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1/1/23, 4:16 PM Sindhi language - Wikipedia
Sindhi language
Sindhi (English pronunciation: /ˈsɪndi/;[4] Sindhi: ‫سنڌي‬, Sindhi
Sindhi
pronunciation: [sɪndʱiː]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken
by about 30 million people in the Pakistani province of Sindi
Sindh, where it has official status. It is also spoken by a ‫سنڌي‬
further 1.7 million people in India, where it is a scheduled
language, without any state-level official status. The main
writing system is the Perso-Arabic script, which accounts
for the majority of the Sindhi literature and is the only one
currently used in Pakistan. In India, both the Perso-Arabic
script and Devanagari are used. Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script
Sindhi has an attested history from the 10th century CE. Native to Pakistan and India
Sindhi was one of the first Indo-Aryan languages to Region Sindh and
encounter influence from Persian and Arabic following the neighbouring
Umayyad conquest in 712 CE. A substantial body of Sindhi regions
literature developed during the Medieval period, the most Ethnicity Sindhis
famous of which is the religious and mystic poetry of Shah
Abdul Latif Bhittai from the 18th century. Modern Sindhi Native speakers c. 32 million (2017)[1]
was promoted under British rule beginning in 1843, which Language family Indo-European
led to the current status of the language in independent
Indo-Iranian
Pakistan after 1947.
Indo-Aryan
Northwestern
Contents Sindhi
languages
History
Sindhi
Origins
Early Sindhi (10th–16th centuries) Writing system Perso-Arabic
(Naskh), Devanagari
Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th centuries)
(India) and others
Modern Sindhi (1843–present)
Official status
Geographic distribution
Official language in Pakistan
Official status
Dialects Sindh[2][3]
India[a][b]
Phonology
Consonants Regulated by Sindhi Language
Authority (Pakistan)
Vowels
National Council for
Vocabulary Promotion of Sindhi
Writing systems Language (India)
Laṇḍā scripts Language codes
Khudabadi
Khojki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_language 1/15
Gurmukhi ISO 639-1 sd (https://www.

Perso-Arabic script loc.gov/standard
Devanagari script s/iso639-2/php/l
angcodes_name.ph
Roman Sindhi
p?iso_639_1=sd)
Advocacy ISO 639-2 snd (https://ww
Software w.loc.gov/standa
See also rds/iso639-2/ph
p/langcodes_nam
Notes
e.php?code_ID=41
References 6)
Sources ISO 639-3 snd
External links Glottolog sind1272 (htt
p://glottolog.or
g/resource/langu
History oid/id/sind1272)
Sindhi
Linguasphere 59-AAF-f
Origins
The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the

original name of the Indus River, along whose delta Sindhi
is spoken.[5]
Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is

descended from Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) via Middle
Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha). The proportion of people with Sindhi as
20th century Western scholars such as George Abraham their mother tongue in each Pakistani
Grierson believed that Sindhi descended specifically from District as of the 2017 Pakistan Census
the Vrācaḍa dialect of Apabhramsha (described by
Markandeya as being spoken in Sindhu-deśa,
corresponding to modern Sindh) but later work has shown
this to be unlikely.[6] Sindhi is not in the category of endangered
according to the classification system of the
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
Early Sindhi (10th–16th centuries)
Part of a series on
Sindhi entered the New Indo-Aryan stage
around the 10th century CE. However,
literary attestation of Sindhi from this
period is sparse; early Isma'ili religious
literature and poetry in India, as old as the
11th century CE, used a language that was
closely related to Sindhi and Gujarati. Much
Constitutionally recognised languages of India
of this work is in the form of ginans (a kind Category
of devotional hymn).[7][8] 22 Official Languages of the Indian Republic
Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to

be in close contact with Arabic and Persian
following the Umayyad conquest of Sindh
in 712 CE. According to Sindhi tradition, Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Dogri · Gujarati
the first translation of the Quran into Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Konkani · Maithili
Sindhi was initiated in 883 CE in Mansura, Malayalam · Marathi · Meitei (Manipuri) · Nepali
Sindh. This is corroborated by the accounts Odia · Punjabi · Sanskrit · Santali · Sindhi
of Al-Ramhormuzi but it is unclear whether Tamil · Telugu · Urdu
the language of translation was actually a
predecessor to Sindhi, nor is the text Related
preserved.[9]
Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India
Official Languages Commission
Medieval Sindhi (16th–19th List of languages by number of native speakers in India
centuries) Asia portal
Medieval Sindhi religious literature India portal

