2014/9/22

Objectives
• Introduce the concept of a pure substance.
• Discuss the physics of phase-change processes.
• Illustrate the P-v, T-v, and P-T property diagrams and P-v-T
surfaces of pure substances.
Chapter 2 (Part 2)
• Demonstrate the procedures for determining thermodynamic
properties of pure substances from tables of property data.
Ideal Gas
• Describe the hypothetical substance “ideal gas” and the
ideal-gas equation of state.
• Apply the ideal-gas equation of state in the solution of typical
Some notes and pictures are taken from problems.
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 6th Edition • Present some of the best-known equations of state.
Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2008

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Mass = Molar mass  Mole number Ideal gas equation at two

THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE states for a fixed mass
• Equation of state: Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature, Real gases
and specific volume of a substance. behave as an ideal
• The simplest : ideal-gas equation of state. This equation predicts the P-
Various
gas at low
v-T behavior of a gas quite accurately within some properly selected expressions densities (i.e., low
region. of ideal gas pressure, high
equation temperature).
Ideal gas equation
of state

The ideal-gas
relation often is not
R: gas constant applicable to real
M: molar mass (kg/kmol) gases; thus, care
Ru: universal gas constant should be exercised
when using it.

Properties per
unit mole are
Different substances have different denoted with a
gas constants. bar on the top.
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Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? 4-7 COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR—A MEASURE

• YES: at pressures below 10
kPa.
• NO: in actual application
(higher pressure environment)
such as Steam Power Plant
OF DEVIATION FROM IDEAL-GAS BEHAVIOR
Compressibility factor Z Z bigger than unity, the more the gas deviates
A factor that accounts for from ideal-gas behavior.
the deviation of real gases
Gases behave as an ideal gas at low densities
from ideal-gas behavior at
(i.e., low pressure, high temperature).
a given temperature and
pressure.

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OTHER EQUATIONS
Reduced Reduced OF STATE
pressure temperature
Several equations have been proposed to
Pseudo-reduced Z can also be determined from represent the P-v-T behavior of substances
specific volume a knowledge of PR and vR. accurately over a larger region with no
limitations.

Van der Waals

Equation of State Critical isotherm
of a pure
substance has
an inflection
point at the
critical state.

Gases deviate from the This model includes two effects not considered
ideal-gas behavior the in the ideal-gas model: the intermolecular
most in the neighborhood attraction forces and the volume occupied by the
of the critical point. molecules themselves. The accuracy of the van
Comparison of Z factors for various gases. 7 der Waals equation of state is often inadequate. 8

Beattie-Bridgeman Equation of State Summary

The constants are given in • Pure substance
Table 3–4 for various • Phases of a pure substance
substances. It is known to be
reasonably accurate for • Phase-change processes of pure substances
densities up to about 0.8cr.  Compressed liquid, Saturated liquid, Saturated vapor, Superheated vapor
 Saturation temperature and Saturation pressure
Benedict-Webb-Rubin Equation of State
• Property diagrams for phase change processes
 The T-v diagram, The P-v diagram, The P-T diagram, The P-v-T surface
The constants are given in Table 3–4. This equation can handle substances • Property tables
at densities up to about 2.5 cr.  Enthalpy
 Saturated liquid, saturated vapor, Saturated liquid vapor mixture,
Virial Equation of State Superheated vapor, compressed liquid
 Reference state and reference values
• The ideal gas equation of state
The coefficients a(T), b(T), c(T), and so on, that are
functions of temperature alone are called virial coefficients.  Is water vapor an ideal gas?
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