Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Minor Correction
Minor Correction
Sensor
Electronics Department
University of York
Chenhui Bao
Table of Contents……………………………………………..
List of illustration…………………………………………….
Acknowledgement……………………………………..........9
Chapter 1: Introduction…………………………………10
1.1 Aims and objectives……………………………………14
1.2 Methodology…………………………………………..15
1.3 Structure of the dissertation……………………………16
Chapter 2: Brake systems………………………………..19
2.1 Evolution of brake systems technology and design…...20
2.2 ABS functioning……………………………………….24
2.3 Most common types of sensors………………………..27
2.3.1 Variable reluctance sensors…………………………..27
2.3.2 Wiegand effect sensors………………………………28
2.3.3 Hall effect sensors…………………………………...29
2.3.4 Magnetoresistor sensors……………………………..30
2.3.5 AMR sensors………………………………………...31
2.3.6 GMR sensors………………………………………...31
Chapter 3: Proposed GMR ABS system………………...35
3.1 Aim and motivation……………………………………35
3.2 General design and components……………………….37
3.2.1 GMR Sensor…………………………………………39
3.2.2 Wireless Transmission System………………………43
3.2.3 Controller (Control Unit)…………………………….51
3.3 Design valid……………………………………………55
3.3.1 Simulation environment……………………………..56
3.3.2 Simulation of MCU signal process circuit…………..58
3.3.3 Simulation of the solenoid valve control circuit…….62
3.3.4 Simulation of the pump motor control circuit……….64
3.4 Design evaluation……………………………………...65
3.4.1 PCB board implementation………………………….66
3.4.2 Experimental setup…………………………………..70
3.4.3 Test results…………………………………………...75
3.4.4 Discussion of results………………………………81
Chapter 4: Comparison of GMR ABS with existing Hall
ABS………………………………………………………..84
Chapter 5: Limitations……………………………….......87
Chapter 6: Conclusions and future work……………….91
Bibliography………………………………………………99
Appendix………………………………………………106
Appendix I…………………………………………106
Appendix II………………………………………...107
Appendix III………………………………………108
Appendix IV……………………………………….109
Appendix V………………………………………..110
Appendix VI……………………………………….111
Appendix VII………………………………………112
Appendix VIII……………………………………...113
Appendix IX……………………………………….115
Appendix X………………………………………..116
List of Illustration
advice.
9
Chapter 1 Introduction
passengers.
10
phenomenon occurs. Skidding is defined as an
2010).
12
that can be chosen when designing an ABS: variable
sensors.
this dissertation.
13
1.1 Aim and Objectives
15
practice.
ABS designs.
laboratory simulations.
conclusions obtained.
dissertation.
18
Chapter 2 Brake System
19
2.1 Evolution of brake systems technology and
design
20
complex system of rods and cables to ensure the
1998).
21
Figure 2: Depiction of a hydraulic brake system (adapted from
22
they were easier to cool down, lighter, self-adjusting
for this reason that drum brakes are still used even
1998).
23
2.2 ABS functioning
Nice, 2000)
24
Finally, the controller basically decides on both when
25
corrective actions to take at any given moment.
(Flemming, 2001).
26
2.3 Most common types of sensors
disadvantages.
27
2.3.2 Wiegand effect sensors
2001).
28
Hall effect sensors rely on the Hall coefficient to
drive actuators.
29
2.3.4 Magnetoresistor sensors
Fleming, 2001).
30
bias current requirement (Fleming, 2001).
magnetoresistor sensors.
31
basically a quantum mechanics effect. A GMR sensor
(Coehoorn, 2003).
32
whose operation depends on temperature, GMR
2001).
33
Table 1: Main advantages of GMR compared to the corresponding
34
Chapter 3 Proposed GMR ABS system
validation tests.
35
of the resulting ABS system at similar levels of
37
preserved as such in the proposed design (adapted from Savaresi and
Tanelli, 2010)
they interact.
38
controller (or control unit). The following subsections
showing the three main components that are altered with respect to a
39
conducted to evaluate the characteristics of the
5.
Figure 6: Block diagram of the AKL series sensor parts (adapted from
NVE, 2003)
40
The AKL sensor series essentially provide a pulse
2003).
41
interference from other sources.
performance.
42
thus the data to be collected at four different points.
43
transmission would enable new ABS systems that
same time.
For the best design, the choice was made to use the
44
particular use (LPRS, 2005). In addition, they are
434MHz.
frequencies
possibility
45
Figure 7: Block diagram of wireless transmitter from ER400TS-02,
46
into the proposed design, several parameters had to
had to be done.
47
fed into the transmitter for wireless transmission. The
Figure 8.
48
Figure 9: Processing circuit for signal comparison with LM211 chip,
10.
49
Figure 10: Partial circuit diagram showing the connection of the
into the TXD mode required for wireless transmission (adapted from
LPRS, 2005)
50
Figure 11: Partial circuit diagram, showing the wireless transmitter
(receiving its input signal from the MCU AT89C52 on port 5) and
51
The high-speed input channels offer three special
Table 2.
Table 2: The internal states of the four high-speed input channels in the
80C196KC datasheet)
assembler code.
follows:
53
1. Main function (located in Main.c file)
file)
(located in io.c)
GPT1.c)
GPT2.c)
(located in CC1.c)
(located in CC2.c)
(located in int.c)
54
Figure 12: Flow chart showing the overall workflow implemented for
55
solution available that was also entirely adequate.
56
particular, the simulation environment offered a
straightforward.