comprises a syncretic Sufi and Advaita Language portal
Vedanta poetry, the latter in the devotional Politics portal
bhakti tradition. The earliest known Sindhi
poet of the Sufi tradition is Qazi Qadan
(1493–1551). Other early poets were Shah Inat Rizvi (c. 1613–
1701) and Shah Abdul Karim Bulri (1538–1623). These poets had a
mystical bent that profoundly influenced Sindhi poetry for much
of this period.[7]
Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of

folktales, adapted and readapted into verse by many bards at
various times. These include romantic epics such as Sassui
Punnhun, Sohni Mahiwal, Momal Rano, Noori Jam Tamachi,
Lilan Chanesar, and others.[10] The greatest poet of Sindhi was
Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai (1689/1690–1752), whose verses were
compiled into the Shah Jo Risalo by his followers. He weaved
Sindhi folktales with Sufi mysticism.
The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by

Akhund Azaz Allah Muttalawi (1747–1824) and published in
Gujarat in 1870. The first to appear in print was by Muhammad Cover of a book containing the epic
Siddiq in 1867.[11] Dodo Chanesar written in Hatvanki
Sindhi or Khudabadi script.
Modern Sindhi (1843–present)
Sindh was occupied by the British army and was annexed with the Bombay Presidency in 1843. Soon
after, in 1848, Governor George Clerk established Sindhi as the official language in the province,
removing the literary dominance of Persian. Sir Bartle Frere, the then commissioner of Sindh, issued
orders on August 29, 1857, advising civil servants in Sindh to pass an examination in Sindhi. He also
ordered the use of Sindhi in official documents.[12] In 1868, the Bombay Presidency assigned
Narayan Jagannath Vaidya to replace the Abjad used in Sindhi with the Khudabadi script. The
script was decreed a standard script by the Bombay Presidency thus inciting anarchy in the Muslim
majority region. A powerful unrest followed, after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the
British authorities. The granting of official status of Sindhi along with script reforms ushered in the
development of modern Sindhi literature.
The first printed works in Sindhi were produced at the Muhammadi Press in Bombay beginning in
1867. These included Islamic stories set in verse by Muhammad Hashim Thattvi, one of the renowned
religious scholars of Sindh.[10]
The Partition of India in 1947 resulted in most Sindhi speakers ending up in the new state of Pakistan,
commencing a push to establish a strong sub-national linguistic identity for Sindhi. This manifested
in resistance to the imposition of Urdu and eventually Sindhi nationalism in the 1980s.[13]
The language and literary style of contemporary Sindhi writings in Pakistan and India were noticeably
diverging by the late 20th century; authors from the former country were borrowing extensively from
Urdu, while those from the latter were highly influenced by Hindi.[14]
Geographic distribution
In Pakistan, Sindhi is the first language of 30.26 million people, or 14.6% of the country's population
as of the 2017 census. 29.5 million of these are found in Sindh, where they account for 62% of the total
population of the province. There are 0.56 million speakers in the province of Balochistan,[15]
especially in the Kacchi Plain that encompasses the districts of Lasbela, Kachhi, Sibi, Jafarabad, Jhal
Magsi, and Nasirabad.
In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with the
largest numbers were Maharashtra (558,000), Rajasthan (354,000), Gujarat (321,000), and Madhya
Pradesh (244,000).[16][c]
Official status
