoqpolis mixedviT, Tilis miaCnia,
rom revoluciuri moZraobebi, gacnobierebuli da winaswarganzraxuli interesebiT imarTeba da
revoluciuri cvlilebis warmatebuli procesebi maSin xorcieldeba, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT,
gaiTavison es interesebi. amis sapirispirod, skoqpoli revoluciur moZraobebs ganixilavs, rogorc
Tavis miznebSi ufro gaurkvevelsa da aramyars. igi xazs usvams, rom revoluciebi, umTavresad,
warmoiSoba, rogorc ufro kerZo miznebis winaswarganuzraxavi Sedegebi:
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faqtobrivad, istoriulad arsebul revoluciebSi, sxvadasxva adgilze myofi da sxvadasxvagvarad

motivirebuli jgufebi gadaiqcnen mravalmxrivi konfliqtebis gaCaRebis monawileebad. Ees
konfliqtebi mniSvnelovanwilad formirebuli da gansazRvrulia arsebuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da
saerTaSoriso mdgomareobiT. isini sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT warimarTebian imis mixedviT,
Tu rogor aRmoCnda yoveli revoluciuri situacia pirvel adgilze (1979).
brbo, amboxi da koleqtiuri

Qqmedebis sxva formebi
yvela revolucia koleqtiur qmedebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, rogorc Tilis Teoria miuTiTebs,
koleqtiur qmedebas, revoluciuri cvlilebis garda, sxva viTarebebSic SeiZleba hqondes adgili,
roca erTad iyris Tavs mravali adamiani. qalaqebis ganviTarebis dasawyisSive ùrbanuli
mdabioebi~ potenciur safrTxes warmoadgendnen politikuri xelisuflebisTvis. soflis
mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebiT, qalaqur ubnebSi adamianebi Zalian axlos cxovroben
erTmaneTTan da SeuZliaT, SedarebiT iolad gavidnen quCebSi, raTa gamoxaton TavianTi
mxardaWera an ukmayofileba raimes mimarT.
qalaquri jgufebis qmedebebi brbos aqtivobis erTi magaliTia. Bbrbo – es aris im
adamianebis nebismieri sakmaod didi TavSeyra, romlebic uSualo urTierTqmedebaSi arian
erTmaneTTan sajaro adgilas. brboebi, garkveuli azriT, qalaquri cxovrebis yoveldRiuri nawilia.
Cven vlaparakobT savaWro adgilebSi TavSeyrebze, TeatrSi an gasarTob parkSi TavSeyraze, da
vgulisxmobT, rom mravali adamiani moqceulia fizikurad SemosazRvrul sivrceSi. am
SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedebis pirobebSi arian (ix. Tavi 4): isini
fizikurad erTsadaimave garemoSi arian da acnobiereben erTmaneTis yofnas, magram patara
jgufebs an calkeul adamianebs aqvT sakuTari miznebi da sakuTar gzas misdeven. Tumca,
rodesac saqme exeba areulobas, demonstracias, an panika isadgurebs, yoveli adamianis
qmedebebi dakavSirebulia sxvebis qmedebebTan. situacia. ucabedad, fokusirebul
urTierTqmedebad iqceva; brbo, droebiT, iwyebs qmedebas, rogorc erTi mTeli. Bbrbos es
qmedeba kargaxania sociologebis da istorikosebis interess iwvevs, faqtobrivad, 1789 wlis
safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg.
rogorc Tili aRniSnavs, brbos qmedeba da areulobebi, umTavresad, im adamianebis
imedgacruebas gamoxatavs, romlebmac ver miaRwies kanonieri gzebiT TavianTi ukmayofilebis
gamoxatvas, an imas, rom zewola moexdinaT aucilebeli reformebis gatarebaze. yvela tipis
mmarTvel xelisuflebas yovelTvis eSinoda brbos aqtivobis, ara marto misi uSualo safrTxis
gamo, aramed imitom, rom igi iZleva socialuri usamarTlobis sajaro da TvalsaCino formiT
SegrZnebas. Tumca, areulobebmac ki, rac negatiurad gamoiyureba da, xSirad, darbevebs, zogjer
ki, sikvdilsac iwvevs, SesaZloa, ukeTesobisken cvlilebas Seuwyos xeli.
socialuri moZraobebi
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, socialuri moZraobebis mravali saxeobis garda, romlebic

revoluciiT mTavrdeba, aris moZraobebi, romlebsac xangrZlivi an droebiTi formebi aqvs.
socialuri moZraobebi iseve damaxasiaTebelia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis, rogorc maTi
sapirispiro formaluri da biurokratiuli organizaciebi. MmaTi xasiaTisa da gavlenis Seswavla
sociologiis ZiriTadi interesis sferos Seadgens.
socialuri moZraoba SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc koleqtiuri mcdeloba, gaRvivdes
saerTo interesi an dacul iqnas saerTo mizani, dadgenili institutebis sazRvrebs miRma
ganxorcielebuli koleqtiuri qmedebiT.Ddefinicia sakmaod farTo unda iyos, Tavad moZraobebis
sxvadasxva tipis gamo. zogierTi socialuri moZraoba Zalze pataraa, romelic sul ramdenime
aTeul wevrs iTvlis; sxvebi, SesaZloa, Seicavdes aTasobiT an sulac milionobiT adamians.
zogierTi moZraoba Tavis aqtivobas im sazogadoebis kanonebis farglebSi axorcielebs, romelSic
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arsebobs, maSin rodesac sxvebi moqmedeben, rogorc aralegaluri an iatakqveSa jgufebi. zogjer,
socialuri moZraobebis qmedebis Sedegad, sazogadoebaSi kanonebi icvleba. magaliTad, muSaTa
jgufebi, romlebic TavianT wevrebs gaficvisken mouwodebdnen da CarTulni iyvnen ukanono
qmedebebSi, mkacrad isjebodnen TavianTi qveynebis kanonmdeblobiT gaTaliswinebuli
sasjeliT. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, kanonebSi Setanil iqna cvlilebebi, rac gaficvas
sawarmoo konfliqtis dasaSveb taqtikad miiCnevda. sxva saxis ekonomikuri protesti, rogoricaa
mjdomare gaficva qarxnebSi an samuSao adgilebSi, umetes qveynebSi kvlav kanongareSe
qmedebad rCeba.
gamyofi xazi socialur moZraobasa da formalur organizacias Soris zogjer bundovania,
vinaidan moZraobebi, romlebic kargad organizebuli xdeba, Cveulebriv, biurokratiul niSnebs
iZens.MmagaliTad, xsnis armia daiwyo, rogorc socialuri moZraoba, magram axla ufro
mudmivmoqmedi organizaciis xasiaTi aqvs. naklebad xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac organizacia
gardaiqmneba socialur moZraobad, roca, magaliTad, politikuri partia aikrZaleba da iZulebulia,
iatakqveSeTSi gadavides; igi, SesaZloa, gorilebis moZraobad gadaiqces.
socialuri moZraobebis klasifikacia
socialuri moZraobebis klasifikaciis mravali varianti iyo SemoTavazebuli. SesaZloa, maT

Soris yvelaze zusti da amomwuravi devid aberlis klasifikaciaa, romelic ganaxsvavebs oTxi tipis
moZraobas (David Aberle, 1966). transformatoruli moZraobebi miznad isaxavs Sors
mimaval, kataklizmur da, xSirad, Zaladobriv cvlilebas sazogadoebaSi.Aamis magaliTia
revoluciuri moZraobebi da zogierTi radikaluri religiuri moZraoba; mravali milenaruli moZraoba
agreTve winaswarmetyvelebs sazogadoebis met-nakleb gardaqmnaze, rodesac xsnis xana
dadgeba. reformatoruli moZraobebi miiltvis arsebuli socialuri wyobis mxolod ramdenime
aspeqtis cvlilebisken. isini dakavSirebulia uTanasworobis an usamarTlobis gansakuTrebul
saxeebTan, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ,,sicocxle” da abortis sawinaaRmdego sxva jgufebi.
transformatoruli da reformatoruli moZraobebi mimarTulia sazogadoebaSi cvlilebebis
gasatareblad. aberlis momdevno ori tipi, umTavresad, gulisxmobs individebis Cvevebisa da
Sexedulebebis cvlilebas. gamosasyidi moZraobebi cdilobs, CamoaSoros adamianebi cxovrebis
mankier wess. am kategorias mravali religiuri moZraoba ganekuTvneba, ramdenadac igi
koncentrirebulia pirovnul xsnaze. magaliTs warmoadgens ormocdaaTianelebis seqtebi,
romlebsac swamT, rom adamianis sulieri ganviTareba misi Rirsebis WeSmariti indikatoria.
rogorRac uxerxulad dasaTaurebuli alteratiuli moZraobebi miznad isaxavs individebSi
nawilobrivi cvlilebis gamowvevas. isini ar cdilobs adamianis Cvevebis mTlianad Secvlas,
aramed daintersebulia garkveuli specifiuri Tvisebis SecvliT. risi ilustraciaa ,,anonimuri
alkoholikebis” sazogadoeba.
feministuri moZraobebi
revoluciis Teoriebi aucileblobiT gadajaWvulia socialuri moZraobebis TeoriebTan.

magaliTad, Carlz Tilis aqcenti resursis mobilizaciaze gamoyenebul iqna iseT socialur
moZraobebSi, rogoricaa feministuri moZraoba, rasac axla ganvixilavT. feministuri
moZraobebi ar iyo gamoyofili socialuri moZraobis sxva formebisgan. Ffeminizmze didi
gavlena moaxdina revoluciebma, meTvramete saukunis franguli da amerikuli revoluciebis
CaTvliT.
qalTa uflebebis damcavi pirveli organizaciebi TariRdeba periodiT, romelic uSualod
mosdevda xsenebul or revolucias. 1790-ian wlebSi franguli revoluciis mier Tavisuflebisa da
Tanasworobis idealebiT STagonebulma adamianebma, Camoayalibes mravali qalTa klubi
parizSi da mTavar provinciul qalaqebSi. klubebi uzrunvelyofdnen qalebisTvis Sexvedris
adgilebs, aseve, adgendnen moTxovnebs ganaTlebis, Sromis da marTvis Tanaswor uflebebze.
EerT-erTi aseTi klubis xelmZRvanelma mari Juzma Seadgina mowodeba saTauriT `qalTa
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uflebebis deklaracia,~ romelic efuZneboda àdamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracias~ -

revoluciis ZiriTad konstituciur dokuments. is amtkicebda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo, miRweuliyo
WeSmariti Tanasworoba, rodesac mosaxleobis naxevari moklebuli iyo im privilegiebs, romlebic
mamakacebs hqondaT miniWebuli.
es mowodeba gaziarebuli ar iyo revolucioneri liderebis mier – mari Juzi 1793 wels
sikvdiliT dasajes, braldebiT, rom `man daiviwya saTnoeba, romelic mis sqess axasiaTebs.~
mTavrobis dekretis Sesabamisad, qalTa klubebi daiSala. dasavleTis qveynebSi feministuri
moZraobebi maleve aRdga, Tumca, TiTqmis yvelgan mtrul damokidebulebas ejaxeboda da
zogjer Zaladobasac iwvevda mmarTveli xelisuflebis mxridan. Mmari Juzi erTaderTi qali ar iyo,
romelmac sicocxle Seswira Tavisi sqesisTvis Tanaswori uflebebis mopovebas.
Mme-19 saukuneSi, SeerTebul StatebSi feminizmi ufro mowinave moZraoba iyo, vidre
sadme sxvagan, da qalTa moZraobebis liderTa umetesoba sxva qveynebSi amerikeli qalebis
brZolas samagaliTod miiCnevda. 1840-ian da 1850-ian wlebSi, amerikeli feministebi mWidrod
iyvnen CarTulni im jgufebis muSaobaSi, romlebic monebis gaTavisuflebisTvis ibrZodnen.
Tumca, formaluri politikuri uflebebis uqonlobis gamo (konstitucia ar aZlevda qalebs xmis
micemis uflebas), qalebs ekrZalebodaT politikuri lobireba, romlis saSualebiTac reformatorebs
SeeZloT, mieRwiaT TavianTi miznebisTvis. arc erT qals ar mieca ufleba, monawileoba mieRo
msoflios monobis sawinaaRmdego konvenciaSi, romelic Sedga londonSi 1840 wels. am faqtma
aiZula qalTa jgufebi, ufro swori mimarTulebiT midgomodnen genderuli uTanasworobis
sakiTxs. 1848 wels, iseve rogorc naxevari saukunis win maTi frangi Tanamoazreebi moiqcnen,
SeerTebul StatebSi qalTa liderebi Sexvdnen erTmaneTs `grZnobebis deklaraciis~ misaRebad,
romelic amerikuli Tavisuflebis deklaraciis modelis mixedviT gakeTda. `Cven TavisTavad
cxadad migvaCnia is WeSmariteba,~ iwyeboda igi, `rom yvela mamakaci da qali Tanasworad
aris Seqmnili.~ deklaraciaSi Setanili iyo im usamarTlobebis grZeli CamonaTvali, romlis
subieqtebi qalebi iyvnen. Mmiuxedavad amisa, am periodSi, qalebis socialuri an politikuri
poziciis mxriv, Zalze mcire realuri warmateba iqna mopovebuli. monobis gauqmebis Semdeg,
kongresma xmis micemis ufleba mxolod monobisgan ganTavisuflebul mamakacebs daudgina.
SeerTebul StatebSi qalTa moZraobis adreuli ganviTarebis periodSi, afro-amerikeli
qalebi garkveul rols TamaSobdnen moZraobaSi, Tumca, xSirad, uxdebodaT TavianTi
TeTrkaniani debis mtruli damokidebulebis mogerieba. erT-erTi maTgania sojurner truTi,
romelic xmas imaRlebda rogorc monobis, ise qalebisTvis samoqalaqo uflebebis warTmevis
winaaRmdeg, da am or sakiTxs mWidrod ukavSirebda erTmaneTs. rodesac 1850-ian wlebSi,
indianas StatSi monobis sawinaaRmdego masobriv mitingze igi mtkiced da mgznebared
laparakobda, TeTrkanianma mamakacma xmamaRla SesZaxa mas: àr mjera, rom namdvilad
qali xar~; maSin, truTma gaiSiSvla gul-mkerdi yvelas winaSe, imis dasamtkiceblad, rom
mamakaci tyuoda. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom truTma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa im periodis
qalTa moZraobebSi (Hooks, 1981), sxva Savkaniani qalebi, romlebic Seecadnen, monawileoba
mieRoT maTSi, imedgacruebulebi darCnen im mtruli ganwyobis gamo, romelsac isini
Seejaxnen.
EerT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlena evropaSi feministuri moZraobis ganviTarebis
dasawyisSi, iyo 1500 qalis mier xelmowerili peticia, romelic wardgenil iqna britaneTis
parlamentSi 1866 wels. qalebi moiTxovdnen, gansaxilveli saarCevno uflebebis reformebSi,
CaerToT sruli saarCevno ufleba qalebisTvis. peticia ugulebelyofil iqna; amis sapasuxod,
Semdeg wels, misma organizatorebma Camoayalibes nacionaluri sazogadoeba qalTa saarCevno
uflebebisTvis.Aam sazogadoebis wevrebi Semdgom sufraJistebis saxeliT gaxdnen cnobili, da
mTeli mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi isini agrZelebdnen peticiiT mimarTvas
parlamentisadmi, qalebze gaevrcelebinaT saarCevno uflebebi. meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis
britanuli feminizmis msoflio zegavlena konkurencias uwevda SeerTebuli Statebis feministur
moZraobas. xSiri saprotesto marSebi da quCis demonstraciebi orive qveyanaSi iyo organizebuli.
1908 wlis ivnisSi, londonSi gareT mowyobilma mitingma naxevari milioni adamiani moicva.
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am xnis ganmavlobaSi qalTa moZraobebi sokoebiviT momravlda yvela did evropul qveyanaSi,
aseve avstraliasa da axal zelandiaSi.
1920 wlisTvis, mraval dasavlur qveyanaSi, qalebma saarCevno xmis ufleba moipoves.
Tumca, am uflebis mopovebis Semdeg, feministuri moZraobebis muxti daeca. radikaluri qalebi
cdilobdnen sxva moZraobebs mierTebodnen, magaliTad, rogoric iyo faSizmTan brZola,
radikaluri memarjvene politikuri doqtrina, ramac niadagi hpova germaniaSi, italiaSi da sxvagan
1930-ian wlebSi. feminizmisgan, rogorc gamokveTili moZraobisgan, romelic mamakacebis
dominirebul institutebs ebrZoda, cota ram darCa. Tanaswori politikuri uflebebis miRwevam
Zalze cota ram Secvala qalTa cxovrebis sxva sferoebSic Tanasworobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT.
Ffeminizmis aRorZineba
1960-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis qalTa moZraobebma kvlav aRidgina mowinave
poziciebi. Semdgom aTwleulebSi feminizmma didi zegavlena moipova msoflios mraval
qveyanaSi, mesame msoflios bevri qveynis CaTvliT. Mmisi aRorZineba SeerTebul StatebSi
daiwyo, razec zegavlena moaxdina moZraobam samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis da im periodis
studentTa aqtivobam. aqedan igi msoflios sxva nawilebSic gavrcelda. qalebi, romlebic aqtiurad
iyvnen CarTulni moZraobaSi, xvdebodnen, rom samoqalaqo uflebebis damcveli moZraobis
liderebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen qalTa uflebebis CarTvas maT mier Sedgenil Tanasworobis
manifestSi. amitom qalTa jgufebma daiwyes damoukidebeli organizaciebis Seqmna, romlebic
uSualod qalTa sakiTxebze iqneboda mimarTuli.
dResdReobiT, qalTa moZraobebi sakiTxTa gacilebiT farTo sferos exeba, vidre maTi
winamorbedebi. isini ibrZvian ekonomikuri TanasworobisTvis, abortis daSvebisTvis da
moiTxoven ganqorwinebis kanonmdeblobis Secvlas. MmniSvnelovan praqtikul miRwevebTan
erTad, feministebma inteleqtualuri zegavlenac moaxdines, rac yvela warsul miRwevaze
mniSvnelovania. MmagaliTad. feministma avtorebma ubiZges mTeli rigi cnebebisa da Teoriebis
xelaxal gaazrebas socialur mecnierebebSi. kvlevebis didi nawili, romelic bolo wlebSi
ganxorcielda, istoriuli da kulturuli faqtorebis gavlenis Sesaswavlad qalebis poziciaze da, ufro
zogadad, genderul urTierTobebze, Tanamedrove feminizmis zegavleniT gaxda SesaZlebeli.
Ffeminsturi moZraobebi: interpretacia
Ggasul saukuneSi qalTa moZraobebis aRmoceneba SeiZleba advilad iqnes

interpretirebuli im koncefciebis mixedviT, romlebic Carlz Tilim Camoayaliba. Tilis azriT,
socialuri moZraobebi warmoiqmneba, rodesac adamianebs aRar rCebaT Sansi, vinmes
miawvdinon xma an SeZlon maTi suliskveTebis Riad gamoxatva. mecxramete saukuneSi da
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi, feministuri moZraobebis ganviTarebis pirvel fazaSi, feministi
liderebi, yvelaferTan erTad, cdilobdnen qalebisTvis xmis mopovebas politikur procesebSi, sxva
sityvebiT, arCevnebSi xmis micemis uflebis mopovebas. meore fazaSi, qalTa moZraobebis
warmomadgenlebi cdilobdnen, gaefarTovebinaT is warmatebebi, romlebsac miaRwies da
ibrZodnen, rom qalebisTvis moepovebinaT rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri Tanasworoba.
Oorive fazaSi, qalTa moZraobebis liderebma SeZles koleqtiuri resursebis mobilizeba,
raTa sakmaod efeqturi zewola moexdinaT mmarTvel xelisuflebaze. adreul periodSi qalTa
aqtivistebis mTavari resursi marSebi da demonstraciebi iyo. MmogvianebiT ki, organizaciebs
ukve SeeZloT, ewarmoebinaT brZola qalTa uflebebisTvis ufro organizebuli da Tanmimdevruli
gziT. saerTo interesebi, romelTac qalTa jgufebis liderebi usvamdnen xazs, moicavda iseT
sakiTxebs, rogoricaa qalebis roli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, survilis SemTxvevaSi
anazRaurebadi samuSaos qona da Tanaswori uflebebi ganqorwinebis samarTalwarmoebaSi.
da bolos, feministi aqtivistebis SesaZleblobebi, gavlena moexdinaT socialur cvlilebaze,
mravali faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, pirveli msoflio omis gaCaReba daexmara maT
saarCevno xmis uflebis miRebaSi: mTavrobebi, romlebic Cabmuli iyo omSi, qalebis
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mxardaWerasa da aqtiur CarTvas saWiroebda. feminizmis ganviTarebis meore fazaSi,

moZraoba samoqalaqo uflebebisTvis iyo is naperwkali, ramac aqtivobis axali talRa gamoiwvia.
Sejameba
1. gasuli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi revoluciebi msoflios mraval qveyanaSi moxda.

1776 wlis revoluciam amerikaSi da 1789 wlis safrangeTis revoluciam warmoSves is idealebi da
suliskveTeba, rac Semdeg farTod gavrcelda politikur cxovrebaSi.
2. revolucia gansasazRvrad Zalze mouxelTavi cnebaa. imisTvis, rom politikuri cvlilebis
procesi revoluciad CaiTvalos, igi unda Seicavdes masobriv socialur moZraobas, romelic
mzadaa, miznis misaRwevad Zaladoba gamoiyenos da SeuZlia rogorc xelSi Caigdos Zalaufleba,
ise gaataros Tanmimdevruli reforma.
3. revoluciis mravali sxvadasxva Teoria iyo warmodgenili. revoluciis marqsiseuli
interpretacia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, ara mxolod misi inteleqtualuri wvlilisTvis, rac
eWvqveS SeiZleba iyos dayenebuli sxvadasxva mizezis gamo, aramed imitom, rom man,
erTgvarad, samsaxuri gauwia am saukuneSi revoluciis realuri procesis Camoyalibebas.
4. vinaidan revolucia aseTi rTuli fenomenia, im pirobebis ganzogadeba, rasac revoluciur
cvlilebasTan mivyavarT, Znelia. revoluciebis umetesoba iseT garemoebebSi xdeba, sadac
saxelisuflo Zalaufleba danawevrebuli xdeba (magaliTad, omis Semdeg), da sadac daCagruli
jgufi SeZlebs, Camoayalibos da gaamyaros masobrivi moZraoba. revoluciebi, Cveulebriv, ufro
kerZo miznebis winaswarganusazRvreli Sedegebia, romelTa miRwevasac aseTi moZraobebi
Tavdapirvelad cdilobs.
5. brbos aqtivoba mxolod revoluciebis dros ar xdeba, aramed sxva, nakleb dramatuli
socialuri cvlilebis drosac, rogoricaa, magaliTad, quCis mRelvarebebi qalaqebSi. mRelvare masis
qmedebebi, SesaZloa, savsebiT destruqciuli da SemTxveviTi mogveCvenos, Tumca, isini,
xSirad, monawileTa gansazRvrul miznebs emsaxureba.
6. socialuri moZraobis mravali tipi SeiZleba moiZebnos Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi.
socialuri moZraobebi gulisxmobs saerTo interesebis mxardaWeris mcdelobas erToblivi
qmedebis saSualebiT, romelic ukve Seqmnili institutebis farglebs scdeba. sociologia ara marto
swavlobs amgvar moZraobebs, aramed pasuxobs kidec maT mier wamoWril SekiTxvebs.
7. Tanamedrove socialuri moZraobis ZiriTadi tipi feminizms ukavSirdeba. pirveli
mniSvnelovani feministuri moZraoba Seiqmna mecxramete saukunis Sua wlebSi, romelic
konkretulad mimarTuli iyo qalebisTvis saarCevno xmis uflebis mosapoveblad. miuxedavad
imisa, rom 1920-ian wlebSi am moZraobam dacemis periodi ganicada, 1960-ian wlebSi
feminizmma kvlav moipova mowinave poziciebi da mas Semdeg mas didi gavlena aqvs
socialuri cxovrebis da inteleqtualuri aqtivobis mraval sferoSi.
D
Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Failure (London: McDonald, 1989). Mmeoce

saukuneSi, komunizmis aRzevebisa da dacemis Sesaxeb gamokvleva, sadac miCneulia, rom
komunizmi warmoadgens ìstoriul tragedias.~
John Dunn, “Understanding Revolutions~ mis naSromSi Rethinking Modern Political
Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). diskusia Tanamedrove revoluciebis
gaazrebis problemebis Sesaxeb.
Ron Eyerman and Andrew Jamison, Social Movements (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).
socialuri moZraobebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove Teoriuli xedvis sasargeblo gamokvleva
da analizi, sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba axal socialur moZraobebs eTmoba.
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406
Chester Hartman and Pedro Vilanova, Paradigms Lost: The Post-Cold War Era
(London: Pluto, 1991). diskusia msoflioSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, rac komunizmis
ngrevas mohyva sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi.
Max Weber, The Russian Revolutions (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995). veberis
Sexedulebebi ruseTSi revoluciuri movlenebis Sesaxeb.
socializmi brbos aqtivoba

klasobrivi konfliqti amboxi
dapirispireba transformatoruli moZraoba
komunizmi reformatoruli moZraoba
mobilizacia gamosasyidi moZraoba
gorilebis moZraoba alteratiuli moZraoba
mravaljeradi suvereniteti feministuri moZraoba
Tavi 19
Gglobaluri cvlileba da ekologiuri krizisi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
cvlilebis gansazRvra
gavlenebi socialur cvlilebaze
fizikuri garemo. Ppolitikuri organizacia. Kkulturuli faqtorebi
cvlileba Tanamedrove periodSi
ekonomikuri gavlena. Ppolitikuri gavlena. Kkulturuli gavlena
mimdinare cvlileba da momavlis perspeqtivebi
postindustriuli sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT? Ppostmodernizmi da istoriis dasasruli. Sefaseba
safrTxeebi globaluri garemosTvis
safrTxis wyaroebi
garemo: sociologiuri problema?
globaluri cvlileba: momavlis xedva
Sejameba
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407
ZiriTadi cnebebi
socialuri cvlileba. Ppostindustriuli sazogadoeba
adamianebi dedamiwaze daaxloebiT naxevari milioni welia arseboben. soflis meurneoba,

rac myari dasaxlebis safuZvelia, Tormetiode aTas weliwads iTvlis. civilizaciebi araumetes eqvsi
aTasi wliT TariRdeba. adamianis arsebobis mTlian xangrZlivobas erT dRed Tu warmovidgenT,
soflis meurneobis damkvidreba SeiZleba dRis 11,56 wuTze warmovidginoT, xolo civlilizaciis
gaCena _ 11,57 wuTze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis warmoSoba moxda mxolod 11,59 wuTze
da 30 wamze! Tumca, SesaZloa, imdeni cvlileba moxda bolo 30 wamis ganmavlobaSi, ramdenic
mTlianad mis winamorbed periodSi.
Tanamedrove epoqaSi cvlilebis tempi advilad warmosadgenia, Tu Tvalyurs
mivadevnebT teqnologiuri ganviTarebis siswrafes. rogorc ekonomikis istorikosi devid lendisi
aRniSnavs mis cnobil kvlevaSi:
Tanamedrove teqnologia ara marto ufro swrafad awarmoebs ufro mets, igi qmnis iseT
produqts, romelic veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver iwarmoeboda warsulis xelosnuri meTodebiT.
yvelaze saukeTeso indieli xeliT mrTvelic ki ver SesZlebda iseTi mSvenieri da sufTa narTis
miRebas, rogoric sarTav dazgas SeuZlia; meTvramete saukuneSi qristianuli samyaros yvela
samWedlo erTad ver SesZlebda daemzadebina iseTi didi, gluvi da homogenuri foladis furceli,
rogorc amas Tanamedrove saglini dgani akeTebs qarxanaSi. Yyvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom
Tanamedrove teqnologiam iseTi sagnebi Seqmna, rac warmoudgeneli iyo preindustriuli
epoqisTvis; fotoaparati, avtomobili, TviTmfrinavi, eleqtronuli mowyobilobis mTeli
CamonaTvali, dawyebuli radiodan, damTavrebuli maRalsiCqariani kompiuteriT, atomuri
eleqtrosadgurebi da a.S. TiTqmis usasrulod.... Sedegad, miviReT saqonlis da momsaxurebis
uzarmazari zrda da mravalferovneba; da mxolod aman Secvala adamianis cxovrebis wesi ufro
metad, vidre raime sxvam, cecxlis aRmoCenis Semdeg. 1750 wlis ingliseli mamakaci [da
SegviZlia davamatoT ingliseli qalic], materialuri sagnebiT, ufro axlos iyo keisris legionerebTan,
vidre Tavis SvilTaSvilebTan (Landes, 1969).
Tanamedrove samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis stili da socialuri institutebi
radikalurad gansxvavdeba Tundac axlo warsulisgan. Mmxolod ori an sami saukunis
ganmavlobaSi – drois wuTieri gaelveba kacobriobis istoriis konteqstSi – adamianis socialuri
cxovreba Zalze daSorda socialur wyobas, romelSic adamianebi aTaswleulobiT cxovrobdnen.
Cvens winamorbed nebismier Taobaze metad, Cven vdgavarT gaurkveveli momavlis
winaSe. ra Tqma unda, cxovrebis pirobebi wina TaobebisTvisac ar iyo usafrTxo: adamianebi
bunebrivi katastrofebis, Savi Wirisa da SimSilis tyveobaSi iyvnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes
industriul qveynebSi Cven TiTqmis daculni varT Savi Wirisa da SimSilisgan, unda
gavumklavdeT axal socialur Zalebs, romlebic Tavad gavanTavisufleT. Aam Zalebs
gamudmebiT moaqvs socialuri cvlileba Cvens cxovrebaSi.
cvlilebis gansazRvra
rogor unda ganvsazRvroT socialuri cvlileba? Aarsebobs mosazreba, rom yvelaferi

yovelTvis icvleba. Yyoveli dRe axali dRea; yoveli momenti drois axali wamia. berZeni
filosofosi heraklite aRniSnavda, rom adamiani erTsadaimave mdinareSi orjer ver Seva; meorejer
mdinare gansxvavebulia, vinaidan wyali mdinarea. adamianic SeumCnevlad icvleba. Tumca, es
dakvirveba garkveuli azriT sworia, Cven, ra Tqma unda, Cveulebriv, vambobT, rom es igive
mdinarea da orive SemTxvevaSi erTidaigive adamiani Seabijebs am mdinareSi. Aarsebobs
aSkara uwyvetoba mdinaris moxazulobasa Tu formaSi da fexebdasvelebuli adamianis fsiqikasa
da pirovnulobaSi imisaTvis, rom vTqvaT, miuxedavad momxdari cvlilebisa, TiToeuli ìgive~
rCeba.
cvlilebis identificireba gulisxmobs imis Cvenebas, Tu ramdenad Seicvala mocemuli
obieqtis an situaciis siRrmiseuli struqtura drois garkveul monakveTSi. adamianuri
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408
sazogadoebebis SemTxvevaSi, imis dasadgenad, Tu ramdenad da rogor aris CarTuli sistema

cvlilebis procesSi, Cven unda vaCvenoT, Tu ra doneze xorcieldeba ZiriTadi institutebis
modifikacia garkveuli drois periodSi. cvlilebis yvelanairi aRricxva gulisxmobs imis Cvenebasac,
Tu ra rCeba ucvleli, rogorc ZiriTadi sayrdeni, romlis mixedviTac ganisazRvreba cvlilebebi.
dRevandel swrafad cvalebad samyaroSic ki, arsebobs uwyvetoba sakmaod daSorebul
warsulTan. magaliTad, ZiriTadi religiuri sistemebi, rogoricaa qristianoba an islami, inarCuneben
kavSirs im ideebsa da praqtikasTan, romlebsac ori aTasi wlis win Caeyara safuZvveli. Tumca,
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, instituciebis umetesoba, aSkarad ufro swrafad icvleba, vidre
amas tradiciuli samyaroSi hqonda adgili.
Mmocemul TavSi, ganvixilavT im cvlilebebis interpretaciis mcdelobebs, ramac gavlena
iqonia mTlianad kacobriobis istoriaze; Semdeg ganvixilavT sakiTxs, Tu ratom aris asocirebuli
Tanamedrove periodi aseT Rrma da swraf socialur cvlilebasTan. Bbevri cvlileba dRes
globaluria _ an erTdroulad msoflios bevr nawilSi xdeba, an gavlenas axdens planetis, rogorc
mTelis, momavalze.
gavlenebi socialur cvlilebaze
Bbolo ori saukunis manZilze socialuri Teoriis mimdevrebi Seecadnen, SeeqmnaT

grandiozuli Teoria, romelic axsnida socialuri cvlilebis xasiaTs. Tumca, arc erT Teorias ara aqvs
imis Sansi, rom amomwuravad gadmogvces kacobriobis socialuri ganviTarebis sruli suraTi,
dawyebuli monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa, aseve sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebebiT, tradiciuli
civilizaciis CaTvliT da DdRevandeli Zalze rTuli socialuri sistemiT damTavrebuli. miuxedavad
amisa, Cven SesaZlebloba gvaqvs, davadginoT sami ZiriTadi faqtori, rac myarad zemoqmedebs
socialur cvlilebaze: fizikuri garemo, politikuri organizacia da kulturuli faqtorebi.
Ffizikuri garemo
Ffizikuri garemo, xSirad, gavlenas axdens adamianis socialuri organizaciis

ganviTarebaze. Ees Zalze cxadia ufro eqstremalur garemo pirobebSi, sadac adamianebs
TavianTi cxovrebis mowyoba uxdebaT klimaturi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. polaruli regionebis
mkvidrni aucileblad ganaviTareben Cvevebsa da cxovrebis wess, romelic gansxvavdeba
subtropikebSi mcxovrebTa wesisgan. alaskaze mcxovrebi adamianebi, sadac zamTari
xangrZlivi da mkacria, socialuri cxovrebis gansxvavebul wess iziareben, vidre is adamianebi,
romlebic xmelTaSua zRvis Tbil qveynebSi cxovroben. alaskelebi cxovrebis umetes nawils
SenobebSi atareben; gamonakliss mxolod mokle zafxuli warmoadgens, rodesac isini dagegmil
gare samuSaos ewevian, im arasaxarbielo garemos gaTvaliswinebiT, romelSic isini cxovroben.
Nnaklebad eqstremalurma fizikurma pirobebma SeiZleba agreTve iqonios gavlena
sazogadoebaze. magaliTad, avstraliis aborigenebs arasodes SeuwyvetiaT monadireoba da
Semgrovebloba imis gamo, rom kontinentze TiTqmis ar moiZebneboda kultivirebadi
mcenareebi, da iseTi cxovelebic ar iyo, romelTa moSinaurebiT SesaZlebeli iqneboda
meurneobis warmoeba. msoflios adreuli civilizaciebi, umTavresad, nayofier miwebze
iqmneboda, magaliTad, mdinaris SesarTavebSi. aseve, Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo gaadvilebuli
komunikaciebi xmeleTze da sazRvao gzebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba. sazogadoebebi
erTmaneTisgan mowyvetili iyo mTis qedebiT, gauvali junglebiT an udabnoebiT da amitomac,
xSirad, SedarebiT ucvleli rCeboda didi xnis ganmavlobaSi.
Dda mainc, garemos uSualo zegavlena socialur cvlilebaze arc ise didia. xSirad,
adamianebi axerxeben, Seqmnan mniSvnelovani sawarmoo simdidre SedarebiT arasaxarbielo
garemoSi. es, magaliTad, Seexeba alaskelebs, romlebmac SesZles navTobis mopovebisa da
mineraluri resursebis ganviTareba, miuxedavad maTi garemos mkacri xasiaTisa. amis
sapirispirod, monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa kulturebi, xSirad, Zalze nayofier regionebSi
cxovrobdnen, Tumca mainc ar erTvebodnen sasoflo-sameurneo an mesaqonleTa warmoebaSi.
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409
magaliTad, vankuveris kunZulis kvakutis indielebi, romlebmac sakuTari cxovrebis wesi

xelSeuxeblad SeinarCunes gasuli naxevari saukunis periodamde, cxovrobdnen iseT garemoSi,
romelic mdidari iyo TevziT, xiliT da sxva sakvebi mcenareuliT. isini agrZelebdnen cxovrebas
nadirobiTa da SegrovebiT da arasodes ucdiaT, gadaeqciaT TavianTi garemo myar sasoflo-
sameurneo dasaxlebad.
uSualo kavSiri garemosa da warmoebis sistemas Soris didi ar aris. amitom
evolucionistebis aqcenti garemos mimarT adaptaciaze, naklebad damajerebelia, vidre marqsis
ideebi socialuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, vinaidan marqsi xazs usvamda im garemoebas, rom
adamianebi, xSirad, ver eguebian garemomcvel pirobebs, rogorc es cxovelebis SemTxvevaSia.
adamiani yovelTvis cdilobs, ufro metad daimorCilos mis garSemo arsebuli samyaro, vidre igi
mzamzareulad miiRos. ufro metic, udavoa, rom warmoebis tipebi Zlier gavlenas axdens
socialuri cvlilebis donesa da xasiaTze, Tumca, maT iseTi yovlismomcveli zegavlena ara aqvs,
rogorsac marqsi miawers.
Ppolitikuri organizacia
Mmeore faqtori, romelic Zlier zemoqmedebs socialur cvlilebaze, politikuri organizaciis

tipia. es zegavlena monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebSi minimumamdea dayvanili,
vinaidan aq ar aris politikuri xelisufleba, romelic Temis wevrebis mobilizebas SesZlebda.
Tumca, sazogadoebis yvela danarCen tipSi arsebobs garkveuli politikuri organo _ beladi,
memamule, mefe Tu mTavroba – romelic sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kursze Zlier gavlenas
axdens. politikuri sistemebi ar warmoadgens safuZvelmdebare ekonomikuri organizaciis uSualo
gamoxatulebas, rogorc es marqss sjeroda. msgavsi warmoebis sistemis mqone sazogadoebebSi,
SesaZloa, politikuri wyobis sruliad gansxvavebuli tipebi arsebobdes. magaliTad, industriul
kapitalizmze dafuZnebul zogierT sazogadoebas avtoritaruli politikuri sistema hqonda
(magaliTad, nacisturi germania an aparteidis qveS myofi samxreT afrika), maSin roca sxvebi
gacilebiT metad demokratiulebi arian (magaliTad, SeerTebuli Statebi, britaneTi an SvedeTi).
Uumetesi tradiciuli saxelmwifoebis CamoyalibebaSi fundamentur rols samxedro Zala
asrulebda; is erTnairad axdenda zemoqmedebas rogorc am qveynis Semdgom gadarCenaze,
aseve mis mier moxdenil eqspansiaze. Tumca, kavSiri warmoebis donesa da samxedro Zlierebas
Soris kvlav arapirdapiria. magaliTad, mmarTvels SeuZlia mTeli resursi samxedro Zlierebis
aSenebas moaxmaros maSin, rodesac es mosaxleobis umravlesobas siRaribeSi agdebs, rogorc es
sadam huseinis mmarTvelobis dros eraySi moxda.
kulturuli faqtorebi
Mmesame ZiriTadi zegavlena socialur cvlilebaze kulturuli faqtorebiTaa ganpirobebuli,

rac gulisxmobs religiis, komunikaciuri sistemebis da lideris gavlenas. rogorc me-16 TavSi
davinaxeT, religia SeiZleba iyos rogorc konservatuli, aseve, inovaciuri Zala socialur cxovrebaSi.
religiuri rwmenis zogierTi forma da praqtika cvlilebis muxruWs warmoadgenda da, upirveles
yovlisa, xazs usvamda tradiciuli Rirebulebebisa da ritualebis aRiarebis saWiroebas. Tumca,
rogorc maqs veberi aRniSnavda, religiuri mrwamsi, xSirad, mamobilizebel rols asrulebda
socialuri cvlilebisTvis.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani kulturuli zegavlena, rac zemoqmedebs cvlilebis saxesa da
tempze, sakomunikacio sistemebia, magaliTad, damwerlobis SemoRebam Seqmna Canawerebis
Senaxvis saSualeba, gaaZliera kontroli materialur resursebze da xeli Seuwyo msxvili
organizaciebis ganviTarebas. garda amisa, damwerlobam Secvala adamianebis warmodgena
warsulis, awmyosa da momavlis kavSirze. sazogadoebebi, romlebsac damwerloba aqvs, inaxavs
warsuli movlenebis Canawerebs da acnobierebs, rom gaaCnia istoria. istoriis gagebam SeiZleba
warmoSvas ganviTarebis mTliani dinamikis an xazis SegrZneba, romelsac misdevs
sazogadoeba, da adamianebi, SesaZloa, aqtiurad Seecadon mis Semdgom xelSewyobas.
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Kkulturuli faqtorebis zogadi saTauris qveS SeiZleba movaqcioT liderobac. msoflio

istoriaSi calkeul liderebs uzarmazari zegavlena hqondaT. sakmarisia gavixsenoT udidesi
religiuri figurebi (qristes msgavsad), politikuri da samxedro liderebi (rogoricaa iulius keisari), an
axali mecnierebis da filosofiis Semqmnelebi (rogoricaa niutoni). liders SeuZlia gaataros
dinamiuri politika, masiurad miizidos mimdevrebi, an radikalurad Secvalos azrovnebis arsebuli
modeli; SeuZlia, daamxos adre damyarebuli wesrigi.
Tumca, individebs liderobis miRweva da efeqturi marTva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
SeuZliaT, Tu xelSemwyobi socialuri pirobebi arsebobs. magaliTad, 1930-ian wlebSi,
germaniaSi adolf hitlerma Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba rom SeZlo, nawilobriv, gamowveuli iyo
daZabulobiTa da krizisiT, rasac qveyana im periodSi ganicdida, Tu ara arsebuli garemoebebi,
igi, albaT, umniSvnelo figurad darCeboda romelime politikur fraqciaSi. aqve SeiZleba
gavixsenoT mahaTma gandi, gamoCenili pacefisti lideri indoeTSi, romelic meore msoflio omis
Semdgom periodSi moRvaweobda. gandim SeZlo, efeqturad daecva Tavisi qveynis
damoukidebloba britaneTis mmarTvelobisgan imis gamo, rom omma da sxva movlenebma
daangria arsebuli koloniuri institutebi indoeTSi.
cvlileba Tanamedrove periodSi
riTi aixsneba is, rom bolo orasi wlis manZilze, anu Tanamedrove periodSi, socialuri
cvlilebis tempis amgvari daCqareba SeiniSneba? es rTuli sakiTxia, Tumca, Zneli ar aris
zogierTi masSi Semavali faqtoris zusti gansazRvra. Ggasakviri ar aris, rom maTi kategoriebad
dayofa im erTiani xazis mixedviT SegviZlia, romlis msgavsma faqtorebmac gavlena iqonia
socialur cvlilebaze mTeli istoriis manZilze; garda im siaxlisa, rom fizikuri garemos gavlenas
ganvixilavT ekonomikuri faqtorebis saerTo mniSvnelobis konteqstSi.
Eekonomikuri gavlena
Eekonomikuri gavlenebidan yvelaze farTo samrewvelo kapitalizmis zegavlenaa.

Kkapitalizmis fundamenturi gansxvaveba manamde arsebuli warmoebiTi sistemebisgan imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom igi gulisxmobs warmoebis mudmiv gafarToebas da simdidris mzard
dagrovebas. tradiciul sawarmoo sistemebSi warmoebis done sakmaod statikuri iyo, vinaidan
ucvlel da Cveul moTxovnebze iyo damokidebuli. kapitalizmi xels uwyobs sawarmoo teqnologiis
mudmiv ganaxlebas; am procesSi Zalze didia mecnierebis wvlili, Tanamedrove warmoebaSi
teqnologiuri inovaciebis gamoyenebis koeficienti gacilebiT maRalia, vidre manamde arsebuli
ekonomikuri wesis romelime tipSi.
Mmecnierebisa da teqnologiis zegavlena Cveni cxovrebis wesze, SesaZloa, didad iyos
ganpirobebuli ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, Tumca, igi ekonomikuri sferos miRmac vrceldeba.
mecniereba da teqnologia, udaod, gavlenis mqonea, Tumca, Tavadac politikuri da kulturuli
faqtorebis gavlenas ganicdis. mecnieruli da teqnologiuri ganviTareba komunikaciis iseTi
Tanamedrove formebis SeqmnaSi daexmara, rogoricaa, magaliTad, radio da televizia. rogorc
davinaxeT, komunikaciis es eleqtronuli formebi, bolo wlebSi, cvlilebebs iwvevs politikaSi.
radio, televizia da sxva eleqtronuli media saSualebebi, aseve, ayalibeben Cvens azrovnebis
wessa da samyaros xedvas.
P
politikuri gavlena
Tanamedrove periodSi socialur cvlilebaze gavlenis momxdeni meore ZiriTadi faqtori

politikuri movlenebia. erebs Soris brZola sakuTari Zalauflebis damkvidrebisTvis, miswrafeba
simdidris dasagroveblad da samxedro upiratesoba yvela konkurentze – es iyo cvlilebis
energetikuli muxti bolo ori Tu sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi. tradiciul civilizaciebSi politikuri
cvlileba, Cveulebriv, elitiT Semoifargleboda. magaliTad, erT aristokratiul ojaxs cvlida meore
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mmarTveli maSin, rodesac mosaxleobis umravlesobis cxovreba SedarebiT ucvleli rCeboda.

