Revisions about Chapter 3

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=900dXBWgx3Y What Are Ions

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQKC3BFZK6w How Do Atoms Bond

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cUKifjMhXRo How Do Atoms Bond - Part 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpaHPXVR8WU What are Ionic Bonds?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfYnhnfdsD0 Formulae Of Ionic Compounds & Their Names - Part 1

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h24UmH38_LI What Are Covalent Bonds

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HfN3CvXP2M Covalent Bonding Of Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4mpsZwgCnHM How Does Water Bond - Covalent Bonds

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oy1CiebbTzU Covalent bonding in methane, ammonia & water

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S08qdOTd0w0 What Are Metallic Bonds?

 Metals, Alloys and Crystals
4 Different Types of Solid physical structure are:
1. Giant metallic lattice – a lattice of positive ions in a sea of electrons.

2. Giant ionic lattice – a lattice of alternating positive and negative ions.

3. Giant molecular lattice – a giant molecule (macromolecule) making the lattice.

4. Simple molecular substances – consisting of simple molecules in a lattice held together by weak
forces.

*Lattice - A regular arrangement of ions

Metals, Alloys and Crystals
Giant covalent lattice Giant metallic lattice

Giant (molecular) covalent lattice

Giant ionic lattice

Alloys
It is a combination of metals or metals combined
with one or more other elements.
Alloys
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=KgUmNQ
D6m5Q
Alloy & their Properties
| Properties of Matter
Alloys
 Metal crystals
• The regular packing of metal ions into a lattice surrounded by sea of electrons explain the density of metals.

• Having a high tensile strength because of the layers of identical ions in a pure metal which can be moved over
one another without breaking the structure.
• Malleable and Ductile
• The mobility of the delocalized electrons in a metal means that metals conduct electricity very well.
• Copper is a good conductor , and most electrical wires are made from it.
• For overhead power lines, aluminium is used, as it is lighter. However, because aluminium is not strong, a steel
core has to be used.
• Have a crystalline structure
Metals – malleable, ductile, tensile strength,
good conductor of heat and electricity
Overhead power cables – Aluminium is used (lighter),
Steel (Stronger – provides strength)
Aluminium
 Ionic crystals
• Ionic crystals are hard but much more brittle than metallic crystals. This is
because of the structure of layers.

• Ions in solution are able to move, so the solution can carry an electric current.

• Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when dissolved in water because the
ions are able to move through the liquid and carry the current.
 Giant molecular crystals
(Macromolecule)
• It is held together by strong covalent bonds.
• Example: Carbon in the form of diamond or graphite , Silicon(IV) oxide (SiO2)
Giant molecular
structures
Allotropy or allotropism

is the property of some chemical

elements to exist in two or more
different forms/structures, in the same
physical state, known as allotropes of
the elements.

- Same element but different structure.

 Diamond
• Each carbon atom is attached to four others – the atoms are arranged
tetrahedrally.
• Have very high melting point, it is very hard and used in cutting tools
because the bonding extends throughout the whole structure.
• All outer electrons are used to form covalent bonds.
• There are no electrons free to move.
• Does not conduct electricity.
 Graphite
• The carbon atoms are arranged in flat layers of linked hexagons.
• Each graphite layer is a two-dimensional giant molecule. Within these layers,
each carbon atom is bonded to three others by strong covalent bonds. Between
the layers there are weaker forces of attraction.
• The layers are able to slide over each other easily. This means that graphite feels
slippery and can be used as a lubricant,
Example: Pencil “lead””
• Free electrons are not used by the layered atoms in covalent bonding. These
electrons can move between layers, carrying charge, so the graphite can conduct
electricity.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-Q_00aPqpU
What Are Allotropes?
Differences between Diamond and
Graphite
Diamond Graphite
Properties Uses Properties Uses
Appearance Colourless, transparent
crystals that sparkle in
In jewelry and ornamental Dark grey, shiny solid
objects
light

Hardness Hardest natural substance In drill bits, diamond saws

and glass cutters
Soft – layers can slide over In pencils, and as a
each other – and solid has lubricant (is a class
a slippery feel. of oils used to reduce the
friction)

Density More dense than graphite

(3.51 g/cm3)
Less dense than diamond
(2.25 g/cm3)

Electrical Does not conduct

electricity
Conducts electricity As electrodes and for the
brushes in electric motors
conductivity
Molecular crystals (Simple molecules)
• In these crystals (iodine and sulfur), molecules of these elements or
compounds are held together by weak intermolecular forces to form a
crystal that is easily broken down by heat.

• The molecules are then free to move but because they have no charge,
neither liquid nor the solid forms of these substances conduct electricity.
Summary
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKTsQOpLwdE&t=6s Giant Chemical Structures
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-s9AggUNmbw Giant Chemical Structures - Part 2
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNKsbnH1vw8&t=13s Giant Ionic Structures or Lattices
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YwdeEDrfPI What Are Intermolecular Forces