Sindhi is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh[2][3] and one of the scheduled
languages of India, where it does not have any state-level status.[17]
Prior to the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh.[18][19][20][21] The
Pakistan Sindh Assembly has ordered compulsory teaching of the Sindhi language in all private
schools in Sindh.[22] According to the Sindh Private Educational Institutions Form B (Regulations
and Control) 2005 Rules, "All educational institutions are required to teach children the Sindhi
language.[23] Sindh Education and Literacy Minister, Syed Sardar Ali Shah, and Secretary of School
Education, Qazi Shahid Pervaiz, have ordered the employment of Sindhi teachers in all private
schools in Sindh so that this language can be easily and widely taught.[24] Sindhi is taught in all
provincial private schools that follow the Matric system and not the ones that follow the Cambridge
system.[25]
The Indian Government has legislated Sindhi as a scheduled language in India, making it an option
for education. Despite lacking any state-level status, Sindhi is still a prominent minority language in
the Indian state of Rajasthan.[26]
There are many Sindhi language television channels broadcasting in Pakistan such as Time News,
KTN, Sindh TV, Awaz Television Network, Mehran TV, and Dharti TV.
Dialects
Sindhi has many dialects, and forms a dialect continuum at some places with neighbouring languages
such as Saraiki and Gujarati. Some of the dialects are:[27][28][29][30]
Vicholi: The prestige dialect spoken around Hyderabad and central Sindh (the Vicolo region). The
literary standard of Sindhi is based on this dialect.
Uttaradi: spoken in Uttar region meaning north in sindhi, with small differences in Larkana,
Shikarpur and in parts of Sukkur and Kandiaro.[31]
Lari: The dialect of southern Sindh (Lāṛu) spoken around areas like Karachi and Sujawal.
Siroli or Siraiki: The dialect of northern most Sindh (Siro) means head in Sindhi.[32] Spoken in all
over sindh but majority is in Jacobabad and Kashmore, it has little similarity with the Saraiki
language of South Punjab[33] and has variously been treated either as a dialect of Saraiki or as a
dialect of Sindhi.[34]
Lasi: The dialect of Lasbela District in Balochistan, closely related to Lari and Vicholi, and in
contact with Balochi.
Firaqi Sindhi: spoken in north eastern districts of balochistan, where it is referred to as firaqi
sindhi or commonly just sindhi.[35]
Kutchi: is a dialect of Sindhi, spoken in kutch district of gujarat,[36] over time, Kutchi has
borrowed vocabulary from Gujarati.
Dhatki/Dhatti/Thareli: A dialect of sindhi spoken in Tharparkar, Umerkot in Pakistan[37] and
Jaisalmer and Barmer in India.[38][30]
Jadgali: is a dialect of Sindhi most closely related to Lasi, Jadgali is spoken in Balochistan and
Iran.[39]
Sindhi Bhil: It is a dialect spoken in Sindh by meghwars and bheels,[40] Sindhi Bhil is known to
have many old Sindhi words, which were lost after Arabic, Persian, and Chaghatai influence.[41]
Phonology
Sindhi has a relatively large inventory of both consonants and vowels compared to other languages.
Sindhi has 46 consonant phonemes and 16 vowels. The consonant to vowel ratio is around average for
the world's languages at 2.8.[42] All plosives, affricates, nasals, the retroflex flap, and the lateral
approximant /l/ have aspirated or breathy voiced counterparts. The language also features four
implosives.
Consonants
Sindhi consonants[43]
Dental/ (Alveolo-)
Labial Retroflex Velar Glottal
alveolar Palatal
m‫م‬ n‫ن‬ ɳ‫ڻ‬ ɲ‫ڃ‬ ŋ‫ڱ‬