Tanamedrove politikur sistemebSi ase ar xdeba; aq politikuri liderebis da mTavrobis wevrebis
aqtivoba mudmivad aisaxeba mosaxleobis cxovrebaze. politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimRebni,
rogorc sagareo, aseve saSinao saqmeebSi, mxars uWeren da warmarTaven socialur cvlilebas
gacilebiT farTod, vidre es adre xdeboda.
Bbolo ori Tu sami saukunis manZilze politikurma ganviTarebam garkeveuli
zemoqmedeba moaxdina ekonomikur cvlilebaze, Tumca, iseve, rogorc ekonomikurma cvlilebam
– politikur ganviTarebaze. amJamad mTavrobebi umTavres rols asruleben ekonomikuri zrdis
stimulirebis saqmeSi (zogjer ki aneleben mas); yvela industriul sazogadoebaSi, saxelmwifo
maRali xarisxiT ereva warmoebaSi, vinaidan mTavroba gaSualebulad Tavad aris udidesi
damsaqmebeli.
AZalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs samxedro Zalas da omebsac. me-17 saukunidan
dawyebuli, dasavleTis qveynebis samxedro Zalebis warmatebebma saSualeba misca maT,
zegavlena moexdinaT mTel msoflioze da uzrunveleyoT dasavluri cxovrebis wesis sayovelTao
gavrceleba. Mmeoce saukuneSi orma msoflio omma arsebiTi gavlena iqonia – mravali qveynis
gaCanagebam, romelsac mohyva aRdgenis procesebi, mravali instituciuri cvlileba gamoiwvia,
magaliTad. Ggermaniasa da iaponiaSi, meore msoflio omis Semdeg, gamarjvebulma
qveynebmac ki, rogoric gaerTianebuli samefoa, mravali Sinagani cvlileba ganicada, rac
ekonomikaze omis Sedegebis gavlenas warmoadgenda.
Kkulturuli gavlena
Kkulturul faqtorebs Soris, ramac Cvens droSi gavlena iqonia socialuri cvlilebis
procesebze – mecnierebis ganviTarebam da azrovnebis sekularizaciam _ xeli Seuwyo
Tanamedrove msoflmxedvelobis kritikuli da inovaciuri xasiaTis Camoyalibebas. Cven ukve
aRar miviCnevT, rom Cvevebi da wes-Cveulebebi misaRebia mxolod imitom, rom maT
saukunovani tradicia aqvs. amis sapirispirod, Cveni cxovrebis wesi sul ufro met `racionalur~
safuZvels moiTxovs. magaliTad, saavadmyofos dizaini ar unda eyrdnobodes, ZiriTadad,
tradiciul gemovnebas, aramed saavadmyofos ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes – avadmyofis
efeqtur mkurnalobas.
AamasTan erTad, Seicvala Cveni azrovnebis wesi da Cveni ideebis Sinaarsi.
TviTsrulyofis, Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da demokratiuli monawileobis idealebi, umTavresad,
gasuli ori-sami saukunis produqtia. aseTi idealebi socialuri da politikuri cvlilebis procesebis
mobilizebas emsaxureboda, revoluciebis CaTvliT. es ideebi ar SeiZleba tradiciebTan
yofiliyvnen mibmulni, aramed, ufro metad, miuTiTebdnen cxovrebis wesis mudmivi ganaxlebis
aucileblobas, adamianis srulyofis mizniT. miuxedavad imisa, rom es idealebi dasavleTSi
Caisaxa, isini namdvilad universaluri da globaluria, da xels uwyobs cvlilebas msoflios umetes
regionebSi.
mimdinare cvlileba da momavlis perspeqtivebi
sad mivyavarT dRes socialur cvlilebas? GganviTarebis ra ZiriTadi tendenciebia,

romelmac, SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos Cvens cxovrebaze ocdameerTe saukunis dasawyisSi?
sociologiis Teoretikosebi ver Tanxmdebian am SekiTxvebze pasuxebSi, radgan isini mraval
varauds Seicavs. aq ganvixilavT sam sxvadasxva savaraudo perspeqtivas: mosazrebas, rom
Cven amJamad postindustrul sazogadoebaSi vcxovrobT; ideas, rom Cven mivaRwieT
postmodernul periods; da Teorias, rom Cven mivaRwieT ìstoriis dasasruls.~
Ppostindustriuli sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT?
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zogierTi mkvlevari gamoTqvams azrs, rom is, rac dRes xdeba, gardamavali safexuria
axali sazogadoebisken. romelic ukve aRar efuZneba industrializms. isini acxadeben, rom Cven
SevdivarT ganviTarebis fazaSi, romelic mTlianad industriuli epoqis miRmaa. axali socialuri
wesrigis aRsaniSnavad, mravali axali termini Seiqmna, rogoricaa informaciuli sazogadoeba,
momsaxurebis sazogadoeba da codnis sazogadoeba. Tumca, termini, romelic damkvidrda _
pirvelad gamoiyenes deniel belma SeerTebul StatebSi da alen turenma safrangeTSi –
postindustriuli sazogadoebaa (Bell, 1973; Touraine, 1974). `post~ (niSnavs `Semdgomi~)
ganmartavs azrs, rom Cven vmoZraobT industriuli ganviTarebis Zveli formebis miRma.
saxelwodebebis mravalgvaroba ukve migvaniSnebs im uamrav ideaze, romelic
SemoTavazebulia mimdinare socialuri cvlilebebis interpretaciisTvis. Tumca, erTi Tema, romelic
mudmivad Cndeba, esaa informaciis Tu codnis mniSvneloba momavlis sazogadoebaSi. Cveni
cxovrebis wesi, romelic efuZneba materialuri saqonlis warmoebas da dazgisa da fabrikis Zalas
eyrdnoba. iseTi warmoebiT icvleba, sadac informacia warmoadgens sawarmoo sistemis
safuZvels.
postindustriuli sazogadoebis yvelaze cxadi da amomwuravi suraTi mogvca deniel belma
Tavis wignSi “The Coming of the Postindustrial Society” (1973). beli miuTiTebs, rom
postindustriuli wesrigi gamoirCeva momsaxurebis sferos gazrdiT, im samuSaos nacvlad, romlis
safuZvelze materialuri saqoneli iwarmoeba.Llurjsayeloiani muSa, romelic fabrikaSi an
dazgasTanaa dakavebuli, ukve aRar warmoadgens daqiravebuli muSis aucilebel tips.
TeTrsayeloiani muSebi (klerkebi da kvalificirebuli specialistebi) lurjsayeloianebze metni arian;
profesiuli da teqnikuri specialobebi yvelaze swrafad izrdeba.
Aadamianebi, romlebic ufro maRali donis TeTrsayeloianTa profesiebs floben,
specializdebian informaciisa da codnis warmoebaSi. warmoeba da kontroli imisa, rasac beli
kodificirebul codnas uwodebs – sistematur, koordinirebul informacias – sazogadoebis ZiriTadi
resursia. isini, vinc am codnas qmnis da avrcelebs – mecnierebi, kompiuteris specialistebi,
ekonomistebi, inJinrebi da yvela saxis profesionalebi – TandaTan wamyvan socialur jgufebad
yalibdebian da Zveli sistemis mwarmoeblebisa da mewarmeTa adgils ikaveben. kulturis doneze,
SeiniSneba industrializmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli `samuSao eTikis~ ugulebelyofa; adamianebi
ufro Ria arian inovaciebisTvis da siamovnebas Rebuloben rogorc TavianTi samuSaosgan, ise
piradi cxovrebisgan.
ramdenad safuZvliania Tvalsazrisi, rom Zveli industriuli wesrigi axali postindustriuli
sazogadoebiT Seicvleba? miuxedavad imisa, rom xsenebuli Tezisi farTod iqna miRebuli,
empiriuli mtkicebulebebi, romlebsac igi eyrdnoba, Semdegi saxis eWvebs iwvevs:
1. tendencia momsaxurebis sferos mimarTulebiT, rasac Tan axlavs samuSao adgilebis
Semcireba sawarmoo seqtorebSi, TiTqmis industrializaciis sawyisebidan daiwyo; es ar aris axali
movlena _ adreuli 1800-iani wlebidan warmoebac da momsaxurebac soflis meurneobis xarjze
gafarTovda; amasTan, momsaxurebis seqtori ufro swrafad viTardeboda, vidre warmoeba.
lurjsayeloiani muSa, realurad, arasodes iyo daqiravebuli muSis yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipi;
daqiravebuli muSebi, yovelTvis, soflis meurneobaSi da momsaxurebaSi muSaobdnen; amasTan,
momsaxurebis sfero izrdeboda maSin, roca soflis meurneobaSi dakavebulTa ricxvi mcirdeboda.
Yyvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba sawarmoo samuSaodan momsaxurebaze gadasvla ki ar iyo,
aramed sasoflo saqmianobidan yvela sxva saqmianobaze gadasvla.
2. momsaxurebis seqtori Zalze mravalferovania. momsaxurebis profesia ar SeiZleba,
ubralod, gavaigivoT TeTrsayeloianTa saqmianobasTan; momsaxurebis mravali saqmianoba
(magaliTad, benzin gasamrT sadgurze momuSave) lurjsayeloianebs ganekuTvneba im mizeziT,
rom is xeliT samuSaoa. TeTrsayeloianTa dasaqmebis umetesoba mcire, magram mainc
specializebul codnas moiTxovs da, garkveulwilad, meqanizebuli xdeba. asea mravali dabali
rangis saofise samuSaos SemTxvevaSi.
3. momsaxurebis seqtorSi mravali saqmianoba CarTulia procesebSi, romelic, sabolood,
materialur produqts qmnis da, amitom, igi warmoebis nawilad unda CaiTvalos. Aamrigad,
kompiuteris programisti, romelic sawarmoo firmaSi muSaobs da manqana-iaraRebis
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413
daproeqtebas da monitorings axorcielebs, uSualodaa CarTuli materialuri produqtis Seqmnis

procesSi.
4. veravin ityvis darwmunebiT, Tu rogori iqneba mikroprocesuli da eleqtronuli
sakomunikacio sistemebis zegavlena Soreul momavalSi. amJamad igi ufro integrirebulia
samrewvelo warmoebaSi da naklebad aviwroebs mas. naTlad Cans, rom aseTi teqnologiebi
gaagrZelebs inovaciis maRali reitingis Cvenebas da socialuri cxovrebis met sferoebSi
gavrceldeba. Tumca, jer kidev gaurkvevelia, ramdenad vcxovrobT iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac
kodificirebuli codna ZiriTad resurss warmoadgens.
5. postindustriuli sazogadoebis koncefcia azviadebs ekonomikuri faqtorebis
mniSvnelobas socialur cvlilebebSi. aseTi sazogadoeba daxasiaTebulia, rogorc ekonomikis
ganviTarebis Sedegi, rac sxva institutebSic iwvevs cvlilebas. postindustriuli hipoTezis mravali
mimdevari Zalze mcire gavlenas ganicdida an aSkarad kritikulad iyo ganwyobili marqsis
mimarT; Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom maTi pozicia kvazimarqsistulia, gansakuTrebiT imaSi, rom
maTi SexedulebiT, ekonomikuri faqtorebi gansazRvravs socialur cvlilebas.
Mmravali movlena, romlis citirebasac axdenen postindustriis Teoretikosebi,
Tanamedrove epoqis mniSvnelovani niSan-Tvisebaa, Tumca, aradamajerebelia, rom
postindustruli sazogadoebis koncefcia saukeTeso gzaa mis gamosaxatavad. Uufro metic, Zalebi,
romlebic dRes cvlilebis ukan dgas, politikuri da kulturulia, iseve rogorc ekonomikuri.
Ppostmodernizmi da istoriis dasasruli
zogierTi avtori ise Sors wavida, rom ambobs, rom movlenebi, romlebic amJamad xdeba,
gacilebiT Rrmaa, vidre industrializmis dasasrulze signali. rac xdeba, mxolod da mxolod
moZraobaa modernizmis miRma – damokidebulebebi da cxovrebis wesi, asocirebuli
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebTan, gulisxmobs Cvens rwmenas progresSi, mecnierebis
upiratesobas da Cvens SesaZleblobas, vmarToT Tanamedrove samyaro. Ppostmodernuli epoqa
modis an ukve mosulia.
Ppostmodernizmis damcvelebi acxadeben, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi
STagonebulni arian ideiT, rom istorias aqvs Tavisi moxazuloba – is `miemarTeba sadRac~ da
mivyavarT progresisken – da rom es warmodgena daingra. ukve aRar arsebobs `didi narativebi~
_ istoriis yovlismomcveli koncefciebi _ romlebic raime sazrisis matarebelia (Lyotard, 1985). ar
arsebobs ara marto progresis zogadi cneba, romelic SeiZleba davicvaT, aramed saerTod ar
arsebobs iseTi ram, rasac istoria hqvia. amgvarad, postmodernuli samyaro Zalze pluralisturi da
mravalgvaria. uamravi filmis, video da satelevizio programis gziT, warmosaxvebi cirkulirebs
mTel msoflioSi. Cven veziarebiT mraval ideasa da Rirebulebas, Tumca, amas Zalze susti
kavSiri aqvs im konkretuli adgilis istoriasTan, sadac Cven vcxovrobT, an Tundac Cvens pirad
istoriebTan. yvelaferi mudmiv moZraobaSia. avtorTa erTi jgufi ase gamoxatavda amas:
Cveni samyaro axlidan iqmneba. Mmasobrivi warmoeba, masobrivi moxmareba, didi
qalaqi, dangreuli mikroraioni, ufrosi Zma-saxelmwifo, eri-saxelmwifo dacemas ganicdis.
Warbobs moqniloba, gansxvavebuloba, diferenciacia, mobiloba, komunikacia, decentralizacia
da internacionalizacia. am procesSi Cveni identoba, Cveni meobis SegrZneba, Cveni
subieqturoba gardaiqmneba. Cven vimyofebiT axali epoqis gardamaval periodSi (S. Hall et al.,
1988).
amboben, rom istoria mTavrdeba modernizmTan erTad, vinaidan aRar arsebobs gza,
zogadi terminebiT aRwero pluralisturi samyaro, romelic Semovida Cvens yofaSi.
Ffukuiama da istoriis dasasruli
Mmwerali, romlis saxeli gaigivebulia frazasTan ìstoriis dasasruli,~ frensis fukuiamaa.

fukuiamas koncefcia istoriis dasasrulis Sesaxeb, erTi SexedviT, postmodernizmis Teoretikosebis
mier wamoyenebuli ideebis savsebiT sapirispiros warmoadgens. Mmisi Sexedulebebi
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dafuZnebulia ara modernizmis ngrevaze, aramed mis msoflio triumfze, kapitalizmisa da

liberaluri demokratiis saxiT. Ffukuiama Tvlis, rom aRmosavleT evropaSi 1989 wlis
revoluciebiT, sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT da sxva regionebSi mravalpartiuli demokratiisTvis
moZraobiT, adreuli epoqebis ideologiuri brZolebi dasrulda. istoriis dasasruli alternativebis
dasasrulia. ukve aRaravin daicavs monarqizms, xolo faSizmi warsulis fenomenia. es exeba
komunizmsac, dasavluri demokratiis ZiriTad metoqes. marqsis winaswarmetyvelebis
sapirispirod, kapitalizmma mougo xangrZlivi brZola socializms da liberalurma demokratiam
gaimarjva. fukuiama amtkicebs, rom Cven mivaRwieT `kacobriobis ideologiuri evoluciis bolo
wertils da dasavluri demokratiis universalizacias, rogorc adamianuri mmarTvelobis saboloo
formas~ (1989).
Tumca, istoriis dasasrulis ori versia ise daSorebuli ar aris erTmaneTisgan, rogorc
SeiZleba mogveCvenos. liberaluri demokratia aris struqtura gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis da
interesebis gamosaxatavad. is ar adgens, rogor unda moviqceT, garda imisa, rom moiTxovs
sxvebis Sexedulebebis pativiscemas; amitomac, igi uTavsdeba pluralistur Sexedulebebsa da
cxovrebis wess.
Sefaseba
Zalze saeWvoa, rom istoria SeCerdeba, im azriT, rom Cven amovwuravT yvela arsebul
SesaZleblobas. vis SeuZlia Tqvas, rogori ekonomikuri, politikuri Tu kulturuli wyobis axali
formebi gaCndeba momavalSi? iseve, rogorc Suasaukuneebis moazrovneebs ar hqondaT
warmodgena industriul sazogadoebaze, romelic feodalizmis daqveiTebis Semdeg unda
gaCeniliyo, Cvenc, am momentisTvis, ar SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, rogor Seicvleba
msoflio momaval saukuneSi.
Aamitom, Cven unda gvqondes varaudebi rogorc istoriis dasasrulis ideis, aseve
postmodernizmis ideis Sesaxeb. postmodernizmis Teoretikosebi zedmetad usvamen xazs
gansxvavebulobasa da fragmentacias, globaluri integraciis axali formebis xarjze. pluralizmi
mniSvnelovania, Tumca kacobrioba dRes saerTo problemebis winaSe dgas, im problemebis,
romelTa gadawyveta saerTo wamowyebebs moiTxovs. erTi mxriv, kapitalisturi eqspansia ar
SeiZleba usazRvrod gagrZeldes; msoflios mxolod sasruli resursebi aqvs. rogorc erTian
kacobriobas, Cven gvWirdeba, gadavdgaT nabijebi im ekonomikuri dayofis gadasalaxad,
romelic mdidar da Rarib qveynebs mijnavs erTmaneTisgan, iseve rogorc sazogadoebebis SigniT
arsebuli segmentaciebis gadasalaxad. amiT Cven, aseve, vicavT resursebs, romlebzec yvela
varT damokidebulni. politikuri wyobis doneze mxolod liberaluri demokratia sakmarisi ar aris.
rogorc struqtura, SezRuduli eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebiT, is ver wyvets problemas, Tu rogor
SeiZleba Seiqmnas Zaladobisgan Tavisufali globaluri pluralisturi wyoba.
safrTxeebi globaluri garemosTvis
Pproblema, romlis winaSec yoveli adamiani dgas, garemos ekologias ukavSirdeba.

samrewvelo warmoebis farTod gavrcelebis Sedegad, garemos, SesaZloa, ukve miadga
gamousworebeli ziani. ekologiuri problema marto imas ki ar gulisxmobs, Tu rogor
gavumklavdeT da SevaCeroT garemosTvis zianis miyeneba da perioduli samrewvelo
katastrofebi, aramed cxovrebis swori gzis gamonaxvas industriuli sazogadoebebis farglebSi. Tu
gamudmebuli ekonomikuri zrda unda SeCerdes, SesaZloa, warmoiSvas axali socialuri
institutebi. teqnologiuri progresis winaswargaTvla SeuZlebelia, da SesaZlebelia, rom
dedamiwam, faqtobrivad, gaiRos sakmarisi resursi industrializaciis procesisTvis, Tumca,
arsebuli momentisTvis amis miRweva Znelia, da Tu mesame msoflios qveynebma unda
miaRwion dasavleTSi miRebul standartebs, globaluri gardaqmna aucilebeli gaxdeba.
soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebis Semdeg, rac aTaswleulebis win moxda, adamianebma
kvali daaCines bunebas. monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi, ZiriTadad, bunebisgan
boZebuliT kmayofildebodnen; isini imiT arsebobdnen, riTac garemo uzrunvelyofda, da TiTqmis
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ar cdilobdnen maT irgvliv arsebuli garemos gardaqmnas. soflis meurneobis ganviTarebasTan

erTad situacia Seicvala. marcvleulis mosayvanad miwa unda gasufTavebuliyo, xeebi unda
moeWraT da sarevela da veluri mcenareebi unda amoeZirkvaT. im dros primitiuli sasoflo-
sameurneo samuSaoebic ki niadagis erozias iwvevda. roca bunebrivi tyeebi iWreboda da
wmenda sruldeboda, qarebs SeeZlo, gaefanta niadagis nayofieri fena. Semdeg fermeruli Temebi
wmendnen miwis nakveTebs da ase grZeldeboda procesi. zogierTi landSafti, romelic dRes
bunebrivi gvgonia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kldovani adgilebi da daRaruli miwebi saberZneTis
samxreT dasavleTSi, sinamdvileSi, niadagis eroziis Sedegia, rac fermerebis saqmianobiTaa
gamowveuli xuTi aTasi wlis win.
Tumca, Tanamedrove mrewvelobis ganviTarebamde, adamianTa cxovrebaSi bunebas
gacilebiT meti upiratesoba eniWeboda, vidre raime sxvas. dRes, adamianis SeWra bunebaSi
iseTi intensiurobiT xdeba, rom Zalze cota bunebrivi procesi SeiZleba davasaxeloT, razec
adamianis aqtivoba ar axdendes zegavlenas. TiTqmis mTeli nayofieri miwa sasoflo-sameurneo
produqts aqvs dakavebuli. is, rac TiTqmis daubegravi veluri adgilebi iyo, axla bunebis fondad
gadaiqca, rasac yoveldRiurad aTasobiT turisti moinaxulebs. TviT msoflios klimatic ki, rogorc
Semdeg vnaxavT, mrewvelobis globaluri ganviTarebis gavlenas ganicdis.
`mwvaneTa~ moZraobebi da partiebi (rogoricaa, ,,dedamiwis megobrebi” an ,,grinpisi”),
romlebic, zogjer, Tavad warmoadgenen globalur organizaciebs, garemosTan dakavSirebuli axali
saSiSroebis pasuxad Camoyalibdnen. Tumca, arsebobs sxvadasxvagvari filosofia mwvaneTa
rigebSi, ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa: ganxorcieldes qmedebebi msoflio garemos dasacavad; ufro mis
konservaciaze zrunva, vidre misi resursebis gamofitva; aseve, cxovelTa darCenili saxeebis
SenarCuneba. aseulobiT cxovelTa saxe gadaSenda ukanaskneli ormocdaaTi wlis manZilze da es
procesi axlac grZeldeba.
Ggaremos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi problema gansakuTrebiT mwvavea
specifikur teritoriebze. aRmosavleT evropis yofil komunistur sazogadoebebSi da sabWoTa
kavSirSi mdinareebi, tyeebi da haeri Zalze dabinZurebulia warmoebis narCenebiT. am
dabinZurebis Sedegebi, Tu zRvars gascdeba, potenciurad, mTel msoflios edeba. rogorc viciT,
sazogadoebebi dedamiwaze gacilebiT metad urTierTdamokidebulni gaxdnen, vidre odesme
iyvnen. rogorc `dedamiwis kosmosuri xomaldis~ mgzavrebi, ara aqvs mniSvneloba, sad
vcxovrobT, yvela garemos koroziis saSiSroebis winaSe varT. Ggermaneli sociologis ulrix bekis
sityvebiT, amgvari situacia ubiZgebs globaluri riskis sazogadoebis Seqmnas (Beck, 1992). Cven
axla globalur wesrigSi vcxovrobT, sadac safrTxis winaSe vdgavarT, ekologiuri safrTxis
CaTvliT, rac wina Taobebs ar gamoucdiaT.
moxmareba da garemo
msoflio moxmarebis revolucias ganicdis. 1950-iani wlebidan energiis, xorcis, spilenZis,
foladis da a.S. moxmarebis gaormageba moxda. manqanis mflobelebis ricxvi gaoTxmagebulia,
plastikatis gamoyenebam Zalze farTo saxe miiRo, xolo TviTmfrinaviT mgzavroba gaxSirda
daaxloebiT 33-jer.
resursebis gamoyeneba erTnairad ar xdeba. Mmsoflios mosaxleobis mexuTedi ar
iTvleba momxmareblad, Tumca, dasavlelTa saSualo klasis umetesoba CarTulia moxmarebaSi.
SeerTebul StatebSi adamianebis mxolod meaTeds umgzavria TviTmfrinaviT. miuxedavad
amisa, momxmarebelTa es mcire jgufi yvelaze Zlier zemoqmedebas axdens garemoze.
AaraaRdgenadi da SezRuduli resursebis daCqarebuli gamoyeneba ekosistemas riskis
qveS ayenebs. kakao ganviTarebad qveynebSi izrdeba, Tumca, mas, umTavresad, CrdiloeTSi
miirTmeven. magaliTad, afrika mis mier warmoebuli kakaos mxolod 3 procents moixmars.
Tumca, bunebrivi ekosistemebi nadgurdeba Sokoladis warmoebis gamo.
Ggaremos mzardi dabinZureba zians ayenebs tyeebs, sasmel wyals da okeaneebs.
germanelma mkvlevarebma gamoiTvales, rom aTi wlis manZilze, saSualod, manqana gamoyofs
2,040 milion kub. m (cu m) / 72,040 milion kub. ft (cu ft) dabinZurebul haers, 26,5 t / 29,9 t.
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416
narCenebs, pasuxismgebelia 3 mkvdar xesa da 30 `daavadebul~ xeze misi wvliliT mJavur

wvimebSi, agreTve, 200 kv. metri / 2,200 kv. futi gzebis gudronis feniT da betoniT dafarvaSi.
momxmarebloba gansakuTrebul zewolas sasoflo-sameurneo miwebze da saTevzao
adgilebze axdens. Tinusis mopoveba meqsikaSi weliwadSi 50-100 aTas delfinis sicocxles
iwiravs. sinTeturi badeebiT 60 saxis zRvis frinvelis daWera xdeba mTels msoflioSi da
pingvinebi uSualo safrTxis qveS arian.
Mmiuxedavad bevri saubrisa samxreTSi `mosaxleobis siWarbis~ Sesaxeb, msoflio
resursebze zewola mdidari qveynebidan modis. mTeli msoflios mosaxleobisTvis, ubralod,
SeuZlebeli iqneboda, hqondeT moxmarebis iseTi done, rogoric CrdiloeTSia. aseTi problemebis
mogvareba advili ar aris. konservacias, gadamuSavebas da grZelvadian produqtebs SeuZlia
daxmarebis gaweva. mgrZnobiare sakiTxi mdidrebs Soris moxmarebis Semcirebis Sesaxeb,
Znelad midis adresatamde da albaT ufro mniSvnelovani gaxdeba momavalSi.
wyaro: 1994 Hutchinson Gallup, INFO 1995, Helicon, gv. 527.
safrTxis wyaroebi
Ggaremos globaluri safrTxe mravali saxisaa: garemos dabinZureba, narCenebis

warmoqmna, romlebic ver gadamuSavdeba mokle droSi, da resursebis amowurva, romelic ver
Seivseba. Sinauri narCenebis uzarmazari grova – rac nagvis bunkerebSi midis – da rac yoveldRe
warmoiqmneba industriul sazogadoebebSi, SemaZrwunebelia; am sazogadoebebs, zogjer,
`nagvis civilizacias~ uwodeben, radgan maTSi gadayrili sagnebis raodenoba Zalian didia.
magaliTad, sakvebs, umetesad, yiduloben paketebSi da am paketebs dRis bolos yrian. zogierTi
maTgani SeiZleba gadamuSavdes, zogierTi ki _ ara. zogierTi farTod gamoyenebuli celofanis
paketi, ubralod, gamoyenebul narCenad iqceva; misi gadamuSaveba SeuZlebeliaDda amitom is
damarxuli unda iyos bunkerebSi.
rodesac garemos Sesaxeb analizebi narCenebis Sesaxeb informacias iZleva, es
narCenebi ara marto gadagdebul saqonels niSnavs, aramed, aseve, datumbuli airis Semcvel
narCenebs; amis magaliTia naxSirmJava, romelic atmosferoSi aRwevs, navTobis an naxSiris
wvis Sedegad manqanebSi da gasamarTav sadgurebSi; gazic aRwevs haerSi aerozolis,
kondicioneris an saizolacio masalis gamoyenebiT; naxSirmJava umTavres gavlenas axdens
globaluri daTbobis procesze, rac, bevri mecnieris azriT, ukve mimdinareobs (ix. diagrama 19.1),
Tumca, sxva airebic axdens zegavlenas ozonis safarze.
fiqroben, rom globaluri daTboba Semdegnairad mimdinareobs: naxSirmJavas
TandaTanobiTi dagroveba dedamiwis atmosferoSi moqmedebs, rogorc sarke saTburSi. igi
SeRwevis saSualebas aZlevs mzis sxivebs, Tumca, moqmedebs rogorc barieri, xels uSlis ra
sxivebis ukan dabrunebas. am procesis Sedegi dedamiwis gaxurebaa. am azriT, globalur
daTbobas, zogjer, `saTburis efeqts~ uwodeben. Tu globalur daTbobas eqneba adgili, Sedegebi,
albaT, gamanadgurebeli iqneba. danarCen movlenebTan erTad, zRvis donis aweva moxdeba da
polaruli yinulis safari dadneba, okeaneebi daTbeba da gafarTovdeba. sanapirosTan gaSenebuli
qalaqebi da dablobi adgilebi daitboreba da sacxovreblad uvargisi gaxdeba. Nnayofieri miwebis
umetesoba udabnod gadaiqceva.
ozonis safari, romelic dedamiwis atmosferos zeda SreebSia, qmnis safars, romelic icavs
ultraiisferi gamosxivebisgan. Aairi, romelic aerozolebSi da macivrebSi gamoiyeneba,
warmoqmnis nawilakebs, romelic reaqciaSi Sedis ozonis safarTan imgvarad, rom asustebs mas.
Ffiqroben, rom es qimikatebi orive polusze warmoqmnian SesamCnev naxvretebs ozonis safarSi
da aTxeleben am safars sxvaganac. radiacia, rogorc Sedegi, aRwevs dedamiwis atmsoferos,
qmnis sxvadasxvagvar, potenciurad zianismomtan efeqtebs, magaliTad, iwvevs Tvalis kataraqtis
gavrcelebas (ramac, SesaZloa, sibrmave gamoiwvios) da sxvadasxva xarisxis kanis kibos.
Tanamedrove mrewvelobam, romelic jer kidev farTovdeba mTel msoflioSi, uCveulod
gazarda moTxovnebi energiis wyaroze da nedleulze. Tumca, aseTi energis wyaro da nedli
masala SezRudulia. magaliTad, msoflioSi cnobili navTobis resursebis moxmarebis arsebuli
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koeficienti sruliad amoiwureba 2050 wlisTvis. SesaZloa, aRmoCenil iqnes navTobis axali
rezervebi an gamogonebul iqnes iafi energiis wyaro, Tumca, namdvilad arsebobs zRvari, roca
zogierTi arsebiTi resursi amoiwureba, Tu globaluri moxmareba ar SeizRudeba.
Ggaremo: sociologiuri problema?
ratom unda iyos garemo sociologebis sazrunavi? Ggana ar vmsjelobT sakiTxebze, rac
mxolod bunebis mecnierebisa da teqnologebis sferoa? Ggana adamianebis zemoqmedeba
bunebaze fizikuri ar aris, industriuli warmoebis Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT gamowveuli?
Ddiax, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove mrewvelobam da industriam arseboba moipova
garkveul socialur institutebTan kavSirSi. Ggaremoze Cveni zemoqmedebis warmoSoba
socialuria, da aseTivea mravali misi Sedegic.
Aamitom, globaluri garemos gadarCena niSnavs socialur, iseve rogorc teqnologiur
cvlilebas. mocemul globalur uTanasworobaSi Zalze mcire Sansia, rom mesame msoflios Raribi
qveynebi daTmoben ekonomikur zrdas garemos problemebis gamo, romelze pasuxismgebelnic
mdidari qveynebi arian. Tumca, dedamiwaze ar aris sakmarisi resursi imisaTvis, rom planetaze
mcxovrebma yvela adamianma miaRwios cxovrebis im standarts, rac industriul sazogadoebebSi
mcxovrebi adamianebis umravlesobisTvis TavisTavadi mocemulobaa. amitom, Tu msoflios
uRaribesi seqtorebi unda daewion ufro mdidrebs, am ukanasknelebma unda gadaxedon maT
molodinebs mudmiv ekonomikur zrdasTan dakavSirebiT. zogierTi `mwvane~ avtori miiCnevs,
rom mdidari qveynebis adamianebi unda gamovidnen momxmareblobis winaaRmdeg da
daubrundnen cxovrebis ufro martiv wess, Tu gvinda, rom globaluri ekologiuri katastrofa
acilebul iqnes.
globaluri cvlileba: momavlis xedva
vinaidan momavals Cveni saukunis TvalTaxedviT ganvixilavT, ver ganvWvretT,

aRiniSneba Tu ara momavali asi weli mSvidobiani socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, Tu
globaluri problemebi momravldeba, romelTa gadaWrac kacobriobis SesaZleblobas aRemateba.
gansxvavebiT im sociologebisgan, romlebic ori saukunis win werdnen, Cven naTlad vxedavT,
rom Tanamedrove mrewvelobas, teqnologias da mecnierebas namdvilad ar moutania savsebiT
warmatebuli Sedegebi. dRes msoflio gacilebiT mravalricxovani da mdidaria, vidre odesme;
Cven gvaqvs SesaZlebloba, vakontroloT Cveni bedi da ukeTesad moviwyoT cxovreba, rac
warmoudgeneli iyo wina TaobebisTvis; miuxedavad amisa, msoflio Zalze axloa ekonomikur da
ekologiur katastrofasTan. Aamisma Tqmam xeli ar unda Seuwyos uimedo damokidebulebis
ganviTarebas.EerTi gza, rasac sociologia gvTavazobs, aris socialuri institutebis adamianuri
pasuxismgeblobis Rrma cnobiereba. Cvens mier Tanamedrove socialuri cvlilebis uaryofiTi
mxaris gacnobiereba xels ar SegviSlis, mxari davuWiroT realistur da imedismomcem
Tvalsazriss momavlis Sesaxeb.
riskis qveS myofi axali saxeoba
industriul qveynebSi, SesaZloa, metad viyoT daculni iseTi saSiSi movlenebisgan,

rogoricaa Savi Wiri, naRmebi da sxva bunebrivi ubedurebebi, Tumca, Cveni
gauTviTcnobiereblobac msgavsi masStabisaa. es yvelaferi warmoiSva teqnologiis ganviTarebis
Sedegad, ramac erT-erTma pirvelma moaxdina gavlena socialur cvlilebaze.
yvelaze ufro saSiSi am gaurkvevlobebidan aris radiacia da sxva saxis toqsikuri
mowamvla. ubedureba moxda iseT adgilebSi, rogorcaa sami milis kunZuli pensilvaniaSi,
bhopali indoeTSi da Cernobili ukrainaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ubeduri SemTxvevebi
TavisTavad, SesaZloa, lokaluri iyo, maTi Sedegebi Zalze Sor distanciebs miswvda da
Segvaxsena, rom samyaro Cvens garSemo sul ufro metad aris urTierTdakavSirebuli. safrTxe
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imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom dRemde arsebul nebismier Taobaze metad, Cven vdgavarT
gaurkveveli bedis winaSe.
NnaSromSi “A New Species of Trouble” (1994) eriqsoni, sociologi ielis universitetidan,
fiqrobs, rom adamianis mier Seqmnili katastrofebi ar hgavs bunebriv ubedurebebs, romlebmac
ngrevebi gamoiwvia adreul sazogadoebebSi, vinaidan `toqsikuri sawamlavi adamianebze
axleburad da sxva gzebiT zemoqmedebs.~ eriqsonma didi dro moandoma iseT adgilebSi
mogzaurobas, romlebmac ganicada bunebrivi da adamianuri ubedurebebi. igi intervius iRebda
TviTmxilvelebisgan. rogorc sociologma, man am interviuebidan monacemebi Tavis naSromebSi
gamoiyena, magram, aseve, ganmeorebiT Seamowma sasamarTlo procesebis Sedegebi,
romlebic aseTi katastrofebis mxsverplT Seexeboda, raTa misi samecniero eqspertiziT
Seefasebina arsebuli problemebi. rogorc sazogadoebrivi katastrofebis kvlevis pioners, eriqsons
miaCnia, rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom bunebrivi katastrofebi, rogoricaa qariSxlebi da SimSili,
TvalsaCino da dakvirvebadia, toqsikuri Sxamebis umetesi formebi àr gamoicnoba Cveuli
adamianuri SegrZenebebiT.~ adamianebma, xSirad, arc ician mavne zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
meore gansxvaveba bunebriv da adamianis mier gamowveul katastrofebs Soris isaa, rom
bunebriv katastrofas garkveuli dasawyisi da dasasruli aqvs, maSin roca adamianis mier
gamowveul katastrofas àra aqvs xangrZlivoba, bunebrivi dro; da amitom, misi msxverplni
mudmivi safrTxisa da SiSis mdgomareobaSi arian.~ gazis gaJonvis Sedegad, erTma
dazaralebulma auxsna eriqsons:
`me mgoni, Cemi uimedobis ZiriTadi mizezi is aris, rom Cven gvaqvs SegrZneba, rom
es grZeldeba, grZeldeba da grZeldeba, da arasodes dasruldeba. es iseTi uimedo SegrZnebaa, iyo
amgvar situaciaSi da gindodes Seni momavali cxovrebis dagegmva.DSen ar SegiZlia amis
gakeTeba, vinaidan xel-fex Sekruli xar imiT, rom ar ici, SegiZlia Tu ara gayido saxli, SegiZlia
Tu ara gadaadgilde. gWirdeba qalaqSi yofna? SegiZlia datovo qalaqi? es rom bunebrivi
ubedureba yofiliyo, romelic dasrulda – tornado Tu miwisZvra – Cven gvecodineboda, ra
mdgomareobaSi vimyofebiT, da SevZlebdiT win wasvlas da cxovrebasTan Seguebas.”
M
Sejameba
1. Tanamedrove periodma – daaxloebiT me-18 saukunidan dRevandel dRemde –

cvlilebis procesSi eqstraordinaluri aCqareba ganicada.AalbaT, am periodSi, rac kacobriobis
istoriaSi drois Zalze mcire segmentia, ufro meti cvlileba moxda, vidre mTel winamorbed
periodSi.
2. verc erTi èrTi faqtoris~ Teoria ver axsnis mTlian socialur cvlilebas. SesaZlebelia,
ganvasxvaoT ramdenime mTavari gavlena cvlilebaze, romelTagan pirveli materialur
garemosTan Seguebaa. sxvebia _ fizikuri garemo, politikuri organizacia da kulturuli faqtorebi.
3. Tanamedrove socialuri cvlilebis mniSvnelovan faqtorebs Sorisaa industriuli
kapitalizmis ganvrcoba; centralizebuli eri-saxelmwifoebis ganviTareba; omis industrializacia;
mecnierebis aRmavloba da azrovnebis `racionaluri~ anu kritikuli modelis ganviTareba.
4. zogierTi saubrobs `postindustriuli~ sazogadoebis damkvidrebaze. Aam Tvalsazrisis
mixedviT, Zveli industriuli wyoba CamorCeba axali socialuri wyobis ganviTarebas, romelic
dafuZnebulia codnasa da informaciaze. Aam mosazrebebSi saTanadod ar aris Sefasebuli, Tu
ramdenad aris momsaxureba danergili mrewvelobaSi, aseve, zedmetadaa xazgasmuli
ekonomikuri faqtorebis roli.
5. sxvebi miiCneven, rom Cven mivuaxlovdiT modernizmis dasasruls, rom
mivemarTebiT `postmodernul~ samyaroSi. fukuiama amtkicebs, rom Cven unda visaubroT
ìstoriis dasasrulze.~ amiT igi ar gulisxmobs, rom istoriuli cvlileba mivida dasasrulTan, aramed
imas, rom ar arsebobs kapitalizmis da liberaluri demokratiis momavali alternativa, radgan am
orma globalurad gaimarjva yvela konkurent sistemaze.
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6. tradiciuli debatebi Tavisufali sabazro kapitalizmis da socializmis damcvelebs Soris

moZvelda. axali, globaluri sakiTxebi iwevs win, romelTa wvdoma an maTze pasuxis gacema
ioli ar aris, sociologiur TeoriaSi miRebuli poziciebis farglebSi.
7. garemosTan dakavSirebuli safrTxeebi warmoiSva, rogorc erT-erTi yvelaze didi
saSiSroeba, rac ki kacobriobis winaSe dgeba axlo momavalSi. aseTi safrTxeebis umravlesoba
globaluria – isini saSiSroebas uqmnis dedamiwas, rogorc mTels. garemos safrTxeebis sami
ZiriTadi tipia: narCenebis dagroveba, garemos dabinZureba da mineraluri resursebis amowurva.
garemoze zrunva ara marto teqnologiuri, aramed socialuri sakiTxicaa; adamianis Zaladoba
bunebaze dasavluri socialuri institutebis ganviTarebas da globalur ganvrcobas mohyva, radgan
maTTvis uaRresad mniSvnelovania mudmivi ekonomikuri zrda.
KMartin Albrow, The global Age (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996). kritikuli diskusia
globalizaciis ideis modernistuli da postmodernistuli xedvis Sesaxeb.
Daniel Bell, The Coming of Post-industrial Society (London: Heinemann, 1974). erT-
erTi pirveli da yvelaze gavleniani wigni postindustriuli wyobis ideis Sesaxeb.
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish Hamilton,
1992). farTod diskusirebuli naSromi, romelic amtkicebs, rom istoriuli alternativebi amowurulia,
kapitalizmis da liberaluri demokratiis garda.
Margaret A. Rose, The Post-modern and Post-industrial: A Critical Analysis
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991). istoriuli da kritikuli cnobari debatebze
postmodernizmisa da postindustriuli sazogadoebis Sesaxeb.
GDanilo Zolo, Cosmopolis: Prospects for World Government (Cambridge: Polity Press,
1996). gamomwvevi kritika kosmopolisis anu ,,globaluri” mTavrobis ideis Sesaxeb.
M
informaciuli sazogadoeba
kodificirebuli codna
istoriis dasasruli
garemos ekologia
riskis sazogadoeba
Tavi 20
sociologiuri kvlevis meTodebi
ZiriTadi cneba
kvlevis procesi
sakvlevi problema
problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis ganxilva
sakvlevi problemis dazusteba
kvlevis dizainis SemuSaveba
kvlevis Catareba
Sedegebis interpretacia
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Sedegebis angariSis saxiT wardgena

realoba sul sxvaa!
kvlevis meTodebi
savele gamokvleva
masobrivi gamokiTxvebi
eqsperimentebi
cxovrebis istoriebi
istoriuli analizi
SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvlevebis Serwyma
kvleva realur samyaroSi: meTodebi, problemebi, Secdomebi
roi velisi da saientologia
sociologiis gavlena
danarTi 1: statistikuri terminebi
danarTi 2: cxrilis wakiTxva
danarTi 3: rogor gamoviyenoT biblioTekebi
zogadi informaciis wyaroebi sociologiaSi
sociologiuri Jurnalebi
sadisertacio gamokvleva an ufro xangrZlivi gamokvleva
ufro Sors Wvreta
Sejameba
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kvlevis meTodebi
problemebi, romlebsac sociologebi Teoriebsa da kvlevebSi exebian, xSirad im

problemebis msgavsia, romlebic bevr sxva adamians awuxebs. magaliTad, rogoria pirobebi,
romlebSic mcire eTnikuri jgufebi cxovroben? rogor SeiZleba, masobrivi SimSili arsebobdes
msoflioSi, romelic dRes bevrad ufro mdidaria, vidre odesme? ra gavlenas moaxdens Cvens
cxovrebaze informaciuli teqnologiis sul ufro mzardi gamoyeneba? iwyeba Tu ara ojaxis, rogorc
socialuri institutis, dezintegracia? sociologebi cdiloben, am da sxva mraval problemas gascen
pasuxi. ra Tqma unda, maTi daskvnebi saboloo ar aris. miuxedavad amisa, sociologiuri Teoriuli
msjelobebisa da kvlevis mizans yovelTvis im spekulaciuri xerxebisagan Tavis daRweva
warmoadgens, romelTa saSualebiTac rigiTi pirovneba, Cveulebriv, aseT sakiTxebs ganixilavs.
karg sociologiur naSromSi Sesaswavli sakiTxebi, SeZlebisdagvarad, zustadaa dasmuli.
mkvlevari cdilobs, daskvnebis gakeTebamde faqtobrivi monacemebi Seagrovos. am miznebis
misaRwevad, unda vicodeT, ama Tu im konkretul kvlevaSi ra meTodebis gamoyenebaa
mizanSewonili da yvelaze ukeT rogor unda gavaanalizoT miRebuli Sedegebi.
rigi sakiTxebisa, romlebsac sociologi kvlevaSi ayenebs, ZiriTadad, faqtebs anu empirias
exeba. magaliTad, danaSaulisa da samarTlianobis bevri aspeqtis Sesaswavlad, uSualo da
sistemuri gamokvlevis Catareba aris saWiro. amgvarad, Cven SegveZlo gvekiTxa: danaSaulis
romeli formebia yvelaze gavrcelebuli? policia kriminalSi CarTuli adamianebis ra nawils iWers?
sabolood, ramden maTgans scnoben damnaSaved da apatimreben? pasuxi rom gavceT
faqtebTan dakavSirebul aseTi saxis kiTxvebs, xSirad, saWiroa mniSvnelovani gamokvlevis
Catareba. danaSaulis Sesaxeb arsebuli oficialuri statistika sando ar aris kriminaluri saqmianobis
realuri suraTis saCveneblad. mkvlevrebma, romlebmac Seiswavles danaSaulis done,
aRmoaCines, rom policiisTvis yvela seriozuli danaSaulis mxolod daaxloebiT naxevari xdeba
cnobili.
ra Tqma unda, faqtobrivi informacia erTi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb yovelTvis ar gviCvenebs,
saqme kerZo SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs Tu gavlenaTa zogad erTobliobasTan. sociologebs xSirad
surT, dasvan SedarebiTi kiTxvebi, romlebic gansazRvravs sazogadoebis SigniT erTi socialuri
konteqstis meoresTan kavSirs, an sxvadasxva sazogadoebidan aRebul magaliTebs erTmaneTs
adarebs. mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi arsebobs, magaliTad, britaneTisa da SeerTebuli Statebis
socialur da sakanonmdeblo sistemebs Soris. tipuri SedarebiTi kiTxva SeiZleba iyos: ra
gansxvavebaa ori qveynis kriminaluri qcevisa da kanonis gatarebis nimuSebs Soris?
(sinamdvileSi, maT Soris aRmoCenilia zogierTi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba).
sociologiaSi unda ganvixiloT ara marto arsebuli sazogadoebebi erTmaneTTan
mimarTebaSi, aramed, agreTve, unda SevadaroT maTi awmyo da warsuli. kiTxvebi, romlebsac
sociologebi aq svamen, aris ganviTarebadi. Tanamedrove msoflios arsis gasagebad, Cven unda
SeviswavloT sazogadoebis wina formebi da gavaanalizoT is ZiriTadi mimarTuleba, romelic
cvlilebebis am procesebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT,
magaliTad, rogor Seiqmna Tavdapirvelad cixeebi da rogoria isini dRes.
faqtobrivi anu, rogorc sociologebi uwodeben, empiriuli kvlevebis mizania, Seiswavlon,
rogor viTardeba movlenebi. miuxedavad amisa, sociologia ar aris mxolod faqtebis Segroveba,
rac ar unda mniSvnelovani da saintereso iyos isini. Cven yovelTvis unda avxsnaT, ras niSnavs
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faqtebi da, am mizniT, unda viswavloT Teoriuli kiTxvebis dasma. bevri sociologi, ZiriTadad,
empiriul kiTxvebze muSaobs, magram, Tu kvlevisas isini ar xelmZRvaneloben garkveuli
TeoriiT, saeWvoa, maTma samuSaom naTeli mohfinos faqtebs. es im SemTxvevaSic ki
marTalia, Tu gamokvleva mxolod praqtikuli miznebiT tardeba.
am TavSi gavecnobiT sociologiur kvlevaSi CarTul ramdenime sakvanZo elements.
Semdeg ganvixilavT kvlevis meTodebis sxvadasxva formas, romlebsac sociologebi TavianTi
muSaobis dros iyeneben. agreTve, gavaanalizebT zogierT arsebul gamokvlevas _ radgan,
xSirad, gansxvavebaa kvlevis idealurad Catarebasa da namdvil cxovrebiseul gamokvlevebs
Soris.
kvlevis procesi
pirvelad im etapebs gavecnoT, romlebisgan, Cveulebriv, kvleviTi samuSao Sedgeba.