57
3.3.2 Simulation of MCU signal process circuit
80C196KC.
58
Figure 13: Diagram of MCU signal process circuit (From Altium
59
sensor's output is applied and the resulting signal is
detailed below.
60
Figure 14: Simulation settings and results for the MCU signal circuit
61
3.3.3 Simulation of the solenoid valve control circuit
specification.
62
Figure 15: The control circuit of the solenoid valve. (From Altium
Figure 16: Simulation setup and results for the solenoid valve circuit
63
3.3.4 Simulation of the pump motor control circuit
64
Figure 17: Simulation setup and results for the pump motor circuit.
65
experimental setup and materials used. The tests and
these in detail.
system:
Pump Motor
Control Circuit
Solenoid
MCU
Power Valve Control
Circuit
Supply Circuit
Signal Processing
66
As its name suggests, the role of the signal
67
Figure 19: The signal acquisition part of the GMR ABS prototype
Figure 20: The main signal processing part of the GMR ABS
68
part of the prototype are then transmitted as
Figure 21.
Figure 21: The solenoid valve control part of the GMR ABS prototype
69
Figure 22: The pump motor control part of the GMR ABS prototype
70
sensors.
experimented with.
71
chosen, as it is quite common. Figure 22 shows the
Figure 23: The gearwheel used for testing the proposed GMR ABS
72
characteristics and formula for computing the speed:
74
Figure 24: Experimental setup showing the gear wheel and the
75
was consistent and maintained a good sine wave form,
below.
Input signal
I
Output signal
Figure 24: Oscilloscope reading for Test1, at a speed of approximately
76
10mph and an air gap of 3mm.
Input signal
Output signal
28 respectively.
78
Table 4: Results of Test2, measuring the sensor signal output at
79
Figure 29: Oscilloscope reading for Test2, at a speed of approximately
Variation of sensor's output signal amplitude when the air gap increases
(speed is maintained constant at 10mph)
0.6
0.5
0.4
Amplitude (V)
Amplitude (V)
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Air gap (mm)
Figure 30: Results of Test2 showing how the sensor's output signal
amplitude decreases when the air gap is increased, although the speed
is maintained constant
80
3.4.4 Discussion of Results
81
reveal additional interference that can cause the
promising result.
increase unexpectedly.
82
GMR sensor array is likely to be a feasible option to
83
Chapter 4 Comparison of GMR ABS with
increases.
the Hall sensor data book, the usual air gap range for
84
from a GMR sensor is in fact very strong and clear
the air gap is around 3mm, the sine wave of the GMR
prototype.
86
Chapter 5 Limitations
87
Another important characteristic of the prototype
88
In addition to the above, the setup limited the
89
thorough evaluation of the proposed design as a
90
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work
sensors.
94
future work is the testing of the wireless transmission
ABS designs.
95
necessarily the only possible or even most efficient
98
Bibliography
<www.altium.com/files/protel/legacy/handbookp99se
.pdf >
<http://www.keil.com/c51/>
Ashgate.
99
Brookhuis, K.A. and de Waard, D. (2007): Intelligent
pp. 34-45.
101
<sensing.honeywell.com/ss39et-ss49e-ss59et%20seri
es%20ps_005850-2-en_final_20dec112.pdf>
<http://www.o2xygen.com/photo/EN80C196KC20/E
N80C196KC20_001.pdf>
pp. 211-227.
Available at:
<www.cl.cam.ac.uk/teaching/1011/P31/project/er900t
rs.pdf>
102
Berkeley Publishing Group.
Available at:
<http://auto.howstuffworks.com/auto-parts/brakes/bra
ke-types/anti-lock-brake.htm>
Available at:
<http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~sensing-sensors/readings/G
MR_magnetic_sensor_databook.pdf>
103
<http://www.mikrocontroller.net/attachment/17909/Pr
otel_99_SE_Traning_Manual_PCB_Design.pdf>
Springer-Verlag.
<www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm211-q1.pdf>
S-A Design.
104
Wilschut, E. and de Waard, D. (2011):
Ashgate. Ch. 8.
<http://www.2carpros.com/articles/how-a-brake-syste
m-works>
105
Appendix
80C196KC
Main function
Start
Include Functions
Password Protection
Valid
No
Password
Yes
?
End
106
Appendix II ---- Flowchart of Source File of
80C196KC
Start
Yes No
Is the wheel
Brake Is it less
speed equal to
Operates than
the vehicle speed
Normally 10mph
on the first cycle
?
? No
Close Increase
Solenoid Pressure Yes
Valve
Calculate Reference Speed
End
107
Appendix III ---- Flowchart of Source File of
80C196KC
Start
End
108
Appendix IV ---- Flowchart of Source File of
80C196KC
Start
End
109
Appendix V ---- Flowchart of Source File of
80C196KC
Start
End
110
Appendix VI ---- Flowchart of Source File of
80C196KC
Start
End 111
Appendix VII ----Flow chart of Source File of
80C196KC
Start
End
112
Appendix VIII ---- Flowchart of Source File of
80C196KC
Start
CC1_CC10INT Interrupt
using (RB level 12)
CC1_CC11INT Interrupt
using (RB level 12)
CC1_CC12INT Interrupt
using (RB level 12)
113
CC1_CC13INT Interrupt
using (RB level 12)
CC1_CC14INT Interrupt
using (RB level 12)
CC1_CC15INT Interrupt
using (RB level 12)
End
114
Appendix IX The full design circuit of the ABS
system
115
Appendix X The Layout Design of the ABS System
116