Nasal
mʱ ‫مھ‬ nʱ ‫نھ‬ ɳʱ ‫ڻھ‬
Stop/ p‫پ‬ b‫ب‬ t̪ ‫ت‬ d̪ ‫د‬ ʈ‫ٽ‬ ɖ‫ڊ‬ tɕ ‫چ‬ dʑ ‫ج‬ k‫ڪ‬ ɡ‫گ‬
Affricate pʰ ‫ڦ‬ bʱ ‫ڀ‬ tʰ ‫ٿ‬ dʱ ‫ڌ‬ ʈʰ ‫ٺ‬ ɖʱ ‫ڍ‬ tɕʰ ‫ڇ‬ dʑʱ ‫جھ‬ kʰ ‫ک‬ ɡʱ ‫گھ‬
Implosive ɓ‫ٻ‬ ɗ‫ڏ‬ ʄ‫ڄ‬ ɠ‫ڳ‬
Fricative f‫ف‬ s‫س‬ z‫ز‬ ʂ‫ش‬ x‫خ‬ ɣ‫غ‬ h‫ھ‬
ʋ‫و‬ l‫ل‬ j‫ي‬

Approximant
lʱ ‫لھ‬
r‫ر‬ ɽ‫ڙ‬
Rhotic
ɽʱ ‫ڙھ‬
The retroflex consonants are apical postalveolar and do not involve curling back of the tip of the
tongue,[44] so they could be transcribed [t̠ , t̠ ʰ, d̠ , d̠ ʱ n̠ n̠ ʱ ɾ̠ ɾ̠ ʱ] in phonetic transcription. The affricates /tɕ,
tɕʰ, dʑ, dʑʱ/ are laminal post-alveolars with a relatively short release. It is not clear if /ɲ/ is similar, or
truly palatal.[45] /ʋ/ is realized as labiovelar [w] or labiodental [ʋ] in free variation, but is not
common, except before a stop.
Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i u
Near-close ɪ ʊ
Close-mid e o
Mid ə
The vowel phonemes of Sindhi on a
Open-mid ɔ vowel chart
Open æ ɑ
The vowels are modal length /i e æ ɑ ɔ o u/ and short /ɪ ʊ ə/. Consonants following short vowels are
lengthened: /pət̪ o/ [pət̪ ˑoː] 'leaf' vs. /pɑt̪ o/ [pɑːt̪ oː] 'worn'.
Vocabulary
According to historian Nabi Bux Baloch, most Sindhi vocabulary is from ancient Sanskrit. However,
owing to the influence of the Persian language over the subcontinent, Sindhi has adapted many words
from Persian and Arabic. It has also borrowed from English and Hindustani. Today, Sindhi in
Pakistan is slightly influenced by Urdu, with more borrowed Perso-Arabic elements, while Sindhi in
India is influenced by Hindi, with more borrowed tatsam Sanskrit elements.[46][47]
Writing systems
Sindhis in Pakistan use a version of the Perso-Arabic script with new letters adapted to Sindhi
phonology, while in India a greater variety of scripts are in use, including Devanagari, Khudabadi,
Khojki, and Gurmukhi.[48] Perso-Arabic for Sindhi was also made digitally accessible relatively
earlier.[49]
The earliest attested records in Sindhi are from the 15th century.[14] Before the standardisation of
Sindhi orthography, numerous forms of Devanagari and Laṇḍā scripts were used for trading. For
literary and religious purposes, a Perso-Arabic script developed by Abul-Hasan as-Sindi and
Gurmukhi (a subset of Laṇḍā) were used. Another two scripts, Khudabadi and Shikarpuri, were
reforms of the Landa script.[50][51] During British rule in the late 19th century, the Perso-Arabic script
was decreed standard over Devanagari.[52]
Laṇḍā scripts
Laṇḍā-based scripts, such as Gurmukhi, Khojki, and the Khudabadi script were used historically to
write Sindhi.
Khudabadi
The Khudabadi alphabet was invented in 1550 CE, and was used Khudabadi
alongside other scripts by the Hindu community until the colonial or Sindhi
era, where the sole usage of the Arabic script for official purposes ISO 15924
was legislated.
ISO Sind (318),
The script continued to be used on a smaller scale by the trader 15924 Khudawadi, Sindhi
community until the Partition of India in 1947.[53] Unicode
Unicode Khudawadi
alias
Unicode U+112B0–U+112FF (htt
range ps://www.unicode.org/c
harts/PDF/U112B0.pdf)
ə a ɪ i ʊ uː e ɛ o ɔ
k kʰ ɡ ɠ ɡʱ ŋ
c cʰ ɟ ʄ ɟʱ ɲ
ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ṛ ɳ
t tʰ d dʱ n
p pʰ f b ɓ bʱ m
j r l ʋ
ʂ s h
Khojki
Khojki was employed primarily to record Muslim Shia Ismaili religious literature, as well as literature
for a few secret Shia Muslim sects.[54][55]
Gurmukhi
The Gurmukhi script was also used to write Sindhi, mainly in India by Hindus.[53][54]
Perso-Arabic script
During British rule in India, a variant of the Persian alphabet was adopted for Sindhi in the 19th
century. The script is used in Pakistan and India today. It has a total of 52 letters, augmenting the
Persian with digraphs and eighteen new letters (‫ )ڄ ٺ ٽ ٿ ڀ ٻ ڙ ڍ ڊ ڏ ڌ ڇ ڃ ڦ ڻ ڱ ڳ ڪ‬for sounds
particular to Sindhi and other Indo-Aryan languages. Some letters that are distinguished in Arabic or
Persian are homophones in Sindhi.
‫جهہ‬ ‫ڄ‬ ‫ج‬ ‫پ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ٺ‬ ‫ٽ‬ ‫ٿ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ڀ‬ ‫ٻ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ا‬
ɟʱ ʄ ɟ p s ʈʰ ʈ tʰ t bʱ ɓ b ɑː ʔ ∅
‫ڙ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ڍ‬ ‫ڊ‬ ‫ڏ‬ ‫ڌ‬ ‫د‬ ‫خ‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ڇ‬ ‫چ‬ ‫ڃ‬
ɽ r z ɖʱ ɖ ɗ dʱ d x h cʰ c ɲ
‫ڪ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ڦ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫غ‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ط‬ ‫ض‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ش‬ ‫س‬ ‫ز‬
k q pʰ f ɣ ɑː oː eː ʔ ∅ z t z s ʂ s z
‫ي‬ ‫ء‬ ‫ھ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ڻ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫م‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ڱ‬ ‫گهہ‬ ‫ڳ‬ ‫گ‬ ‫ک‬
j iː ʔ∅ h ʋ ʊ oː ɔː uː ɳ n m l ŋ ɡʱ ɠ ɡ kʰ
Devanagari script
In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.[54] A