kvlevis procesi ramdenime gansxvavebul safexurs moicavs, im etapidan dawyebuli, rodesac
gamokvleva igegmeba da im periodiT damTavrebuli, rodesac kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli
monacemebi qveyndeba an xelmisawvdomi xdeba dawerili formiT.
sakvlevi problema
yvela kvleva sakvlevi problemiT iwyeba. zogjer es aris faqtebis arcodnis sfero: Cven,
SesaZloa, ubralod, gvsurs, gavafarTovoT Cveni codna garkveuli institutebis, socialuri
procesebis an kulturebis Sesaxeb. romelime mkvlevars, SeiZleba, hqonoda survili, mieRo
pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebze, rogoricaa: mosaxleobis ra nawils aqvs myari religiuri rwmena? dRes
adamianebi namdvilad arian ukmayofiloni `didi politikiT?~ ramdenad CamorCeba qalebis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba mamakacebis mdgomareobas?
magram, saukeTeso sociologiuri kvleva iseTi problemebiT iwyeba, romlebic bevr
Tavsatexs Seicavs. Tavsatexi aris ara mxolod informaciis nakleboba, aramed Cvens codnaSi
arsebuli xarvezic. kargi sociologiuri kvlevis Catarebis unari, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia am
Tavsatexebis sworad gansazRvrasTan. imis magivrad, rom ubralod vupasuxoT SekiTxvas: `ra
xdeba aq?~, kvleva, romlis mizania Tavsatexis gadaWra, cdilobs, dagvexmaros, gavigoT, ratom
xdeba raime movlenebi ise, rogorc xdeba. amgvarad, Cven SegveZlo gvekiTxa: ratom icvleba
religiuri rwmenis formebi? ra axdens gavlenas imaze, rom icvleba mosaxleobis raodenoba,
romelmac bolo wlebSi arCevnebSi miiRo monawileoba? ratomaa, rom qalebi naklebad ikaveben
maRali statusis mqone samsaxurebriv poziciebs?
gamokvlevis arc erTi nawili ar aris damoukidebeli. kvlevis problemebi Cndeba muSaobis
procesSi. erTma kvlevis proeqtma, SesaZloa, advilad migviyvanos sxva proeqtamde, radgan is
gamoavlens sxva sakiTxebs, romlebic mkvlevarma adre ver gaiTvaliswina. sociologma,
SeiZleba, Tavsatexebi aRmoaCinos wignebsa da specializebul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebul, sxva
mkvlevarTa naSromebis kiTxvis dros, an sazogadoebaSi arsebuli specifikuri tendenciebis
gacnobis Semdeg. magaliTad, bolo wlebSi Zalian izrdeba im programebis raodenoba, romelTa
mizania, suliT avadmyofebis sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTva da ara fsiqiatriul
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saavadmyofoebSi moTavseba. sociologebs, SeiZleba, daebadoT Semdegi kiTxvebi: ram

gamoiwvia suliT avadmyofebisadmi damokidebulebis aseTi Secvla? savaraudod, ra Sedegebi
mohyveba amas rogorc Tavad pacientebisTvis, ise sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisTvis?
problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis ganxilva
rogorc ki problemas ganvsazRvravT, Semdegi nabiji gamokvlevis procesSi, Cveulebriv,

aris am sferoSi arsebuli masalis mimoxilva. SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom wina gamokvlevam
ukve sakmaod kargad axsna problema. magram, Tu aRniSnul problemasTan dakavSirebiT
sicxade ar arsebobs, mkvlevarma guldasmiT unda Seiswavlos sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
yvela arsebuli gamokvleva, raTa darwmundes, ramdenad sasargebloa isini misi momavali
kvlevisTvis. SeamCnies wina mkvlevrebma igive Tavsatexi? rogor Seecadnen isini mis
gadawyvetas? problemis ra aspeqtebi ver gaaanalizes maT TavianT kvlevaSi? sxvebis
Sexedulebebis gamoyeneba sociologs exmareba, zustad axsnas is sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba
kvlevis dros wamoiWras da gansazRvros is meTodebi, romelTa gamoyeneba mizanSewonili
iqneboda mocemul gamokvlevaSi.
sakvlevi problemis dazusteba
mesame faza sakvlevi problemis mkafio formulirebas Seicavs. Tu Sesabamisi literatura

ukve arsebobs, mkvlevari biblioTekidan unda dabrundes zusti warmodgeniT imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor miudges mocemuli problemis gadawyvetas. zogjer varaudi problemis bunebis Sesaxeb,
SesaZloa, am stadiaze Camoyalibdes garkveul hipoTezad. hipoTeza aris mecnieruli varaudi imis
Sesaxeb, rac xdeba. kvleva rom efeqturi iyos, hipoTeza imgvarad unda iqnes formulirebuli, rom
Segrovebulma faqtobrivma masalam mogvces misi damamtkicebeli an uarmyofeli monacemebi.
kvlevis dizainis SemuSaveba
Semdeg mkvlevarma unda gadawyvitos, rogor Seagrovos kvlevis masalebi. arsebobs bevri
sxvadasxva kvlevis meTodi da romeli maTgani iqneba arCeuli, damokidebulia rogorc
gamokvlevis saerTo miznebze, ise gasaanalizebeli qcevis aspeqtebze. zogierTi miznisTvis,
SesaZloa, masobrivi gamokiTxva (romelSic, Cveulebriv, kiTxvarebi gamoiyeneba) iyos
Sesaferisi meTodi, sxva SemTxvevebSi, interviu an dakvirveba gamoviyenoT. mogvianebiT,
ufro mets gavigebT sxvadasxva kvlevis meTodis Sesaxeb.
kvlevis Catareba
kvlevis Catarebis dros, SeiZleba, moulodnelad gaCndes praqtikuli xasiaTis siZneleebi.

magaliTad, SeiZleba, ar moxerxdes kontaqtis damyareba zogierT respondentTan, visac anketebi
unda gaugzavnon an visi interviuireba mkvlevars surs. kerZo (komerciulma) firmam an
saxelmwifo dawesebulebam, SeiZleba, mkvlevars ar misces dagegmili samuSaos Catarebis
ufleba. magaliTad, Tu mkvlevari Seiswavlis sakiTxs, rogor asruleben komerciuli korporaciebi
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qalebisTvis Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis programebs, kompaniebs, romlebmac ar

Seasrules es programebi, SeiZleba, ar undodeT, rom maTTan Catardes gamokvleva. amis
Sedegad, aRmoCndeba, rom monacemebi ar aris zusti.
Sedegebis interpretacia
gasaanalizebeli masalis Segrovebis Semdeg, mkvlevris siZneleebi jer kidev ar mTavrdeba

_ isini SeiZleba swored maSin daiwyos! Segrovebuli monacemebis mniSvnelobis dadgena da
Semdeg maTi dakavSireba sakvlev problemasTan, rogorc wesi, Znelia. Tumca, SesaZlebelia,
miviRoT mkafio pasuxi Tavdapirvel kiTxvebze, bevri gamokvleva, saboloo jamSi, SeiZleba
nakleb damajerebeli aRmoCndes.
Sedegebis angariSis wardgena
kvlevis angariSi, Cveulebriv, qveyndeba Jurnalis statiis an wignis saxiT. igi warmoadgens
kvlevis bunebis axsnas da cdilobs miRebuli daskvnebis dasabuTebas. magram es mxolod
individualuri kvlevis proeqtis bolo etapia.
angariSebis umravlesoba im kiTxvebze miuTiTebs, romlebzec pasuxebis gacema ver
moxerxda da gvTavazobs Semdgom kvlevas, romlis Catareba, SesaZloa, sasargeblo iyos
momavalSi. yvela individualuri mecnieruli gamokvleva warmoadgens im uwyveti kvleviTi
procesis nawils, romelic sociologiuri sazogadoebis farglebSi warmoebs.
sociologiuri kvlevis procesis safexurebi
424
proble
ma
SearCi
mimoixile
e
literatura
425
gamok
gaecani
vlevis
Temis
Tema
Sesaxeb
arsebul
Camoayali
gamokvlev
be
ebs
hipoTeza
ris
Semowmeb
as apireb?
raSearCie
kavSiria
kvlevis
cvladebs
dizaini
Soris?
airCie erTi an
meti kvlevis
meTodi:
Caatare
eqsperimenti,
gamokvl
gamokiTxva,
eva
dakvirveba,
Seagrove
arsebuli
monacem
werilobiTi
axseni
ebi,
wyaroebis
miRebuli
Cawere
gamoyeneba
Sedegebi
miRebuli
ganmarte
informaci
Segroveb
a
uli
warmoadgin
monacem
e kvlevis
ebis
monacemebi
mniSvnel
ra
obebi
mniSvneloba
aqvT maT?
ra kavSiri
Seni
aqvT maT
monacemebi
wina
registrirebulia
dakvlevebis
ganxilulia
SedegebTan?
ufro farTo
akademiuri
sazogadoebis
mier _ es,
albaT,
Semdgomi
kvlevis
safuZveli
gaxdeba
realoba sul sxvaa!
zemoT mocemuli kvlevis nabijebis Tanamimdevroba aris imis gamartivebuli varianti, rac
namdvili kvlevis proeqtebis ganxorcielebis dros xdeba. realur sociologiur gamokvlevaSi es
etapebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba zustad aseTi TanamimdevrobiT da TiTqmis yovelTvis arsebobs
garkveuli raodenobis gamokvlevebi, romlebsac Zlivs amTavreben. es gansxvaveba cotaTi imis
msgavsia, rac samzareulo wignSi mocemul receptebsa da saWmlis momzadebis namdvil process
Soris arsebobs. adamianebi, romlebic gamocdili mzareulebi arian, xSirad, ar iyeneben receptebs,
da, miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, ukeTesad amzadebdnen kerZebs, vidre isini, vinc
receptebs iyeneben. Tu zedmiwevniT davicavT mkacrad dadgenil sqemebs, aman SeiZleba
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Zalian SegvzRudos. cnobili gamokvlevebis umravlesobaSi, faqtobrivad, ar aris mkacrad daculi

kvlevis aRniSnuli safexurebis Tanamimdevroba, Tumca zogierTi safexuri mainc aris
gamoyenebuli.
kvlevis meTodebi
axla ganvixiloT kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodi, romlebsac sociologebi, Cveulebriv,

muSaobisas iyeneben.
savele gamokvleva
savele gamokvlevis anu CarTuli dakvirvebis dros (xSirad es sityvebi urTierTSenacvlebiT

gamoiyeneba), mkvlevari jgufTan an erTobasTan erTad cxovrobs da, albaT, mis saqmianobaSi
uSualod monawileobs. mkvlevars ar SeuZlia ubralod imyofebodes mocemul erTobaSi. man mis
wevrebs unda auxsnas da gaamarTlos Tavisi iq yofna. mkvlevarma unda miaRwios erTobasTan
TanamSromlobas da es urTierToba SeinarCunos garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, Tu surs,
mniSvnelovan Sedegebs miaRwios.
didi xnis manZilze, CarTul dakvirvebaze dafuZnebuli gamokvlevis dros, Cveulebriv, ar
xdeboda im safrTxeebisa da problemebis aRniSvna, romelTa gadalaxvac mkvlevars uwevda.
mogvianebiT gamoqveynebul mogonebebsa da dRiurebSi, mkvlevrebi amis Sesaxeb ufro
gulaxdilad weren. xSirad, mkvlevars uwevs martoobis grZnobis gadalaxva _ ar aris advili,
Seeguo im socialur konteqsts, romelsac Sen, sinamdvileSi, ar miekuTvnebi. mkvlevari,
SesaZloa, mudmivad daTrgunuli iyos, radgan jgufis wevrebs TavianT Tavze gulaxdilad saubari
ar surdeT. pirdapiri kiTxvebi, SesaZloa, uproblemod miiRon zogierT konteqstSi, magram sxva
konteqstebSi aseT kiTxvebs samariseburi siCumiT xvdebodnen. zogierTi tipis savele
gamokvleva, SesaZloa, fizikurad saSiSic ki iyos. magaliTad, mkvlevari, romelic ikvlevs
damnaSaveTa kriminalur bandas, SeiZleba policiis informatorad miiCnion an, SemTxveviT,
moqiSpe bandebTan konfliqtSi CarTuli aRmoCndes.
savele gamokvlevis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi
Tu savele gamokvleva warmatebulia, is socialuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb ufro met informacias

gvaZlevs, vidre bevri sxva kvlevis meTodi. radgan Cven vxedavT, rogor gamoiyureba faqtebi,
movlenebi da sagnebi uSualod mocemuli jgufis Signidan, albaT, ukeTesad gavigebT, ratom
iqcevian adamianebi swored ise, rogorc iqcevian.
savele kvlevisas, mkvlevars lavirebis meti saSualeba aqvs, vidre kvlevis sxva meTodebis
umetesobis gamoyenebis dros. mkvlevars SeuZlia, Seeguos axal da moulodnel pirobebs da
misdios nebismier orientirs, romelic SeiZleba ganviTardes. savele gamokvleva, albaT, iZleva
ufro moulodnel Sedegebs, vidre kvlevis sxva meTodebis umravlesoba, radgan gaognebulma
mkvlevarma, SesaZloa, aRmoaCinos, rom misi winaswar Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebebi jgufis
Sesaxeb sruliad mcdari iyo.
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magram savele gamokvlevas aqvs garkveuli SezRudvebic. am meTodiT mxolod sakmaod

patara jgufebis an erTobebis Seswavlaa SesaZlebeli. bevri ram aris damokidebuli Tavad
mkvlevris unarze, moipovos kvlevaSi CarTuli adamianebis ndoba. am unaris gareSe, kvlevam,
saeWvoa, raime Sedegi gamoiRos. sapirispiroc aris SesaZlebeli. zogjer, mkvlevari muSaobis
procesSi iwyebs sakuTari Tavis ise mWidrod gaigivebas jgufTan, rom is xdeba
zedmetad ,,Sinauri” da garedan damkvirveblis perspeqtivas kargavs.
masobrivi gamokiTxvebi
savele kvlevebis Sedegebis interpretacia, Cveulebriv, dakavSirebulia ganzogadebis

problemebTan. radgan savele gamokvlevis dros adamianebis mxolod mcire raodenobas
SeviswavliT, Cven ar SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom is, rasac erT konteqstSi
aRmovaCenT, sxva situaciebzec vrceldeba. arc imaSi SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli, rom ori
sxvadasxva mkvlevari, erTi da imave jgufis Seswavlis dros, erTsadaimave daskvnamde miva.
Cveulebriv, aseTi problema naklebad dgas masobrivi gamokiTxvis dros. am meTodis
gamoyenebisas, kiTxvarebs ugzavnian an pirdapir aZleven respondentebs _ adamianTa
specialurad SerCeul jgufs. zogjer, SesaZloa, am jgufSi ramdenime aTasi adamiani iyos. savele
gamokvleva yvelaze metad gamosadegia socialuri cxovrebis mcire erTobebis siRrmiseuli
Seswavlis mizniT; masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegad ki, Cven viRebT naklebad detalur
informacias, magram, Cveulebriv, misi ganzogadeba SesaZlebelia socialuri cxovrebis farTo
speqtrze.
standartizebuli da Ria kiTxvebis Semcveli kiTxvarebi
masobriv gamokiTxvebSi ori saxis kiTxvari gamoiyeneba. zogierTi kiTxvari Seicavs

standartizebuli anu fiqsirebuli arCevanis kiTxvebs, romlebzec mxolod fiqsirebuli pasuxebia
SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, `diax/ara/ar vici~ an `savsebiT
SesaZlebelia/SesaZlebelia/SeuZlebelia/sruliad SeuZlebelia.~ aseT gamokiTxvebs is upiratesoba
aqvs, rom advilia pasuxebis Sedareba da Sejameba, radgan maTSi kategoriebis mxolod mcire
raodenobaa mocemuli. meore mxriv, radgan gamokiTxvebis dros ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli
Sexedulebebis an verbaluri gamoxatvis gansxvavebebi, miRebuli informacia, garkveulwilad,
SezRuduli iqneba.
meore saxis kiTxvarebi Ria kiTxvebs Seicavs. respondentebs SesaZlebloba aqvT,
TavianTi Sexedulebebi sakuTari sityvebiT gamoxaton. isini ar arian SezRudulebi fiqsirebuli
arCevanis pasuxebiT, anu imiT, rom mkvlevris mier winaswar mocemuli pasuxebidan romelime
airCion. rogorc wesi, Ria kiTxvarebi, standartizebulTan SedarebiT, ufro detalur informacias
gvawvdis. mkvlevars SeuZlia, CaeZios pasuxebs, raTa ufro gulmodgined gamoikvlios
respondentis azrebi. meore mxriv, standartizaciis nakleboba niSnavs, rom pasuxebis
statistikurad Sedareba, SesaZloa, ufro rTuli iyos.
kiTxvaris SekiTxvebi, Cveulebriv, isea ganlagebuli, rom interviuerebis gundma SeZlos
kiTxvebis dasma da pasuxebis Cawera winaswar gansazRvruli TanamimdevrobiT. informaciis
yvela erTeuli advilad gasagebi unda iyos rogorc interviuerebisTvis, ise respondentebisTvis. didi
moculobis erovnuli gamokiTxvebis dros, romlebsac saxelmwifo organoebi regularulad atareben,
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interviuebi mTel qveyanaSi TiTqmis erTdroulad tardeba. isini, vinc atareben intervius da isini,
vinc aanalizeben intervius Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebs, ver SeZlebdnen TavianTi samuSaos
efeqturad Sesrulebas, Tu maT mudmivad mouwevdaT, gadaemowmebinaT erTmaneTTan
kiTxvebsa da pasuxebTan dakavSirebuli bundovani sakiTxebi.
kiTxvarebSi, agreTve, gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos respondentTa maxasiaTeblebi.
mixvdebian Tu ara isini, ras gulisxmobda mkvlevari garkveuli kiTxvis dasmis dros? aqvT Tu
ara maT sakmarisi informacia imisaTvis, rom maTi pasuxebi gamosadegi iyos? upasuxeben ki
isini, saerTod, dasmul SekiTxvebs? kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli terminebi respondentebisTvis,
SeiZleba, ucnobi iyos. magaliTad, kiTxvam: `rogoria Tqveni ojaxuri statusi?~ SeiZleba zogierTi
respondenti daabnios. ufro mizanSewonilia, davsvaT aseTi SekiTxva: `xarT martoxela,
daojaxebuli, gaSorebuli Tu ganqorwinebuli?~ bevr gamokiTxvas win uswrebs piloturi
gamokvleva, romlis mizania im problemebis gamovlena, romlebic mkvlevarma winaswar ver
gaiTvaliswina. piloturi kvleva aris moklevadiani sacdeli gamokiTxva, romlis drosac mxolod
ramdenime adamiani avsebs kiTxvars. amis Sedegad, ZiriTadi gamokiTxvis Catarebamde,
SesaZlebelia yovelgvari siZnelis Tavidan acileba.
SerCeva
xSirad sociologebs individTa didi raodenobis maxasiaTeblebi ainteresebT, magaliTad,

britaneTis mTeli mosaxleobis politikuri atitudebi. SeuZlebeli iqneboda uSualod yvela maTganis
Seswavla, amitom aseT situaciebSi gamokvleva yuradRebas amaxvilebs SerCeviT erTobliobaze,
anu mTeli jgufis mcire nawilze.
Cveulebriv, SegviZlia, darwmunebuli viyoT, rom mosaxleobis SerCeviTi erTobliobisgan
miRebuli Sedegebi, Tu es erToblioba wesis mixedviT aris SerCeuli, SegviZlia mTel
mosaxleobaze ganvazogadoT. mxolod ori-sami aTasi amomrCevlis gamokiTxvam, SeiZleba,
mTeli mosaxleobis politikuri atitudebisa da xmis micemis miznebis suraTi mogvces.
magram imisaTvis, rom aseT sizustes mivaRwioT, SerCeviTi erToblioba reprezentatuli
unda iyos: individebis jgufi, romelTanac gamokvleva tardeba, mTeli mosaxleobisTvis tipuri
unda iyos. SerCeva ufro rTulia, vidre is SeiZleba Candes. amitom statistikosebma SeimuSaves
wesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba SerCeviTi erTobliobebis zusti zomisa da ZiriTadi niSnebis
gansazRvra. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania procedura, romelic imisTvis gamoiyeneba, rom
SereviTi erToblioba iyos reprezentatuli. es procedura SemTxveviTi SerCevaa, romlis drosac
SerCeviTi erToblioba isea arCeuli, rom mosaxleobis nebismier wevrs aqvs gamokvlevaSi
CarTvis SesaZlebloba. SemTxveviTi SerCevis gamoyenebis yvelaze ufro miRebuli gzaa is, rom
sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs mivaniWoT garkveuli nomeri da Semdeg kompiuteri gamoviyenoT
SerCevis siis Sesadgenad. am siis saSualebiT, davadgenT SerCeviT erTobliobas, magaliTad,
SerCevis siaSi yoveli meaTe nomris arCevis gziT.
`xalxis arCevani?~
masobrivi gamokiTxvis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili adreuli magaliTia `xalxis arCevani?~,

kvleva, romelic jer kidev naxevari saukunis win, pol lazarsfeldma da ramdenime misma
kolegam Caatares (Lazarsfeld et al. 1948). am gamokvlevis mizani iyo eris olqis (ohaios Stati)
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mosaxleobis saarCevno miswrafebebis Seswavla, 1940 wlis aSS saprezidento arCevnebis

kampaniis dros. am kvlevaSi pirvelad gamoiyenes masobrivi gamokiTxvis sxvadasxva ZiriTadi
meTodika, romlebic dResac gamoiyeneba. imisaTvis, rom sakiTxi ufro guldasmiT da
siRrmiseulad gamoekvliaT, vidre es erTjeradi gamokiTxvis dros iqneboda SesaZlebeli,
mkvlevrebma amomrCevelTa SerCeviTi erTobliobis TiToeul wevrTan Svidjer, sxvadasxva
dros, Caatares interviu. aseTi gamokiTxvis mizani iyo: dakvirvebodnen da gaegoT xmis
micemis atitudebis cvlilebis mizezebi dinamikaSi.
mkvlevrebs, kvlevis dawyebis dros, ramdenime hipoTeza hqondaT. erT-erTi hipoTezis
mixedviT, eris olqis amomrCevlebisTvis axlo urTierTobebi da movlenebi bevrad ufro did
gavlenas axdenda maTi xmis micemis miznebsa da miswrafebebze, vidre maTgan daSorebuli
msoflio movlenebi. kvlevis Sedegad miRebulma monacemebma, ZiriTadad, daamtkica es
hipoTeza. politikuri atitudebis gasaanalizeblad, mkvlevrebma gazomvis rTuli teqnikebi
SeimuSaves. amave dros, maTma muSaobam didi wvlili Seitana Teoriul azrovnebaSi. im
cnebebs Soris, romlebic maTi daxmarebiT damkvidrda mecnierebaSi, iyo àzris liderebi~ da
`komunikaciis orsafexuriani nakadi.~ gamokvlevam aCvena, rom azris liderebs midrekileba
aqvT, maT garSemomyof adamianebs politikuri Sexedulebebi Camouyalibon. adamianTa
Sexedulebebi ar yalibdeba uSualod, aramed es orsafexuriani procesia. pirvel safexurze, azris
liderebi politikur movlenebze reagireben, xolo meore safexurze, es liderebi sxvebze axdenen
zegavlenas; magaliTad, naTesavebze, megobrebsa da kolegebze.
gamokiTxvebis upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi
masobrivi gamokiTxvebi farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiur gamokvlevaSi ramdenime

mizezis gamo. kiTxvaris SekiTxvebze miRebuli pasuxebis raodenobis gansazRvra da maTi
gaanalizeba ufro advilia, vidre im masalis, romelic sxva mravali sxva kvlevis meTodis
saSualebiTaa Segrovebuli. gamokiTxvis saSualebiT, SesaZlebelia adamianTa didi raodenobis
Seswavla. sakmarisi Tanxebis mopovebis SemTxvevaSi, mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT, gamoiyenon
saagentoebi, romlebic gamokiTxvisas pasuxebis SegrovebaSi arian daxelovnebulebi.
Tumca, bevri sociologi masobrivi gamokiTxvis meTodis mimarT kritikuladaa ganwyobili.
isini amtkiceben, rom damuSaveba qmnis monacemebis sizustis moCvenebiTobas maSin, roca
maTi siswore SeiZleba saeWvo iyos, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT gamokiTxvis pasuxebis
umravlesobis SedarebiT zedapirul xasiaTs. xSirad, pasuxgaucemeli kiTxvarebis raodenoba
didia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maT fostiT agzavnian da abruneben. xSirad, kvlevis
Sedegebi im monacemebze dayrdnobiT qveyndeba, romlebic SerCeviTi erTobliobis naxevarze
odnav meti raodenobis respondentebis pasuxebis safuZvelzea miRebuli _ Tumca, Cveulebriv,
mkvlevrebi cdiloben, xelaxla daamyaron kontaqti im respondentebTan, vinc kiTxvarebi ar
Seavso, an isini sxva adamianebiT Caanacvlon. cota ram aris cnobili im adamianebis Sesaxeb,
romlebsac urCevniaT, ar gamoexmauron gamokiTxvebs an uars amboben intervius micemaze.
eqsperimentebi
eqsperimenti SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, rogorc mcdeloba, SevamowmoT hipoTeza

mkvlevris mier Seqmnil da kargad kontrolirebul pirobebSi. eqsperimentebi xSirad gamoiyeneba
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sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi, radgan maT, sxva kvleviT procedurebTan SedarebiT, didi

upiratesobebi aqvT. eqsperimentul situaciaSi mkvlevari uSualod akontrolebs im pirobebs,
romlebsac ikvlevs. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebTan SedarebiT, sociologiaSi
eqsperimentirebis sfero Zalian SezRudulia. laboratoriaSi Cven adamianTa mxolod mcire
jgufebis moTavseba SegviZlia; aseTi eqsperimentebis dros adamianebma ician, rom
mimdinareobs gamokvleva da, SeiZleba, isini arabunebrivad moiqcnen.
miuxedavad amisa, sociologiaSi eqsperimentuli meTodebi zogjer warmatebiT
gamoiyeneba. amis magaliTia filip zimbardos mier Catarebuli originaluri eqsperimenti.
mkvlevarma aago e.w. `cixe,~ man moxalise studentebis erT jgufs cixis mcvelebis rolis
Sesruleba daavala, meores ki _ patimrebis (Zimbardo, 1972). zimbardos mizani iyo, gaerkvia,
am gansxvavebuli rolebis Sesruleba, ramdenad cvlis adamianTa atitudebsa da qcevas. Sedegebi
mkvlevrebisaTvis moulodneli da Sokis momgvreli iyo. studentebma, romlebic mcvelebis rols
asrulebdnen, qcevis avtoritaruli manera swrafad aiTvises. isini `patimrebis~ mimarT namdvil
mtrul damokidebulebas avlendnen, sastikad epyrobodnen, sityvier Seuracxyofas ayenebdnen da
aSinebdnen. moxalise patimrebma, piriqiT, aCvenes erTdroulad rogorc apaTia, ise meamboxe
suli, rac xSirad axasiaTebT namdvil patimrebs cixeSi. es efeqtebi imdenad SesamCnevi iyo da
daZabulobis done _ imdenad maRali, rom mkvlevari iZulebuli iyo, eqsperimenti sawyis etapze
Seewyvita. magram kvlevis Sedegebi mniSvnelovani iyo. zimbardom daaskvna, rom cixeSi
myof adamianTa qcevas ufro metad gansazRvravs Tavad cixis situacia, vidre masSi myofi
adamianebis individualuri maxasiaTeblebi.
cxovrebis istoriebi
cxovrebis istoriebi, eqsperimentebisgan gansxvavebiT, mxolod sociologiasa da sxva

socialur mecnierebebs miekuTvneba. isini sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ar gamoiyeneba.
cxovrebis istoriebi Sedgeba biografiuli masalisgan, romelic garkveuli individebis Sesaxeb aris
Segrovebuli; rogorc wesi, faqtebi Tavad individebis mier aris gadmocemuli. kvlevis sxva
meTodebi, Cveulebriv, ar iZleva imden informacias, ramdensac cxovrebis istoriis meTodi
gvawvdis garkveul periodSi ganviTarebuli rwmenebisa da atitudebis Sesaxeb. magram
cxovrebis istoriis kvlevebi iSviaTad emyareba mxolod adamianTa mogonebebs. Cveulebriv,
iseTi dokumenturi wyaroebi, rogoricaa werilebi, Tanamedrove ambebi da sagazeTo aRwerebi,
gamoiyeneba individebis mier mowodebuli informaciis gasafarToeblad da misi utyuarobis
Sesamowmeblad. sociologebis Sexedulebebi cxovrebis istoriebis mniSvnelobis Taobaze
gansxvavdeba. zogierTi maTganis azriT, sasargeblo informaciis misaRebad, es istoriebi ar aris
sando. sxvebi ki Tvlian, rom es meTodi sakiTxis arsSi Rrmad Cawvdomis saSualebas iZleva da
mxolod ramdenime kvlevis meTods SeuZlia, metoqeoba gauwios mas.
cxovrebis istoriebi warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda Zalian mniSvnelovan gamokvlevebSi.
erT-erTi ganTqmuli adrindeli gamokvleva iyo u. Tomasisa da f. znaneckis `poloneli glexi
evropasa da amerikaSi,~ romlis xuTtomeuli pirvelad 1918-1920 wlebSi gamoqveynda (Thomas
and Znaniecki, 1966).
istoriuli analizi
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431
istoriuli xedva, xSirad, arsebiTia sociologiur kvlevaSi, radgan Cven xSirad gvWirdeba
drois perspeqtiva, rom gavigoT garkveuli problemis Sesaxeb mopovebuli monacemebis
mniSvneloba.
xSirad, sociologebs surT, uSualod warsuli movlenebi ikvlion. istoriis zogierTi periodis
Seswavla SeiZleba pirvelwyaroebis meSveobiT, rodesac jer kidev cocxlebi arian im garkveuli
periodis mowmeebi, rogorc es meore msoflio omis dros evropaSi holoqostis SemTxvevaSi
moxda.
zepiri istoriebis meTodiT kvleva niSnavs adamianebis interviuirebas im movlenebis
Sesaxeb, romelTa mowmeebic isini iyvnen TavianTi cxovrebis garkveul periodSi. cxadia, aseTi
kvleva SeiZleba Seexos, sul didi, samoci an samocdaaTi wlis winandel ambebs, radgan ufro
adreuli periodis istoriuli gamokvlevis dros, sociologebi iyeneben dokumentebsa da werilobiT
monacemebs, romlebic biblioTekebisa da erovnuli arqivebis specialur koleqciebSi inaxeba.
istoriul konteqstSi, dokumenturi kvlevis saintereso magaliTia sociolog entoni eSuorTis
gamokvleva, pirveli msoflio omis periodSi, sangrebSi warmoebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb
(Ashworth, 1980). eSuorTs ainteresebda, gaeanalizebina, rogori iyo im adamianebis cxovreba,
romlebic iZulebulni iyvnen, moeTminaT mebrZolebiT gadaWedil sangrebSi yofna
ganuwyveteli cecxlis srolis dros, zedized ramdenime kviris ganmavlobaSi. am mizniT, man
sxvadasxva saxis dokumenturi wyaroebi Seagrova: oficialuri cnobebi omis Sesaxeb (maT Soris
werilobiTi masalebi sxvadasxva samxedro diviziisa da batalionis Sesaxeb), im periodis oficialuri
publikaciebi, jariskacebis mier araoficialurad Senaxuli Canawerebi da omis gamocdilebis
Sesaxeb piradi STabeWdilebebi. aseTi mravalferovani masalis gacnobis Sedegad, eSuorTma
SeZlo, waredgina sangrebSi meomrebis cxovrebis mdidari da detaluri suraTi. man aRmoaCina,
rom jariskacebs CamouyalibdaT Sexedulebebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad xSirad apirebdnen
isini mterTan brZolaSi Cabmas da ramdenad xSirad arafrad agdebdnen maTi oficrebis
brZanebebs. magaliTad, Sobis dRes mowinaaRmdege mxareebma _ germanelma da
mokavSireTa jariskacebma –mtruli moqmedebebi droebiT Sewyvites da erTxel araoficialuri
fexburTis matCic ki Caatares.
SedarebiTi da istoriuli kvlevebis Serwyma
eSuorTis kvleva drois SedarebiT xanmokle periodze iyo koncentrirebuli. bevrad ufro
xangrZlivi periodis gamokvlevis magaliTia Teda skoqpolis Sroma `saxelmwifoebi da socialuri
revoluciebi~ (1979). es aris erT-erTi yvelaze saukeTeso gamokvleva socialuri cvlilebebis
Sesaxeb. masSi mkvlevarma gamoiyena SedarebiTi analizi istoriul konteqstSi.
skoqpolma ambiciuri amocana daisaxa _ Seeqmna iseTi Teoria revoluciis warmoqmnis
mizezebisa da bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic daefuZneboda detalur empiriul kvlevas. man revoluciis
procesebi sam gansxvavebul istoriul konteqstSi Seiswavla: safrangeTis 1789 wlis revolucia,
ruseTis 1917 wlis revolucia (ris Sedegad, xelisuflebaSi komunistebi movidnen da Seqmnes
sabWoTa kavSiri, romelic 1989 wels daiSala) da CineTis 1949 wlis revolucia (romlis Sedegad,
komunisturi CineTi Seiqmna).
gaaanaliza ra sxvadasxva dokumenturi wyaro, skoqpolma SeZlo damajereblad aexsna
revoluciuri cvlileba. man gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mianiWa socialur struqturul
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432
mdgomareobas, romelic safuZvlad udevs revoluciur cvlilebas. mkvlevarma aCvena, rom

socialuri revoluciebi, arsebiTad, gauTvaliswinebeli SedegebiTaa gamowveuli. magaliTad,
ruseTis revoluciamde, sxvadasxva politikuri jgufi cdilobda, daemxo arsebuli reJimi, magram arc
erTi maTgani (maT Soris bolSevikebi, romlebic, sabolood, xelisuflebaSi movidnen) ar eloda
revolucias, romelic moxda. mTeli rigi Setakebebisa da konfrontaciebis Sedegad, daiwyo
socialuri transformaciis procesi, romelic bevrad ufro radikaluri aRmoCnda, vidre es vinmem
ganWvrita.
sociologiur kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli oTxi ZiriTadi meTodi
kvlevis meTodi Zlieri mxareebi SezRudvebi

savele Cveulebriv, sxva meTodebTan Se- misi gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mxo-
gamokvleva darebiT, ufro mdidar da siRrmiseul lod patara jgufebis an erTobebis ga-
informacias agrovebs. mokvlevis dros.
mkvlevars saSualebas aZlevs, Sec- monacemebis Sedegebis gamoyeneba

valos strategiebi da gulmodgined SeiZleba mxolod gamokvleul jgufeb-
misdios axal orientirebs. Si an erTobebSi.
advili ar aris Sedegebis ganzogadeba

mxolod erTi savele gamokvlevis sa-
fuZvelze.
masobrivi maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia indi- Segrovebuli masala SeiZleba iyos ze-
gamokiTxvebi vidTa didi raodenobis Sesaxeb mo- dapiruli; Tu kiTxvari Zalian standar-
nacemebis kvalificiurad Segroveba. tizebulia, SesaZlebelia respondentTa
pasuxebs Soris mniSvnelovani gan-
SesaZlebelia respondentTa pasuxe- sxvavebebis miCqmalva.
bis zusti Sedarebebi.
respondentTa pasuxebi SeiZleba asa-
xavdes ara maT namdvil Sexedule-
bebs, aramed iseT mosazrebebs, rac,
maTi azriT, sazogadoebisaTvis misa-
Rebia.
dokumenturi SesaZlebelia rogorc siRrmiseuli mkvlevari damokidebulia arsebul

kvleva masalebis Semcveli wyaroebis ga- wyaroebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, sruli
moyeneba, aseve adamianTa didi ar iyos.
raodenobis Sesaxeb monacemebis
miReba, Sesaswavli dokumentebis SesaZloa, Zneli iyos dokumenturi
tipis mixedviT. wyaroebis interpretacia, im Tvalsaz-
risiT, rom rTulia imis dadgena, Tu
xSirad is ZiriTadi meTodia, rodesac rogor asaxaven isini namdvil tenden-
gamokvleva an mTlianad istoriulia ciebs, rogorc es zogierTi oficialuri
an aqvs gamokveTili istoriuli statistikuri masalis SemTxvevaSia.
mniSvneloba.
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433
eqsperimentebi mkvlevars SeuZlia gaakontrolos socialuri cxovrebis bevri aspeqtis la-

gansazRvruli cvladebis gavlena. boratoriaSi gadatana SeuZlebelia.
Cveulebriv, sxva mkvlevrebisTvis Sesaswavli pirebis pasuxebze SeiZle-

advilia maTi gameoreba. ba gavlena moaxdinos eqsperimen-
tulma situaciam.
kvleva realur samyaroSi: meTodebi, problemebi, Secdomebi
kvlevis yvela meTods, rogorc adre xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli, aqvs rogorc upiratesobebi,
ise SezRudvebi. amitom farTodaa gavrcelebuli erT kvlevaSi ramdenime meTodis SeerTeba.
maTi erTdroulad gamoyenebis mizania, TiToeulma meTodma Seavsos da Seamowmos sxva
meTodebis saSualebiT miRebuli Sedegebi. Cven SegviZlia gavigoT meTodebis SeerTebis
mniSvneloba da, ufro zogadad, namdvili sociologiuri kvlevis problemebi da Secdomebi, Tu
gavecnobiT religiis sociologiaSi metad mniSvnelovan gamokvlevas: roi uolisis gamokvlevas
saientologiuri moZraobis Sesaxeb.
roi uolisi da saientologia
saientologiis fuZemdebelma l. ron habardma Camoayaliba religiuri doqtrinebi, romlebic