modern version was introduced by the government of India in
1948; however, it did not gain full acceptance, so both the Sindhi-
Arabic and Devanagari scripts are used. In India, a person may
write a Sindhi language paper for a Civil Services Examination in
either script.[56] Diacritical bars below the letter are used to mark
implosive consonants, and dots called nukta are used to form Farsi (perso-Arabic) or Shikarpuri
other additional consonants. Sindhi.
अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ए ऐ ओ औ
ə a ɪ i ʊ uː e ɛ o ɔ
क ख ख़ ग ॻ ग़ घ ङ
k kʰ x ɡ ɠ ɣ ɡʱ ŋ
च छ ज ॼ ज़ झ ञ
c cʰ ɟ ʄ z ɟʱ ɲ
ट ठ ड ॾ ड़ ढ ढ़ ण
ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɗ ɽ ɖʱ ɽʱ ɳ
त थ द ध न
t tʰ d dʱ n
प फ फ़ ब ॿ भ म
p pʰ f b ɓ bʱ m
य र ल व
j r l ʋ
श ष स ह
ʂ ʂ s h
Roman Sindhi
The Sindhi-Roman script or Roman-Sindhi script is the contemporary Sindhi script usually used by
the Sindhis when texting messages on their mobile phones.[57][58]
Advocacy
Sindhi language was made the official language of Sindh according to 1972 Sindhi Language Bill.
All Educational institutes in Sindh are mandated to teach Sindhi as per the bill
Software
By 2001, Abdul-Majid Bhurgri had coordinated with Microsoft to develop Unicode-based Software in
the form of the Perso-Arabic Sindhi script which afterwards became the basis for the communicated
use by Sindhi speakers around the world.[59]
In June 2014, the Khudabadi script of the Sindhi language was added to Unicode, However as of now
the script currently has no proper rendering support to view it in unsupported devices.
See also
Languages portal
1972 Sindhi Language Bill