eklesiis Seqmnas daedo safuZvlad. saientologiis Tanaxmad, Cven yvelani varT sulieri arsebebi _
Tetanebi, magram Cven uarvyaviT Cveni sulieri buneba. Cven SegviZlia aRvadginoT
daviwyebuli zebunebrivi Zalebi wvrTnis saSualebiT, rac Cveni namdvili sulieri unarebis
Secnobis SesaZleblobas mogvcems. Tavidan uolisma gamokvleva daiwyo saientologiis
ègzotikuri~ bunebis gamo. moZraoba Zalian winaaRmdegobrivi iyo, magram man bevri
mimdevari miizida. ratom gaxda es moZraoba, erT-erTi uamrav axal religiur jgufs Soris, ase
cnobili?
gamokvlevis dawyebas problemebi axlda. uolisma icoda, rom moZraobis liderebs,
SesaZloa, ar undodaT sociologiur gamokvlevaSi monawileoba, radgan adre sxvadasxva
samTavrobo organizaciam maTTan ukve Caatara gamokvleva. rodesac uolisi moZraobis istorias
ecnoboda, is SemTxveviT waawyda am moZraobis erT-erTi yofili wevris wigns. is daukavSirda
avtors da Semdeg, saboloo jamSi, gaicno misi ramdenime nacnobi, romlebmac aseve gawyvites
kavSiri saientologiasTan. bevri maTgani daTanxmda intervius micemaze. am pirvelma
respondentebma uoliss miawodes mTeli rigi dokumentebi da literatura, maT Soris saientologiis
organizaciis literaturis xelmomwerTa sia. uolisma kiTxvari Seadgina da siaSi miTiTebuli
gvarebidan miRebul SerCeviT erTobliobas daugzavna, magram sia moZvelebuli aRmoCnda.
SerCeviTi erTobliobidan bevri adamiani ukve sxvagan iyo gadasuli aRniSnuli misamarTebidan,
sxvebis gvarebi ki siaSi mxolod imitom moxvda, rom maT, ubralod, SeiZines wigni
saientologiis Sesaxeb da, sinamdvileSi, araviTari kavSiri ar hqondaT am moZraobasTan.
amgvarad, gamokiTxvas naklebi Rirebuleba hqonda iseve, rogorc, mTlianad,
saientologebis SerCeviT erTobliobas. magram, misi meSveobiT, uolisma SeZlo Semdgomi
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434
kontaqtebis damyareba. anketuri gamokiTxvis zogma monawilem miuTiTa, rom isini mkvlevars
siamovnebiT miscemdnen intervius. amitom, interviuebis Catarebisa da, amave dros, ufro meti
dokumenturi informaciis Segrovebis mizniT, uolisi bevrs mogzaurobda britaneTsa da SeerTebul
StatebSi. man daiwyo fiqsirebuli kiTxvebiT, magram Semdeg aRmoCnda, rom ufro sasargeblo
iyo SedarebiT moqnili stilis gamoyeneba, rac respondentebs saSualebas miscemda, ufro
detalurad esaubraT maTTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze. zog respondents surda, rom misi
naambobi firze CaeweraT, zogi ki amis winaaRmdegi iyo.
uolisi maleve darwmunda, rom saWiro iyo, meti gaego saientologiis specifikuri
doqtrinebis Sesaxeb. am mizniT, is Caewera ,,komunikaciis” Sesaval kursze, romelsac
saientologTa jgufi aswavlida. amgvarad, is gaxda CarTuli damkvirvebeli, magram ar gaumxelia,
rom mkvlevari iyo. mTeli kursis manZilze, is saientologTa saxlSi imyofeboda da male
aRmoaCina, rom gaumJRavnebeli CarTuli damkvirveblis rolis atana Zneli iyo. sxva wevrebTan
saubari moiTxovda, rom uoliss eCvenebina im ideebisadmi erTguleba, romlebsac is,
sinamdvileSi, ar iziarebda; radgan amis gakeTebis survili ar hqonda, man kursis damTavrebisa
da damSvidobebis gareSe, Cumad daaRwia Tavi iqaurobas.
mogvianebiT uolisma moZraobis liderebs miswera da auxsna, rom is iyo sociologi,
romelic saientelogiis gamokvlevas atarebda. is aRniSnavda, rom saientologiuri moZraoba xSirad
ieriSis obieqti iyo, da varaudobda, rom mis gamokvlevaSi ufro gawonasworebuli Tvalsazrisi
iqneboda mocemuli. Semdeg man britaneTSi moinaxula seqtis Stab-bina da esaubra erT-erT
xelmZRvanel pirs. es pirovneba Sewuxebuli iyo imiT, rom uolisma datova komunikaciebis
kursi. man, agreTve, icoda im kiTxvarebis Sesaxeb, romlebic mkvlevarma bevr saientologs
daugzavna siis mixedviT. miuxedavad amisa, man uoliss organizaciis zogierTi wevrisa da
studentebis interviuirebis ufleba misca. am piris daxmarebiT, mkvlevarma miiRo im
adamianebis misamarTebi, romlebTanac mas kontaqti unda daemyarebian SeerTebul StatebSi.
sabolood, uolisma moaxerxa sakmarisi masalis mopoveba, rom daemTavrebina Tavisi naSromi.
gamokvlevis Sedegad, man daaskvna, rom adamianebs saientologia izidavs ara imdenad im
ideebis gamo, romelTa propagandas es religiuri organizacia eweoda, aramed imiT, rom is
aqtiurad cdilobda axali wevrebis mizidvas da konformulobis wnexis qveS aqcevda mas Semdeg,
rac isini moZraobaSi CaerTvebodnen.
kvlevis eTikuri problemebi: respondentebis negatiuri reaqcia
yvela kvlevam, romlebic adamianebs exeba, SeiZleba eTikuri dilemebi warmoSvas. uolisi
nakleb gulaxdili iyo imaTTan, vis qcevasac is swavlobda. man ar gaamJRavna Tavisi pirovneba,
rogorc sociologma, rodesac saientologiis kursze Caewera. is Seecada, pirdapir ar eTqva tyuilebi,
magram ar daasaxela Tavisi monawileobis namdvili mizezi. iyo es qceva eTikuri? Tu yvela
garemoebas kargad avwoniT, albaT, iyo. Tu uolisi savsebiT gulaxdili iqneboda kvlevis yvela
etapze, gamokvleva ar gagrZeldeboda. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom sazogadoebisTvis sainteresoa
icodes, ra xdeba saidumlo organizaciebSi. amis safuZvelze, SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom misi
strategia gamarTlebuli iyo.
publikaciis problemebi: uolisis gamocdileba
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eTikuri problemebi, agreTve, xSirad wamoiWreba gamokvlevis Sedegad mopovebuli

monacemebis gamoqveynebis potenciuri Sedegebis gamo. Tavisi wignis gamoqveynebamde,
uolisma xelnaweri saientologiis Stab-binaSi gagzavna. Semdeg man garkveuli cvlilebebi
Seitana, rom daekmayofilebina saientologTa zogierTi moTxovna. miuxedavad amisa, maT
xelnaweri gaugzavnes advokats, romelic, saerTod, ciliswamebis saqmeebs awarmoebda. misi
rCeviT, uolisma xelnaweridan zogierTi adgili amoiRo. gamokvlevis Sesaxeb komentari gaakeTa
sociologma, romelic Tavad iyo saientologi. man uolisis kvlevis meTodebi da daskvnebi sastikad
gaakritika. aRniSnuli komentari, garkveuli periodis Semdeg, Setanil iqna gamoqveynebul
wignSi, rogorc danarTi. saientologebma erT-erT TavianT periodul gamocemaSi gamoaqveynes
statia, sadac gaanalizebuli iyo uolisis gamokvleva. statiaSi moyvanilia citatebi kvlevis
saidumloebisa da mkvlevris qcevis Semswavleli im komisiis daskvnidan, romelic Seqmnili iyo
SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentis mecnierebisa da teqnologiis ofisis mier. daskvnaSi xazgasmiT
iyo aRniSnuli, rom ,,mkvlevrebma, romlebic adamianebs Seiswavlian, unda miiRon maTgan
informirebuli Tanxmoba.” saientologebma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gaamaxviles imaze, rom
mkvlevrisTvis ar miuciaT informirebuli Tanxmoba da, amasTan erTad, uolisis gamoqveynebuli
Sroma efuZneboda im informacias, romelic mkvlevarma, ZiriTadad, miiRo saientologiis
eklesiisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili adamianebis mcire wrisagan.
uoliss saqme hqonda didi Zalauflebis mqone da kargad organizebul jgufTan, romelmac
SeZlo misi darwmuneba, Seecvala gamokvlevis angariSebis pirvandeli variantebi. sxva
individebsa da jgufebs, romlebsac sociologebi Seiswavlian, msgavsi gavlena ara aqvT. im
adamianebis Seswavlis dros, romlebic sustebi da uZlurebi arian, magaliTad, fsiqiatriuli
avadmyofebi an patimrebi, mkvlevars garkveuli valdebuleba aqvs, Seafasos Tavisi kvlevis
eTikuri mniSvneloba. radgan aseTi adamianebis SesaZlebloba, uSualod hqondeT negatiuri
reaqcia, albaT, SezRudulia.
gamokvlevis subieqtebma SeiZleba CaTvalon, rom gamoqveynebuli Sedegebi
Seuracxmyofelia imis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, maTi azriT, isini arasasiamovno saxiT arian
warmodgenilebi (magaliTad, saientologebis reaqcia), an, meore mxriv, rom kvlevis Sedegebis
gamoqveynebis Sedegad, sajaro xdeba is atitudebi da qceva, romlebic, urCevnodaT,
konfidencialuri yofiliyo. adamianebs ar surT, rom sajaro gaxdes socialuri cxovrebis mravali is
sfero, romlebSic isini, sinamdvileSi, CarTulebi arian. zogierTi adamiani, romelic muSaobs
fabrikaSi an ofisSi, regularulad ezideba saxlSi garkveul nivTebs (sagnebs, masalas);
saavadmyofos meddebi, zogjer, momakvdav pacientebs morgis zewrebSi axveven jer kidev
manam, sanam isini mokvdebian da TiTqmis ar aqceven maT yuradRebas. cixis
zedamxedvelebma, SesaZloa, miiRon qrTami patimrebisgan da zogierTi maTgani aRiaron
`sandod~ da miandon im samuSaos Sesruleba, rasac Tavad unda akeTebdnen.
sociologiis gavlena
sociologiuri gamokvleva iSviaTad aris saintereso mxolod sociologTa inteleqtualuri

sazogadoebisTvis. xSirad, misi Sedegebi ufro farTod vrceldeba. igive moxda uolisis naSromis
SemTxvevaSi, ramac ase SeaSfoTa saientologebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sociologia ar aris mxolod
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Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis Seswavla; is am sazogadoebebis uwyveti cxovrebis ciklis

mniSvnelovani elementia. magaliTad, SegviZlia aviRoT mimdinare transformaciebi, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen qorwinebaze, sqesTa Soris gansxvavebasa da ojaxze. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi mcxovreb adamianTa mxolod mcire nawilma ar icis am cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. es
sociologiuri kvlevis monacemebis gaJonvis Sedegia. Cvens azrovnebasa da qcevaze
mniSvnelovnad axdens gavlenas sociologiuri codna da, am gziT, Tavad sociologiuri kvlevis
sfero icvlis formas. am movlenis aRweris erT-erTi gza (sociologiis specialur terminebs Tu
gamoviyenebT) aris imis aRniSvna, rom sociologias refleqsuri kavSiri aqvs im adamianebTan,
vis qcevasac swavlobs. `refleqsuri~ aRwers urTierTgacvlas sociologiur kvlevasa da adamianTa
qcevas Soris. ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom sociologiuri monacemebi, xSirad, mWidro korelaciaSia
sayovelTaod aRiarebul rwmenebTan. amis mizezi is ki ar aris, rom sociologia, ubralod,
gvacnobs CvenTvis ukve nacnob monacemebs, aramed is, rom sociologiuri kvleva gamudmebiT
axdens gavlenas sazogadoebis Sesaxeb Cvens yoveldRiur codnaze.
danarTi 1: statistikuri terminebi
sociologiuri kvlevis monacemTa analizis dros, mkvlevari xSirad iyenebs statistikur

teqnikas, romlis nawili Zalian rTuli da kompleqsuria, magram is, rac yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyeneba, gasagebad advilia. yvelaze farTod gavrcelebulia centraluri tendenciis sazomebi
(saSualo sididis gamoTvlis saSualebebi) da korelaciis koeficientebi (erTi cvladis meoresTan
Tanamimdevruli kavSiris xarisxis sazomebi).
arsebobs saSualo sidideebis gamoangariSebis sami meTodi, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs
garkveuli upiratesobebi da naklovanebebi. magaliTad, aviRoT cameti individis piradi simdidris
raodenoba (iseTi qonebis CaTvliT, rogoricaa saxlebi, manqanebi, sabanko angariSebi da
kapitaldabandebebi). davuSvaT, rom am camet adamians aqvs Semdegi odenobis qoneba:
1. £ 000 (nuli) 5. £ 40.000 9. £ 100.000 13. £ 10.000.000

2. £ 5.000 6. £ 40.000 10. £ 150.000
3. £ 10.000 7. £ 40.000 11. £ 200.000
4. £ 20.000 8. £ 80.000 12. £ 400.000
saSualo ricxvi aq Seesatyviseba saSualo sidides, romelic miRebulia yvela cameti

adamianis piradi qonebis SekrebiTa da Sedegis 13-ze gayofiT. saerTo jami aris £11.085.000. Tu
am ricxvs 13-ze gavyofT, miviRebT saSualo ricxvs £852.692.31. es saSualo ricxvi, xSirad, aris
sasargeblo kalkulacia, radgan is emyareba miRebuli monacemebis mTel moculobas. magram am
proceduram SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos iq, sadac erTi an ramdenime SemTxveva
umravlesobisgan Zalian gansxvavdeba. zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi, saSualo ricxvi,
sinamdvileSi, ar aris ZiriTadi tendenciis Sesabamisi sazomi, radgan erTi didi ricxvis _
10.000.000 _ arseboba yvela sxva danarCens amaxinjebs. SesaZloa, iseTi STabeWdileba
Seiqmnas, TiTqos, adamianTa umravlesobas imaze ufro meti qoneba aqvs, vidre es
sinamdvileSia.
aseT SemTxvevebSi, sxva ori sazomidan erT-erTi SegviZlia gamoviyenoT. moda aris
ricxvi, romelic yvelaze ufro xSirad gvxvdeba arsebul monacemebSi. Cvens magaliTSi es aris
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£40.000. modas problema is aris, rom igi ar iTvaliswinebs monacemebis saerTo ganawilebas,
e.i. mocemuli yvela ricxvis mTel diapazons. ar aris aucilebeli, rom SemTxveva, romelic yvelaze
xSirad gvxvdeba ricxvebSi, reprezentatuli iyos mTeli ganawilebisTvis da amitom is SeiZleba ar
iyos sando saSualo sidide. Cvens SemTxvevaSi £40.000 Zalian axlosaa qveda zRvarze myof
ricxvebTan.
mesame sazomi aris mediana, romelic ricxvebis nebismieri erTobliobis SuaSi mdebareobs.
aq es meSvide ricxvia _ £40.000. Cvens magaliTSi, cifrebis kenti raodenoba gvaqvs. aq rom
luwi ricxvi yofiliyo, magaliTad, 12, medianas gamoviTvlidiT SuaSi myofi ori SemTxvevis, 6 da
7 ricxvebis, saSualo ricxviT. modas msgavsad, mediana ar gvaZlevs warmodgenas gazomili
monacemebis namdvili diapazonis Sesaxeb.
zogjer mkvlevarma unda gamoiyenos ZiriTadi tendenciis erTze meti sazomi, raTa Tavidan
aicilos saSualo sididis mcdari suraTi. sakmaod xSirad, mkvlevrebi iTvlian standartul gadaxras
gansaxilveli monacemebisTvis. es aris ricxvebis erTobliobis dispersiis xarisxis an diapazonis
gamoTvlis saSualeba _ romelic Cvens SemTxvevaSi nulidan 10.000.00-mdea.
korelaciis koeficientebi gvTavazobs sasargeblo gzas imis gamosaxatad, Tu rogoraa
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli ori (an meti) cvladi. Tu ori cvladi erTmaneTTan srul korelaciaSia,
Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT srul dadebiT korelaciaze, romelic gamoixateba rogorc 1,0. rodesac
or cvlads Soris veraviTar kavSirs ver aRmovaCenT _ maT Soris saerTod ar arsebobs
Tanamimdevruli kavSiri, koeficienti aris nuli. sruli uaryofiTi korelacia, gamoxatuli rogorc -1,0,
arsebobs maSin, rodesac ori cvladi mTlianad inversiul kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. socialur
mecnierebebSi srulyofili korelaciis aRmoCena SeuZlebelia. 0,6 an meti korelacia, dadebiTi an
uaryofiTi, Cveulebriv, ganixileba, rogorc nebismier gasaanalizebel cvladebs Soris mWidro
kavSiris maCvenebeli. am doneze pozitiuri korelaciebis aRmoCena SesaZlebelia, vTqvaT,
klasobriv warmoSobasa da xmis micemasTan dakavSirebul qcevas Soris.
danarTi 2: cxrilis wakiTxva
cxrilis nimuSi
avtomobilebis floba: ramdenime SerCeuli qveynis saerTaSoriso Sedareba
avtomobilebis ricxvi mozrdili mosaxleobis 1000 pirze3

wlebi
qveynebis dasaxeleba 1993 da
1971 1981 1984 1989
Semdgom
brazilia 12 78 84 98 _
gaerTianebuli samefo 224 317 343 366 360
dasavleT germania 247 385 312 479 4704
iaponia 100 209 207 286 300
irlandia 141 202 226 228 _
3
Seicavs yvela licenzirebul manqanas
4
Germany as a whole in 1993
wyaro: International Road Federation, United Nations Annual Bulletin of Transport Statistics, Social Trends (London, HMSO,
1987, gv. 68); Statistical Office of the European Community, Basic Statistics of the Community (Luxembourgh, European
Union, 1991); data for 1993 or latest from The Economist, Pocket World in Figures, 1996.
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italia 210 322 359 424 500

saberZneTi 30 94 116 150 _
safrangeTi 261 348 360 475 420
SeerTebuli Statebi 448 536 540 607 570
SvedeTi 291 348 445 445 410
Cile 19 45 56 67 _
cxrilSi moyvanil cifrebSi Cven SegviZlia ramdenime saintereso tendencia davinaxoT.

pirveli, kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva qveyanaSi:
SeerTebul StatebSi kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvi 1000 sul mosaxleze TiTqmis 10-jer metia, vidre
CileSi.
meore, cxrili aCvenebs aSkara kavSirs kerZo avtomobilebis raodenobasa da qveynis
simdidris dones Soris. faqtobrivad, kerZo avtomobilebis Tanafardoba, albaT, SegviZlia
gamoviyenoT, rogorc keTildReobis gansxvavebuli donis miaxloebiTi maCvenebeli.
mesame, cxrilSi mocemul yvela qveyanaSi kerZo avtomobilebis raodenoba 1971 wlidan
1993 wlamde gaizarda, magram zogierT qveyanaSi zrdis tempi ufro maRalia, vidre sxva
qveynebSi, es, albaT, aCvenebs ekonomikuri zrdis sxvadasxva xarisxs.
meoTxe, es monacemebi unda ganvixiloT ufro farTo politikur konteqstSi. magaliTad,
1993 wels, germaniaSi kerZo avtomobilebis ricxvis Semcireba asaxavs dasavleT da
aRmosavleT germaniis gaerTianebis process.
mexuTe, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT monacemebis wyaroebi. magaliTad, gaerTianebul
samefoSi, safrangeTSi, SvedeTsa da SeerTebul StatebSi, 1993 wels, kerZo avtomobilebis
SedarebiT naklebi raodenoba, 1989 welTan SedarebiT, SeiZleba aixsnas monacemTa wyaroebis
gansxvavebiT. monacemebze muSaobis dros, saWiroa sifrTxile da, idealur SemTxvevaSi,
statistikis jvaredini Semowmeba.
sociologiuri literaturis kiTxvisas, Tqven xSirad waawydebiT cxrilebs. zogjer isini rTuli
geCvenebaT, magram maTi gaSifvra advilia, Tu Tqven daicavT qvemoT CamoTvlil ramdenime
ZiriTad princips; muSaobis procesSi, es moqmedebebi avtomaturi gaxdeba. cdunebas nu
ahyvebiT da cxrilebs nu gadaaxtebiT. isini Seicaven erTad Tavmoyril informacias, romlis
wakiTxva ufro swrafad SeiZleba, vidre es SesaZlebeli iqneboda sityvebiT gamoxatuli imave
masalis wakiTxvis dros. rodesac Tqven gaiwafebiT cxrilebis interpretaciaSi, agreTve SeZlebT,
gansazRvroT, ramdenad safuZvliania mocemuli masalis avtoris mier gakeTebuli daskvnebi.
1. saTauri waikiTxeT mTlianad. xSirad, cxrilebs grZeli saTaurebi aqvs. es warmoadgens
mkvlevris cdas, zustad gansazRvros warmodgenili informaciis arsi. warmodgenili cxrilis
saTauri, Tavdapirvelad, miuTiTebs monacemebis sagans, Semdeg _ faqts, rom cxrili gvawvdis
masalas SedarebisTvis, mesamec _ faqts, rom cxrilis monacemebi qveynebis garkveul ricxvs
asaxavs.
2. moZebneT axsna-ganmartebiTi komentarebi an SeniSvnebi monacemebis Sesaxeb.
cxrilis pirveli svetis qveS moTavsebuli SeniSvna miuTiTebs, rom monacemebi mxolod
licenzirebul manqanebs exeba. es mniSvnelovania, radgan zogierT qveyanaSi, swored
licenzirebuli satransporto saSualebebis wili SeiZleba naklebi iyo, vidre sxva qveynebSi.
SeniSvnebSi SeiZleba miTiTebuli iyos, rogor Segrovda masala da ratom aris is garkveuli saxiT
naCvenebi. Tu monacemebi mkvlevris mier araa Segrovebuli da isini efuZneba sxvagan
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gamoqveynebul pirvandel masalas, cxrilSi wyaro iqneba miTiTebuli. wyaro, zogjer, gvaZlevs
SesaZleblobas, CavwvdeT, ramdenad sando SeiZleba iyos informacia; is imasac gviCvenebs,
sad moviZioT pirvandeli monacemebi. Cvens cxrilSi wyaroze miTiTeba naTels xdis, rom
monacemebi aRebulia erTze meti wyarodan.
3. waikiTxeT saTaurebi cxrilis zeviT da marcxena mxares (zogjer cxrilebSi saTaurebi
SeiZleba iyos qveviT da ara zeviT). am saTaurebis saSualebiT gaigebT, ra tipis informacias
Seicavs TiToeuli rigi da sveti. cxrilis wakiTxvisa da cifrebis daTvalierebis dros, daimaxsovreT
yvela saTauri. Cvens magaliTSi, marcxena mxares moTavsebuli saTaurebi exeba mocemul
qveynebs, xolo zeviT aRniSnuli saTaurebi ki _ kerZo manqanebis raodenobasa da wlebs.
4. gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli erTeulebi. cxrilSi mocemuli ricxvebi SeiZleba
aRniSnavdnen SemTxvevebs, procentebs, saSualo sidideebsa da sxva sazomebs. zogjer
SeiZleba sasargeblo iyos, Tu cifrebs TqvenTvis ufro gamosadeg formas miscemT; magaliTad,
Tu procentebi ar aris mocemuli, saWiroa maTi gamoangariSeba.
5. gaiazreT daskvnebi, romelTa miReba SesaZlebelia cxrilSi mocemuli informaciis
saSualebiT. cxrilebis umetesobis komentars Tavad avtori akeTebs da, ra Tqma unda, Tqven
unda mixvdeT, risi Tqma unda mas. magram isic unda gaarkvioT, ra damatebiT sakiTxebs Tu
SekiTxvebs gvTavazobs cxrilSi moyvanili monacemebi.
danarTi 3: rogor gamoviyenoT biblioTekebi
biblioTekebi, gansakuTrebiT didi, SeiZleba naklebad mimzidvel adgilebad mogveCvenos.

bevri adamiani sakmaod ibneva, rodesac pirispir xvdeba biblioTekebSi ganTavsebuli
informaciis uricxv wyaros. amitom maT, SesaZloa, mxolod mcire nawili gamoiyenon imisa, risi
SeTavazebac biblioTekebs SeuZliaT, rac, albaT, uaryofiT gavlenas moaxdens maT akademiur
muSaobaze. kargia, Tu Tqveni kursis dasawyisSi gaecnobiT mTel im resursebs, romlebic
biblioTekebSia. Tu amas adre gaakeTebT, Tqveni `dakargulobis~ SegrZneba didxans ar
gagrZeldeba!
biblioTekaSi arsebuli yvela informacia Senaxulia da daxarisxebulia sistemurad, maTi
moZebna rom advili iyos. patara biblioTekebis umetesobaSi dgas Ria stelaJebi _ Taroebze
wignebis Tavisuflad daTvaliereba SeiZleba da momxmarebels SeuZlia Tavad airCios misTvis
saWiro nebismieri wigni. ufro didi koleqciebis umetesobaSi, wignebis mxolod nawili devs Ria
Taroebze, danarCeni ki Senaxulia sacavebSi, sadac maT Sesanaxad naklebi farTobia saWiro.
am biblioTekebSi nebismierma adamianma, visac surs, biblioTekaSive isargeblos wigniT an
droebiT iTxovos is, pirdapir unda moiTxovos is an Seavsos SekveTis ganacxadi. zogierT
biblioTekaSi wignebi orive sistemiT gaicema.
Tu Tqven eZebT garkveul wigns, misi moZebna SegiZliaT avtoris an saTauris indeqsis
saSualebiT, an katalogis daxmarebiT. es SeiZleba iyos kompiuterSi mocemuli sia, indeqsis
baraTebis ujrebi an mikrofiSebi _ an samive erTad. rogorc ki ipoviT TqvenTvis saWiro wignis
katalogis nomers, SegiZliaT, ganacxadis baraTSi aRniSnoT es nomeri da wigni biblioTekis
TanamSromlebs SeukveToT an Tavad moZebnoT Ria Taroebze, sadac wignebi yovelTvis
katalogis nomrebis mixedviT aris dalagebuli. yvela sociologiuri wigni an maTi umravlesoba
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erTad iqneba dalagebuli. nebismieri biblioTekari SeZlebs, agixsnaT, rogor aris mowyobili
katalogis sistema.
garkveul Temaze dawerili wignebis moZebnis dros, rodesac ar iciT arc avtorTa gvarebi da
arc wignebis saTaurebi, saWiroa, gamoiyenoT Tematuri indeqsi (esec SeiZleba iyos
kompiuterizebuli an baraTebze). Tematur indeqsSi wignebi Setanilia Temebis mixedviT,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, `klasi~, `biurokratia~ da a.S.
didi biblioTekebis umravlesobaSi aris kompiuteruli sistemebi, romelTa marTva advilia.
isini, Cveulebriv, biblioTekis yvela momxmareblisTvis aris xelmisawvdomi. Tqven, ubralod,
miuTiTebT kompiuterSi im sferos Tu sferoebs, romelTa Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informacia
gainteresebT da kompiuteri Sesabamisi saTaurebis sias SemogTavazebT.
biblioTekebis umravlesoba momxmarebels zustad aseTive momsaxurebas sTavazobs,
magram sxvadasxva biblioTeka amas sxvadasxvanairad akeTebs. gansxvavebulia katalogebis
sistemebic. nurasdros SegeSindebaT, biblioTekars an asistentebs sTxovoT daxmareba, Tu
biblioTekis teqnologiuri procesis romelime aspeqti sagonebelSi CagagdebT an rCeva
dagWirdebaT. nu idardebT, Tu mogiwevT maTi Sewuxeba. biblioTekarebi namdvili
profesionalebi arian. isini valdebulebi arian, daarwmunon momxmareblebi, rom biblioTekis
resursebi xelmisawvdomia yvelasTvis, visac surs maTi gamoyeneba. Cveulebriv, isini
biblioTekaSi arsebul mTel masalas Zalian kargad icnoben da surT, mkiTxvelebs rCeviT
daexmaron.
zogadi informaciis wyaroebi sociologiaSi
Tu Tqven iwyebT sociologiaSi raime garkveuli Temis Seswavlas da gsurT mis Sesaxeb
ZiriTadi informaciis moZieba, amisTvis arsebobs mravali sasargeblo saSualeba. arsebobs
sociologiis sxvadasxva leqsikoni. maTSi mocemulia sagnis ZiriTadi cnebebis mokle ganxilva,
da agreTve, im gamoCenil mecnierTa Sexedulebebis Sefaseba, romlebmac didi wvlili Seitanes
am disciplinaSi. didi leqsikonebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ~Encyclopaedia Britannica~, Seicavs
sociologiuri Temebis Sesabamis bevr statias. leqsikonebsa da enciklopediebSi gamoqveynebul
statiebs, faqtobrivad, yovelTvis, Tan axlavs im wignebisa da statiebis mokle CamonaTvali,
romlebic damatebiT sakiTxav masalad gamodgeba.
arsebobs mravali sxva gza mocemuli problemis an sakiTxis Sesabamisi wignebisa Tu
statiebis mosaZieblad. Jurnali ~The International Bibliography of the Social Scinces~, romelsac
yovelwliurad gamoscems iunesko, aqveynebs im Sromebis amomwurav sias, romlebic
ibeWdeba socialuri mecnierebebis sxvadasxva disciplinaSi yovel wels. magaliTad, Tqven
SegiZliaT naxoT saTauri `ganaTlebis sociologia~ da moZebnoT uamravi Tanamedrove masala
am sferoSi. aseve sasargeblo wyaroa ~Sociological Abstracts~, sadac ara marto CamoTvlilia
wignebi da statiebi, romlebic exeba sociologiis sxvadasxva sferos, aramed mocemulia TiToeuli
maTganis Sinaarsis mokle mimoxilva.
sociologiuri Jurnalebi
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aucilebelia, gaecnoT sociologiis ZiriTad Jurnalebs. isini, Cveulebriv, weliwadSi samjer an

oTxjer gamodis. maTSi gamoqveynebuli informacia da diskusiebi ufro Tanamedrovea, vidre
wignebSi dabeWdili masala, radgan wignis dawerasa da gamoqveynebas ufro meti dro
sWirdeba. zogjer, JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi exeba specifikur sakiTxebs da im
pirovnebisTvis, romelmac jer kidev ar icis sociologia kargad, Zneli gasagebia. magram yvela
mTavari Jurnali regularulad aqveynebs zogadi xasiaTis statiebs, romlebic imaTTvisac ki
gasagebia, visac am sagnis mwiri codna aqvs.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Jurnalebia ~Sociology~ (britaneTis sociologiuri asociaciis
oficialuri Jurnali), ~British Journal of Sociology~, ~Sociological Review~ da ~American
Journal of Sociology~.
sadisertacio gamokvleva an ufro xangrZlivi gamokvleva
zog SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, biblioTeka gamoiyenoT garkveuli kvlevis proeqtis

ganxorcielebis mizniT, albaT, disertaciis weris dros. aseTi amocana gulisxmobs Sesabamisi
wyaroebis ufro `siRrmiseul~ kvlevas, vidre es, Cveulebriv, saWiroa.
Tu Tqven gWirdebaT statistikuri informacia britaneTis Sesaxeb, kargia, Tu daiwyebT
wigniT `Social Trends~, romelsac yovelwliurad aqveynebs mTavroba (HMSO). is Seicavs
specialurad SerCeul statistikur informacias britaneTis socialuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis
Sesaxeb. damatebiT informacias Seicavs ~General Household Survey~ da ufro detalur
statistikur informacias _ yovelwliuri ~Annual Abstract of Statistics.~ orives mTavroba
gamoscems.
sagazeTo statiebi mkvlevrisTvis mniSvnelovani informaciis wyaros warmoadgens.
arsebobs mxolod ramdenime gazeTi, romlebsac, zogjer `faqtebis Jurnalebs~ uwodeben. es
niSnavs, rom isini ara marto axal ambebs Seicaven, aramed aqveyneben nawyvetebs
saparlamento gamosvlebidan, mTavrobis cnobebsa da sxva oficialur dokumentebs. ~The
Times~, ~Guardian~ da ~Independent~ Zalian mniSvnelovani britanuli gazeTebia da TiToeuli
maTgani gvTavazobs im Temebisa da gvarebis indeqss, romlebic mis gverdebze qveyndeba.
ufro Sors Wvreta
rogorc ki daiwyebT biblioTekis regularulad gamoyenebas, albaT, aRmoaCenT, rom ufro

Cveulia, iyoT aRelvebuli garkveul sferoSi arsebuli naSromebis simravlis gamo, vidre ganicadoT
siZnele Sesabamisi literaturis moZiebisas. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi gzaa, wignebis an
statiebis arCeva literaturis im siebis gacnobas efuZnebodes, romlebsac Tqven leqtorebi da
tutorebi gaZleven. Tu aseTi siebi ar arsebobs, an Tqven gindaT damatebiTi masalis moZieba,
yvelaze ukeTesi iqneba, Tu, rac SeiZleba zustad gansazRvravT TqvenTvis saWiro informacias.
es saSualebas mogcemT, arCevanis areali SeZlebisdagvarad daaviwrovoT. Tu Tqvens
biblioTekaSi Ria stelaJebia, saWiroa, daaTvalieroT potenciurad Sesaferisi wignebis an statiebis
garkveuli raodenoba, sanam TqvenTvis aucilebel literaturas aarCevT. Tu gaqvT wigni, romelsac
endobiT, SegiZliaT masSi mocemuli bibliografia gamoiyenoT gzamkvlevis saxiT.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros, wignis Sinaarsisgan damoukideblad, unda gaxsovdeT, rodis
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daiwera wigni. sociologia, iseve rogorc sxva socialuri mecnierebebi, mudmiv ganaxlebas
eqvemdebareba da, ra Tqma unda, Zveli wignebi ar asaxavs am cvlilebebs.
Sejameba
10. yvela gamokvleva iwyeba kvlevis problemiT, romelic mkvlevars aRelvebs an

sagonebelSi agdebs. kvlevis problemebi SeiZleba warmoSvas arsebul literaturaSi
warmoCenilma xarvezebma an Teoriulma debatebma, an socialur samyaroSi arsebulma
praqtikulma sakiTxebma. kvleviTi strategiis SemuSavebaSi, SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT
ramdenime mkafiod Camoyalibebuli etapi, Tumca realur gamokvlevaSi isini iSviaTad mihyveba
erTmaneTs zusti TanamimdevrobiT.
11. seriozuli sociologiuri gamokvleva gulisxmobs, garkveuli socialuri fenomenis
gaanalizebis mizniT, sando midgomis gamoyenebas. kvlevis meTodebi gansazRvravs, Tu rogor
tardeba gamokvleva. savele gamokvlevis anu CarTuli dakvirvebis dros, mkvlevari did dros
atarebs Sesaswavl jgufTan an erTobasTan. meore meTodi, masobrivi gamokiTxva, gulisxmobs
kiTxvarebis fostiT gagzavnas an pirdapir darigebas im adamianebisTvis, romlebic
warmoadgenen didi populaciebis SerCeviT erTobliobebs. sxva meTodebia eqsperimentebi,
agreTve cxovrebis istoriebisa da dRiurebis gamoyeneba, da dokumenturi kvleva.
12. TiToeul kvlevis meTods aqvs Tavisi SezRudvebi. amitom mkvlevrebi, xSirad,
iyeneben or an met meTods erTi da imave gamokvlevis dros; TiToeulis mizania sxva
meTodebis saSualebiT miRebuli monacemebis Semowmeba da Sevseba. sociologiuri kvlevis
saukeTeso nimuSebSi SeerTebulia istoriuli da SedarebiTi perspeqtivebi.
13. sociologiuri gamokvlevis dros, mkvlevris winaSe xSirad dgeba eTikuri dilemebi. isini
SeiZleba wamoiWras an maSin, rodesac mkvlevari kvlevis pirebs ar eubneba simarTles, an roca
kvlevis monacemebis gamoqveynebam, SesaZloa, arasasurveli gavlena moaxdinos Sesaswavli
adamianebis grZnobebze an cxovrebaze. ar arsebobs gza, romelic mTlianad gadaWris aseT
problemebs, magram yvela mkvlevari gulisxmierad unda moekidos wamoWril dilemebs.
14. iseTi kvlevis analizis dros, romlis mizania raodenobrivi monacemebis mogroveba,
sxvadasxva statistikuri teqnika gamoiyeneba. yvelaze mniSvnelovania ZiriTadi tendenciis
sazomebi da korelaciis koeficientebi. centraluri tendenciis sazomebi aris ricxvebis mocemuli
diapazonidan saSualo sidideebis gamoTvlis saSualebebi. korelaciis koeficientebi zomavs erTi
cvladis meoresTan Tanamimdevruli kavSiris xarisxs.
Margaret Fonow and Judith A. Cook, Beyond Methodology: Feminist Scholarship as Lived
Research (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991). eseebis krebuli, romelic Seiswavlis
feminizmis gavlenas socialuri mecnierebebis kvlevis meTodebze.
Lee Harvey, Morag MacDonald and Anne Devany, Doing Sociology (London: Macmillan,
1992). meTodologiisadmi proeqtze dafuZnebuli midgoma, sociologiis axalbeda studentebisTvis.
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443
Catherine Marsh, Exploring Data (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1988). monacemTa analizis
SesaniSnavi Sesavali, romelSic, statistikuri teqnikis ilustrirebis mizniT, yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia realuri problemebis Seswavlaze.
Ken Plummer, Documents of Life (London: Routledge, 1990). socialur mecnierebebSi
Tvisebri kvlevis Sesavali.
Lynne Williams and Audrey Dunsmuir, How to do Social Research (London: Carper
Collins, 1990). praqtikaze orientirebuli socialuri kvlevis Sesavali, exeba sociologiuri kvlevis
ZiriTadi meTodebis aspeqtebis umravlesobas.
kiTxvebi faqtebis Sesaxeb SerCeva

SedarebiTi kiTxvebi reprezentatuli SerCeva
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi SemTxveviTi SerCeva
eqsperimenti
Teoriuli kiTxvebi
cxovrebis istoriebi
empiriuli kvleva
hipoTeza dokumenturi kvleva
CarTuli dakvirveba SedarebiTi analizi
masobrivi gamokiTxva yoveldRiuri rwmenebi
standartizebuli kiTxvarebi korelacia
Ria kiTxvarebi
Tavi 21
sociologiuri Teoria
ZiriTadi cnebebi
Teoriuli midgomebi
funqcionalizmi. struqturalizmi.
simboluri interaqcionizmi. marqsizmi
Teoriuli dilemebi
dilema I: struqtura da qmedeba
dilema II : konsensusi da konfliqti
dilema III: genderis problema
dilema IV: Tanamedrove samyaros formireba
Teoriebi
magaliTi: protestantuli eTika
Teoriuli azrovneba sociologiaSi
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Sejameba
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445
ZiriTadi cnebebi
Kkonsensusi. Kkonfliqti. socialuri struqtura.
Teoriuli midgoma. Teoria.
winamdebare TavSi gavaanalizebT ZiriTad Teoriul midgomebs sociologiaSi, im

dilemebis identificirebiT, romlebzec isini miuTiTeben. Cven, aseve, ganvixilavT
Tanamedroveobis ZiriTad Teoriul transformaciebs.
Teoriuli midgomebi
sociologiis sawyisebi – marqsis, durkemisa da veberis naSromebSi – umTavresad

evropuli iyo. Tumca, Cvens saukuneSi am disciplinam myarad moikida fexi TiTqmis mTel
msoflioSi da umniSvnelovanesi ganviTareba ganicada SeerTebul StatebSi. sociologiuri Teoriis
ganviTarebaze didi gavlena moaxdina amerikeli filosofosis herbert midis (1863-1931)
naSromebma, romelic Cikagos universitetSi aswavlida da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana
sociologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. Mmidi xazs usvamda enis da, mTlianobaSi,
simboloebis ganmsazRvrel rols adamianis socialur cxovrebaSi. midgomas, romelic man
ganaviTara, Semdeg simboluri interaqcionizmi ewoda. midi naklebad ikvlevda sazogadoebas,
rogorc mTels, igi met yuradRebas mcire masStabis socialur procesebs uTmobda. Mmiuxedavad
imisa, rom sakmaod adre warmoiSva, simboluri interaqcionizmi mxolod mogvianebiT gaxda
gavleniani. amitom, Cven mas funqcionalizmisa da struqturalizmis Semdeg ganvixilavT.
Mmeore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi yvelaze cnobili amerikeli sociologi talkot
parsonsi (1902-1979) iyo. igi sakmaod produqtiuli avtori gaxldaT, romlis Sromebi exeboda
rogorc sociologiis empiriul sferoebs, aseve Teorias. sxva sferoebTan erTad, man didi wvlili
Seitana ojaxis, biurokratiis, profesiebis da politikis kvlevis saqmeSi. igi erT-erTi pirveli iyo,
vinc xeli Seuwyo funqcionalizmis ganviTarebas; es aris Teoriuli mdgoma, romlis
damfuZneblebi diurkemi da konti arian. funqcionalisturi midgomis mixedviT, nebismieri
sazogadoebis Seswavlisas, unda davakvirdeT, rogor arian dakavSirebulni sazogadoebis
sxvadasxva ,,nawilebi” Tu institutebi, misi uwyveti arsebobis SesanarCunebis mizniT.
Tumca, mogvianebiT, ukve evropelma moazrovneebma gaiTqves saxeli TavianTi
wvliliT sociologiuri Teoriis ganviTarebaSi. midgoma, romelmac gansakuTrebul warmatebas
miaRwia, aris struqturalizmi, romelic sociologiur analizs mWidrod ukavSirebs enis kvlevas.
struqturalisturi azrovneba, Tavdapirvelad, lingvistikaSi dafuZnda da, mogvianebiT, gadatanil
iqna socialur mecnierebebSi anTropolog klod levi-strosis mier (1908-). am midgomis saTaveebi
jer kidev diurkemTan da marqsTan SeiniSneba.
Mmarqsis naazrevis Sesaxeb msjeloba grZeldeboda misi gardacvalebidan asi wlis
Semdegac ki. Mmarqsis mimdevrebis moRvaweoba Semdeg marqsizmis saxiT Camoyalibda.
Ffunqcionalizmi
rogorc aRiniSna, funqcionalistur azrovnebas safuZveli daudo diurkemma, romelic

funqcionalur analizs sociologiuri Teoretizirebisa da kvlevis amocanebis miseuli
formulirebis sakvanZo nawilad miiCnevda. Tumca, funqcionalizmis Tanamedrove saxiT
ganviTareba anTropologebis damsaxurebaa. Cveni saukunis dasawyisamde anTropologia,
umTavresad, efuZneboda im angariSebsa da dokumentebs, romelsac koloniuri administracia,
misionrebi da mogzaurebi awvdidnen. amitom, mecxramete saukunis anTropologia ufro metad
spekulaciuri da araadekvaturad dokumentirebuli iyo. avtorebi TavianT wignebs mTel msoflioSi
Segrovili magaliTebis saSualebiT qmnidnen da didad ar wuxdnen maT auTenturobaze an im
kulturul konteqstze, saidanac es magaliTebi mohqondaT. magaliTad, religiis analizi xdeboda
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rwmenisa da praqtikis mravali magaliTis SedarebiTi analiziT, romlebic sruliad gansxvavebuli

kulturebidan iyo aRebuli.
Tanamedrove anTropologia im droiT TariRdeba, rodesac mkvlevarebs ukve aRar
akmayofilebdaT amgvari praqtika da daiwyes savele kvlevebi msoflios qveynebis sxvadasxva
kulturebSi. anTropologiuri savele praqtikis fuZemdeblebi iyvnen a. r. radklif-brauni (1881-
1955), romelic diurkemis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida, da bronislav malinovski (1884-1942),
poloneli mkvlevari, romelmac Tavisi karieris umetesi nawili britaneTSi gaatara. malinovskim
Caatara erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili anTropologiuri kvleva, rac mis mier wynari okeanis trobriandis
kunZulebze xangrZlivi muSaobis Sedegia. radklif-braunma Seiswavla andamanis kunZulebis
binadarTa yofa, romlebic cxovrobdnen arqipelagze birmis sanapirosTan.
Oorive avtori amtkicebda, rom sazogadoeba Tu kultura unda SeviswavloT, rogorc erTi
mTliani, Tu gvinda, gavigoT misi ZiriTadi institutebis arsi da avxsnaT, ratom iqcevian misi
wevrebi swored amgvarad. magaliTad, Cven SegviZlia gavaanalizoT sazogadoebis religiuri
mrwamsi da zne-Cveulebebi imisaTvis, rom vaCvenoT, rogor urTierToben isini sxva
institutebTan erTi sazogadoebis farglebSi, radgan sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawili
erTmaneTTan mWidro urTierTkavSirSi viTardeba.
socialuri praqtikis Tu institutis funqciis Seswavla niSnavs im wvlilis gaanalizebas, rac
am praqtikas Tu instituts Seaqvs sazogadoebis, rogorc mTelis, arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. Aamisi
gagebis saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens adamianis sxeulTan analogia, rasac axdenen konti,
diurkemi da bevri sxva momdevno xanis funqcionalistebi. adamianis sxeulis garkveuli organos,
magaliTad, gulis, Sesaswavlad saWiroa vicodeT, Tu rogor urTierTobs igi sxeulis sxva
nawilebTan. mTel sxeulSi sisxlis gadatumbviT, guli ZiriTad rols asrulebs organizmis sicocxlis
gaxangrZlivebaSi. msgavsad amisa, socialuri funqciis analizi niSnavs misi rolis Cvenebas
sazogadoebis arsebobis SenarCunebaSi. magaliTad, diurkemis mixedviT, religia ganamtkicebs
adamianebis erTgulebas ZiriTadi socialuri Rirebulebebisadmi, riTac xels uwyobs socialuri
erTobis mxardaWeras.
Ffunqcionalizmis mertoniseuli versia
Ffunqcionalizmi sociologiis wiaRSi talkot parsonsis (1952, 1966) da robert mertonis

Sromebis meSveobiT `dabrunda,~ romlebsac funqcionalizmi ZiriTad saSualebad miaCndaT,
sociologiuri Teoriisa da sociologiuri kvlevis ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayofad. funqcionalizmis
mertonis mier SemoTavazebuli versia gansakuTrebuli gavleniT sargeblobda, ramac amerikeli
sociologebis mTeli Taobis muSaoba gansazRvra, Tumca, sxvaganac aseve farTod
gamoiyeneboda. mertonma funqcionalisturi analizis ufro rTuli modeli Seqmna, vidre es radklif-
braunis an malinovskis mier iyo SemoTavazebuli. amasTan, man moargo igi industriuli
sazogadoebebis Seswavlas, romlebic arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda anTropologebis mier
Seswavlili ufro martivi kulturebisgan.
mertoni ganasxvavebs aSkara da latentur funqciebs. aSkara funqciebi isaa, romlebic
cnobili da nagulisxmevia gansakuTrebuli tipis socialuri aqtivobis monawileTa mier. latenturi
funqciebi im aqtivobis Sedegebia, romlis Sesaxeb monawileebma araferi ician (Merton, 1957).
am gansxvavebis sailustraciod, mertons wvimis cekvis magaliTi moaqvs, romelic niu-meqsikos
hopi indielebma warmoadgines. hopi indielebs swamT, rom es ceremoniali wvimas
gamoiwvevs, rac maT mosavlisTvis sWirdebaT (aSkara funqcia). swored amitom awyoben isini
ceremonials da monawileoben masSi. Tumca, diurkemis religiis Teoriis gamoyenebiT, mertons
miaCnia, rom wvimis cekvas sazogadoebis erTianobis SenarCunebis efeqtic gaaCnia (latenturi
funqcia). mertonis mixedviT, sociologiuri axsnis ZiriTad nawils socialuri aqtivobebisa da
institutebis latenturi funqciebis gamoaSkaraveba Seadgens.
Mmertoni, aseve, ganasxvavebs funqciasa da disfunqcias. igi aRniSnavs, rom
anTropologebis mier Seswavlili mcire kulturebi gacilebiT integrirebuli da solidarulia, vidre
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farTomasStaburi industriuli sazogadoebebi, romlebic sociologiis mTavar sazrunavs

warmoadgens. radklif-brauns da malinovskis SeeZloT yuradReba marto integraciul funqciebze
gaemaxvilebinaT, vinaidan kulturebi, romlebsac isini aanalizebdnen, stabiluri da integrirebuli
iyo. Tumca, Tanamedrove msoflios Seswavlisas, Cven dezintegraciuli tendenciebic unda
gavarkvioT. disfunqcia socialuri aqtivobis im aspeqtebs exeba, romlebic cvlilebebs iwvevs,
radgan is socialur erTianobas emuqreba.
socialuri qcevis disfunqciuri aspeqtebis Seswavla niSnavs socialuri cxovrebis im
niSnebze fokusirebas, romlebic arsebul wyobas gamowvevas ucxadebs. magaliTad, mcdaria
imis daSveba, rom religia mudam funqcionaluria, rom igi mxolod socialur erTianobas uwyobs
xels. rodesac ori jgufi sxvadasxva religias misdevs, an Tundac erTi religiis sxvadasxva versias,
aq SesaZlebelia didi socialuri konfliqtebi, farTomasStaburi socialuri ganxeTqilebiT. amitomac
xSirad CaRdeboda omebi religiur erTobebs Soris, rogoric protestantebsa da kaTolikeebs Soris
Setakebebi iyo evropis istoriaSi.
funqcionalizmis Tanamedrove ganviTareba
didi xnis ganmavlobaSi Ffunqcionalisturi azrovneba, SesaZloa, wamyvan Teoriul

tradicias warmoadgenda, gansakuTrebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi. Bbolo wlebSi misma
popularobam kleba daiwyo, vinaidan cxadi gaxda misi naklovanebebi – Tumca, am midgomas
dResac hyavs aSkara damcvelebi (Alexander, 1985). miuxedavad imisa, rom es mertons ar
exeba, mravali funqcionalisti moazrovne (magaliTad, talkot parsonsi) zedmet yuradRebas im
faqtorebze amaxvilebda, rasac socialur erTianobasTan mivyavarT, da naklebad ikvlevda im
faqtorebs, romlebic dayofasa da konfliqtebs iwvevs. amasTan, bevri kritikosis azriT,
funqcionaluri analizi sazogadoebas iseT Tvisebebs miawers, rac mas ar gaaCnia.
funqcionalistebi, xSirad, weren, TiTqos sazogadoebebs hqondes `moTxovnilebebi~ da
`miznebi,~ Tumca es cnebebi azrs maSin iZens, rodesac adamianis mimarT gamoiyeneba.
aviRoT, magaliTad, mertonis analizi hopis wvimis cekvis Sesaxeb. mertoni wers, Tu Cven
SevZlebT davinaxoT, rom ceremoniali exmareba hopi kulturis integracias, Cven ukve avxseniT,
ratom arsebobs igi `realurad~ - vinaidan, yvelaferTan erTad, yvelam viciT, rom cekvas,
sinamdvileSi, ar moaqvs wvima. ase ar aris, Tu ar warmovidgenT, rom hopis sazogadoeba
ùbiZgebs~ mis wevrebs, imoqmedon ise, rogorc maTi erTianobisTvisaa aucilebeli. magram
SeuZlebelia ase iyos, vinaidan sazogadoebas ar SeiZleba hqondes nebisyofa an miznebi; igi
mxolod adamianebs axasiaTebT.
struqturalizmi
iseve rogorc funqcionalizmma, struqturalizmmac diurkemis Sromebis gavlena

ganicada, Tumca, misi ganviTarebis mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala lingvistikaa. Sveicareli
lingvistis ferdinand de sosiuris (1857-1913) Sromebi struqturalisturi ideebis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani adreuli wyaro iyo. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom sosiuri mxolod enis Sesaxeb werda,
Sexedulebebi, romlebic man ganaviTara, mogvianebiT socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebis
mraval disciplinaSi aisaxa.
sosiuris moRvaweobamde enis Seswavla, umTavresad, sityvaTa gamoyenebis gzebis
detalur cvlilebebze dakvirvebiT Semoifargleboda. sosiuris mixedviT, es procedura uyuradRebod
tovebs enis ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebas. Cven verasodes davadgenT enis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs –
anu struqturas – Tu mxolod im sityvebs davakvirdebiT, romlebsac adamianebi saubrisas
iyeneben (Saussure, 1974). Eena Sedgeba gramatikuli wesebisgan da mniSvnelobisgan, rac
sityvebis `miRma Zevs,~ magram ar vlindeba maTSi. aviRoT martivi magaliTi: inglisur enaSi
zmnas, Cveulebriv, “ed” emateba, rodesac warsulis ambebs vexebiT. es erT-erTia im aTasobiT
wess Soris, rac am enaze mosaubrem icis, da rac gamoiyeneba saubris konstruirebisTvis.
sosiuris mixedviT, enis struqturis analizi niSnavs, eZebo wesebi, rac Cveni metyvelebis qveS
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imaleba. am wesebis umetesoba CvenTvis mxolod implicituradaa cnobili: Cven ar SegviZlia

advilad davadginoT, ras warmoadgenen isini. faqtobrivad, lingvistebis amocanaa imis
gamoaSkaraveba, rac impliciturad viciT, anu viciT mxolod enis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis doneze.
ena da mniSvneloba
sosiuri miiCnevs, rom sityvebis mniSvneloba enis struqturidan warmoiSoba da ara im

obieqtebidan, romlebsac es sityvebi aRniSnaven. Cven SeiZleba gulubryvilod gvjerodes, rom
sityva `xe~-s mniSvneloba aris is foTliani obieqti, romelsac termini gulisxmobs. Tumca, sosiuris
mixedviT, es ase ar aris. es SegviZlia davinaxoT im faqtiT, rom enaSi arsebobs Zalze bevri
sityva, romelic arafers ar aRniSnavs, magaliTad, `da,~ `Tumca~ an `miuxedavad amisa.~ ufro
metic, aris mniSvnelobis Semcveli bevri sityva, romelic miTosur obieqtebs Seexeba da
realobaSi ar arsebobs, magaliTad, `martorqa.~ Tu sityva ar warmoiSoba obieqtisgan, romelsac
igi miekuTvneba, maSin saidan movida is? sosiuris pasuxia, rom mniSvneloba iqmneba
dakavSirebul cnebebs Soris gansxvavebulobis safuZvelze, rac enis wesebiT gamoicnoba. sityva
`xe~-s mniSvneloba modis im faqtidan, rom Cven vasxvavebT `xes~ `buCqis,~ `jagnaris,~
`tyis~ da sxva mravali msgavsi, Tumca gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis mqone sityvisgan.
gansxvavebebi iqmneba Sinaganad, enis farglebSi, da ara gare obieqtebis saSualebiT, romlebsac
am sityvebiT aRvniSnavT.
struqturalizmi da semiotika
zemoT moyvanil analizs sosiuri mniSvnelovan dakvirvebas umatebs, rom ara mxolod
bgerebs (laparaki) an qaRaldze niSnebs (wera) SeuZlia mniSvnelobis Seqmna. nebismieri
obieqti, romelic mudmivad SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT sxva obieqtisgan, SeiZleba mniSvnelobis
Sesaqmnelad iqnes gamoyenebuli. amisi magaliTia SuqniSani. Cven viyenebT kontrasts
mwvanesa da wiTels Soris, romelic niSnavs `gaiare~ da `SeCerdi~ (yviTeli niSnavs `moemzade
gasavlelad~ an `moemzade gasaCereblad~). daakvirdiT, rom swored gansxvaveba qmnis
mniSvnelobas da ara Tavad ferebi. sul erTia, mwvanes gamoviyenebdiT gasaCereblad Tu
wiTels gasavlelad, Tu myari warmodgena gveqneboda maT gansxvavebulobaze. sosiuri
aralingvisturi mniSvnelobis Seswavlas semiologias uwodebs, Tumca dRes mas semiotikas
vuwodebT.
semiotikuri kvlevebi, SesaZloa, kulturis mravali aspeqtis SeswavliT ganxorcieldes. EerTi
magaliTia tansacmeli da moda. ra xdis tansacmlis garkveul stils modurad mocemul droSi? Ees,
rasakvirvelia, is tansacmeli ar aris, romelsac vatarebT, vinaidan, magaliTad, mokle qvedakaba
SeiZleba erT weliwads moduri iyos, momdevno wels ki _ aramoduri. is, rac raimes modurs xdis,
kvlav gansxvavebaa maT Soris, vinc ìcis,~ ra Caicvas da imaT, vinc CamorCeba. kidev erTi
magaliTi tansacmlis sferodan aris Savi tansacmlis Cacma glovis dros. Cvens kulturaSi glovis
niSani Savi tansacmelia. meore mxriv, zogierT sxva kulturaSi mgloviare adamianebi TeTr
tansacmels atareben. am SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba Tavad fers ki ara aqvs, aramed faqts, rom
samgloviaro tansacmeli gansxvavdeba maTi yoveldRiuri stilisgan.
struqturalisturi midgoma, ufro farTod, anTropologiaSi gamoiyeneboda, vidre
sociologiaSi, gansakuTrebiT, SeerTebul StatebSi. levi-strosis kvalad, romelmac popularoba
SesZina termin struqturalizms, struqturalisturi analizi gamoyenebul iqna naTesauri kavSirebis,
miTis, religiis da sxva sferoebis sakvlevad. Tumca, sociologiuri Teoriis mravali avtori im
cnebebis gavlenis qveS moeqca, romlebic struqturalizmidan aris aRebuli. Mmiuxedavad imisa,
rom ar surda, struqturalistad yofiliyo wodebuli, miSel fuko, romlis Sromebs SevexeT wignis
bevr TavSi, mraval ZiriTad termins struqturalisturi azrovnebidan iyenebda. struqturalisturi
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koncefciebi gamoyenebul iqna mediis (gazeTebi, Jurnalebi, televizia), ideologiis da, zogadad,
kulturis kvlevisTvis.
struqturalistur azrovnebas sisusteebic aqvs, rac zRudavs mis, rogorc zogadi Teoriuli
midgomis, gamoyenebas sociologiaSi. struqturalizmi warmoiSva enis sakiTxebis kvlevasTan
dakavSirebiT da sxvebze ufro gamosadegi gamodga adamianis qcevis garkveuli aspeqtebis
analizisTvis. igi sasargebloa komunikaciisa da kulturis kvlevisTvis, Tumca naklebi gamoyeneba
aqvs socialuri cxovrebis ufro praqtikul sferoebSi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri an politikuri aqtivoba.
simboluri interaqcionizmi
simboluri interaqcionizmi ufro met mniSvnelobas aqtiur, SemoqmedebiT individebs

aniWebs, vidre romelime sxva Teoriuli midgoma. Mmidis moRvaweobis Semdeg es midgoma
bevrma sxva avtorma ganaviTara da SeerTebul StatebSi igi funqcionalisturi Tvalsazrisis
principuli metoqe gaxda. iseve rogorc struqturalizmis SemTxvevaSi, simboluri interaqcionizmis
warmoSoba enis problemebiT dainteresebidan iwyeba; Tumca, midma igi sxva mimarTulebiT
ganaviTara.
simboloebi
Mmidi acxadebs, rom swored ena gvaZlevs saSualebas, TviTcnobieri arsebebi viyoT –
SevicnoT sakuTari individualoba; xolo ZiriTadi elementi am procesSi _ simboloa. simbolo
iseTi ramea, rac raRac sxvas aRniSnavs. sosiuris mier motanil magaliTs Tu gavixsenebT, sityva
`xe~ aris simbolo, romlis saSualebiTac Cven warmovidgenT sagans, xes. midis mtkicebiT, Tuki
erTxel daveuflebiT amgvar cnebas, Cven SeiZleba vifiqroT xeze maSinac ki, Tu irgvliv
araviTari xe ar Cans. Cven viswavleT, vifiqroT obieqtze simbolurad. simboluri azrovneba
gvaTavisuflebs imisgan, rom viyoT SezRudulni Cvens gamocdilebaSi mxolod imiT, rasac
vxedavT, gvesmis an vgrZnobT.
cxovelebisgan gansxvavebiT, adamianebi cxovroben simboloebiT mdidar samyaroSi.
Ees Cvens TviTcnobierebas exeba. (cxovelebs ara aqvT sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari, rogorc
es adamianur arsebebs aqvT.) adamiani TviTcnobieri arsebaa, vinaidan Cven SegviZlia
`SevxedoT~ sakuTar Tavs garedan – davinaxoT Cveni Tavi, rogoradac sxvebi gvxedaven.
rodesac bavSvi iwyebs sityva `me~-s gamoyenebas, im obieqtTan (sakuTar TavTan)
mimarTebaSi, romelsac sxvebi `Sen~-s eZaxian, is avlens TviTcnobierebis sawyisebs.
Ffaqtobrivad, yvela urTierTqmedeba individebs Soris, rogorc interaqcionistebs
miaCniaT, gulisxmobs simboloebis gacvlas. rodesac vurTierTqmedebT sxvebTan, Cven
mudmivad veZebT `gasaRebs,~ Tu rogori saxis qceva iqneba Sesabamisi am kontesqtSi da
rogori interpretacia mivceT sxvebis ganzraxvebs. simboluri interaqcionizmi mimarTavs Cvens
yuradRebas interpersonaluri urTierTqmedebis detalebze, da rogor gamoiyeneba esa Tu is detali
imis misaxvedrad, Tu ras amboben an akeTeben sxvebi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, mamakacsa da
qals pirveli Sexvedra aqvT daniSnuli. TiToeuli maTgani, albaT, Sexvedris met nawils gaatarebs
imis mcdelobaSi, rom Seiqmnas STabeWdileba meoreze da Seafasos, Tu rogor unda
ganviTardes maTi urTierToba, Tu is ganviTardeba saerTod. arc erTs ar unda amis Riad
gamoaSkaraveba, Tumca, orive acnobierebs, rac xdeba. orive frTxilad iqceva da surs, Tavi
saukeTeso saxiT warmoaCinos; Tumca, imis gamo, rom yvelaferi es ician, orive Seecdeba,
moZebnos is aspeqtebi meoris qcevaSi, rac gamoamJRavnebs mis namdvil ganzraxvebs.
simboluri interpretaciis rTuli da zedmiwevniT faqizi procesi ayalibebs urTierTqmedebas am or
adamians Soris.
sociologebi, romlebic simboluri interaqcionizmis gavlenas ganicdian, Cveulebriv,
yuradRebas amaxvileben pirispir urTierTqmedebaze yoveldRiuri cxovrebis kontesqtSi. irvin
gofmanma, visi wignic ganxiluli iyo me-4 TavSi (`Social Interaction and Everyday Life~),
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gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino wvlili Seitana am tipis kvlevaSi, da misca gonebamaxvili da cocxali

saxe imas, rasac midTan ufro mSrali, abstraqtuli Teoriuli midgomis saxe hqonda. Ggofmanisa
da sxvebis damsaxurebiT, simbolurma interaqcionizmma xeli Seuwyo yoveldRiur socialur
cxovrebaSi Cveni qmedebebis xasiaTis amocnobas. Tumca, simboluri interaqcionizmi
yovelTvis Riaa kritikisTvis, rom igi sakmaod mcire masStabebzea koncentrirebuli. simboluri
interaqcionistebi yovelTvis ganicdidnen sirTuleebs farTomasStabian struqturebTan da
procesebTan urTierTobisas – im fenomenebTan, romelTac danarCeni ori tradicia yvelaze met
yuradRebas uTmobs.
marqsizmi
funqcionalizmi, struqturalizmi da simboluri interaqcionizmi ar aris Teoriuli tradiciebis sruli

CamonaTvali, romelic angariSgasawevia sociologiaSi; aseve, arc mocemuli dayofaa erTaderTi
gza, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia Teoriuli midgomebis klasifikacia. Mmidgomebis kidev
erTi Zalze gavleniani tipi, romelic ar ganekuTvneba am dayofas, aris marqsizmi. marqsistebi,
cxadia, TavianT Sexedulebebs, ama Tu im saxiT, marqsis Sromebs ukavSireben; Tumca,
marqsis ZiriTadi ideebis mravali interpretaciaa SesaZlebeli da dResac arsebobs Zalze
gansxvavebul poziciaze mdgomi marqsistuli skolebi.
ufro farTod rom vimsjeloT, marqsizmi SegviZlia movaqcioT sami aRniSnuli tradiciis
CarCoebSi. Bbevri marqsisti, Riad Tu farulad, istoriuli materializmis mimarT funqcionalistur
midgomas iyenebs. marqsizmis maTeuli versia sruliad gansxvavebulia im marqsistebis
Sexedulebebisgan, romlebic struqturalizmis gavlenis qveS arian; yvelaze TvalsaCino avtori,
romelmac es Tvalsazrisi ganaviTara, frangi lui alTuseria (Althusser, 1969). marqsistuli
Sexedulebebis es ori tipi gansxvavdeba im marqsistebisgan, romlebic met upiratesobas
aniWebdnen adamianis qcevis aqtiur, SemoqmedebiT xasiaTs. aseTi avtorebis mxolod mcire
nawili ganicdida simboluri interaqcionizmis uSualo gavlenas, Tumca, emxrobodnen masTan
sakmaod miaxloebul pozicias. Aamis magaliTi iurgen habermasia, romlis naSromi ganxiluli iyo
1 TavSi da sxvaganac (ix. Habermas, 1987).
yvela Tavisi versiiT, marqsizmi gansxvavdeba sociologiis aramarqsistuli tradiciebisgan.
marqsisti avtorebis umravlesoba marqsizms sociologiuri analizis da politikuri reformis nawilad
ganixilavs. miCneulia, rom marqsizmi qmnis radikaluri politikuri cvlilebis programas. ufro
metic, marqsistebi ufro met aqcentebs akeTeben klasobriv dayofaze, konfliqtze, xelisuflebaze da
ideologiaze, vidre bevri aramarqsisti sociologi, gansakuTrebiT, imaTi umetesoba, vinc
funqcionalizmis gavlena ganicada. ukeTesia, marqsizmi ganvixiloT, ara rogorc sociologiuri
midgomis erT-erTi tipi, aramed rogorc Sexedulebebis sistema, romelic sociologiis gverdigverd
arsebobs; isini erTmaneTs gadakveTen da sakmaod xSirad urTierTgavlenas ganicdian.
aramarqsistuli sociologia da marqsizmi yovelTvis imyofeboda erTmaneTis gavlenisa da
opoziciis pirobebSi.
Teoriuli dilemebi
rogor unda moxdes am oTxi Teoriuli midgomis Sefaseba? miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel
maTgans Tavisi erTguli momxreebi hyavs, arsebobs sakiTxebi, romlebSic isini avseben
erTmaneTs. funqcionalizmi da marqsizmis umetesi versiebi koncentrirebas axdens socialuri
jgufebisa da sazogadoebebis ufro farTomasStabian Seswavlaze. isini, arsebiTad, mimarTulia
`grandiozul sakiTxebze,~ magaliTad, `rogor inarCunebs sazogadoeba erTianobas?~ an ,,ra
ZiriTadi pirobebi iwvevs socialur cvlilebas?“Aamisagan gansxvavebiT, simboluri
interaqcionizmi ufro metad fokusirebulia socialuri cxovrebis pirispir urTierTqmedebis
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konteqstze. struqturalizmi sxva midgomebisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi, umTavresad,

fokusirebulia socialuri aqtivobis kulturul maxasiaTeblebze. A
amgvarad, specifikuri sociologiuri problemebis ganxilvisas Cven SegviZlia,
garkveulwilad, seleqciurad visargebloT yvela TeoriiT; Tumca, garkveuli azriT, isini mkveTrad
upirispirdebian erTmaneTs. arsebobs ramdenime ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilema – mudmivi davisa da
kamaTis sagani – rac swored Sexedulebebis am dapirispirebulobiT izidavs Cven yuradRebas;
zogierTi maTgani Zalze zogad Temas exeba, Tu rogor unda movaxdinoT adamianuri
qmedebebisa da socialuri institutebis interpretacia. aq oTx amgvar dilemas ganvixilavT.
1. erTi dilema adamianur qmedebas da socialur struqturas exeba. sakiTxi SemdegSia:
ramdenad warmovadgenT Semoqmed aqtorebs, romlebic aqtiurad akontroleben sakuTari
cxovrebis garemoebebs? aris Tu ara imis didi nawili, rasac vakeTebT, Cvens kontrols miRma
arsebuli socialuri Zalebis arsebobis Sedegi? es sakiTxi yovelTvis mijnavda da agrZelebs
sociologebis gamijvnas. simboluri interaqcionizmi xazs usvams adamianis qcevis aqtiur,
SemoqmedebiT komponentebs. danarCeni sami midgoma (marqsizmis zogierTi variantis
gamoklebiT) gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs Cvens qmedebebze socialuri gavlenis
SemzRudav xasiaTs.
2. meore Teoriuli sakiTxi sazogadoebaSi arsebul konsensuss da konfliqts exeba.
sociologiaSi zogierTi Tvalsazrisi _ imaTi CaTvliT, vinc funqcionalizmTanaa dakavSirebuli –
xazs usvams adamianuri sazogadoebebisTvis damaxasiaTebel wesrigsa da harmonias. isini, vinc
am Sexedulebas emxrobian, rogoricaa, magaliTad, talkot parsonsi, sazogadoebebis yvelaze
niSandobliv maxasiaTeblad uwyvetobas da konsensuss miiCneven, rogorc ar unda icvlebodnen
es sazogadoebebi droSi. Mmeore mxriv, sxva sociologebi, gansakuTrebiT isini, vinc marqsis an
veberis Zlieri gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen, xazs usvamen socialuri konfliqtis dominanturobas.
isini sazogadoebaSi xedaven mudmiv danawevrebas, daZabulobas da brZolebs. maTi azriT, imis
mtkiceba, rom adamianebi, umetesad, megobrulad arian ganwyobilni erTmaneTis mimarT,
iluziaa; maSinac ki, rodesac ar SeimCneva Ria konfrontacia, arsebobs interesTa Rrma
sxvadasxvaoba, rac garkveul dros mzadaa, Ria konfliqtebSi gadaizardos.
3. arsebobs Teoriis mesame ZiriTadi dilema, romelic TiTqmis ar figurirebs sociologiis
orTodoqsul tradiciebSi, Tumca, misi ugulebelyofa aRar SeiZleba. es aris problema, Tu rogor
unda CavrToT genderTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi sociologiuri analizis farglebSi. sociologiuri
Teoriis ganviTarebis adreul periodSi yvela ZiriTadi figura mamakaci iyo; TavianT nawerebSi
isini TiTqmis uyuradRebod tovebdnen faqts, rom adamianebi sqesis mixedviT arian dayofilni
(Sydie, 1987). maT naSromebSi individebi ùsqesoebad~ arian warmodgenilni – isini ufro
abstraqtuli àqtorebi~ arian, vidre diferencirebuli qalebi da mamakacebi. Tumca, Zalze patara
safuZveli gagvaCnia imisTvis, rom genderis sakiTxebi Teoriuli azrovnebis ukve Camoyalibebul
formebs davukavSiroT sociologiaSi. amJamad, es albaT yvelaze mwvave problemaa oTx
gadasaWrel problemas Soris.
genderTan dakavSirebuli erT-erTi ZiriTadi dilema Semdegia: SevZlebT Tu ara
`genderis,~ rogorc zogadi kategoriis, `CaSenebas~ Cvens sociologiur azrovnebaSi? an,
sxvagvarad, gvWirdeba Tu ara genderuli sakiTxebis danawevreba ufro konkretul faqtorebad,
romlebic Seexeba qalebisa da mamakacebis qcevas gansxvavebul konteqstebSi? Aan, sxva
formulireba rom mivceT: arsebobs Tu ara maxasiaTeblebi, rac yvela kulturaSi ganasxvavebs
mamakacebs da qalebs, maTi identobis da socialuri qcevis mixedviT? an, axsnili unda iyos Tu
ara yovelTvis genderuli gansxvavebebi sxva gansxvavebebis mixedviT, rac hyofs
sazogadoebebs (rogoric, magaliTad, klasobrivi dayofaa)?
4. meoTxe problema exeba ara imdenad adamianis qcevis an sazogadoebis, rogorc
mTelis, ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, aramed ufro Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebis niSan-
Tvisebebs. saqme exeba ZiriTad faqtorebs, romelic gavlenas axdens Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
warmoSobasa da bunebaze, da aramarqsistul da marqistul midgomebs Soris gansxvavebebidan
iRebs safuZvels. es dilema Tavs iyris Semdegi sakiTxis garSemo: ramdenad ganisazRvreba
Tanamedrove samyaro marqsis mier aRniSnuli ekonomikuri faqtorebiT, kerZod, kapitalisturi
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ekonomikuri warmoebis meqanizmebiT? meore mxriv, ramdenad gansazRvravs sxva faqtorebi

(socialuri, politikuri an kulturuli faqtorebi) socialur ganviTarebas Tanamedrove epoqaSi?
TiToeul dilemas Tanmimdevrulad ganvixilavT.
dilema I: struqtura da qmedeba
ZiriTadi Tema, romelsac diurkemi da sxva sociologi avtorebi aviTareben, gulisxombs,

rom sazogadoebebi, romlis wevrebic Cven varT, Cveni qmedebebis socialur SezRudvas
axdenen. diurkemi Tvlida, rom sazogadoebas aqvs upiratesoba calkeul individze; sazogadoeba
gacilebiT metia, vidre individebis qmedebebis jami; rodesac socialur struqturas vaanalizebT,
Cven vikvlevT maxasiaTeblebs, romlebsac `simtkice~ Tu `simyare~ axasiaTebs, msgavsad
struqturebisa materialur garemoSi. warmovidginoT adamiani, romelic imyofeba oTaxSi mravali
kariT; oTaxis garemocva zRudavs mis SesaZlebel aqtivobebs. kedlebis da karebis ganlageba
gansazRvravs Semosasvlelsa da gasasvlels. msgavsad amisa, socialuri struqtura, diurkemis
mixedviT, zRudavs Cvens aqtivobebs, gviwesebs sazRvrebs, Tu ra SegviZlia gavakeToT,
rogorc individebma. es Cvens `gareTaa~ iseve, rogorc oTaxis kedlebi.
Ees Tvalsazrisi gamoxatulia diurkemis cnobil mosazrebaSi: rodesac Zmis, meuRlis an
moqalaqis movaleobas vasruleb, an vaxorcieleb valdebulebebs, romelic aRebuli maqvs, es is movaleobebia, rac
kanoniTa da CveulebebiT aris gansazRvruli, da rac CemTan da Cems qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi – garegania...
igive SeiZleba iTqvas morwmune adamianze; igi dabadebidanve aRmoaCens misi religiuri cxovrebis mza
mrwamssa da praqtikas; Tu yvelaferi es mis dabadebamde arsebobda, maSasadame, isini mis gareT arsebobs.
niSanTa sistema, romliTac vsargeblob sakuTari azrebis gamosaxatavad, fuladi sistema, rasac valebis dasafarad
viyeneb, sakredito saSualebebi, romliTac vagvareb finansur urTierTobebs, praqtika, rasac mivdev Cems profesiaSi
da a.S. – yvelaferi es imisgan damoukideblad funqcionirebs, viyeneb maT Tu ara. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT
sazogadoebis TiToeuli wevris Sesaxeb (Durkheim, 1982, gv. 50-1).
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom diurkemis mier gamoTqmul Tvalsazriss bevri momxre hyavs,
zogjer, igi mZafr kritikasac xvdeba. ra aris `sazogadoeba,~ kiTxuloben kritikosebi, Tu ara
mravali individualuri qmedebis erTianoba? rodesac raime jgufs vikvlevT, Cven ar ganvixilavT
mas, rogorc koleqtiur mTlianobas, aramed, rogorc erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebaSi myof
sxvadasxva individebs. `sazogadoebas~ qmnis mravali individis mowesrigebuli urTierToba
erTmaneTTan. kritikosebis azriT (romelTa umravlesoba simboluri interaqcionizmis
mimdevaria), Cven, rogorc adamianur arsebebs, gvaqvs miznebi, risTvisac viRwviT, da
vcxovrobT samyaroSi, romelic kulturuli mniSvnelobebiT aris ganmsWvaluli. maTi azriT,
socialuri fenomenebi `sagnebis~ msgavsi ki ar aris, aramed damokidebulia simbolur
mniSvnelobebze, rasac Cvens qmedebebs vaniWebT. Cven sazogadoebis mier Seqmnilebi ki ara
varT, aramed misi Semqmnelebi.
Sefaseba
rogorc Cans, es winaaRmdegoba bolomde da srulad ar gadawydeba, miuxedavad imisa,

rom igi mas Semdeg arsebobs, rac Tanamedrove moazrovneebi pirvelad Seecadnen, aexsnaT
adamianis qceva. amasTan, es aris debati, romelic mxolod sociologiiT ar Semoifargleba; igi
socialuri mecnierebebis yvela sferos warmomadgenlis interess iwvevs. am naSromis
wakiTxvisas Tavad unda gadawyvitoT, romeli pozicia migaCniaT ufro sworad.
Ggansxvavebebi am or Sexedulebas Soris, SesaZloa, mainc gazviadebulia; Tumca, ar
SeiZleba orive savsebiT marTali iyos, sakmaod advilad dasanaxia kavSirebi maT Soris.
garkveuli azriT, diurkemis Tvalsazrisi ufro safuZvliania. socialuri institutebi win uswrebs
nebismieri individis arsebobas; es cxadia iqidanac, rom isini SezRudvebs axorcieleben Cvenze;
ase, magaliTad, me ar Semiqmnia fuladi sistema, romelic arsebobs britaneTSi, aseve ar
gamikeTebia arCevani, minda Tu ara visargeblo am sistemiT, roca msurs, vflobde qonebas an
momsaxurebas, risi SeZenac am fuliT xdeba. fuladi sistema, iseve rogorc yvela sxva Seqmnili
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instituti, arsebobs sazogadoebis nebismieri individualuri wevrisagan damoukideblad da zRudavs

am individebis aqtivobebs.
Mmeore mxriv, aSkarad mcdaria mosazreba, rom sazogadoeba iseTive garegania
CvenTvis, rogorc fizikuri samyaro. faqtia, rom fizikuri samyaro ganagrZobs arsebobas cocxali
adamianebis arsebobis gareSe, rac warmoudgenelia sazogadoebis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca
sazogadoeba garegania calke aRebuli TiToeuli individis mimarT, Tavisi gansazRvrebiT, is ar
SeiZleba iyos garegani erTad aRebuli yvela individis mimarT.
Uufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom imas, rasac diurkemi `socialur faqtebs~ uwodebs,
SeuZlia SezRudos Cveni saqmianoba, is ver axdens Cveni qmedebis gansazRvras. me SemiZlia
fulis gamoyenebis gareSe cxovreba avirCio da mtkiced mivsdio am princips, Tundac
yoveldRiurad Tavis gatana Zalian rTuli aRmoCndes. rogorc cocxalma arsebebma, Cven unda
gavakeToT arCevani da ubralod pasiuri ar unda viyoT Cvens garSemo arsebuli movlenebis
mimarT. magaliTad, Cems mier fuladi sistemiT sargeblobas mcire, magram aucilebeli wvlili
Seaqvs am sistemis arsebobaSi. Tu yoveli adamiani an Tundac adamianebis didi nawili
gadawyvets, uari Tqvas fuliT sargeblobaze, fuladi sistema aRar iarsebebs.
dilema II: konsensusi da konfliqti
rodesac konsensusisa da konfliqtis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisebs vasxvavebT, umjobesia, kvlav

diurkemiT daviwyoT. diurkemi sazoga-doebas damoukidebeli nawilebis erTianobad ganixilavs.
funqcionalisti moazrovneebisTvis sazogadoeba integralur mTels warmoadgens, romelic
erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebul struqturebs moicavs. Ees namdvilad exmianeba
diurkemis Tvalsazriss `socialuri faqtebis~ `garegan,~ SemzRudav xasiaTze. Tumca, aq
analogebi Senobis kedlebs ki ar exeba, aramed sxeulis fiziologias.
sxeuli sxvadasxva specializebuli nawilisgan Sedgeba (rogoricaa tvini, guli, filtvebi,
RviZli da a.S.); TiToeuli maTgani xels uwyobs organizmis sicocxlisunarianobis SenarCunebas.
aucilebelia maTi erTmaneTTan harmoniuli muSaoba; Tu es ase ar aris, maSin organizmis
sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba. diurkemis (da parsonsis) mixedviT, asevea sazogadoebis
SemTxvevaSic. imisaTvis, rom sazogadoebam SeinarCunos arseboba, misi specializebuli
institutebi (politikuri sistema, religia, ojaxi da saganmanaTleblo sistema) erTmaneTTan
harmoniaSi unda funqcionirebdnen. amgvarad, sazogadoebis arsebobis SenarCuneba
TanamSromlobazea damokidebuli, rac, Tavis mxriv, saerTo konsensuss gulisxmobs, misi
wevrebis SeTanxmebas ZiriTad RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT.
isini, vinc, umTavresad, konfliqtzea fokusirebuli, Zalze gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT
gamoirCevian. maTi mTavari mosazrebebi advilad SeiZleba davinaxoT marqsis mier aRniSnuli
klasobrivi konfliqtis magaliTis motaniT. marqsis mixedviT, sazogadoebebi araTanabari
resursebis mqone klasebad arian dayofilni. vidre es aRniSnuli uTanasworoba arsebobs, aris
aseve interesTa sxvaoba, rac socialur sistemaSia `CaSenebuli.~ interesTa es konfliqti, garkveul
momentSi, klasTa Soris aqtiur brZolaSi gadaizrdeba, rasac SeuZlia radikaluri cvlilebis procesebi
warmoSvas. yvela misi mimdevari msgavsi xarisxiT ar iziarebda marqsis klasobriv Tvalsazriss;
sxva saxis dayofac ganixileboda mniSvnelovan pirobad konfliqtis gasaRviveblad, magaliTad,
dayofa rasobriv jgufebs an politikur fraqciebs Soris. Tumca, romeli konfliqturi jgufebis
aqcentirebac ar unda moxdes, sazogadoeba, arsebiTad, ganixileba, rogorc daZabulobiT aRsavse
– yvelaze stabiluri socialuri sistemac ki antagonisturi dajgufebebis aramdgrad balansad
miiCneva.
Sefaseba
iseve rogorc struqturis an qmedebis SemTxvevaSi, es Teoriuli debatic bolomde ar

amoiwureba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom gansxvaveba konsensusisa da konfliqtis Tvalsazrisebs
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Soris ufro farTo gveCveneba, vidre sinamdvileSia. es ori pozicia, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
savsebiT SeuTavsebelia. yvela sazogadoeba gulisxmobs SeTanxmebis garkveul saxes saerTo
RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT, da yvela, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs konfliqtsac.
Uufro metic, sociologiuri analizis saerTo wesidan gamomdinare, Cven yovelTvis unda
vikvlioT kavSirebi konsensussa da konfliqts Soris socialuri sistemis SigniT. Rirebulebebi,
romlebsac sxvadasxva jgufebi iziareben da miznebi, romliskenac misi wevrebi miiltvian, xSirad,
saerTo da gansxvavebuli interesebis naerTs gamoxatavs. magaliTad, klasobrivi konfliqtis
marqsiseul daxasiaTebaSic ki sxvadasxva klasebi garkveul saerTo interesebs iziareben,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mudmivad ebrZvian erTmaneTs. kapitalistebi samuSao Zalas
eyrdnobian sakuTar warmoebaSi iseve, rogorc muSebi arian damokidebulni TavianTi xelfasis
miRebaze. aseT viTarebaSi Ria konfliqti xangrZlivi ar aris; ufro metad, orive mxares
axasiaTebs saerTo tendencia, gadalaxon maTi gansxvavebebi, Tumca, sxva SemTxvevebSi
sawinaaRmdegoc xdeba.
sasargeblo cneba, romelic gvexmareba konfliqtsa da konsensuss Soris
urTierTdamokidebulebis analizSi, ideologiaa – Rirebulebebi da mrwamsi, romelic exmareba
ufro Zlier jgufebs poziciis SenarCunebaSi, naklebad Zlieri jgufebis xarjze. Zalaufleba, ideologia
da konfliqti yovelTvis mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. bevri konfliqti Zalauflebis gamo xdeba _ im
upiratesobebis gamo, rac mas moaqvs. Zalauflebis mqoneni, umTavresad, ideologiis zegavlenas
eyrdnobian dominirebuli poziciis SesanarCuneblad, Tumca, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi,
SeuZliaT Zalis gamoyenebac. magaliTad, feodalizmis periodSi aristokratuli mmarTveloba
mxardaWerili iyo ideiT, rom adamianebis umciresoba `dabadebuli iyo samarTavad,~ Tumca,
aristokrati mmarTvelebi, xSirad, mimarTavdnen Zaladobas imaT winaaRmdeg, vinc gabedavda,
win aRdgomoda maT Zalauflebas.
dilema III: genderis problema
Tanamedrove sociologiis fuZemdebelTa naSromebSi genderis problemas naklebad

ukavia centraluri pozicia. Tumca, mcire nawyvetebi, sadac isini genderis sakiTxebs exebodnen,
saSualebas gvaZlevs, davadginoT ZiriTadi Teoriuli dilemis Sinaarsi – miuxedavad imisa, rom
maT naSromebSi Zalian cotaa naTqvami am problemis gadaWris Taobaze.Aam dilemis
daxasiaTebis saukeTeso gzaa im sakiTxis, romelic drodadro diurkemis naSromebSi gvxedeba,
Sedareba sakiTxTan, romelic marqsTan gvxvdeba. diurkemi, erT-erT Tavis gamokvlevaSi
TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs, rom mamakaci `TiTqmis mTlianad sazogadoebis
produqtia,~ maSin roca qali `gacilebiT metad warmoadgens bunebis produqts.~ igi afarToebs
Tavis dakvirvebas da ambobs mamakacis Sesaxeb: `mis gemovnebas, miswrafebebs da iumors,
umTavresad, koleqtiuri warmomavloba aqvs, maSin roca misi kompanioni qalis gemovneba,
umTavresad, misi organizmiT ganisazRvreba. amitom, mamakacis moTxovnilebebi sruliad
gansxvavdeba qalis moTxovnilebebisgan...~ (Durkheim, 1952, gv. 385). sxva sityvebiT,
mamakacebsa da qalebs gansxvavebuli identoba, gemovneba da midrekilebebi aqvT imis gamo,
rom qalebi naklebad socializebuli arian da ùfro axlos arian bunebasTan,~ vidre mamakacebi.
DdRes aravisTvis iqneboda misaRebi amgvarad formulirebuli Tvalsazrisi. qaluri
identoba iseve yalibdeba socializaciiT, rogorc mamakacisa, Tumca, garkveuli modificirebis
Semdeg, diurkemis gancxadeba warmoadgens erT SesaZlebel Tvalsazriss genderis bunebisa da
formirebis Sesaxeb. es niSnavs, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi fundamenturad erydnoba
biologiurad arsebul gansxvavebebs mamakacsa da qals Soris. aseTi Tvalsazrisi aucileblobiT ar
niSnavs, rom genderuli gansxvavebebi, umeteswilad, Tandayolilia. ufro metad, ivaraudeba, rom
qalebis socialuri pozicia da identoba, umTavresad, yalibdeba (rogorc amas Codorou miiCnevs;
ixileT, Tavi 5, `genderi da seqsualoba~) maTi CarTviT reproduqciisa da bavSvis aRzrdis
procesSi. Tu es Tvalsazrisi simarTles Seesabameba, genderuli gansxvavebebi Rrmadaa danergili
yvela sazogadoebaSi. Zalauflebis flobis uTanasworoba qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris aisaxeba
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im faqtiT, rom qalebi zrdian bavSvebs da arian maTi uSualo aRmzrdelebi im dros, rodesac
mamakacebi aqtiurebi arian `sazogadoebriv~ sferoebSi, politikaSi, dasaqmebaSi da omSi.
marqsis Sexeduleba arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. marqsisTvis genderuli gansxvavebebi
Zalauflebasa da statusSi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris, umTavresad, sxva gansxvavebebs
asaxavs, kerZod, klasobriv dayofas. marqsis mixedviT, adamianuri sazogadoebis adreul
formebSi ar iyo arc genderuli da arc klasobrivi dayofa. mamakacebis Zalaufleba qalebze mxolod
klasobriv dayofas mohyva. qalebi, mamakacebis `kerZo sakuTrebis~ formad gadaiqcnen
qorwinebis institutis meSveobiT. qalebi TavianTi monuri mdgomareobidan gaTavisufldebian,
rodesac klasobrivi dayofa daiZleva. Zalze cota adamiania, vinc dRes am analizs daeTanxmeba,
Tumca, is SegviZlia gacilebiT misaRebi gavxadoT, Semdgomi ganzogadebis safuZvelze. klasi
erTaderTi faqtori ar aris socialuri dayofisTvis, romelic zegavlenas axdens mamakacebisa da
qalebis qcevaze. sxva faqtorebia eTnikuri kuTvnileba da kulturuli warmomavloba. magaliTad,
SeiZleba vikamaToT imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebis umciresobaTa jgufebs (vTqvaT, Savkanianebs
SeerTebul StatebSi) ufro meti saerTo aqvT amave jgufis mamakacebTan, vidre umravlesobis
warmomadgenel qalebTan (anu TeTrkanian qalebTan). an, SesaZloa, qalebs garkveuli
kulturebidan (monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa mcire kulturebis msgavsad) imave kulturis
mamakacebTan meti saerTo hqondeT, vidre industriuli sazogadoebis qalebTan.
Sefaseba
sakiTxebi, romlebic mesame dilemaSia dasmuli, Zalze mniSvnelovania, da im

gamowvevas exeba, romelic feministma avtorebma gamoucxades sociologias. veravin
ikamaTebs imaze, rom warsulSi sociologiuri analizis didi nawili an ugulebelyofda qalebis
sakiTxebs, an qaluri identobisa da qcevis araadekvatur interpretacias iZleoda. miuxedavad bolo
oci wlis ganmavlobaSi qalebTan dakavSirebuli axali klevebisa, jer kidev bevri sferoa, sadac
qalebis gamorCeuli aqtivobebi da interesebi ar aris sakmarisad Seswavlili. `qalTa problemebis
Seswavlis Semotana sociologiaSi~ TavisTavad ar niSnavs genderuli problemebis daZlevas,
vinaidan genderi exeba urTierTobebs qalebisa da mamakacebis identobasa da qcevas Soris.
amJamad, Riadaa darCenili sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad SeiZleba iqnes gaSuqebuli
genderuli sxvaoba sxva sociologiuri cnebebis gamoyenebiT (klasi, eTnikuroba, kulturuli
warmomavloba da a.S.), an piriqiT, ramdenad sWirdeba sxva socialur gansxvavebebs axsna
genderis terminebiT. ra Tqma unda, sociologiis, rogorc amxsneli mecnierebis, mTavari amocana
momavalSi damokidebuli iqneba am dilemis efeqtur gadawyvetaze.
dilema IV: Tanamedrove samyaros formireba
marqsistuli perspeqtiva
marqsis naSromebma mZlavri gamowveva gamoucxada sociologiur analizs, rac

yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila. misi moRvaweobis periodidan dRevandel dRemde, marqsis
ideam Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb uamravi debati gamoiwvia (Marx and
Engels, 1968). rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, marqsi Tanamedrove sazogadoebebs ganixilavda,
rogorc kapitalisturs. Tanamedrove epoqaSi socialuri cvlilebis mamoZravebeli impulsia zewola
mudmivi ekonomikuri transformaciis mimarTulebiT, rac kapitalisturi warmoebis integralur
nawils warmoadgens. kapitalizmi gacilebiT ufro dinamikuri ekonomikuri sistemaa, vidre
romelime manamde arsebuli. kapitalistebi ejibrebian erTmaneTs saqonlis momxmareblisTvis
gasaRebaSi da imisaTvis, rom gadairCinon Tavi konkurentul bazarze; firmebma unda Seqmnan
TavianTi nawarmi rac SeiZleba iafad da efeqturad, amas mivyavarT teqnologiur inovaciamde,
vinaidan teqnologiis efeqturobis gaumjobesebiT sawarmoo procesSi, kompaniebs SeuZliaT
SeinarCunon upiratesoba TavianT konkurentebze.
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Aarsebobs, aseve, Zlieri stimuli axali bazrebis moZiebisa, iafi nedleulis SeZenisa da iafi
samuSao Zalis mopovebisa, radgan kapitalizmi, marqsis mixedviT, aris ganuwyvetlad mzardi
sistema, romelic mTel msoflioSi vrceldeba. ase xsnis marqsi dasavluri industriis globalur
gavrcelebas.
Kkapitalizmis gavlenis marqsiseulma interpretaciam bevri mxardamWeri ipova da
Semdgomma avtorebma mniSvnelovnad srulyves marqsis es daxasiaTeba. meore mxriv, mravali
kritikosi Seecada, uareyo marqsis Sexeduleba, moeca alternatuli analizi im gavlenebisa, romelic
Tanamedrove samyaros formirebas axdens. sinamdvileSi, TiTqmis yvela aRiarebs, rom
kapitalizmma ganmsazRvreli roli Seasrula im samyaros CamoyalibebaSi, romelSic dRes
vcxovrobT. Tumca, arian sociologebi, romlebic daobdnen rogorc imaze, rom marqsma
gaazviada wminda ekonomikuri faqtorebis gavlena momxdar cvlilebebze, aseve imazec, rom
kapitalizmi naklebadaa centraluri faqtori Tanamedrove socialuri ganviTarebisTvis, vidre marqsi
acxadebda. am avtorTa umravlesoba aseve skeptikuria marqsis im rwmenis mimarT, rom,
sabolood, socialisturi sistema Secvlis kapitalizms. maTi skepticizmi gamarTlda im movlenebiT,
romlebic 1989 wels da momdevno periodSi moxda aRmosavleT evropaSi.
veberis Tvalsazrisi
marqsis erT-erTi pirveli da yvelaze Zlieri kritikosi marqs veberi iyo. veberis naSromebi,
faqtobrivad, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc brZola `marqsis arCdilTan~ - marqsis mier datovebul
inteleqtualur memkvidreobasTan. alternatuli pozicia, romelic veberma daamuSava, dResac
inarCunebs mniSvnelobas. veberis mixedviT, Tanamedrove socialur ganviTarebaSi
gadamwyveti roli araekonomikurma faqtorebma iTamaSa. Tavis cnobil naSromSi `protestantuli
eTika da kapitalizmis suli~ veberi amtkicebs, rom religiur Rirebulebebs – gansakuTrebiT,
puritanizmTan dakavSirebuls – fundamenturi mniSvneloba hqonda kapitalisturi
msoflmxedvelobis CamoyalibebaSi. es msoflmxedveloba uSualod ekonomikuri cvlilebebidan ar
gaCenila, rogorc es marqss miaCnda. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis bunebis da mTel msoflioSi
cxovrebis dasavluri modelis gavrcelebis mizezebis veberiseuli gageba, arsebiTad, gansxvavdeba
marqsis gagebisagan. veberis mixedviT, kapitalizmi – ekonomikuri warmoebis organizebis
gansakuTrebuli gza – erT-erTia im ZiriTad faqtorebs Soris, romelic Tanamedrove periodSi
gansazRvravs socialur ganviTarebas. ZiriTadi kapitalisturi ekonomikuri meqanizmebi da,
garkveulwilad, maTze ufro mniSvnelovani meqanizmebia, mecnierebisa da biurokratiis
gavlena. mecnierebam Camoayaliba Tanamedrove teqnologia da, savaraudod, gaagrZelebs am
saqmianobas nebismier momaval socialistur sazogadoebaSi. biurokratia erTaderTi saSualebaa,
romelsac SeuZlia adamianebis didi ricxvis organizeba da amitom aucileblad farTovdeba
ekonomikur da politikur zrdasTan erTad. Mmecnierebis, Tanamedrove teqnologiis da
biurokratiis ganviTarebas veberi krebiTad racionalizacias uwodebs. racionalizacia niSnavs
socialuri da ekonomikuri cxovrebis organizebas efeqturobis principebis mixedviT, teqnikuri
codnis safuZvelze.
Sefaseba
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis interpretaciis romeli tipia swori _ is, romelic marqsTan

warmoiSva, Tu is, romelic veberidan modis? mecnierebi kvlav gayofilni arian am sakiTxis
gamo. qvemoT warmodgenil cxrilSi am gansxvavebebis CamonaTvalia warmodgenili (unda
gvaxsovdes, rom yvela banakis SigniT arsebobs gansxvavebebi, ase rom, yvela Teoretikosi ar
daeTanxmeba yvela punqts).
kontrasti marqsistul da veberiseul Tvalsazrisebs Soris sociologiis bevr sferos exeba. Ees
ara marto imaze axdens gavlenas, Tu rogor vaanalizebT industriuli sazogadoebebis bunebas,
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aramed, aseve, Cvens Sexedulebaze naklebad ganviTarebuli sazogadoebebis Sesaxeb. amasTan,

es ori perspeqtiva dakavSirebulia gansxvavebul politikur poziciebTan; erT mxares arian
avtorebi, romlebic emxrobian memarcxene Sexedulebebs, meore mxares ki _ liberalebi da
konservatorebi. Tumca, faqtorebi, romelTac es konkretuli dilema exeba, ufro empiriuli
xasiaTisaa, vidre isini, romelTac sxva dilemebi moicavs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebisa da
mesame msoflios qveynebis ganviTarebis gzebis faqtobrivi Seswavla gvexmareba SefasebaSi,
Tu ramdenad marTebulad xsnis erTi an meore mxare cvlilebebis xasiaTs.
Mmarqsis da veberis Sedareba

marqsistuli ideebi: veberiseuli ideebi:
Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ZiriTadi dinamika Tanamedrove ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
mdgomareobs kapitalistu-ri ekonomikuri mamoZravebelia warmoebis raciona-lizacia.
meqanizmebis gafar-ToebaSi.
klasi uTanasworobis erTi tipia, uTanasworobis
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi gaxle-Cilia sxva saxeebs Soris, magaliTad,
klasobrivi uTanasworobiT, rac maTi bunebis uTanasworobas mamaka-cebsa da qalebs Soris
ganmsazRvrelia. Tana-medrove sazogadoebebSi.
Zalaufleba ekonomikur sistemaSi SeiZleba