Institute of Sindhology
Sindhi Transliteration
Languages of India
Languages of Pakistan
Languages with official status in India
List of Sindhi-language films
Provincial languages of Pakistan
Sindhi literature
Sindhi poetry
Notes
a. It is one of 22 Eighth Schedule languages for which the Constitution mandates development.
b. In India, there were a total of 1.68 million speakers according to the 2011 census. The states with
the largest numbers were Maharashtra (558,000), Rajasthan (354,000), Gujarat (321,000), and
Madhya Pradesh (244,000).
c. This is the number of people who identified their language as "Sindhi"; it does not include
speakers of related languages, like Kutchi.
References
1. 30.26 million in Pakistan (2017 census), 1.68 million in India (2011 census).
2. Majeed, Gulshan. "Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan" (http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/pols/
Currentissue-pdf/Gulshan3.pdf) (PDF). Journal of Political Studies. Retrieved December 27, 2013.
3. "Encyclopædia Britannica" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language).
Sindhi Language. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
4. Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
5. "Sindhi" (http://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Sindhi.html). The Languages Gulper. Retrieved
January 29, 2013.
6. Wadhwani, Y. K. (1981). "The Origin of the Sindhi Language" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/429
31119.pdf) (PDF). Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute. 40: 192–
201. JSTOR 42931119 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931119). Retrieved 9 April 2021.
7. Christopher Shackle, Sindhi literature (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1550738) at
the Encyclopædia Britannica
8. "Sacred Literature-Ginans" (http://heritage.ismaili.net/ginan_view). Ismaili.NET. Heritage Society.
Retrieved 2 August 2022.
9. Schimmel, Annemarie (1963). "Translations and Commentaries of the Qur'ān in Sindhi Language"
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580264). Oriens. 16: 224–243. doi:10.2307/1580264 (https://doi.org/
10.2307%2F1580264). JSTOR 1580264 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580264). Retrieved 30 July
2022.
10. Schimmel, Annemarie (1971). "Sindhi Literature" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874414). Mahfil. 7
(1/2): 71–80. JSTOR 40874414 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/40874414).
11. "The Holy Qur'an and its Translators – Imam Reza (A.S.) Network" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0160115045637/http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391). Imamreza.net. Archived
from the original (http://www.imamreza.net/eng/imamreza.php?id=1391) on 15 January 2016.
Retrieved 29 March 2015.
12. Memon, Naseer (April 13, 2014). "The language link" (https://web.archive.org/web/201404131431
50/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-languages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSyg
Q). The News on Sunday. Archived from the original (http://tns.thenews.com.pk/declaring-major-la
nguages-as-national-languages/#.U0oQ-VWSygQ) on April 13, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
13. Levesque, Julien (2021). "Beyond Success or Failure: Sindhi Nationalism and the Social
Construction of the "Idea of Sindh" " (https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_1.xml?langu
age=en). Journal of Sindhi Studies. 1 (1): 1–33. doi:10.1163/26670925-bja10001 (https://doi.org/1
0.1163%2F26670925-bja10001). S2CID 246560343 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24
6560343). Retrieved 2 August 2022.
14. "Sindhi language | Britannica" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-langua
ge). Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
15. "CCI defers approval of census results until elections" (https://www.dawn.com/news/1410447).
Dawn. 28 May 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2022. The numbers have been calculate based on the
percentages and the population totals. For example, the figure of 30.26 million is calculated from
the reported 14.57% for the speakers of Sindhi and the 207.685 million total population of
Pakistan.
16. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother
tongue, India - 2011" (https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191). Retrieved
29 October 2022.
17. "Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution" (http://www.rajbhasha.nic.i
n/en/languages-included-eighth-schedule-indian-constution). Department of Official Language,
Ministry of Home Affairs. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
18. Language and Politics in Pakistan. "The Sindhi Language Movement" (https://www.academia.edu/
7588035). academia.edu. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
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q=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA581). In Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.). The Indo-Aryan
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External links
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Sindhi Dictionary (http://www.ijunoon.com/sindhi/)
All about Sindhi language and culture (https://web.archive.org/web/20150831155410/http://www.si
ndhilanguage.com/) at the Wayback Machine (archived August 31, 2015)
Mewaram's 1910 Sindhi-English dictionary (https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/mewara
m/)
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1/1/23, 4:16 PM Sindhi language - Wikipedia

Gurmukhi ISO 639-1 sd (https://www.

The name "Sindhi" is derived from the Sanskrit síndhu, the

Like other languages of the Indo-Aryan family, Sindhi is

Sindhi was the first Indo-Aryan language to

Medieval Sindhi religious literature India portal

Another famous part of Medieval Sindhi literature is a wealth of

The first attested Sindhi translation of the Quran was done by

Modern Sindhi (1843–present)

m‫م‬ n‫ن‬ ɳ‫ڻ‬ ɲ‫ڃ‬ ŋ‫ڱ‬

Implosive ɓ‫ٻ‬ ɗ‫ڏ‬ ʄ‫ڄ‬ ɠ‫ڳ‬

Fricative f‫ف‬ s‫س‬ z‫ز‬ ʂ‫ش‬ x‫خ‬ ɣ‫غ‬ h‫ھ‬

ʋ‫و‬ l‫ل‬ j‫ي‬

Front Central Back

In India, the Devanagari script is also used to write Sindhi.[54] A

1972 Sindhi Language Bill

27. Sindhi language (https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/Sindhi/) at Ethnologue (19th ed.,

International Phonetic Association. 1999. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindhi_language&oldid=1130774147"

This page was last edited on 31 December 2022, at 22:28 (UTC).

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