Zalauflebis iseTi dayofa, rac gavlenas axdens gavmijnoT sxva wyaroe-bidan.MmagaliTad,
mamakacebis da qalebis poziciebze, qalisa da mama-kacis uTanasworobebi ar
umTavresad, warmoSobilia ekonomikuri SeiZleba aixsnas ekonomikuri terminebiT.
uTanas-worobidan.
racionalizacia dakavSirebulia progresTan
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi, ro-gorc maT Soreul momavalSic, socialuri cxovrebis yvela
dRes vicnobT (kapita-listuri sazogadoebebi), sfe-roSi. Yyvela Tanamedrove sazoga-doeba
gardama-vali tipisaa – momavalSi SesaZle- damokidebulia socialuri da ekonomikuri
belia movelodeT maT radikalur organizaciis imave ZiriTad modelebze.
reorganizacias. socializmis esa Tu is forma
aucileblad Secvlis kapitalizms.
dasavleTis globaluri gavlena modis misi
dasavluri gavlenis gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi, xelmZRvaneli pozicii-dan industriul
umTavresad, kapi-talisturi ekonomikuri resursebze da, aseve, samxedro Zalaze.
warmoebis eqspansionisturi tendenciebis Se-
degia.
Teoriebi
saWiroa, ganvavsxvavoT Teoriuli midgomebi da Teoriebi. Mmocemul TavSi ukve

ganvixileT Teoriuli midgomebi, romlebic sociologiis saganSi orientirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
Teoriebi ufro viwro fokusis mqonea da cdilobs, axsnas calkeuli socialuri pirobebi Tu movlenebi.
Teoriebi, Cveulebriv, yalibdeba rogorc kvlevis procesis nawili da, Tavis mxriv, ayenebs
problemebs, romelTac kvleviTi samuSaoebi unda mieZRvnas. magaliTis saxiT gamodgeba
diurkemis TviTmkvlelobis Teoria.
Kkvlevis sxvadasxva sferoebSi, sadac sociologebi muSaoben, Zalze bevri Teoria
Seiqmna. zogierTi Teoria iseTi sizustiTaa warmodgenili, rom, zogjer, maTematikuri formiT aris
gamoxatuli – Tumca, es sxva socialur mecnierebebs ufro exeba (gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikas),
vidre sociologias.
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zogierTi tipis Teoria cdilobs, gacilebiT meti axsnas, vidre sxvebma; gansxvavebuli azri
arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad saWiro da sasurvelia sociologebisTvis farTomasStabiani
Teoriuli kvlevebis Catareba. magaliTad, robert mertoni dabejiTebiT acxadebs, rom
sociologebma TavianTi yuradReba unda mimarTon, rogorc Tavad uwodebs,
saSualo rangis Teoriebze (Merton, 1957). grandiozuli Teoriuli sqemebis Seqmnis
mcdelobis nacvlad (magaliTad, parsonsis msgavsad), umjobesia, ufro mokrZalebulebi viyoT.
saSualo rangis Teoriebi sakmaod specifikuria imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos maTi
uSualod empiriuli Semowmeba; Tumca, sakmarisad zogadi imisaTvis, rom SeZlos
gansxvavebuli fenomenebis mocva. Sesaferisi SemTxvevaa SedarebiTi deprivaciis Teoria. es
Teoria gulisxmobs, rom adamianebis mier sakuTari mdgomareobis Sefaseba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu vis adareben Tavs. ase rom, deprivaciis grZnoba uSualod ar ukavSirdeba materialuri
keTildReobis dones, romelsac individebi ganicdian. ojaxi, romelic patara saxlSi cxovrobs
RaribTa ubanSi, sadac yvela met-naklebad erTnair pirobebSia, Cans, nakleb gariyulad grZnobs
Tavs, vidre is ojaxi, romelic msgavs saxlSi cxovrobs, xolo garSemo arsebuli saxlebi ufro didi da
mdidrulad mowyobilia.
ra Tqma unda, rac ufro farTomasStabiani da ambiciuria Teoria, miT ufro Znelia misi
empiriuli Semowmeba. Tumca, aSkara mizezi imisa, Tu ratom unda SemoisazRvros Teoriuli
azrovneba sociologiaSi `saSualo rangiT,~ ucnobia. amis dasadgenad, magaliTisTvis aviRoT
Teoria, romelic veberma warmogvidgina Tavis naSromSi `protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis
suli.~
MmagaliTi: protestantuli eTika
`protestantul eTikaSi~ (1976; pirvelad gamoica 1904-5), veberi

cdilobs, gadawyvitos fundamenturi problema: ratom ganviTarda kapitalizmi
dasavleTSi da ara sadme sxvagan. Zveli romis dacemis raRac cametiode
saukunis Semdeg, sxva civilizaciebs gacilebiT ufro SesamCnevi adgili ekava
msoflio istoriaSi, vidre dasavleTs. faqtobrivad, evropa sakmaod umniSvnelo
adgili iyo dedamiwaze, rodesac CineTi, indoeTi da otomanTa imperia axlo
aRmosavleTSi mZlavr saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen. ram gamoiwvia
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aRmavloba evropaSi me-17 saukunidan
moyolebuli?
veberis azriT, imisaTvis, rom am SekiTxvas vupasuxoT, aucilebelia
vaCvenoT, ra ganasxvavebs Tanamedrove mrewvelobas ekonomikuri
aqtivobis adre arsebuli formebisgan. simdidris dagrovebis survils mraval
sxvadasxva civilizaciaSi vxvdebiT da amis axsna Zneli ar aris: adamianebi
afaseben simdidres imis gamo, rom mas moaqvs komforti, usafrTxoeba,
Zalaufleba da garToba. maT surT, ar ganicdidnen siduxWires da, simdidris
dagrovebiT, komfortul pirobebs iqmnian.
DdasavleTis ekonomikur ganviTarebas Tu ganvixilavT, ambobs veberi,
raRac sruliad gansxvavebuls aRmovaCenT: qonebis dagrovebis mimarT
damokidebuleba, romelic sxvagan arsad gvxvdeba istoriaSi. es
damokidebuleba, rasac veberi kapitalizmis suls uwodebs, aris rwmenebisa
da Rirebulebebis erToblioba, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdnen pirveli kapitalisti
vaWrebi da mewarmeebi. am adamianebs simdidris dagrovebis dauokebeli
swrafva hqondaT. Tumca, yvela sxva mdidrebisgan gansxvavebiT, isini
dagrovil simdidres fufunebaSi cxovrebisTvis ar iyenebdnen. isini,
faqtobrivad, momWirned da SezRudvebiT cxovrobdnen; isini gonivrul da
zomier cxovrebas eweodnen da eridebodnen TavianTi simdidris
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gamomzeurebas. veberi cdilobs gvaCvenos, rom maxasiaTeblebis es

uCveulo Sexameba gadamwyveti iyo dasavluri ekonomikis adreuli
ganviTarebisTvis. wina epoqebis da sxva kulturebisgan gansxvavebiT, es
jgufebi ar flangavdnen TavianT qonebas. amis magivrad, isini xelaxla
debdnen investiciebs warmoebebSi, romlebsac xelmZRvanelobdnen, maTi
Semdgomi ganviTarebis mizniT.
veberis Teoriis ZiriTadi azria, rom ganwyobebi, romlebic kapitalizmis
sulSia nagulisxmevi, religiidan warmoiSva. qristianobam, zogadad,
monawileoba miiRo amgvari Tvalsazrisis SeqmnaSi, Tumca, arsebiTi da
ZiriTadi motivi protestantizmis gavlena iyo, gansakuTrebiT, misi erT-erTi
ganStoebis _ puritanizmis. adreuli kapitalistebi, umetesad, puritanebi iyvnen,
da bevri maTgani kalvinistur Tvalsazriss iziarebda. veberi Tvlida, rom
kalvinisturi doqtrinebis nawili kapitalizmis sulis uSualo wyaro iyo. erT-erTi iyo
azri, rom adamianuri arsebebi RmerTis instrumentebi arian dedamiwaze,
romlebsac moeTxovebaT, iSromon profesiis Sesabamisad, RmerTis
sadideblad.
K kalvinizmis meore mniSvnelovani aspeqti iyo winaswargansazRvrulobis
cneba, romlis mixedviTac, garkveuli winaswargansazRvruli individebi unda
iyvnen `rCeulTa~ Soris – sikvdilis Semdeg Sevidnen sasufevelSi. kalvinis
originaluri doqtrinis mixedviT, arc erT adamians dedamiwaze ar SeuZlia
gansazRvros, Tu vin iqneba rCeulTa Soris; es RmerTis mier aris
winaswargansazRvruli. Tumca, am mrwamsma iseTi mRelvareba gamoiwvia
mis mimdevrebs Soris, rom igi modificirebul iqna, rac nebas rTavda
morwmuneebs, amoecnoT rCeulobis garkveuli niSnebi. profesiuli warmateba
SromaSi, rac materialuri keTildReobiT iyo gamoxatuli, ganmsazRvrel niSnad
gadaiqca, rom es adamiani namdvilad RmerTis erT-erTi rCeuli iyo. am
ideebis gavlenis qveS myof jgufebSi uzarmazari stimuli gaCnda ekonomikuri
warmatebis mosapoveblad. Tumca, yvelafer amas Tan axlda morwmuneTa
survili, mokrZalebulad da momWirned ecxovraT. puritanebs sjerodaT, rom
fufuneba eSmakiseulia da, amitomac, simdidris dagrovebas mkacr da
Seulamazebel cxovrebis stils uxamebdnen.
Ppirveli mewarmeebi TiTqmis ver acnobierebdnen, rom xels
uwyobdnen Zalze did cvlilebebs sazogadoebaSi; isini, umetesad, religiuri
motivebiT iyvnen damuxtulebi. puritanebis asketuri anu TviTSezRuduli
cxovrebis stili SemdgomSi Tanamedrove civilizaciis Sinagan mxared
gadaiqca. rogorc veberi ambobs:
puritanebs surdaT, emuSavaT zemodan mowodebiT; Cven iZulebulni varT, viSromoT.
vinaidan, rodesac asketizmi gadmotanil iqna samonastro kedlebidan yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
da gabatonda msoflio moralSi, man Tavisi wvlili Seitana Tanamedrove ekonomikuri wesrigis
mqone uzarmazari samyaros mSeneblobaSi... miuxedavad imisa, rom asketizmma iTava
samyaros Tavidan modelireba da misi idealebis gavrceleba mTel msoflioSi, materialurma
sikeTeebma moipova Zalze farTo da iseTi uryevi Zalaufleba adamianebis cxovrebaze, rac
istoriaSi manamde ar dafiqsirebula... movaleobis idea ipareba Cvens cxovrebaSi, rogorc
mkvdari religiuri rwmenebis aCrdili. sadac am Zaxilis dakmayofileba uSualod ar aris
dakavSirebuli umaRles sulier da kulturul RirebulebebTan, an rodesac, meore mxriv, is ar
ganicdeba, rogorc ekonomikuri aucilebloba, individi saerTodac ukuagdebs misi gamarTlebis
mcdelobas. misi umaRlesi ganviTarebis adgilas, SeerTebul StatebSi, simdidrisadmi
miswrafeba, misTvis religiuri da eTikuri mniSvnelobis mocilebiT, asocirebuli xdeba wminda
miwier vnebebTan... (Weber, 1976, gv. 181-2).
veberis Teoria mravali kuTxiT iyo gakritikebuli. magaliTad, zogierTi msjelobda imaze,
rom Tvalsazrisi, rasac igi `kapitalizmis suls~ uwodebda, SeiZleboda aRmogveCina adreul italiur
savaWro qalaqebSi, imaze gacilebiT adre, vidre kalvinizmze vinmes raime smenoda. meoreni
acxadebdnen, rom protestantizmTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi cneba `muSaoba mowodebis
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mixedviT,~ razec veberi miuTiTebs, ukve arsebobda kaTolikur sarwmunoebaSi. Tumca, veberis
mier SemoTavazebul debulebebs dResac bevri iziarebs da Tezisebi, romlebic man wamoayena,
ZalaSi rCeba iseve, rogorc es maTi pirveli formulirebis dros iyo. Tu veberis Tezisi safuZvliania,
Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTareba, erTi SexedviT misgan metad daSorebuli,
mTeli rigi religiuri idealebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdis.
veberis Teoria mraval kriteriums akmayofilebs, rac mniSvnelovania sociologiis Teoriul
azrovnebaSi.
1. igi aris kontrintuiciuri – igi gvTavazobs interpretacias, romelic daSorebulia saRi
azrovnebidan.Aamgvarad, es Teoria aviTarebs axal perspeqtivas gansasxilveli sakiTxebisadmi.
avtorTa umravlesoba, veberis moRvaweobamde, nakleb yuradRebas aqcevda im
SesaZleblobebs, rom religiur idealebs SeeZloT fundamenturi roli eTamaSaT kapitalizmis
warmoqmnaSi.
2. es Teoria arc wminda `struqturulia~ da arc wminda ìndividualuri.~ kapitalizmis
adreuli ganviTareba winaswarganuzraxveli Sedegi iyo imisa, riskenac puritani biznesmenebi
miiswrafvodnen – ecxovraT umwikvlod, RmerTis nebis Sesabamisad.
3. es Teoria mniSvnelobas sZens movlenas, romelic sxvagvarad gagvaocebda: ratom
cxovroben adamianebi momWirned maSin, roca did Zalisxmevas andomeben simdidris
dagrovebas.
4. Teorias ZaluZs, gaaSuqos movlenebi, romlebic, Tavidan, misi axsnis sazRvrebs
scildeboda. veberi xazs usvamda, rom igi mxolod Tanamedrove kapitalizmis warmoSobis
gagebas cdilobda. miuxedavad amisa, safuZvliania varaudi, rom puritanizmis STagonebiT
gaCenili Rirebulebebis msgavsi Rirebulebebi SeiZleba CaerTos warmatebuli kapitalisturi
ganviTarebis sxva situaciebSic.
5. warmatebuli Teoria mxolod damajerebeli ar unda iyos. igi, aseve, nayofieri unda iyos
im TvalsazrisiT, Tu ramdenad SeuZlia axali ideebis Semotana da Semdgomi kvlevis
stimulireba. veberis Teoria, am TvalsazrisiT, ra Tqma unda, Zalze warmatebuli iyo, da erTgvar
tramplinad iqca mTeli rigi Semdgomi kvlevisa da TeoriisTvis.
Teoriuli azrovneba sociologiaSi
Teoriebisa da Teoriuli midgomebis Sefaseba sociologiaSi gamomwvevi da rTuli

amocanaa. Teoriuli debatebi, TavianTi gansazRvrebiT, ufro abstraqtulia, vidre empiriuli
xasiaTis problemebi. is faqti, rom ar arsebobs mxolod erTi Teoriuli midgoma, romelic mTel
sociologiaze batonobs, SesaZloa, sagnis sisustis niSnad mogveCvenos, magram es ase ar aris.
piriqiT, konkurentuli Teoriuli midgomebisa da Teoriebis Widili sociologiis sicocxlisunarianobis
gamoxatvaa. adamianuri arsebebis – sakuTari Tavis – Seswavlisas Teoriebis mravalferovneba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, Tavidan aviciloT dogmebi. adamianis qceva rTulia da mravalmxrivi, da
Zalze saeWvoa, rom mxolod erT Teoriul mimdinareobas SeeZlos yvela misi aspeqtis mocva.
mravalferovneba Teoriul azrovnebaSi uzrunvelyofs ideebis mdidar wyaros, rac SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes kvlevaSi da stimuli misces warmosaxviT SesaZleblobebs, rac ase arsebiTia
sociologiuri muSaobis ganviTarebisTvis.
Sejameba
1. sociologiisTvis (da sxva socialuri mecnierebebisTvis) damaxasiaTebelia Teoriuli

midgomebis mravalferovneba, rac gasakviri ar aris: Teoriuli debatebi rTuli gadasawyvetia
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSic ki, xolo sociologiaSi vawydebiT siZneleebs im kompleqsuri
problemebis gamo, rom Seswavlis sagani Cveni sakuTari qcevaa.
2. sociologiis ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgomebia funqcionalizmi, struqturalizmi, simboluri
interaqcionizmi da marqsizmi. es midgomebi, garkveuli azriT, urTierTSeTavsebadia; Tumca,
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maT Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaobebic, rac gavlenas axdens avtorebis gansxvavebul
midgomebze Teoriuli sakiTxebis gadaWrisadmi.
3. sociologiaSi erT-erTi mTavari Teoriuli dilema exeba imas, Tu ra mimarTebaa
adamianis qmedebasa da socialur struqturas Soris. Cven sazogadoebis Semqmnelebi varT Tu
sazogadoebam Tavad Segvqmna Cven? am alternativebs Soris arCevani ar aris ise mkacri,
rogorc es Tavidan Cans, da realur problemas warmoadgens is, Tu ra kavSiria socialuri cxovrebis
am or aspeqts Soris.
4. meore dilema exeba sakiTxs, Tu rogor unda daxasiaTdes sazogadoebebi _ rogorc
harmoniuli da mowesrigebuli Tu rogorc mudmiv konfliqtSi myofi? kvlavac, es ori Tvalsazrisi ar
aris savsebiT winaaRmdegobrivi da Cven unda vaCvenoT, rogori urTierTdamokidebulebaa
konsensussa da konfliqts Soris. ideologiisa da Zalauflebis cnebebi gagviadvilebs am amocanis
gadawyvetas.
5. mesame dilema exeba imas, Tu rogor unda ganvsazRvroT genderis problema
sociologiuri analizis farglebSi. feministebma gamowveva gamoucxades sociologias, rac
sakmaod nela mkvidrdeba empiriuli kvlevis doneze: winandelze gacilebiT meti kvlevebi iqna
Sesrulebuli qalebis sazrunavisa da Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb. Tumca, es TavisTavad ver gagvcems
pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu rogor unda gavaanalizoT genderi arsebul sociologiur midgomebTan da
koncefciebTan kavSirSi.
6. sociologiaSi xangrZlivi debatis meoTxe sakiTxi exeba Tanamedrove socialuri
ganviTarebis analizs. aris Tu ara cvlilebis procesebi Tanamedrove samyaroSi ganpirobebuli
kapitalisturi ekonomikis ganviTarebiT, Tu raime sxva araekonomiuri faqtorebicaa CarTuli?
poziciebi am debatSi, garkveulwilad, im politikuri mrwamsiTa da atitudebiT aris ganpirobebuli,
rac sxvadasxva sociologebs gaaCniaT.
7. veberis Tezisi, puritanizmis gavlenis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove ekonomikur
ganviTarebaze, sasargeblo magaliTs warmoadgens imis gaazrebisTvis, Tu ra aqcevs Teorias
Rirebulebad. veberis ideebi winaaRmdegobrivia, Tumca, misma Teoriam, mravali kuTxiT, axali
perspeqtiva SemogvTavaza, moaxdina ra momdevno kvlevebis stimulireba.
DdamatebiTi literatura
Roslyn W. Bologh, Love or Greatness: Max Weber and Feminist Thinking – a Feminist
Enguiry (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990). Mmaqs veberis feministuri kritika.
Anthony Giddens, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, revised ed. (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1992). diskusia marqsis, diurkemis da veberis naSromebze.
Charles Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979).
im sakiTxebis klasikuri analizi, romlebmac informacia unda mogvawodos Teoriul ganazrebebze
sociologiaSi.
The Polity Reader in Social Theory (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
Quentin Skinner (ed.), The Return of Grand Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1986). statiebis krebuli, romelic exeba Teoriis wamyvan tradiciebs.
funqcionalizmi
anTropologia
aSkara funqciebi
latenturi funqciebi
disfunqciebi
struqturalizmi
semiotika
simboluri interaqcionizmi
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marqsizmi
Teoriuli dilema
socialuri SezRudva
racionalizacia
SedarebiTi deprivacia
kontrintuiciuri azrovneba
ZiriTadi cnebebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
1. Authority – xelisufleba – legitimuri Zalaufleba, romelsac erTi pirovneba an jgufi

axorcielebs meoreze. legitimurobis elementi arsebiTia xelisuflebis cnebisTvis, da is ZiriTadi
saSualebaa, riTac xelisufleba gansxvavdeba Zalauflebis ufro zogadi cnebisgan. Zalaufleba
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Zalis an Zaladobis gamoyenebiT; amis sapirispirod, xelisufleba
damokidebulia daqvemdebarebulTa aRiarebaze, rom maTze maRla mdgomT ufleba aqvT
ubrZanon an direqtivebi miscen maT.
2. Bureaucracy – biurokratia – ierarqiuli tipis organizacia, romelic xelisuflebis
piramidis formas Rebulobs. Ees termini maqs veberis mier iyo popularizebuli; veberis
mixedviT, biurokratia aris farTomasStabiani organizaciis yvelaze efeqturi tipi. organizaciebis
zomis zrda, aRniSnavda veberi, aucileblobiT iwvevs maT mzard biurokratizacias.
3. Class –klasi – miuxedavad imisa, rom igi erT-erT yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli cnebaa
sociologiaSi, mainc ar arsebobs sruli Tanxmoba mis saukeTeso definiciasTan dakavSirebiT.
sociologebis umetesoba iyenebs am termins adamianebis jgufebs Soris socioekonomikuri
gansxvavebebis xazgasmisTvis, rac warmoqmnis gansxvavebebs maT materialur keTildReobasa
da ZalauflebaSi.
4. Class Structure - klasobrivi struqtura – klasebis ganawileba sazogadoebaSi. klasebi
ZiriTadad ekonomikur uTanasworobazea dafuZnebuli da aseTi uTanasworoba arasdros aris
SemTxveviTi. sazogadoebaTa umetesobaSi klasebis gansazRvruli raodenoba arsebobs.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, magaliTad, ZiriTadi klasobrivi jgufebia: maRali klasi, saSualo
klasi, muSaTa klasi da qveklasi.
5. Collective Action – koleqtiuri qmedeba – SedarebiT spontanurad wamowyebuli
qmedeba, garkveul adgilas Tavmoyril adamianTa didi raodenobis mier. koleqtiuri qmedebis
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani forma brbos qcevaa. Bbrbos pirobebSi, adamianebs surT miaRwion im
miznebs, romlebic Cveulebriv pirobebSi maTTvis araxelmisawvdomia.
6. Communication – komunikacia – erTi adamianis an jgufis mier meorisTvis
informaciis gadacema. komunikacia yvela socialuri urTierTqmedebis aucilebeli safuZvelia.
Ppirispir urTierTobis konteqstSi, komunikacia enis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba, Tumca, aseve,
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sxeulis mravalgvari miniSnebebiT, romelTa interpretacias individi axdens, raTa mixvdes, Tu ras
ambobs da akeTebs sxva. damwerlobis da, mogvianebiT, eleqtronuli mediis, radios, televiziisa
Tu kompiuteruli sistemebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, komunikacia, garkveulwilad, Sordeba
pirispir socialuri urTierTobebis uSualo konteqsts.
7. Conflict - konfliqti – antagonizmi individebs an jgufebs Soris sazogadoebaSi.
konfliqtma SeiZleba ori forma miiRos. pirveli, roca xdeba interesTa Sejaxeba or an met individs
an jgufs Soris. meore, roca adamianebi an koleqtivebi Caebmebian erTmaneTTan aqtiur
brZolaSi. interesTa konfliqti yovelTvis ar sruldeba Ria brZoliT, Tumca zogjer SeiZleba Zlieri
konfliqti warmoiSvas partiebs Soris, romlebsac SecdomiT sjeraT, rom maTi interesebi
urTierTsapirispiroa.
8. Conformity – konformuloba – qceva, romelic misdevs jgufis an sazogadoebis mier
dadgenil normebs. adamianebi yovelTvis rodi misdeven socialur normebs imis gamo, rom
iziareben am normebis qveS moqceul Rirebulebebs; isini SeiZleba aRiarebdnen maT mxolod
imitom, rom maTi aRiareba marTebulia, an imitom, rom sanqciebs eridebian.
9. Consensus – konsensusi – SeTanxmeba ZiriTad socialur Rirebulebebze jgufis, Temis
an sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. zogierTi sociologi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs
konsensuss, rogorc socialuri stabilurobis safuZvels. am avtorebs miaCniaT, rom yvela
sazogadoeba, romelic droSi xangrZlivobiT gamoirCeva, moicavs mosaxleobis umravlesobis
mier gaziarebul `saerTo RirebulebiT sistemas.~
10. Crime – danaSauli – nebismieri qmedeba, romelic arRvevs politikuri xelisuflebis
mier dadgenil kanonebs. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom Cven, SesaZloa, `kriminalebi~ CavTvaloT
mosaxleobis gamorCeul dajgufebad, Zalze cota adamiania, romelsac cxovrebis manZilze ar
daurRvevia kanoni ama Tu im saxiT. Tumca, kanonebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier iqmneba,
Tavad am xelisufalTaTvis ar aris ucxo garkveul situaciebSi danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi
monawileoba.
11. Cultural Reproduction – kulturuli aRwarmoeba / reproduqcia – kulturuli
Rirebulebebisa da normebis gadacema Taobidan Taobaze. kulturuli aRwarmoeba ganekuTvneba
meqanizmebs, romlis meSveobiT kulturuli gamocdilebis uwyvetoba droSi SenarCunebulia.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, kulturuli aRwarmoebis erT-erTi mTavari meqanizmia saskolo
swavleba, romelic mxolod formalur swavlebaSi ar gamoixateba. kulturuli aRwarmoeba ufro
Rrma saxiT mimdinareobs faruli kurikulumis saSualebiT; es aris qcevis aspeqtebi, romelTac
individebi araformalur doneze iTviseben skolis garemoSi.
12. Culture – kultura – Rirebulebebis, normebis da materialuri saqonlis erToblioba, rac
mocemul jgufs axasiaTebs. sazogadoebis cnebis msgavsad, kulturis cnebac Zalze farTod
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gamoiyeneba sociologiaSi, iseve rogorc sxva danarCen socialur mecnierebebSi (gansakuTrebiT

anTropologiaSi). kultura adamianuri socialuri gaerTianebis yvelaze gamorCeuli maxasiaTebelia.
13. Democracy – demokratia – politikuri sistema, romelic uflebas aZlevs moqalaqeebs,
monawileoba miiRon politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, anu airCion sakuTari
warmomadgenlebi samTavrobo struqturebSi.
14. Deviance – deviacia – qmedebis saxe, romelic ar uTavsdeba jgufis an sazogadoebis
wevrTa umravlesobis mier aRiarebul Rirebulebebsa da normebs. vinaidan sxvadasxva kulturaTa
da subkulturaTa normebi da Rirebulebebi gansxvavebulia, maTSi `devianturis~ Sesaxeb
warmodgenac mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. qcevis mravali forma, romelsac erT konteqstSi an
erT jgufSi Zalze maRali Sefaseba aqvs, sxvebis mier negatiurad aRiqmeba.
15. Discrimination – diskriminacia – qmedebebi, romlebic uzRudavs calkeuli jgufis
wevrebs im resursebsa da jildos, rac xelmisawvdomia sxvebisTvis. Ddiskriminacia unda
ganvasxvavoT mikerZoebuli ganwyobisgan, Tumca es ori, Cveulebriv, Zalian mWidro
kavSirSia. SesaZloa, individebi, romlebsac mikerZoebuli ganwyoba aqvT sxvebis mimarT, ar
CaerTon dikriminaciul qmedebebSi maT winaaRmdeg; an piriqiT, adamianebi SeiZleba
diskriminaciulad moiqcnen maSinac ki, rodesac ara aqvT mikerZoebuli ganwyoba
diskriminaciis obieqtebis mimarT.
16. Division of Labour – Sromis ganawileba – warmoebis sistemis ganawileba
specializebul samuSao amocanebad an saqmianobebad, rac saerTo ekonomikur
urTierTdamokidebulebas qmnis. Yyvela sazogadoebas samuSaos ganawilebis ramdenime
rudimentuli forma mainc aqvs, rac gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa gansxvavebul amocanebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic mamakacebma da qalebma unda Seasrulon. Tumca, industrializaciis
zrdasTan erTad, Sromis ganawileba gacilebiT kompleqsuri xdeba, vidre es warmoebis sistemis
romelime adreul periodSi iyo. Tanamedrove samyaroSi igi internacionalizebulia.
17. Economy – ekonomika – warmoebisa da gacvlis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs
mocemul sazogadoebaSi mcxovrebi individebis materialur moTxovnilebebs. ekonomikur
institutebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs yvela saxis socialur wyobaSi. is, rac ekonomikaSi
xdeba, Cveulebriv, gavlenas axdens socialuri cxovrebis mraval sxva aspeqtze. Tanamedrove
ekonomika arsebiTad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli ekonomikisgan, vinaidan mosaxleobis
umravlesoba ar aris CarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi.
18. Education – ganaTleba – codnis gadacema erTi Taobidan meoreze, uSualo
swavlebis meSveobiT. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom saganmanaTleblo procesebi yvela
sazogadoebaSi arsebobs, mxolod Tanamedrove periodSi Rebulobs masobrivi ganaTleba
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saswavleblebSi siarulis formas – anu swavleba specializirebul saganmanaTleblo garemoSi

xdeba, sadac individebi cxovrebis ramdenime wels atareben.
19. Encounter – kontaqti – ori an meti individis Sexvedra pirispir urTierTqmedebis
situaciaSi. Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovreba SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc sxvadasxva kontaqtebi,
romlebic mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, kontaqtebis
umravlesoba ufro ucxoebTan gvixdeba, vidre axlobel adamianebTan.
20. Ethnicity – eTnikuroba – kulturuli Rirebulebebi da normebi, romelic mocemuli
jgufis wevrebs sxvebisgan ganasxvavebs. eTnikuri jgufi isaa, romlis wevrebi saerTo kulturuli
identobis gamorCeul TviTSegnebas iziareben, rac maT ganasxvavebs garSemo arsebuli sxva
jgufebisgan. TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi, eTnikuri gansxvavebuloba dakavSirebulia
Zalauflebisa da materialuri simdidris gansxvavebasTan. iq, sadac eTnikur gansxvavebulobas
rasobrivic emateba, aseTi dayofa gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa.
21. Family – ojaxi – individTa jgufi, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian sisxlis naTesaobiT,
qorwinebiT an naSvilobiT; isini qmnian ekonomikur erTeuls, romlis zrdasruli wevrebi
pasuxismgebelni arian bavSvebis aRzrdaze. Yyvela CvenTvis cnobil sazogadoebas, garkveuli
formis ojaxuri sistema aqvs, Tumca ojaxuri urTierTobis xasiaTi sakmaod gansxvavebulia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ojaxis ZiriTadi forma nuklearuli ojaxia,
xSirad SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT gafarToebuli ojaxuri urTierTobebis sxvadasxva forma.
22. Formal Relations – formaluri urTierTobebi – urTierTobebi jgufebSi da
organizaciebSi, romlebic dadgenilia xelisuflebis òficialuri~ sistemis normebiTa da wesebiT.
23. Gender – genderi – socialuri molodinebi qcevasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic
misaRebad iTvleba TiToeuli sqesis warmomadgenlisTvis. Ggenderi ar ganixilavs
gansxvavebebs qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris fizikuri atributebis mixedviT; igi ganixilavs
qalurobisa da mamakacurobis socialurad Camoyalibebul niSnebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom, didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi, mas naklebi yuradReba eqceoda, genderuli urTierTobebis Seswavla, bolo
wlebSi, erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan sferod iqca sociologiaSi.
24. Globalization – globalizacia – sul ufro mzardi urTierTdamokidebuleba adamianebs,
regionebs da qveynebs Soris mTel msoflioSi.
25. Government – mTavroba – politikisa da gadawyvetilebebis dakanonebis procesi
oficialuri pirebis mxridan, politikuri aparatis SigniT. Cven SegviZlia visaubroT `mTavrobaze,~
rogorc procesze an mTavrobaze, rogorc oficialuri pirebis jgufze, romlebic pasuxismgebelni
arian politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze. Tumca warsulSi, faqtobrivad, yvela mTavrobas
monarqebi an imperatorebi uZRvebodnen, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis umravlesobas
oficialuri pirebi xelmZRvaneloben, romlebmac ara memkvidreobiT miiRes TavianTi
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Zalaufleba, aramed arCeulni an daniSnulni arian TavianTi kompetenturobis da kvalifikaciis

mixedviT.
26. Identity – identoba – pirovnebis an jgufis xasiaTis gamorCeuli maxasiaTeblebi.
rogorc individis, aseve jgufis identoba mocemulia socialuri markerebiT. indivis identobis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani markeri misi saxeli da gvaria. saxeli da gvari pirovnebis individualobis
mniSvnelovani nawilia. saxeli aseve mniSvnelovania jgufis identobisTvis. MmagaliTad,
erovnuli identobis ganmsazRvrelia, adamiani ìngliselia,~ `frangia,~ àmerikelia~ Tu sxv.
27. Ideology – ideologia – gaziarebuli ideebi Tu mrwamsi, romelic gabatonebuli jgufebis
interesebis gamarTlebas emsaxureba. ideologiebi yvela sazogadoebaSia, sadac jgufebs Soris
sistematuri da fesvgadgmuli uTanasworobaa. ideologiis cneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli
ZalauflebasTan, vinaidan ideologiuri sistemebi emsaxureba jgufebs Soris gansxvavebuli
Zalauflebis legitimacias.
28. Industrialization – industrializacia – mrewvelobis Tanamedrove formebis
ganviTareba – qarxnebis, manqana-danadgarebis da farTomasStabiani warmoebis procesebisa.
mrewvelobis industrializacia erT-erTi ZiriTadi procesia, rac gavlenas axdens socialur
samyaroze, bolo ori saukunis manZilze. im sazogadoebebs, romlebic industriulad
ganviTarebulia, gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, vidre naklebad ganviTarebul qveynebs.
magaliTad, industrializaciis ganviTarebas Tan axlavs im mosaxleobis wilis kleba, romlebic
sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebSia CarTuli – es aris mTavari gansxvaveba preindustriuli
qveynebisgan.
29. Industrialization of War – omis industrializacia – samrewvelo warmoebis wesis
gamoyeneba iaraRis warmoebaSi, samxedro Zalebis, rogorc `saomari manqanebis,~
organizebasTan erTad. Oomis industrializacia iseTive fundamenturi aspeqtia Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis ganviTarebisTvis, rogorc mSvidobiani miznebisTvis ganviTarebuli industria. is
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli meoce saukuneSi totaluri omis saSiSroebasTan – rodesac saomar
moqmedebebSi CarTulia aseul aTasobiT an milionobiT jariskaci da, amasTan erTad, ekonomika
mobilizebulia omis saWiroebebisTvis.
30. Industrial Societies – industriuli sazogadoebebi – sazogadoebebi, sadac samuSao
Zalis didi nawili dakavebulia industriul warmoebaSi.
31. Informal Relations – araformaluri urTierTobebi – urTierTobebi, romlebic
yalibdeba jgufebsa da organizaciebSi pirovnuli siaxlovis safuZvelze; isini gansxvavdeba
formalurad aRiarebuli procedurebisgan.
32. Kinship – naTesaoba – urTierToba, romelic akavSirebs individebs sisxlis
naTesaobis, qorwinebis an naSvilobis safuZvelze. definiciis mixedviT, naTesauri kavSirebi
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gulisxmobs qorwinebas da ojaxs, Tumca gacilebiT farTod vrceldeba, vidre aRniSnuli institutebi.
Tumca, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis umetesobaSi, Zalze cota valdebulebebi ekisreba naTesaur
urTierTobebs, romelic uSualod ojaxis farglebs scildeba, sxva mraval kulturaSi naTesaobas
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba socialuri cxovrebis mraval aspeqtSi.
33. Marriage – qorwineba - socialurad aRiarebuli seqsualuri urTierToba or individs
Soris. qorwineba, Cveulebriv, gulisxmobs or gansxvavebuli sqesis pirovnebas, Tumca zogierT
kulturaSi homoseqsualuri qorwinebis mimarT tolerantuli damokidebulebaa.Qqorwineba,
Cveulebriv, warmoadgens prokreaciis safuZvels – anu mosalodnelia, rom daqorwinebuli wyvili
gaaCens da aRzrdis bavSvebs. Bbevri sazogadoeba nebas rTavs poligamias, sadac individs
SeuZlia erTdroulad mravali meuRle hyavdes.
34. Mass Media – masmedia – komunikaciis formebi, rogoricaa gazeTebi, Jurnalebi,
radio da talevizia, rac gamiznulia masobrivi auditoriisTvis.
35. Nation-State – eri-saxelmwifo – saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli tipi, romelic
Tanamedrove msoflios axasiaTebs, sadac mTavrobas aqvs suverenuli Zalaufleba gansazRvrul
teritoriaze da mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgenen moqalaqeebi, romlebic sakuTar Tavs erTian
erad ganixilaven. eri-saxelmwifo asocirdeba nacionalizmis warmoqmnasTan, Tumca erovnuli
loialoba yovelTvis ar Seesabameba dRes arsebuli specifikuri saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs. eri-
saxelmwifoebi ganviTarda, rogorc mzardi eri-saxelmwifo sistemis nawili, romelic evropaSi
warmoiSva, Tumca Cvens droSi mTel msoflios moicavs.
36. Nature – buneba – gare samyaros an adamianis sxeulis fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi,
romelzec gavlena ar mouxdenia adamianis Carevas. movlena an situacia `bunebrivia,~ Tu igi
arsebobs an xdeba adamianis kontrolisgan damoukideblad. im garemos udidesi nawili, sadac
Cven vcxovrobT, ukve aRar aris bunebis nawili imis gamo, rom adamianebi erevian mis mraval
aspeqtSi. am procesis magaliTi globaluri daTbobaa: es ar aris bunebrivi mdgomareoba, aramed
adamianis mier garemos dabinZurebis Sedegia. Tumca, bevri ram, rac Cvens sxeuls emarTeba,
ukve bunebrivi aRar aris. MmagaliTad, reproduqciuli teqnologiis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa
Tanamedrove kontraceptivebi an genuri inJineria, Cveni sxeuli sul ufro nakleb imarTeba
bunebrivi procesebiT.
37. Norms – normebi – qcevis wesebi, romelic gansazRvravs Sesabamis qcevas
mocemul socialur konteqstSi. norma an awesebs qcevis mocemul saxes, an krZalavs mas.
Yyvela adamiani icavs normis garkveul formas, romelic yovelTvis gamyarebulia ama Tu im
saxis sanqciebiT – dawyebuli araformaluri gakicxviT, damTavrebuli fizikuri dasjiT an
egzekuciiT.
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38. Organization – organizacia – individebis didi jgufi, romlebic Cabmulni arian

saxelisuflebo urTierTobebis gansazRvrul qselSi. industriul sazogadoebebSi arsebuli
organizaciebis mravali tipi, gavlenas axdens Cveni cxovrebis uamrav aspeqtze. Tumca,
formaluri gagebiT, yvela organizacia ar aris biurokratiuli, mainc sakmaod mWidro kavSirebia
organizaciebis ganviTarebasa da biurokratiul tendenciebs Soris.
39. Politics – politika – saSualeba, romliTac Zalaufleba gamoiyeneba samTavrobo
aqtivobebis xasiaTsa da Sinaarsze gavlenis mosaxdenad. `politikuri~ sfero gulisxmobs imaT
aqtivobebs, vinc mTavrobaSia, Tumca aseve bevri sxva jgufebisa da individebis qmedebebsac.
arsebobs mravali saSualeba, romliTac samTavrobo aparatis gareT myofi adamianebi cdiloben
gavlenis moxdenas politikaze.
40. Popular Culture – popularuli kultura – gasarTobi, romelic didi auditoriisTvis
iqmneba, rogoricaa popularuli filmebi, Sou warmodgenebi, musika, video da satelevizio
programebi. popularuli kultura xSirad upirispirdeba `maRal~ an èlitarul~ kulturas, romelic
ganswavluli umciresobis gemovnebas Seesabameba. klasikuri musika, opera da mxatvroba
maRali kulturis magaliTebia.
41. Postindustrial Society – postindustriuli sazogadoeba – cneba, romelsac mxars
uWeren isini, visac sjera, rom socialuri cvlilebis procesebi industriuli wyobis sazRvrebs
scildeba. postindustriuli sazogadoeba ufro informaciis warmoebas efuZneba, vidre materialuri
saqonlis warmoebas. misi mxardamWerebi miiCneven, rom Cven amJamad ganvicdiT iseTive
Rrma socialur cvlilebebs, rogorc es orasi wlis win, industriuli epoqis dasawyisSi moxda.
42. Power – Zalaufleba – individebis an jgufis wevrebis unari, miaRwion miznebs an
ganaxorcielon interesebi, romlebic maT amoZravebT. Zalaufleba yvela adamianur urTierTobaSi
iWreba. mravali konfliqti sazogadoebaSi ZalauflebisTvis brZolas gulisxmobs, vinaidan, rac met
Zalauflebas flobs individi an jgufi, miT meti SesaZlebloba aqvs, sxvebis xarjze, praqtikulad
ganaxorcielos misi survilebi.
43. Prejudice – mikerZoebuli ganwyoba – winaswarSeqmnili azri individis an jgufis
Sesaxeb, romlis Secvla Znelia maSinac ki, roca arsebobs axali informacia. mikerZoebuli
ganwyoba SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an negatiuri.
44. Racism – rasizmi – upiratesobis an arasrulfasovnebis maxasiaTeblebis miwera
mosaxleobisTvis, romelsac garkveuli Tandayolili fizikuri niSnebi aqvs. rasizmi mikerZoebuli
ganwyobis specifikuri formaa, romelic adamianebs Soris fizikur gansxvavebebze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas. rasistuli mimarTebebi gaZlierda koloniuri eqspansiis periodSi, rasac dasavleTi
awarmoebda, Tumca Cans, rom mikerZoebuli ganwyoba da diskriminaciis meqanizmebi
arsebobs adamianuri sazogadoebis Zalian bevr konteqstSi.
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45. Religion – religia – sxvadasxva saxis rwmenebi, romlebsac misdeven erTobis

wevrebi, rac moicavs simboloebs, romlebsac mowiwebiTa da TayvaniscemiT ekidebian,
sxvadasxva ritualur qmedebebTan erTad, romlebSic erTobis wevrebi monawileoben. Yyvela
religia ar gulisxmobs zebunebrivi arsebebis rwmenas. Tumca, religiasa da magias Soris zRvaris
gavleba Znelia, xSirad miaCniaT, rom magia ufro metad individualur praqtikas gulisxmobs,
vidre erTobis rituals.
46. Research Methods – kvlevis meTodebi – kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodi, empiriuli
(faqtobrivi) masalis Sesagroveblad. sociologiaSi mravali kvlevis meTodi arsebobs, Tumca,
yvelaze xSirad, albaT savele samuSao (anu CarTuli dakvirveba) an gamokiTxvis meTodebi
gamoiyeneba. Mmravali mosazrebiT, erTi kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi, umjobesia ori an meti
meTodis erTad gamoyeneba.
47. Revolution – revolucia – politikuri cvlilebis procesi, rac gulisxmobs masobrivi
socialuri moZraobis mobilizebas, romelic, Zaladobis gamoyenebiT, warmatebiT amxobs arsebul
reJims da qmnis axal mTavrobas. revolucia gansxvavdeba saxelmwifo gadatrialebisgan,
vinaidan igi gulisxmobs masobriv moZraobas da ZiriTad cvlilebebs politikur sistemaSi, rogorc
mTelSi. saxelmwifo gadatrialeba aris iaraRis gamoyenebiT Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba
individebis mier, romlebic Semdeg cvlian politikur liderebs, Tumca samTavrobo sistemis
Semdgomi transformaciis gareSe. revoluciebi aseve SeiZleba ganvasxvavoT amboxisgan,
romelic arsebuli politikuri elitis Secvlas gulisxmobs da miznad aqvs ufro pirovnebebis, vidre
politikuri struqturis Secvla.
48. Ritual – rituali – qcevis formalizebuli modeli, romelSic jgufis an erTobis wevrebi
regularulad arian CarTulni. religia erT-erTi mTavari konteqstia, sadac ritualebi gamoiyeneba;
Tumca ritualuri qceva am konkretuli sferos gareTac farTodaa gavrcelebuli. jgufebis
umravlesobas ama Tu im saxis ritualuri praqtika gaaCnia.
49. Science – mecniereba – sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis azriT, es aris fizikuri
samyaros sistematuri Seswavla. mecniereba gulisxmobs empiriuli monacemebis garkveuli
wesrigiT dalagebas, Teoriuli midgomebis da Teoriebis SeqmnasTan erTad, romelic aSuqebs an
ganmartavs am monacemebs. Mmecnieruli aqtivoba aerTianebs azrovnebis axali, Tamami
modelebis Seqmnasa da hipoTezebis da ideebis Tanmimdevrul Semowmebas. EerTi ZiriTadi
niSani, rac gvexmareba, ganvasxvavoT mecnriereba sxva tipis ideaTa sistemisgan (magaliTad,
religiuri sistemisgan), aris mosazreba, rom yvela mecnieruli idea Riaa urTierTkritikisa da
SemowmebisTvis samecniero erTobis wevrTa mxridan.
50. Secularization – sekularizacia – religiis zegavlenis Semcirebis procesi. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi sul ufro metad sekularizebuli xdeba, sekularizmis
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zrdisTvis Tvalyuris midevneba rTuli saqmea. sekularizacia SeiZleba ganvixiloT religiur

organizaciebSi CarTulobis xarisxiT (rogoricaa eklesiaSi siaruli), religiuri organizaciebis
socialuri da materialuri zegavleniT, da adamianebSi religiuri rwmenis gavrcelebis xarisxiT.
51. Self-Consciousness – TviTSegneba – adamianis mier sakuTari identobis
gacnobiereba, rogorc pirovnebisa, romelic sxvebisgan gansxvavdeba. Aadamianebi
TviTSegnebiT ar ibadebian, Tumca, axdenen meobis gacnobierebas adreuli socializaciis dros.
Eenis Seswavlas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs im procesisTvis, romliTac bavSvi swavlobs
TviTSegnebul individad gaxdomas.
52. Sex – sqesi – anatomiuri gansxvaveba, romelic gamoyofs mamakacebs qalebisgan.
sociologebi xSirad asxvaveben sqessa da genders. sqesi dakavSirebulia sxeulis fizikur
maxasiaTeblebTan; genderi ki exeba qcevis socialurad daswavlil formebs. sqesisa da genderis
dayofa ar aris igiveobrivi, magaliTad, transvestiti aris arseba, romelic fizikurad mamakacia,
Tumca zogjer qalad ganicdis sakuTar Tavs.
53. Social Change – socialuri cvlileba – cvlileba socialuri jgufis an sazogadoebis bazisur
struqturebSi. socialuri cvlileba mudmivi fenomenia socialur cxovrebaSi, Tumca gansakuTrebiT
intensiuri Tanamedrove epoqaSi gaxda. Tanamedrove sociologiis sawyisebs SeiZleba Tvali
gavadevnoT, rogorc im dramatuli cvlilebebis gaazrebis mcdelobas, ramac Searyia tradiciuli
msoflio da xeli Seuwyo socialuri wyobis axali formebis Seqmnas.
54. Social Groups – socialuri jgufebi – individTa erToblioba, romlebic sistematurad
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan. jgufebi SeiZleba iyos mravalgvari, dawyebuli Zalian mcire
asociaciebidan, damTavrebuli farTomasStabiani organizaciebiT an sazogadoebebiT. rac
Seexeba maT moculobas, amas gansazRvravs jgufis wevrTa mier maTi saerTo identobis
gacnobiereba. Cveni cxovrebis umetesi nawili jgufur kontaqtebSi xorcieldeba; Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, adamianTa didi nawili bevri sxvadasxva tipis jgufis wevria.
55. Social Interaction – socialuri urTierTqmedeba – nebismieri saxis socialuri
kontaqtebi individebs Soris. Cveni cxovrebis udidesi nawili Sedgeba ama Tu im tipis socialuri
urTierTqmedebisgan. socialuri urTierTqmedeba ganekuTvneba rogorc formalur, ise araformalur
situaciebs, romlebSic adamianebi erTmaneTs xvdebian. socialuri urTierTqmedebis formaluri
situaciis ilustracias warmoadgens skolis saklaso oTaxi, araformaluri interaqciis magaliTi aris ori
adamianis Sexvedra quCaSi an wveulebaze.
56. Socialization – socializacia – socialuri procesebi, romlis saSualebiTac bavSvebi
eziarebian socialur normebsa da Rirebulebebs, da aRweven sakuTari meobis gacnobierebas.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom socializaciis procesebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bavSvobasa da
yrmobaSi, isini mimdinareobs mTeli sicocxlis manZilze. arcerTi individi ar aris Tavisufali mis
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garSemo myofi adamianebis reaqciebisgan, rac gavlenas axdens masze da iwvevs misi qcevis
modificirebas cxovrebis ciklis yvela fazaSi.
57. Social Mobility – socialuri mobiloba – individebis an jgufebis moZraoba
sxvadasxva socialur poziciebs Soris. vertikaluri mobiloba niSnavs moZraobas zemoT an
qvemoT ierarqiaSi, stratifikaciis sistemis farglebSi. Hhorizontaluri mobiloba aris individebis an
jgufebis mobiloba erTi regionidan meoreSi. vertikaluri mobilobis analizisas, sociologebi
ganasxvaveben imas, Tu ramdenad aris individi mobiluri misi karieris manZilze, da ramdenad
gansxvavdeba pozicia, romelsac individi aRwevs, misi mSoblebis poziciisgan.
58. Social Movement – socialuri moZraoba – adamianebis didi TavSeyra, romlebic
CarTulni arian qmedebebSi, raTa ganaxorcielon an xeli SeuSalon socialuri cvlilebebis process.
Cveulebriv, socialuri moZraobebi arsebobs im organizaciebTan konfliqtis niadagze, romelTa
miznebi da Sexedulebebi ewinaaRmdegeba maT miznebsa da Sexedulebebs. Tumca,
moZraobebi, romlebic warmatebulia Zalauflebis mopovebaSi, institucionalizebuli xdeba da
SeuZlia gadaiqces organizaciebad.
59. Social Position – socialuri pozicia – individis socialuri identoba, mocemuli jgufis an
sazogadoebis farglebSi. socialuri poziciebi, SesaZloa, Zalze zogadi iyos Tavisi bunebiT
(magaliTad, genderTan dakavSirebuli pozicia) an, SesaZloa, gacilebiT specifikuri iyos
(magaliTad, profesiuli poziciebis SemTxvevaSi).
60. Social Role – socialuri roli – garkveuli socialuri poziciis mqone individisgan
mosalodneli qceva. socialuri rolis idea Teatridan modis da dakavSirebulia im rolTan, rasac
msaxiobi scenaze asrulebs. Yyvela sazogadoebaSi, individebi mraval gansxvavebul socialur rols
asruleben, TavianTi aqtivobebis sxvadasxva konteqstebis mixedviT.
61. Social Stratification – socialuri stratifikacia – sazogadoebaSi, jgufebs Soris
struqturuli uTanasworobis arseboba, materialuri Tu simboluri resursebis xelmisawvdomobis
TvalsazrisiT. Tumca, yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs stratifikaciis garkveuli formebi, mxolod
saxelmwifo sistemis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi Zlierdeba gansxvaveba simdidresa da
ZalauflebaSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi, stratifikaciis yvelaze gamokveTili forma klasobrivi
dayofaa.
62. Social Structure – socialuri struqtura – urTierTqmedebis nimuSebi individebsa da
jgufebs Soris. socialuri cxovreba SemTxveviTobas ar eqvemdebareba. Cveni aqtivobebis
umravlesoba struqturirebulia, anu organizebulia regularuli da ganmeorebadi saxiT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Sedareba SeiZleba mTlad zusti ar iyos, SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis socialuri
struqturis ganxilva, rogorc sayrdenisa, rac safuZvels umagrebs Senobas da erTianobaSi
mohyavs igi.
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63. Society – sazogadoeba – sazogadoebis cneba erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania

sociologiur cnebebs Soris. sazogadoeba _ es aris im adamianTa jgufi, romlebic konkretul
teritoriaze cxovroben, warmoadgenen politikuri xelisuflebis saerTo sistemis subieqts, da
acnobiereben garkveul identobas, gansxvavebuls maT garSemo arsebuli jgufebisgan. zogierTi
sazogadoeba, rogoricaa monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi, Zalze mcire
moculobisaa, romelic ramdenime aTeul adamians iTvlis. sxvebi Zalze didi mravalmilioniani
sazogadoebebia, magaliTad, Tanamedrove CineTis, romelsac miliardze meti mosaxleoba hyavs.
64. Sociology – sociologia – adamianTa jgufebis da sazogadoebebis Seswavla, romelic
gansakuTrebul aqcents industriuli samyaros analizze akeTebs. sociologia erT-erTia socialuri
mecnierebebis jgufidan, romelic moicavs anTropologias, ekonomikas, politikur mecnierebebs da
sazogadoebriv geografias. sxvadasxva socialur mecnierebebs Soris ar aris mkveTri dayofa;
yvela maTgans saerTo interesebi, koncefciebi da meTodebi aqvs.
65. Sociology of the Body – sxeulis sociologia _ Cvens fizikur agebulebaze socialuri
gavlenebis Seswavla.
66. The State – saxelmwifo – politikuri aparati (samTavrobo institutebi da saxelmwifo
samsaxurebis Cinovnikebi), romelic marTavs mocemul teritoriul wyobas, romlis xelisufleba
gamyarebulia kanoniT da Zalis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobiT. saxelmwifo yvela sazogadoebaSi
ar arsebobs. monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa kulturebs da mcire agrarul sazogadoebebs ara aqvs
saxelmwifo institutebi. saxelmwifos warmoqmna aRniSnavs garkveul gardamaval periods
kacobriobis istoriaSi, vinaidan politikuri Zalauflebis centralizacias, rasac saxelmwifos
Camoyalibeba gulisxmobs, Seaqvs axali dinamika socialuri cvlilebis procesebSi.
67. Status – statusi – socialuri aRiareba an prestiJi, rac eniWeba konkretul jgufs
sazogadoebis sxva wevrebisgan. statusuri jgufebi, Cveulebriv, gamoirCevian cxovrebis stiliT –
qcevis nimuSebiT, romlebsac jgufis wevrebi misdeven. statusiT miniWebuli privilegiebi
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an negatiuri. `paria~ (umdablesi) status jgufebs mosaxleobis
umravlesoba arad agdebs, an eqceva maT, rogorc gariyulebs.
68. Theoretical Approach – Teoriuli midgoma – Sexeduleba socialur cxovrebaze,
romelic konkretuli Teoriuli tradiciidan warmoiSva. sociologiaSi ZiriTadi Teoriuli tradiciebia
funqcionalizmi, struqturalizmi, simboluri interaqcionizmi da marqsizmi. Teoriuli midgomebi
gansazRvravs mTlian `perspeqtivebs,~ romlis farglebSic muSaoben sociologebi da gavlenas
axdens kvlevis sferoebze, romlebSic gamoiyofa da wydeba sakvlevi problemebi.
69. Theory – Teoria – im zogadi niSnebis gamoyofis mcdeloba, romlebic xsnis
regularulad dakvirvebad movlenebs. Teoriebis Camoyalibeba Seadgens mTeli sociologiuri
muSaobis arsebiT elements. Tumca, Teoriebs aqvs tendencia, daukavSirdnen ufro farTo Teoriul
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midgomebs, isini kvlevis Sedegebis Zalze did gavlenasac ganicdian, rac Teoriis warmoqmnas
exmareba.
70. The Unconscious – aracnobieri – motivebi da ideebi, romlebic miuwvdomelia
individis cnobieri gonebisTvis. ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri meqanizmi, romelic aracnobierSia CarTuli,
represiaa – gonebis nawilebi `blokirebulia~ individis uSualo cnobierebisgan. Ffroidis Teoriis
mixedviT, bavSvobaSi Camoyalibebuli aracnobieri survilebi da impulsebi mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs zrdasrulTa cxovrebaSi.
71. Unemployment – umuSevroba – situacia, rodesac individs surs, iSovos
anazRaurebadi samuSao, Tumca ver akeTebs amas. UumuSevroba gacilebiT rTuli cnebaa, vidre
es erTi SexedviT Cans. Ppirovneba, romelic `samuSaos gareSea~, aucilebeli ar aris, rom arafers
akeTebdes. MmagaliTad, diasaxlisebi ar Rebuloben xelfass, Tumca, Cveulebriv, sakmaod bevrs
muSaoben.
72. Urbanism – urbanizmi – termini, romelic luis virtma gamoiyena urbanuli socialuri
cxovrebis ganmasxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebis aRsaniSnavad, rogoricaa, magaliTad, misi
upirovnoba.
73. Values – Rirebulebebi – individebis an jgufebis ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris
sasurveli, marTebuli, kargi an cudi. gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi adamianuri kulturis
mravalferovnebis ganmsazRvreli aspeqtia. individebi im specifikuri kulturis Rirebulebebis
gavlenas ganicdian, sadac maT uwevT cxovreba.
74. Violence – Zaladoba – individebis an jgufebis erTi nawilis mier fizikuri Zalis an
muqaris gamoyeneba meoris winaaRmdeg. saomari moqmedeba aris Zaladobis yvelaze
ukiduresi forma. Tumca, Zaladoba Cveulia aseve socialuri cxovrebis mravali ufro araformaluri
garemosTvis. MmagaliTad, mravali qorwineba xasiaTdeba erTi meuRlis Zaladobis faqtebiT
meoris mimarT.
75. Work – Sroma – aqtivoba, romliTac adamianebi awarmoeben produqts bunebrivi
samyarodan da amgvarad uzrunvelyofen TavianT arsebobas. MSromad ar unda miviCnioT
mxolod anazRaurebadi samuSao. tradiciul kulturebSi, fuladi sistemis mxolod Canasaxi
arsebobda, da Zalze cota adamiani muSaobda anazRaurebis safasurad. Tanamedrove
sazogadoebebSi, arsebobs samuSaos uamravi saxe, romelic ar gulisxmobs xelfasis gadaxdas
(magaliTad, diasaxlisis samuSao).
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mniSvnelovani terminebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
Absent father – saxeze armyofi mama – mama, romelsac ganqorwinebis an raime sxva
mizezis gamo, Zalze mcire kontaqti aqvs, an sulac ara aqvs kontaqti SvilebTan.
Absolute Poverty – absoluturi siRaribe – siRaribe, romelic ganisazRvreba minimaluri
moTxovnebiT, janmrTeli arsebobis SesanarCuneblad.
Addiction – damokidebuleba – procesi, romliTac adamiani damokidebuli xdeba raime
nivTierebaze an qcevis myar nimuSze, romlis Secvla Znelia; magaliTad, alkoholze
damokidebuleba.
Affective individualizm – afeqturi individualizmi _ rwmena romantikuli siyvarulisa,
rogorc qorwinebis safuZvelisa.
Ageism – eijizmi – asakis gamo pirovnebis diskriminacia an mis mimarT mikerZoebuli
ganwyoba.
Agrarian Societies – agraruli sazogadoebebi – sazogadoebebi, romelTa arsebobis
saSualeba dafuZnebulia sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaze (rogoricaa xorblis moyvana).
AIDS – Sidsi – daavadeba, romelic adamianis avtoimunur sistemas utevs.
Alienation – gaucxoeba – imis SegrZneba, rom Cveni adamianuri SesaZleblobebi
damokidebulia sxva mocemulobebze. Tavdapirvelad, termini marqsma gamoiyena imis
asaxsnelad, rom adamianuri Zala proecirebulia RmerTze. mogvianebiT, man gamoiyena es
termini, raTa aexsna, rom muSaTa klasi kargavda kontrols samuSaosa da mis Sedegad miRebul
produqtze.
Alterative Movement – alteratiuli moZraoba – moZraoba, romelic mimarTulia
individebis qcevis an cnobierebis Secvlaze.
Animism – animizmi – rwmena imisa, rom samyaroSi mimdinare movlenebs sulebi
warmarTaven.
Anomie – anomia – cneba, romelic sociologiaSi pirvelad diurkemma Semoitana da is
aRniSnavs situacias, rodesac socialuri normebi kargaven Zalas individis qcevaze.
Anorexia – anoreqsia – e.w. `gamxdrebis daavadeba,~ rodesac individebi ganzrax
SimSiloben.
Anthropology – anTropologia – socialuri mecniereba, romelic mWidro kavSirSia
sociologiasTan da fokusirebulia tradiciuli kulturebisa da adamianuri saxeobis evoluciis
Seswavlaze.
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Apartheid – aparteidi – rasobrivi segregaciis sistema, romelic samxreT afrikaSi gaCnda

da amJamad umetesad daSlilia.
Arms Trade – iaraRiT vaWroba – samxedro aRWurvilobis gayidva materialuri
sargeblisTvis, romelic sruldeba mTavrobebis an kerZo kontraqtorebis mier.
Assimilation – asimilacia – mosaxleobis umravlesobis mier umciresobaTa jgufis
miReba, sadac jgufi iTvisebs gabatonebuli kulturis Rirebulebebsa da normebs.
Authoritarian Personality – avtoritaruli pirovneba – specifikuri pirovnuli
maxasiaTeblebis mTeli wyeba, rac gulisxmobs mouqnel da aratolerantul xedvas da
gaurkvevlobasTan Seguebis uunarobas.
Automation – avtomatizacia – sawarmoo procesi, romelic imarTeba da kontroldeba
manqanebiT, adamianis minimaluri monawileobiT.
Back Region – ukana plani – teritoria, romelic daSorebulia `wina planis~ Sesrulebebs
da, rogorc irvin gofmani ganmartavs, sadac individebs SeuZliaT, ganitvirTon da araformalurad
moiqcnen.
Bulimia – bulemia – mouwesrigebeli kveba, rodesac individebi zedmets Wamen, Tumca
arasworad ineleben sakvebs. MmagaliTad, bulemiur adamians SeuZlia miirTvas da Semdeg
monelebamde guli airios.
Capitalizm – kapitalizmi – ekonomikuri sistema, romelic sabazro gacvlas efuZneba.
`kapitali~ ganixileba, rogorc simdidre an fuli, romlis investireba xdeba bazarze, mogebis
miRebis mizniT. dRes, TiTqmis yvela industriuli qveyana kapitalisturia Tavisi orientaciiT –
misi ekonomikuri sistema efuZneba Tavisufal warmoebas da ekonomikur konkurencias.
Capitalists – kapitalistebi – adamianebi, romlebic floben kompaniebs, miwas, an
aqciebs da kapitals, da iyeneben yvelafer amas mogebis misaRebad.
Caste – kasta – stratifikaciis erT-erTi forma, sadac individis socialuri pozicia
dabadebidan aris gansazRvruli da misi Secvla ar SeiZleba. gansxvavebuli kastobrivi jgufebis
wevrTa Soris qorwineba, faqtobrivad, TiTqmis ar xdeba.
Church – eklesia – adamianTa didi jgufi, romelic dafuZnebul religiur organizacias
miekuTvneba. es termini aseve gamoiyeneba im adgilis aRsaniSnavad, sadac xorcieldeba
religiuri ceremoniebi.
Citizen – moqalaqe – politikuri erTobis wevri, romelsac gaaCnia rogorc uflebebi, aseve
movaleobebi am wevrobasTan dakavSirebiT.
Civil Inattention – moqalaqeobrivi uyuradReboba – procesi, romlis saSualebiT
individebi, romlebic urTierTqmedebis erTsadaimave fizikur garemoSi imyofebian, axdenen imis
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demonstrirebas, rom isini acnobiereben erTmaneTis arsebobas, mtruli Tu zedmetad megobruli

damokidebulebis gamovlenis gareSe.
Civil Religion – samoqalaqo religia – religiuris msgavsi ritualisa da rwmenis formebi,
Tumca saero aqtivobis gamomxatveli, rogoricaa, magaliTad, politikuri paradebi an ceremoniebi.
Class Conflict – klasobrivi konfliqti – brZola gansxvavebul klasebs Soris
sazogadoebaSi. karl marqss sjeroda, rom klasobrivi konfliqti aris mravali sxva dayofisa da
antagonizmis wyaro sazogadoebaSi.
Classroom Without Walls – saklaso oTaxi kedlebis gareSe – ganaTleba, romelic
xorcieldeba eleqtronuli mediis saSualebiT.
Codified Knowledge – kodificirebuli codna – koncefcia, romelic dakavSirebulia
sociolog daniel belis saxelTan. igi exeba codnis sistematur formebs, romelTac Tanamedrove
mecniereba qmnis. bels sjera, rom amgvari codnis Seqmna yvelaze dinamiuri Zala iqneba
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi.
Cognition – Semecneba – adamianis azrovnebis procesi, rac Seicavs aRqmas, gansjas da
mexsierebas.
Cohabitation – Tanacxovreba – ori erTad mcxovrebi adamianis seqsualuri urTierToba
qorwinebis gareSe.
Cold War – civi omi – konfliqturi situacia sabWoTa kavSirsa da SeerTebul Statebs
Soris, maT mokavSireebTan erTad, romelic arsebobda 1940-iani wlebidan 1990-ian wlebamde.
es iyo `civi omi,~ vinaidan es ori mxare arasdros Cabmula erTmaneTTan samxedro
konfrontaciaSi.
Collective Consumption – koleqtiuri moxmareba – cneba, romelic gamoiyena manuel
kastelsma, urbanuli moxmarebis procesTan mimarTebaSi, rogoricaa sakuTrebis yidva-gayidva.
Colonialism – kolonializmi – procesi, romlis drosac dasavluri saxelmwifoebi
amyarebdnen TavianT batonobas msoflios im nawilebSi, romelic daSorebuli iyo maT sakuTar
teritorias.
Commonsense Beliefs – saR azrze dafuZnebuli rwmenebi – farTod gavrcelebuli
rwmenebi socialuri da bunebrivi samyaros Sesaxeb, romelsac iziareben adamianebi, visac ara
aqvT profesiuli codna Sesabamis sferoebSi.
Communism – komunizmi – politikuri ideebis erToblioba, romelic marqsTan aris
dakavSirebuli, da konkretulad leninma ganaviTara; misi institucionalizeba moxda CineTSi da,
1990 wlamde, sabWoTa kavSirsa da aRmosavleT evropaSi.
Comparative Analysis – SedarebiTi analizi – analizi, romelic dafuZnebulia Sedarebaze
sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs da kulturebs Soris.
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477
Comparative Questions – SedarebiTi kiTxvebi – kiTxvebi, romlebic exeba Sedarebebs

sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs Soris, sociologiuri Teoriisa Tu kvlevis mizniT.
Conerete Operational Stage – konkretul-operaciuli stadia – kognituri ganviTarebis
stadia, rogorc es piaJes mier aris formulirebuli, romelzec bavSvis azrovneba efuZneba,
upirvelesad, samyaros fizikur aRqmas. am fazaSi bavSvs jer kidev ar SeuZlia gaumklavdes
abstraqtul cnebebs an hipoTetur situaciebs.
Constitutional Monarch – konstituciuri monarqi – mefe an dedofali, romelic
umTavresad `figuraluria~, realuri Zalaufleba ki sxva politikuri liderebis xelSia.
Contradiction – dapirispireba – termini, romelsac iyenebda marqsi, sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli antagonisturi tendenciebis aRsaniSnavad.
Contradictory Class Locations – winaaRmdegobrivi klasobrivi poziciebi – poziciebi
klasobriv struqturaSi, romlebic gulisxmobs rutinul TeTrsayeloian da ufro dabal samenejero
samuSaos, romelic aerTianebs mis zemoT da qvemoT ganlagebuli klasobrivi poziciebis
maxasiaTeblebs.
Conurbation – konurbacia – didi da patara qalaqebis aglomeracia erT mTlian urbanul
garemod.
Conversation – saubari – verbaluri komunikacia or an met adamians Soris.
Correlation – korelacia – regularuli urTierToba or ganzomilebas an cvlads Soris; xSirad
gamoixateba statistikuri terminebiT. korelaciebi, SesaZloa, iyos pozitiuri an negatiuri. pozitiuri
korelacia or cvlads Soris arsebobs iq, sadac erTi cvladis maRali maCvenebeli dakavSirebulia
meore cvladis maRal maCvenebelTan. negatiuri korelacia arsebobs iq, sadac erTi cvladis
maRali maCvenebeli dakavSirebulia meore cvladis dabal maCvenebelTan.
Counterintuitive Thinking – kontrintuiciuri azrovneba – iseTi ideebis matarebeli
azrovneba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba saR azrs.
Created Environment – Seqmnili garemo – materialuri samyaros is aspeqtebi, romelTac
gansazRvravs adamianis mier Seqmnili teqnologia. Seqmnili garemo exeba im nagebobebs,
romlebic Seqmna adamianma Tavisi moTxovnilebis mixedviT, magaliTad, gzebi, rkinigza,
qarxnebi, dawesebulebebi, kerZo saxlebi da sxva nagebobebi.
Crimes of the Powerful – Zalauflebis mqoneTa danaSauli – kriminaluri aqtivoba,
romelsac sCadian ZalauflebaSi myofni.
Crowd activity – brbos aqtivoba – qmedebebi, romlebsac axorcieleben individebi,
rodesac qmnian brbos.
Cult – kulti – fragmentuli religiuri dajgufebebi, romelTac individebi Tavisuflad
uerTdebian, Tumca maT ar gaaCniaT mudmivi struqtura.
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Cultural Pluralism – kulturuli pluralizmi – mravali subkulturis Tanaswor safuZvelze

Tanaarseboba mocemuli sazogadoebis farglebSi.
Cyberspace – kibersivrce – urTierTqmedebis eleqtronuli qseli indvidebs Soris,
sxvadasxva kompiuterul terminalebSi.
Denomination – denominacia – religiuri seqta, romelmac dakarga Tavisi
sicocxlisunariani dinamizmi da gadaiqca institucionalizebul erTeulad, marTavs ra misi
mimdevari adamianebis mravalricxovan jgufs.
Developmental Questions – ganviTarebis sakiTxebi – sakiTxebi, romlebiTac
sociologebi arian dainteresebulni, rodesac ikvleven socialuri institutebis sawyisebsa da gzas
warsulidan awmyomde.
Deviant Subculture – devianturi subkultura – subkultura, romlis wevrebs aerTianebT
Rirebulebebi, romlebic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sazogadoebaSi umravlesobis mier gaziarebuli
Rirebulebebisgan.
Differential Assosiation – diferenciuli asociacia – edvin h. sazerlendis mier
SemoTavazebuli kriminaluri qcevis Camoyalibebis interpretacia. misi mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
kriminaluri qceva daswavlis Sedegia maTTan urTierTobis gziT, vinc mudmivad aris CarTuli
danaSaulSi.
Displacement – Canacvleba – ideebis an emociebis gadatana namdvili wyarodan sxva
obieqtze.
Documentary Research – dokumenturi kvleva – kvleva, romelic efuZneba
dokumentebis SeswavliT miRebul mtkicebulebebs; aseTebia, magaliTad, arqivi an oficialuri
statistika.
Domestic Violence – ojaxuri Zaladoba – Zaladobrivi qceva, mimarTuli ojaxis erTi
wevris mier meoreze. Yyvelaze seriozuli ojaxuri Zaladoba xorcieldeba mamakacebis mier
qalebze.
Downward Mobility – daRmavali mobiloba – socialuri mobiloba, rodesac individebs
uaresi dasaqmeba an ufro dabali ekonomikuri mdgomareoba aqvT, vidre erT dros hqondaT, an
vidre maT mSoblebs hqondaT.
Dramaturgical Model – dramaturgiuli modeli – socialuri urTierTqmedebis
Seswavlisadmi midgoma, romelic efuZneba Teatridan aRebul metaforebs.
Dysfunctions – disfunqciebi – socialuri gavlenebi, romlebsac damangreveli an
dezintegraciuli zemoqmedeba aqvs.
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Ecological Approach – ekologiuri midgoma – erT-erTi midgoma urbanizmis analizis

dros, romelic xazs usvams qalaqis ubnebis `bunebriv~ ganlagebas teritoriebad, romlebsac
kontrastuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs.
Economic Interdependence – ekonomikuri urTierTdamokidebuleba – aRniSnavs
faqts, rom Sromis ganawilebisas, individebi erTmaneTze arian damokidebulni maTi
arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli saqonlis didi nawilis SeqmnaSi.
Economic System – ekonomikuri sistema – ekonomikuri dovlaTis Seqmna da
ganawileba sazogadoebaSi.
Educatuonal System – ganaTlebis sistema – ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis sistema, romelic
moqmedebs mocemul sazogadoebaSi.
Egocentrism – egocentrizmi – piaJes mixedviT, es aris bavSvis gansakuTrebuli xedva
adreul wlebSi. egocentruli azrovneba gulisxmobs garemo sagnebisa da movlenebis gaazrebas
mxolod bavSvis sakuTari poziciidan.
Elaborated Code – SemuSavebuli kodi – metyvelebis forma, romelic gulisxmobs
sityvebis ganzrax da konstruirebul gamoyenebas zusti mniSvnelobebis gamosaxatavad.
Emotional Intelligence – emociuri inteleqti – rogor SeuZlia individs, TanxmobaSi iyos
sakuTar da sxvaTa emociebTan.
Empirical Investigation – empiriuli kvleva – faqtebze dafuZnebuli kvleva, romelic
xorcieldeba sociologiuri kvlevis mocemul sferoSi.
End of History – istoriis dasasruli – mosazreba, romelic dakavSirebulia amerikel
mweral frensis fukuiamasTan. fukuiamas miaCnia, rom komunizmis ngrevasTan erTad, istoria
dasrulda, vinaidan Cven ver vxedavT sazogadoebis formas, romelsac SeuZlia daikavos dasavluri
stilis kapitalizmis adgili.
Environmental Ecology – garemos ekologia – fizikuri garemos mTlianobis
SenarCunebaze zrunva, Tanamedrove industriisa da teqnologiis gavlenis pirobebSi.
Estate – wodeba – stratifikaciis forma, romelic gulisxmobs dakanonebul uTanasworobas
adamianebis jgufebs Soris.
Ethical Religions – eTikuri religiebi – religiebi, romlebic damokidebulia ufro `didi
maswavleblis~ eTikur qadagebaze (rogoric buda an konfucia), vidre zebunebrivi Zalebis
rwmenaze.
Ethnic Antagonism – eTnikuri antagonizmi - mtruli ganwyoba an konfliqtebi
sxvadasxva eTnikur jgufebsa da erTobebs Soris.
Ethnocentric Transnationals – eTnocentruli transnacionaluri korporaciebi –
transnacionaluri kompaniebi, romlebic imarTeba uSualod ,,mSobeli” kompaniis Stab-binebidan.
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Ethnocentrism – eTnocentrizmi – sxva kulturebis ideebisa da praqtikis gaazreba

sakuTari kulturis Tvalsawieridan. EeTnocentruli msjelobebi ar iZleva sxva kulturebis
WeSmariti Tvisebebis gaazrebis saSualebas. EeTnocentruli individi aris is, visac ar SeuZlia an
ar surs ganixilos sxva kulturebi maTive Tvalsawieridan.
Ethnomethodology – eTnomeTodologia – imis Seswavla, Tu rogor iazreben adamianebi
imas, ras amboben da akeTeben sxvebi yoveldRiuri socialuri urTierTqmedebis dros.
EeTnomeTodologia swavlobs èTnomeTodebs,~ romlis saSualebiTac adamianebi axdenen
gasazrisianebul urTierTgacvlas erTmaneTTan.
Europian Union – evrokavSiri – dasavleT evropis qveynebis asociacia, romlebic
gaerTiandnen erTiani ekonomikis, politikuri da kulturuli interesebis Sesaqmnelad. amJamad
evrokavSiris TxuTmeti wevria, Tumca sxvebsac surT masTan SeerTeba.
Evolution – evolucia – biologiuri organizmebis ganviTareba fizikuri garemos
moTxovnebTan adaptaciis gziT.
Experiment – eqsperimenti – kvlevis meTodi, romliTac cvladebi SeiZleba gaanalizdes
kontrolisa da sistematizaciis gziT, an mkvlevris mier konstruirebul xelovnur situaciaSi, an
bunebriv garemoSi.
Extended Family – gafarToebuli ojaxi – ojaxuri jgufi, romelic Sedgeba naTesavebis ori
an meti Taobisgan, da romlebic an erT ojaxad cxovroben, an erTmaneTTan Zalze axlos.
Face-to-Face Interaction – pirispir urTierTqmedeba – urTierTqmedeba or individs
Soris, romlebic erTsadaimave konteqstSi erTmaneTis pirispir imyofebian.
Factual Questions – faqtobrivi SekiTxvebi – SekiTxvebi, romlebic wamoWris
faqtebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs (vidre Teoriul an moralur sakiTxebs).
Femininity – feminuroba – nebismier kulturaSi qalebisgan mosalodneli qcevis
specifikuri formebi.
Feminist Movement – feministuri moZraoba – moZraoba, romelic mimarTulia
sazogadoebaSi qalebis uflebebisa da interesebis mxardasaWerad.
First World – pirveli msoflio – eri-saxelmwifoebis jgufi, romelic flobs ganviTarebul
industriul ekonomikas, dafuZnebuls kapitalistur warmoebaze.
Flexible Production – moqnili warmoeba – warmoebis sistema mrewvelobaSi, rodesac
sawarmoo procesebi SeiZleba advilad iqnes Secvlili nebismier dros. miCneulia, rom
Mmoqnilma warmoebam unda Seaviwrovos ufro rigiduli sawarmoo sistemebi, romelic
gabatonda teilorizmis da fordizmis epoqaSi.
Focused Interaction – fokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba – urTierTqmedeba individebs
Soris, romlebic CarTulni arian saerTo aqtivobaSi an uSualo saubarSi.
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Fordism - fordizmi – warmoebis sistema, romelic dafuZnebulia henri fordis mier da

romelSic gamoyenebulia konveieruli xazi.
Formal Operational Period – formaluri operaciuli periodi – piaJes Teoriis mixedviT,
kognitiuri ganviTarebis stadia, rodesac bavSvs SeuZlia, gaerkves abstraqtul cnebebSi da
hipoTetur situaciebSi.
Frond Region – wina plani – socialuri aqtivobis garemo, sadac individebi cdiloben,
warmoadginon garkveuli `Sesruleba~ sxvebisTvis.
Functionalism – funqcionalizmi – Teoriuli mimarTuleba, romelic efuZneba
warmodgenas, rom socialuri movlenebi yvelaze kargad maTi funqciebis mixedviT aixsneba.
Fundamentalism – fundamentalizmi – rwmena, romelic mimarTulia Zveli religiuri
teqstebis sityvasityviT mniSvnelobebze.
Gang – banda – individebis araformaluri gaerTianeba, romlebic regularulad xvdebian
erTmaneTs da CarTulni arian kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi.
Gay-Parent Families – gei mSobelTa ojaxebi – ojaxebi, sadac bavSvebs zrdian an
lesboseli partniorebi, an erTad mcxovrebi ori homoseqsuali mamakaci.
Gender Socialization – genderuli socializacia – rogor aviTareben individebi
gansxvavebul genderul maxasiaTeblebs socializaciis procesSi.
Generalized Other – ganzogadebuli sxva – cneba j. h. midis Teoriidan, romlis
mixedviT, socializaciis procesSi, individi iTvisebs Rirebulebebs, rac damaxasiaTebelia
mocemuli jgufis an sazogadoebisTvis.
Genre - Janri - farTod gamoyenebadi cneba mediis kvlevebSi, romelic aRniSnavs
gansakuTrebuli saxis mediis produqtsa Tu kulturul erTeuls. magaliTad, televiziis samyaroSi,
sxvadasxva Janrebi moicavs sapnis operas, komedias, axal ambebs, sportsa da dramas.
Geocentric Transnationals – geocentruli transnacionaluri korporaciebi –
transnacionaluri kompaniebi, romelTa administraciuli struqturebi globaluria da ara calkeul
qveynebSi arsebuli.
Global City – globaluri qalaqi – qalaqebi, rogoric londoni, niu-iorki an tokioa, romlebic
gadaiqca axali globaluri ekonomikis centrad.
Global Corporations – globaluri korporaciebi – biznes firmebi, romlebic globalur
doneze operireben.
Global Village – globaluri sofeli – cneba, romelic dakavSirebulia kanadel sociologTan
marSal makluhanTan. makluhans sjeroda, rom eleqtronuli komunikaciis gavrcelebis Sedegad,
msoflio erT patara erTobas daemsgavseboda. magaliTad, satelevizio programebis saSualebiT,
adamianebi msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi erTsadaimave axal ambebs gebuloben.
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Group Closure – jgufuri barieri – saSualebebi, romliTac jgufi qmnis namdvil sazRvars
TavisTvis, gamoyofs ra Tavis Tavs sxva jgufebidan.
Guerrilla Movement – gorilebis moZraoba – arasamTavrobo samxedro organizacia.
Headquarters City – saTao qalaqi – qalaqi, romelic makoordinirebel rols asrulebs
Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawilebaSi – msoflios finansuri an komerciuli Stab-bina.
Heterosexuality – heteroseqsualoba – individis seqsualuri aqtivobisa Tu grZnobebis
orientacia sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenelTa mimarT.
Hidden curriculum – faruli kurikulumi - qcevis Tu ganwyobis Taviseburebebi,
romelTac swavloben skolaSi, magram rac formalur kurikulumSi ar Sedis. faruli kurukulumi aris
àraformaluri dRis wesrigi~, romelic swavlis procesSia CarTuli; magaliTad, genderuli
gansxvavebebis aspeqtebis gadacema.
Higher Education – umaRlesi ganaTleba – ganaTleba saskolo safexuris Semdeg,
kolejSi an universitetSi.
High Trust Systems – maRali ndobis sistemebi – organizaciebi an samuSao garemo,
sadac individebs eZlevaT avtonomiisa da sakuTari samuSaos kontrolis maRali xarisxi.
Homosexuality - homoseqsualoba – seqsualuri aqtivobis an grZnobebis orientacia
imave sqesis warmomadgenelTa mimarT.
Housework (Domestic Labour) – saojaxo saqmianoba – ufaso samuSao, romelsac,
Cveulebriv, qali saxlSi asrulebs, rac dakavSirebulia yoveldRiur saSinao saqmianobasTan,
rogoricaa saWmlis damzadeba, dasufTaveba da yidva.
Hunting and Gathering Societies – monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebi –
sazogadoebebi, sadac arsebobis wesi iyo cxovelebze nadiroba, Tevzaoba da sakvebad vargisi
mcenareulis Segroveba.
Hyperreality – hiperrealoba – idea asocirebulia frang avtorTan Jan
bodriarTan.Bbodriars miaCnia, rom eleqtronuli komunikaciis gavrcelebis Sedegad, ukve aRar
arsebobs gancalkevebuli `realoba,~ romelsac satelevizio programebi da sxva kulturuli
produqtebi exeba. imas, rasac Cven `realobad~ aRviqvamT, Tavad amgvari komunikaciiT aris
struqturirebuli. magaliTad, yoveli movlena, romelic axal ambebSi gadmoicema, ar exeba
mxolod movlenaTa calkeul jgufs, aramed Tavad axdens am movlenebis gansazRvras da
konstruirebas.
Hypothesis – hipoTeza – azri an varaudi mocemuli SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romelic
safuZvlad edeba empiriul gamokvlevas.
Ideal Type – idealuri tipi - `wminda tipi,” romelic konstruirebulia imgvarad, rom masSi
mocemulia gansaxilveli socialuri obieqtis ZiriTadi niSnebi, romlebic SeiZleba arc ki arsebobdes
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realobaSi.MmagaliTs warmoadgens maqs veberis SemoTavazebuli biurokratiuli organizaciis

idealuri tipi.
Impression Management – STabeWdilebis marTva – idea ukavSirdeba amerikeli
sociologis irvin gofmanis mosazrebebs. adamianebs SeuZliaT `marTon~ an akontrolon sxvebis
STabeWdilebebi sakuTar Tavze imis SerCeviT, Tu ra dafaron da ra gamoamJRavnon sxva
adamianebTan Sexvedrisas.
Incarceration – inkarceracia – adamianebis moTavseba fizikurad Caketil
organizaciebSi, rogoricaa cixe an TavSesafari.
Incest – incesti – seqsualuri urTierToba axlo naTesavebs Soris, rogoricaa mama-Svili an
da-Zma. yvela sazogadoebaSi incesti dagomobilia.
Income – Semosavali – fuladi gadasaxadi, Cveulebriv, xelfasis, Tanamdebobrivi
jamagiris an investiciis saxiT.
Informal Economy – araformaluri ekonomika – ekonomikuri garigebebi, romlebic
xorcieldeba oficialuri fuladi brunvis miRma.
Information Poverty – informaciuli siRaribe - ìnformaciulad Raribebi~ arian
adamianebi, romelTaTvisac araxelmisawvdomia informaciuli teqnologia, rogoricaa kompiuteri.
Information society – sainformacio sazogadoeba – sazogadoeba, romelic ar aris
dafuZnebuli mxolod materialuri dovlaTis warmoebaze, aramed codnis warmoebazec.
cneba ,,sainformacio sazogadoeba” mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli `sainformacio teqnologiis~
zrdasTan – kompiuterebTan da eleqtronuli komunikaciis sistemebTan.
Information Superhighway – informaciuli supermagistrali – momavlis xedva, romelSic
adamianTa didi nawilis saxlebi da samuSao adgilebi aRWurvili iqneba eleqtronuli komunikaciis
mravalgvari formiT, romlebic dakavSirebuli iqneba erTi sakabelo sistemiT.
Inner City – Sida qalaqi – teritoria, romelic moicavs qalaqis centralur raionebs,
romelsac gareubnebisgan gansxvavebuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. pirveli msoflios mraval
Tanamedrove urbanul garemoSi Sida qalaqis teritoriebi moZvelebulia da ngrevis pirasaa. ufro
mdidarma macxovreblebma datoves es adgilebi.
Innovation Center – sainovacio centri - didi an patara qalaqi, romlis keTildReoba
damokidebulia imaze, iqneba Tu ara teqnologiuri inovaciebis centri.
Instinct – instinqti – qcevis ucvleli nimuSi, romelsac genetikuri warmomavloba aqvs da
romelic mJRavndeba yvela normalur cxovelSi, mocemuli saxeobis farglebSi.
Intelligence – inteleqti – inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobis done, romelic izomeba IQ
(inteleqtis koeficienti) testiT.
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Interests – interesebi – sazrunavi an motivebi, romlebic indivebs an jgufebs

amoZravebT politikur konteqstSi.
Intergenerational Mobility – TaobaTaSorisi mobiloba – aRmavali an daRmavali
moZraoba socialuri stratifikaciis ierarqiaSi, Taobebs Soris.
International Division of Labour _ Sromis saerTaSoriso ganawileba - es fraza
aRniSnavs im qveynebis Tu regionebis urTierTdamokidebulebas, romlebic CarTulni arian
globalur sabazro vaWrobaSi.
Internet - interneti _ kompiuterebs Soris kavSiris globaluri sistema.
Intragenerational Mobility – TaobisSida mobiloba – aRmavali an daRmavali moZraoba
socialuri stratifikaciis ierarqiaSi, pirovnuli karieris farglebSi.
IQ (Itelligence Quotient) – inteleqtis koeficienti – qula, miRebuli simboluri Tu
gonebrivi unarebis testSi.
Kibbutzim – kibucizmi – israelSi Seqmnili erTobebi, sadac warmoeba kooperaciulad
xorcieldeba, da qonebrivi da Semosavlis uTanasworoba minimumamdea dayvanili.
Labelling Theory - ,,iarliyebis miwebebis“ (stigmatizaciis) Teoria - midgoma deviaciis
Seswavlisadmi, romlis Tanaxmad, adamianebi xdebian ,,deviantebi,“ radgan politikuri
xelisufalni da sxvebi ,,awebeben“ maT garkveul iarliyebs.
Latent Functions – latenturi funqciebi – funqcionaluri Sedegebi, romlebic moulodneli
da miuRebelia socialuri sistemis wevrebisTvis. Lateral Mobility – lateraluri mobiloba –
adamianebis gadaadgileba erTi regionidan meoreSi, an erTi qveynidan meoreSi.
Law – kanoni – qcevis wesebi, dadgenili politikuri xelisuflebiT da gamyarebuli
saxelmwifo ZalauflebiT.
Legitimacy – legitimuroba – rwmena imisa, rom konkretuli politikuri wyoba
samarTliania da kanonieri.
Lesbianism – lesboseloba – homoseqsualuri urTierTobebi da siyvaruli qalebs Soris.
Liberal Democracy – liberaluri demokratia – demokratiis sistema, romelic
dafuZnebulia saparlameto institutebze, ekonomikuri warmoebis sferoSi Tavisufal sabazro
sistemasTan erTad.
Life Course – cxovrebis cikli – individis cxovrebis sxvadasxva stadiebi, dawyebuli
dabadebidan, siymawvilis gavliT, zrdasrulobasa da sikvdilamde.
Life Expectancy – sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba – Semdgomi wlebis raodenoba,
romelic, mosalodnelia, garkveuli asakis adamianma icocxlos.
Life Histories – cxovrebis istoriebi – individebis mTliani cxovrebis Seswavla, romelic,
xSirad, eyrdnoba sakuTar naambobs da dokumentebs, magaliTad, werilebs.
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Limited War – SezRuduli omi – saomari moqmedebebi, romelSic CarTulia mosaxleobis

SedarebiT mcire raodenoba da ibrZvian mxolod jariskacebi.
Literacy – wera-kiTxvis codna – individis unari, rom daweros da waikiTxos.
Lone-Parent Household – erTmSobliani ojaxi – ojaxi, sadac mxolod erTi mSobeli -
mama an deda - zrdis bavSvebs.
Low-Trust Systems – dabali ndobis sistemebi – organizaciuli an samuSao garemo,
sadac individebs mcire SesaZlebloba eZlevaT, gaakontrolon samuSao davaleba.
Macrosegregation – makrosegregacia – segregacia sxvadasxva rasobrivi jgufebis
wevrTa did ricxvs Soris, romlebic teritoriulad arian dayofilni.
Macrosociology – makrosociologia – farTomasStaburi jgufebis, organizaciebis an
socialuri sistemebis Seswavla.
Magic – magia – ritualebi, romlebic cdiloben, gavlena moaxdinon sulebze Tu
zebunebriv arsebebze, raTa miaRwion adamianuri miznebis ganxorcielebas. sazogadoebebis
umetesobaSi, magia arsebobs erTgvar kavSirSi religiasTan. religiisgan gansxvavebiT, magia
ufro axlos dgas individis àqtivobasTan~ da mas Samanebi an jadoqrebi asruleben.
Male Inexpressiveness – mamakacuri araeqspresiuloba – siZneleebi, romlebsac
mamakacebi ganicdian sakuTari grZnobebis gamoxatvasTan dakavSirebiT.
Manifest Functions – aSkara funqciebi – socialuri aqtivobis garkveuli tipisa Tu aspeqtis
funqciebi, romlebic cnobili da mosalodnelia socialuri cxovrebis mocemul situaciaSi CarTuli
individebisTvis.
Marxism – marqsizmi – Sexedulebebis erToblioba, romelic ZiriTad elementebs marqsis
ideebidan iRebs.
Masculinity – maskulinoba – nebismier kulturaSi mamakacebisgan mosalodneli qcevis
specifikuri formebi.
Materialist Conception of History – istoriis materialisturi koncefcia – Sexeduleba,
romelic marqsma ganaviTara, romlis mixedviT, `materialur~ anu ekonomikur faqtorebs
upirvelesi roli eniWeba istoriuli cvlilebis gansazRvraSi.
Matrilineal Inheritance – dedis xaziT memkvidreoba – sakuTrebis an titulebis
memkvidreobiT miReba qalis xaziT.
Means of Production – warmoebis saSualebebi – saSualebebi, romliTac materialuri
dovlaTis warmoeba xorcieldeba sazogadoebaSi, da romelic Seicavs ara mxolod teqnologias,
aramed urTierTobebs mwarmoeblebs Soris.
Media Regulation – mediis regulacia – kanonieri saSualebebis gamoyeneba mediis
sakuTrebisa da mediis komunikaciebis Sinaarsis kontrolisTvis.
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Mediated Interaction – gaSualebuli urTierTqmedeba – urTierTqmedeba individebs

Soris, romlebic fizikurad ar arian erTmaneTis winaSe, magaliTad, satelefono saubari.
Mediated Quasi-Interaction – gaSualebuli kvazi-urTierTqmedeba – cneba, romelic
ukavSirdeba britanel mwerals jon Tompsons. termini exeba urTierTqmedebas, romelic
calmxrivi da nawilobrivia, magaliTad, rodesac pirovneba satelevizio programas uyurebs.
Megapolis – megapolisi - `yvela qalaqTa qalaqi~ Zvel saberZneTSi – Cvens droSi
gulisxmobs Zalze did konurbaciebs.
Melting Pot – ,,sadnobi qvabi“ – azri imis Sesaxeb, rom eTnikuri gansxvavebebi
SeiZleba Seerwyas da Seiqmnas qcevis axali nimuSebi, aRebuli gansxvavebuli kulturebidan.
Mezzosegregation – mezosegregacia – segregacia rasobriv jgufebs Soris sacxovrebeli
ubnebis mixedviT.
Microsociology – mikrosociologia – adamianis qcevis Seswavla pirispir
urTierTqmedebis konteqstebSi.
Middle Class – saSualo klasi – socialuri klasi, romelic umTavresad moicavs
TeTrsayeloian mosamsaxureebs da ufro dabali rangis menejerebs.
Military Power – samxedro Zalaufleba – Zalaufleba, romelic eqvemdebareba samxedro
Zalebs da SeiaraRebas.
Millenarianism – milenarianizmi – rwmena, romelsac iziareben garkveuli religiuri
moZraobebis wevrebi, romelTa mixedviT, axlo momavalSi daiwyeba kataklizmuri cvlilebebi,
romlebic gvauwyebs axali epoqis dadgomas.
Minority Group (or Ethinic Minority) – eTnikuri umciresoba – adamianTa jgufi,
romelic mocemul sazogadoebaSi umciresobas warmoadgens da, Tavisi gansxvavebuli fizikuri
Tu kulturuli niSnebis gamo, mocemuli sazogadoebis farglebSi, Tavs uTanasworo pirobebSi
grZnobs.
Mobilization – mobilizacia – jgufebis `momzadeba~ koleqtiuri qmedebisTvis.
Module Production Place - modulis warmoebis adgili - urbanuli adgili, sadac im
produqtebis nawilebs amzadeben, romelTa saboloo awyoba sxvagan xdeba.
Monogamy – monogamia – qorwinebis forma, sadac yoveli daqorwinebuli partniori
valdebulia, hyavdes mxolod erTi meuRle, drois mocemul periodSi.
Monotheism – monoTeizmi – erTi RmerTis rwmena.
Multimedia – multimedia - gansxvavebuli mediasaSualebebis gaerTianeba, romlebic
sxvadasxva teqnologiebs moiTxoven (magaliTad, vizualurs da smeniTs), erTi mediumis gziT,
rogoricaa CD-ROM, romelic SeiZleba gaiSvas kompiuterSi.
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Multiple Sovereignty – mravaljeradi suvereniteti – situacia, rodesac sazogadoebaSi ar

aris erTiani suverenuli Zalaufleba.
Mutation – mutacia – SemTxveviTi genetikuri cvlilebis procesi, romelsac Seaqvs
cvlilebebi cxovelis an mcenaris fizikur maxasiaTeblebSi. Mmutaciis did umravlesobas
organizmis evolucia àrsad~ ar mihyavs, anu mutanti organizmebi gadarCenas ar
eqvemdebarebian. Tumca, Zalze iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, mutacia warmoSobs iseT
maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic xels uwyobs axali saxeobis ganviTarebas.
Nationalizm – nacionalizmi – rwmenebisa da simboloebis erToblioba, romelic mocemul
erovnul erTobasTan identifikacias gamoxatavs.
Nation-State – eri-saxelmwifo – saxelmwifos gansakuTrebuli tipi, romelic axasiaTebs
Tanamedrove samyaros, da romelSic mTavrobas aqvs damoukidebeli Zalaufleba garkveul
teritoriaze, mosaxleobis udidesi nawili ki sakuTar Tavs erTi eris nawilad aRiqvams. eri-
saxelmwifo asocirdeba nacionalizmis warmoSobasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom erovnuli
loialoba yovelTvis ar Seesabameba im saxelmwifoebis sazRvrebs, romlebic dRes arsebobs. eri-
saxelmwifoebis sistema evropaSi Camoyalibda, Tumca dRes igi mTel msoflioSia gavrcelebuli.
Natural Selection – bunebrivi SerCeva – idea, romelic dakavSirebulia Tanamedrove
evoluciuri Teoriis fuZemdebelTan, Carlz darvinTan. cxovelTa saxeebi gadarCebian da
ganagrZoben arsebobas imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad kargad arian adaptirebulni garemosTan;
isini, visac naklebi adaptaciis unari aqvT, `gadairCevian~; ukeT adaptirebuli saxeobebi ki maT
adgils daikaveben.
New Labour – axali leiboristebi – toni bleris mier warmodgenili reformebi, rodesac igi
saTaveSi Caudga britaneTis leiboristul partias, da romlis saSualebiTac igi Seecada, partiisTvis
axali mimarTuleba daesaxa.
Newly Industrialized Countries – axali industriuli qveynebi – mesame msoflios
qveynebi, romlebmac bolo or-sam aTwleulSi daiwyes Zlieri industriuli bazis Seqmna; amis
magaliTebia singapuri da hong-kongi.
Nuclear Family – nuklearuli ojaxi – ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba dedis, mamis (an romelime
maTganis) da bavSvebisgan.
Nuclear Proliferation – birTvuli SeiaraReba – birTvuli iaraRis msoflios masStabiT
gavrceleba.
Occupation – dasaqmeba – nebismieri saxis anazRaurebadi samuSao, sadac individi
regularulad muSaobs.
Occupational System – dasaqmebis sistema – sazogadoebaSi Sromis ganawileba
profesiebis mixedviT.
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Oedipus Complex – oidiposis kompleqsi – froidis mixedviT, adamianis fsiqologiuri

ganviTarebis adreuli faza, romlis drosac bavSvi ganicdis siyvarulis intensiur grZnobas dedis
mimarT, mamis mimarT siZulvilis fonze. oidiposis kompleqsis gadalaxva, froidis azriT,
aRniSnavs gadamwyvet gardamaval etaps bavSvis, rogorc damoukidebeli arsebis
ganviTarebaSi. froidma termini òidiposi~ aiRo oidiposis Sesaxeb klasikuri miTidan, romelmac,
ar icoda ra maTi namdvili vinaoba, iqorwina dedaze da mokla mama.
Officials – Tanamdebobis pirebi – individebi, romlebsac formaluri pozicia ukaviaT
farTomasStabian organizaciebSi.
Oligarchy – oligarqia – umciresobis mier marTvis ganxorcieleba organizaciis an
sazogadoebis farglebSi.
Open-Ended Questionnaires – Ria kiTxvarebi – kiTxvarebi, romelic gamoiyeneba
anketuri gamokvlevebis dros, da romelic saSualebas aZlevs individebs, upasuxon mokled an
detalurad, maTi survilis mixedviT.
Organized Crime – organizebuli danaSauli – kriminaluri qmedebebi, romlebic
xorcieldeba biznes-organizaciebis mier.
Pariah Groups – paria jgufebi – jgufebi, romlebic negatiuri statusis gamo, dikriminacias
ganicdian; sxva sityvebiT, romlebsac `zemodan uyurebs~ sazogadoebis wevrebis umetesoba.
magaliTad, ebraelebi iyvnen paria jgufi bevri evropuli qveynis istoriaSi.
Participant Observation (Fieldwork) – CarTuli dakvirveba (savele gamokvleva) –
sociologiaSi da anTropologiaSi farTod gamoyenebuli kvlevis meTodi, romlis drosac mkvlevari
aqtiurad monawileobs im jgufis Tu erTobis aqtivobebSi, romelsac ikvlevs.
Participatory Democracy – monawileobiTi demokratia – demokratiuli sistema, sadac
jgufis an erTobis yvela wevri koleqtiurad monawileobs ZiriTadi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.
Pastoral Societies – pastoraluri sazogadoebebi – sazogadoebebi, romelTa arsebobis
saSualeba moSinaurebuli cxovelebis movlaa.
Patrilineal Inheritance – mamis xaziT memkvidreoba – sakuTrebis an titulebis
memkvidreobiT miReba mamakacis xaziT.
Peasants – glexebi – adamianebi, romlebic awarmoeben sakvebs, tradiciuli fermeruli
meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
Personal Space – pirovnuli sivrce – fizikuri sivrce, romelsac individebi aweseben
sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebs Soris, romelTac piradad icnoben.
Political Party – politikuri partia – organizacia, Seqmnili samTavrobo Zalauflebis
mopovebis mizniT da, am Zalauflebis gamoyenebiT, sakuTari programis gansaxorcieleblad.
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Polyandry – poliandria – qorwinebis forma, romlis drosac qals SeuZlia erTdroulad ori
an meti qmari hyavdes.
Polycentric Transnationals – policentruli transnacionaluri korporaciebi –
transnacionaluri kompaniebi, romlebsac sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ori an meti administraciuli centri
aqvT.
Polygamy – poligamia – qorwinebis forma, romlis drosac pirovnebas erTdroulad
ramdenime partnioris yola SeuZlia.
Polygyny – poliginia – qorwinebis forma, romlis drosac mamakacs erTdroulad erTze
meti coli hyavs.
Polytheism – poliTeizmi – ori an meti RmerTis rwmena.
Portfolio Worker – portfelis muSaki – muSaki, romelic flobs sxvadasxva unarebs Tu
kvalifikacias da amitom SeuZlia advilad gamoicvalos samsaxuri.
Pre-Operational Stage – wina-operaciuli stadia – kognituri ganviTarebis safexuri piaJes
TeoriaSi, rodesac bavSvs logikuri azrovnebis sawyisebi uCndeba.
Prestige – prestiJi – pativiscema, romelic Seesabameba individs an jgufs misi statusis
mixedviT.
Private Health Care – kerZo jandacva – jandacvis momsaxureba, romelic mxolod
imisTvis aris xelmisawvdomi, vinc mkurnalobis srul safasurs ixdis.
Profane – profanuli – is, rac ganekuTvneba saero, yoveldRiur samyaros.
Projection – proeqcia – sakuTari SegrZnebebis sxvebisTvis miwera.
Prophet – winaswarmetyveli – religiuri winamZRoli, romelic krebs Tavis mimdevrebs
sakraluri teqstebis interpretaciiT.
Prostitution – prostitucia – seqsualuri momsaxurebis gayidva.
Psychoanalysis – fsiqoanalizi – zigmund froidis mier Seqmnili fsiqoTerapiuli teqnika.
termini `fsiqoanalizi~ aseve gamoiyeneba froidis mier Seqmnili fsiqologiuri Teoriis
inteleqtualuri sistemis aRniSvnisTvis.
Psychopath – fsiqopaTi – pirovnebis gansakuTrebuli tipi. amgvar pirovnebebs ar
gaaCniaT moraluri grZnoba da sxvebze wuxili, rac normaluri adamianebis umetesobas
axasiaTebs.
Public Distance – sajaro distancia – fizikuri sivrce, romelsac individebi sakuTar Tavsa
da sxvebs Soris icaven, rodesac sazogadoebriv saqmianobas ewevian, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
leqciis wakiTxva.
Public Health Care – sazogadoebrivi jandacva – jandacvis momsaxureba, romelic
mosaxleobis yvela wevrisTvis xelmisawvdomia da mTavrobis xarjebiTaa mxardaWerili.
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Public Opinion – sazogadoebrivi azri – sazogadoebis wevrTa Sexedulebebi.

Public Sphere – sazogadoebrivi sfero – idea, romelic dakavSirebulia germanel sociolog
iurgen habermasTan. sazogadoebrivi sfero exeba sazogadoebrivi debatis da diskusiis arenas
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
Race – rasa – gansxvavebebi adamianTa fizikur monacemebSi, ris safuZvelzec
SesaZlebelia adamianTa didi raodenobis erT jgufad kategorizeba.
Random Sampling – SemTxveviTi SerCeva – socialuri kvlevis meTodi, romelic cdilobs
dagvarwmunos, rom Seswavlili jgufi reprezentatulia, mosaxleobidan individebis SemTxveviTi
wesiT arCevis gamo.
Rape – gaupatiureba – Zalis gamoyenebis muqara an realurad gamoyeneba, erTi
individis mier meoris seqsualur urTierTobaSi CarTvis mizniT.
Rationalization – racionalizacia – veberis mier gamoyenebuli cneba im procesis
mimarT, romlis saSualebiT, zusti kalkulaciis da organizaciis modelebi, romlebic abtraqtul
kanonebs da procedurebs gulisxmobs, sul ufro dominirebs socialur samyaroSi.
Recidivism – recidivizmi – individis mier Cadenili danaSaulis kvlav ganmeoreba.
Redemptive Movement – gamosasyidi moZraoba – socialuri moZraoba, romlis
mizania, moaxdinos ZvelTan dabruneba, radgan miaCnia, rom Zveli sjobs Tanamedrove
mdgomareobas.
Reformative Movement – reformatoruli moZraoba – socialuri moZraoba, romelic
dainteresebulia, danergos praqtikuli, Tumca SezRuduli socialuri cvlilebis programa.
Regionalization – regionalizacia – socialuri cxovrebis dayofa sxvadasxva regionul
garemod an zonad.
Relative Deprivation – SedarebiTi deprivacia - deprivaciis grZnoba im jgufTan
mimarTebaSi, romelsac individi sakuTar Tavs adarebs.
Relative Poverty – SedarebiTi siRaribe – siRaribe, romelic mocemul sazogadoebaSi
umravlesobis cxovrebis standartebiTaa dadgenili.
Representative Sample – reprezentatuli SerCeviTi erToblioba – socialuri kvlevis
saSualeba, romelic cdilobs, Sesaswavli jgufi miusadagos farTo sazogadoebis maxasiaTeblebs.
Reproductive Technologies – reproduqciuli teqnologiebi – teqnologiebi, romelic
gavlenas axdens adamianis reproduqciis procesze, rogoricaa, kontracepcia an xelovnuri
ganayofiereba.
Resource Allocation – resursebis ganTavseba – rogor aris gamoyenebuli sxvadasxva
socialuri an materialuri resursi socialuri jgufebis an socialuri moZraobebis mier.
490
491
Response Cries – sapasuxo wamoZaxilebi –individis uneburi wamoZaxili, rodesac,

magaliTad, gaocebulia, ucabedad raime dauvardeba, an siamovnebas gamoxatavs.
Restricted Code – SezRuduli kodi – metyvelebis saxe, romelic gaziarebul kulturul
Sinaarsebzea agebuli, amdenad, bevri idea ar saWiroebs sityvebiT gamoxatvas.
Retirement Center – sapensio centri – didi an patara qalaqi, romelsac, Cveulebriv,
xelsayreli klimati aqvs da sadac, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, mravali adamiani midis
sacxovreblad.
Riot - amboxi – arakanonieri Zaladoba, romelic mimarTulia pirovnebebis, sakuTrebis an
orives winaaRmdeg.
Risk Society – riskis sazogadoeba – cneba dakavSirebulia germanel sociolog ulrix
bekTan. beks miaCnia, rom industriulma sazogadoebam Seqmna mravali axali riskis safrTxe,
romelic ucnobi iyo wina epoqaSi. riskebi dakavSirebulia, magaliTad., globalur daTbobasTan.
Sacred – sakraluri – is, rac iwvevs mowiwebis grZnobas da Tayvaniscemas, garkveuli
religiuri ideebis matarebel morwmuneTa mxridan.
Sampling – SerCeva – individebis an SemTxvevebis proporciuli SerCeva mosaxleobis
didi raodenobidan da maTi, rogorc mosaxleobis reprezentatulis, Seswavla.
Sanction – sanqcia – dajildoebis an dasjis saxe, romelic aZlierebs socialurad
mosalodneli qcevis formebs.
Scapegoating – gantevebis vacad yofna – individis an jgufis dadanaSauleba
qmedebebSi, rac mas ar Caudenia.
Secondary Deviance – meoradi deviacia – idea dakavSirebulia amerikel kriminolog
edvin lemertTan. Ppirveladi deviacia exeba pirvelad qmedebas, rac arRvevs normebs an kanons,
magaliTad, qurdoba maRaziaSi. meoradi deviaciisas ki iarliyi miekvreba individs, romelmac
ganaxorciela garkveuli qmedeba, rogorc, magaliTad, im pirovnebas, romelmac iqurda
maRaziaSi, ekvreba `maRaziis qurdis~ iarliyi.
Second World – meore msoflio – aRmosavleT evropis yofili komunisturi
sazogadoebebis da sabWoTa kavSiris industriuli qveynebi.
Sect – seqta – religiuri moZraoba, romelic wyvets kavSirs orTodoqsul rwmenasTan.
Self-Enlightement – TviTSemecneba – sakuTari cxovrebis pirobebis mzardi gaazreba,
rasac adamianebma SeiZleba miaRwion socialuri kvlevebis gziT da ramac, SesaZloa, ubiZgos
maT, imoqmedon am pirobebis Sesacvlelad.
Semiotics – semiotika – im gzebis Seswavla, romliTac aralingvisturma fenomenma
SeiZleba Seqmnas mniSvneloba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, SuqniSani.
491
492
Sensorimotor Stage – sensomotoruli stadia – piaJes mixedviT, adamianis kognituri

ganviTarebis stadia, rodesac bavSvis mier misi garemocvis gaazreba, umTavresad, aRqmiTa da
SexebiT xdeba.
Serial Monogamy – seriuli monogamia – pirovnebis praqtika, romelsac mravali
saqorwino kontraqti aqvs gaformebuli, Tumca, TiToeul periodSi, ara hyavs erT meuRleze meti.
Sexual Abuse of Children – bavSvebze seqsualuri Zaladoba – zrdasrulebis mier
bavSvebis seqsualuri eqspluatacia.
Sexual Harassment – seqsualuri devna – erTi adamianis mier meoris mimarT
arasasurveli seqsualuri mcdelobis ganxorcieleba, sadac pirveli individi ganagrZobs mcdelobas
maSinac ki, roca meore aSkarad winaaRmdegia.
Sexualty – seqsualoba – farTod gavrcelebuli termini, romelic exeba adamianis seqsualur
maxasiaTeblebs da seqsualur qcevas.
Shaman – Samani – individi, romelic cnobilia, rogorc magiuri Zalis mqone, eqimbaSi an
jadoqari.
Shared Understandings – gaziarebuli Sexedulebebi – saerTo mosazrebebi, rac
saSualebas aZlevs adamianebs, sistematuri urTierTqmedeba hqondeT erTmaneTTan.
Simulacrum – simulakra – cneba, romelic gamoiyena frangma avtorma Jan bodriarma.
simulakra aris asli im sagnisa, romelsac ara aqvs dedani. magaliTad, `tiudoris saxlis imitacia”
sruliad ar gamoiyureba ise, rogorc tiudoris namdvili Senoba.
Slavery – monoba – socialuri stratifikaciis forma, sadac zogierTi adamiani mTlianad
sxvebs ekuTvnis, rogorc maTi sakuTreba.
Slips of the Tongue - wamocdena – sityvebis araswori gamoTqma, rodesac adamiani
gulisxmobs, vTqvaT, ‘six’ (eqvss) da amis magivrad warmoTqvams ‘sex’ (seqsi). froids
miaCnda, rom wamocdenebi amJRavnebs dafarul mRelvarebas an emociebs.
Social Closure – socialuri barieri – praqtika, romliTac erTi jgufi meore jgufisgan
mijnavs Tavs.
Social Constraint – socialuri zewola – termini exeba im faqts, rom is jgufebi da
sazogadoebebi, romlis wevrebic Cven varT, garkveul zegavlenas axdenen Cvens qcevaze.
socialuri zewola diurkemis mier ganxiluli iyo, rogorc `socialuri faqtebis~ ganmasxvavebeli
Tviseba.
Social Distance – socialuri distancia – sivrculi daSoreba, romelsac individi inarCunebs,
roca urTierTobs maTTan, visac kargad ar icnobs.
492
493
Socialism – socializmi – politikuri ideebis sistema, romelic xazs usvams Tanamedrove

sazogadoebrivi warmoebis koleqtiur xasiaTs da miuTiTebs socialuri Tanasworobis miRwevis
aucileblobaze.
Socialization of Nature – bunebis socializacia – socialuri da teqnologiuri Zalebis
zegavlena bunebis samyaroze.
Social Reproduction – socialuri aRwarmoeba / reproduqcia – procesi, romelic
inarCunebs an amyarebs socialuri struqturis niSnebs drois manZilze.
Social Self – socialuri `me~ - TviTcnobierebis safuZveli adamianebSi j. h. midis
mixedviT. socialuri `me~ aris identoba, romelic eniWeba individs sxvebis reaqciebis
safuZvelze. adamiani TviTcnobierebas aRwevs am socialuri identobis gaazrebiT.
Social Transformation – socialuri transformacia – cvlilebis procesebi sazogadoebebSi
an socialur sistemebSi.
Sociobiology – sociobiologia – midgoma, romelic cdilobs axsnas rogorc cxovelebis,
aseve adamianebis qceva biologiuri principebis safuZvelze.
Sociological Imagination – sociologiuri warmosaxva – warmosaxvis gamoyeneba
sociologiuri SekiTxvebis dasmisa da maTze pasuxis gasacemad. sociologiuri warmosaxva
gulisxmobs àdamianis gasvlas~ Cveuli yoveldRiuri rutinidan.
Sovereignty – suvereniteti – saxelmwifos udavo politikuri Zalaufleba mocemul
teritoriaze.
Standardized Questionnaires – standartizebuli kiTxvarebi – kiTxvarebi, romelic
gamoiyeneba masobrivi gamokiTxvisas da gulisxmobs pasuxis SezRudul kategoriebs;
amgvarad, respondents mxolod gansazRvruli arCevani aqvs pasuxis gasacemad.
Step-Families – ojaxebi, romelSic bavSvs dedinacvali an maminacvali hyavs –
ojaxebi, sadac Tundac erT partniors hyavs Svilebi wina qorwinebidan, romlebic ojaxSi an mis
maxloblad cxovroben.
Stereotypical Thinking – stereotipuli azrovneba – azrovnebis procesi, romelic
gulisxmobs rigidul an mouqnel kategoriebs.
Stigma – stigma – fizikuri an socialuri maxasiaTebeli, romelic damamcirebelia.
Streaming – strimingi – moswavleTa ganawileba klasebSi gansxvavebuli unarebis
mixedviT.
Strike – gaficva – muSaobis droebiTi Sewyveta, muSaTa jgufebis mier ukmayofilebis
gamosaxatavad an moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
Structuralism – struqturalizmi – Teoriuli midgoma, warmoSobili enis Seswavlis dros,
romlis mizania socialuri Tu kulturuli sistemebis struqturebis identificireba.
493
494
Subculture – subkultura – umravlesobisgan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi da normebi,

romlebic gaaCnia jgufs ufro farTo sazogadoebis farglebSi.
Suburbanization – suburbanizacia – qalaqis centridan moSorebiT, qalaqgareT arsebuli
sacxovrebeli raionebis ganviTareba.
Surplus Value – Warbi Rirebuleba – marqsis TeoriaSi, individis samuSao Zalis
Rirebuleba, romelic `zedmeti rCeba,~ rodesac damqiravebeli gadauxdis muSas daqiravebis
safasurs.
Surveillance – meTvalyureoba – calkeuli individebis an jgufebis aqtivobebze
ganxorcielebuli kontroli sxvebis mier, raTa darwmundnen maT misaReb qcevaSi.
Surveillanee Society – meTvalyure sazogadoeba – sazogadoeba, romelSic adamianebs
mudmivad meTvalyureoben, akontroleben da maTi aqtivobebi dokumentirebulia.
videokamerebis damontaJeba gzebze, quCebSi da savaWro centrebSi meTvalyureobis
gafarToebis erTi aspeqtia.
Survey – masobrivi gamokiTxva – sociologiuri kvlevis meTodi, romelic gulisxmobs
mosaxleobis azris Seswavlas kiTxvarebis safuZvelze.
Symbol – simbolo – erTi niSani, romelic aRniSnavs an gamoxatavs meores – rogorc
droSis SemTxvevaSia, romelic eris simboloa.
Symbolic Interaction – simboluri interaqcia – Teoriuli midgoma sociologiaSi, romelic
j. midma Seqmna; es Teoria xazs usvams simboloebis da enis gamoyenebis rols, rogorc
ganmsazRvrel elements yovel adamianur urTierTqmedebaSi.
Symbolic Power – simboluri Zalaufleba – Zalaufleba, romelic xorcieldeba ufro
simboloebis saSualebiT, vidre uSualo kontroliT. magaliTad, maT, vinc CarTulni arian kulturul
industriaSi, sakmaod didi simboluri Zalaufleba aqvT auditoriaze, romelic uyurebs maT
satelevizio programebs an kiTxulobs maT gazeTebs.
Talk – saubari – verbaluri gacvlis procesi yoveldRiur socialur cxovrebaSi.
Taylorism – teilorizmi – ideebis sistema, aseve ganixileba rogorc `mecnieruli marTva~,
Seqmnili frederik vinslou teiloris mier, rac gulisxmobs martiv, koordinirebul operaciebs
mrewvelobaSi.
Technology – teqnologia – codnis gamoyeneba warmoebisTvis. teqnologia gulisxmobs
materialuri saSualebebis (magaliTad, manqanebi) Seqmnas, rasac iyeneben adamianis
bunebasTan urTierTqmedebis dros.
Thatcherism – tetCerizmi – doqtrinebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia britaneTis yofili
premier-ministris Mmargaret tetCeris saxelTan. Ees doqtrinebi xazs usvams ekonomikuri
iniciativebis mniSvnelobas, Zlier nacionalur mTavrobasTan erTad.
494
495
Theoretical Dilemma – Teoriuli dilema – ZiriTadi Teoriuli problema, romelic qmnis

grZelvadiani debatebis sferos sociologiaSi.
Theoretical Questions – Teoriuli SekiTxvebi – sakiTxebi, romlebic dgas sociologiis
winaSe, dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli SemTxvevebis axsnis mcdelobisas. Teoriuli
SekiTxvebis dasma arsebiTia, radgan saSualebas gvaZlevs, movaxdinoT ganzogadebebi
socialuri cxovrebis bunebis Sesaxeb.
Third World – mesame msoflio – naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, sadac samrewvelo
warmoeba an ar arsebobs, an ganviTarebulia SezRudul doneze. msoflio mosaxleobis umetesoba
mesame moflios qveynebSi cxovrobs.
Time-Space Convergence – droiT-sivrciTi konvergencia – procesebi, romelTa
saSualebiT distancia `droSi Semoklda,~ vinaidan transportirebis siCqare gaizarda.
Total War – totaluri omi – saomari moqmedeba, romelSic CarTulia mosaxleobis didi
nawili, pirdapir an arapirdapir, da romelSic asobiT, aTasobiT da milionobiT jariskaci
monawileobs.
Totemism – totemizmi – religiuri rwmenis sistema, romelic RvTaebriv niSnebs aniWebs
garkveuli saxis cxovelebs da mcenareebs.
Trade Union – profesiuli kavSiri – adamianebis gaerTianeba, romelic Seiqmna muSebis
interesebis dasacavad mrewvelobis sistemaSi.
Traditional States – tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi – saxelmwifoze dafuZnebuli
sazogadoebebi, sadac warmoebis ZiriTadi safuZveli soflis meurneoba an mesaqonleobaa.
tradiciuli saxelmwifoebi aseve ganixilebian, rogorc àdreuli civilizaciebi.~
Transformative Movement – transformatoruli moZraoba – socialuri moZraoba, romlis
mizania, warmoqmnas socialuri cvlilebis ZiriTadi procesebi.
Transitional Classes – gardamavali klasebi – marqsis mier gamoyenebuli termini
klasebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic miekuTvnebian sazogadoebis daRmaval tips da agrZeleben
arsebobas axal sazogadoebaSi; magaliTad, SemTxveva, rodesac glexebi an memamuleebi
moxvdebian iseT sistemaSi, romelic kapitalisturad gadaiqca.
Transnational Companies – transnacionaluri kompaniebi – biznes korporaciebi,
romlebic or an met qveyanaSia dafuZnebuli.
Underclass – qveklasi – individTa klasi, romlebic klasobrivi sistemis fskerze
imyofebian; isini, Cveulebriv, eTnikur umciresobaTa warmomadgenlebi arian.
Unfocused Interaction – arafokusirebuli urTierTqmedeba – urTierTqmedeba
adamianebs Soris, romlebic konkretul garemoSi imyofebian, Tumca, ara aqvT uSualo, pirispir
komunikacia.
495
496
Unintended Consequences – gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi – Sedegebi, romelTac iwvevs

sxva miznebisTvis gankuTvnili qceva. socialuri aqtivobis mravali arsebiTi niSani
gauTvaliswinebelia masSi monawile adamianebis mier.
Universal Conscription – saerTo savaldebulo samxedro samsaxuri – saxelmwifo
samsaxuris sistema, sadac, garkveuli asakis yvela individma (ufro sworad, garkveuli asakis
yvela mamakacma) unda gaiaros samxedro momzadebis periodi.
University of the Third Age – mesame asakis universiteti _ `mesame asaki~ exeba
individebs, romlebic pensiaze arian. `mesame asakis universiteti~ adgens saswavlo programebs
aseTi individebisTvis.
Upper Class – maRali klasi – socialuri klasi, romelic Sedgeba sazogadoebis ufro
mdidari wevrebisgan, gansakuTrebiT imaTgan, vinc memkvidreobiT miiRo simdidre, sakuTari
biznesi aqvs, an flobs mraval aqcias.
Urban Ecology – urbanuli ekologia – urbanuli cxovrebis Seswavlisadmi midgoma,
dafuZnebuli fizikur garemosTan mcenareebisa da organizmebis Seguebis analogiaze. ekologiuri
Teoretikosebis Tanaxmad, qalaqis farglebSi mravali dasaxleba da zona Camoyalibda, rogorc
resursebisaTvis brZolis procesSi, qalaqis mosaxleobis adaptaciis bunebrivi procesebis Sedegi.
Urbanization – urbanizacia – didi da patara qalaqebis ganviTareba.
Urban Recycling - urbanuli ganaxleba - qalaqis ngrevadi ubnebis aRdgena, Zveli
Senobebis ganaxlebisa da axlebis aSenebis gziT.
Vertical Mobility – vertikaluri mobiloba – socialuri stratifikaciis sistemaSi aRmavali
an daRmavali moZraoba.
Voluntary Work – nebayoflobiTi samuSao – samuSao, romelic sruldeba fuladi
anazRaurebis da ekonomikuri Zaldatanebis gareSe, magaliTad, ufaso saqvelmoqmedo
samsaxuri.
Voting behavour – qceva xmis micemis dros – xmis micemis nimuSebi politikuri
arCevnebis dros.
Wealth – simdidre - fuli da materialuri sakuTreba, romelsac individi an jgufi flobs.
Welfare Dependency – keTildReobaze damokidebuleba – situacia, rodesac
adamianebi, romlebic umuSevrobis daxmarebas iReben, amas `cxovrebis saSualebad~
miiCneven da anazRaurebad samuSaos aRar eZeben.
White-Collar Crime – TeTrsayeloianTa danaSauli – kriminaluri aqtivobebi,
ganxorcielebuli TeTrsayeloiani profesionalebis mier.
Working Class – muSaTa klasi – socialuri klasi, romelic umTavresad Sedgeba
cisfersayeloiani anu fizikuri SromiT dakavebuli adamianebisgan.
496
497
World Information Order – msoflio informaciuli wesrigi –komunikaciebis globaluri

sistema, romelic muSaobs Tanamgzavris, satelevizio, radio, satelefono da kompiuteruli
kavSirebis saSualebiT.
497

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Eentoni gidensi, sociologia

Anthony Giddens, Sociology, Polity Press, 1997

sociologiis mizani: pirveli magaliTi

sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba

sociologiis Seswavla. gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi

aris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba?

rogor gvexmareba sociologia cxovrebaSi

sociologiis kvlevis sfero: pirveli magaliTi

`siyvarulis zRvaSi~ gabmulebi amas TavisTavad arsebulad miiCneven... Zalze cota

sociologiuri TvalTaxedvis ganviTareba

Ddabolos, finjani yavis mirTmeva gulisxmobs ganvlili socialuri da ekonomikuri

2. yavis, rogorc narkotikis gamoyeneba

3. socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba

4. ganvlili socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTareba

Seexeba Tu ara Tqvens pirovnebas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: xarT axalgazrda?

gaTvaliswinebuli da gauTvaliswinebeli Sedegebi

ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebebi; socialuri transformacia ki aRniSnavs im cvlilebebs, romelTac

MmiSel fuko da iurgen habermasi

Aaris Tu ara sociologia mecniereba?

rogor SeuZlia sociologias dagvexmaros cxovrebaSi?

Kkulturuli gansxvavebebis gacnobiereba

politikis Sedegebis Sefaseba

ÓÏÝÉÏËsociologiis roli sazogadoebaSi

da bolos, mravali sociologi, rogorc profesionali, sakuTar Tavs uSualod praqtikul

7. misi fuZemdeblebis Tanaxmad, sociologia im azriT aris mecniereba, rom igi

bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba

Teoriebi bavSvis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb

Aaxalgazrdoba. zrdasruloba. sibere.

socializacia da pirovnuli Tavisufleba

cnebebi kultura da sazogadoeba, romlebic winamdebare TavSi unda vikvlioT,

urTierTobisken; maTi umTavresi mizani STamomavlobaze zrunva da misi dacvaa.

instinqtebi da biologiuri moTxovnilebebi

kulturuli identoba da eTnocentrizmi

`aveironeli veluri biWi~

mogvianebiT biWi parizSi gadaiyvanes da mudmivad cdilobdnen mis gadaqcevas

Cvili bavSvis adreuli ganviTareba

Yyvela Cvil bavSvs dabadebidanve aqvs unari, aRqmiT miRebuli gansxvavebebi

Cvili bavSvebi da momvlelebi

socialuri reaqciebis ganviTareba

BbavSvis ganviTarebis Teoriebi

sociologiaze (simboluri interaqcionizmis Sesaxeb Semdgomi msjeloba ixileT 24-e TavSi

PpiaJe: kognituri ganviTareba

dakvirvebas moandoma. misi Sromebis umetesi nawili, umTavresad, individebis gansazRvrul

Kkognitiuri ganviTarebis stadiebi

SeekiTxebian, `ramdeni da gyavs?~, mas SeuZlia sworad upasuxos `erTi~; magram, Tu

KkavSirebi Teoriebs Soris

Ffroidis, midis da piaJes perspeqtivebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebebi arsebobs;

Ffroidi midi piaJe

moTxovnilebas, swrafad udides mniSvnelobas TamaSs grZnobebi aqvT; isini mraval

froidi, midi da piaJe - SedarebiTi analizi.

cxovreba da ekonomikuri sivrcidan gamodevna, xels uSlis xandazmul adamianebs, cxovrebis

socializacia da individualuri Tavisufleba

mcdaria. is faqti, rom dabadebidan sikvdilamde Cven CarTulni varT sxvebTan

Phillippe Aries, Centuries of Childhood (Hermondsworth: Penguin, 1973). klasikuri,

uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi

mesaqonleTa da miwaTmoqmedTa sazogadoebebi

araindustriuli civilizaciebi anu tradiciuli sazogadoebebi

Tanamedrove samyaro: industriuli sazogadoebebi

pirveli, meore da mesame msoflios sazogadoebebi

axali industriuli qveynebi

socialuri cvlileba dRes: globalizacia

uZvelesi sazogadoebebi: monadireebi da Semgroveblebi

diagrama 3.1 monadireTa da SemgrovebelTa sazogadoebebis ricxvis Semcireba