Grammar Nihai

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
FOR CLASS 3
Tarbiyatul Mu’allimin/Mu’allimat al-Islamiyyah

Pondok Pesantren Darunnajah
Jakarta Indonesia
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
For Class Three
Compiler
Drs. Mustafa Hadi Chirzin
CETAKAN 2017
Published by:
Ponpes Darunnajah
Jln. Ulujami Raya No.86
Pesanggrahan Jakarta Selatan 12250
Telp: (021) 7350187 Ext.244 Fax (021) 73886529
www.darunnajah.com
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PREFACE
Praise be to Allah Lord of the world. The writer thanks

Allah for he can present English Grammar for Class Three of
Pondok Pesantren Darunnajah Jakarta to fulfill the need of a
simple (but complete) English Grammar book.
The most important references used to write this note
are: (1) Outline of English Grammar (revised edition) in five
parts by J. C. Newfield, M.A., (2) A Practical English Grammar
(second edition) by A.J. Thomson and A. V. Hart met, (3) A
Concise English Grammar for Foreign Students (revised
edition) by C.E. Eckersley, M.A., (4) Brighter Grammar Book 1
by C. E. Eckersley, M.A. and Margaret Macaulay, M.A., (5)
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English
(revised and updated) by A.S. Hornsby with A.P. Cow le and A.
C. Gibson.
Finally, may this note be profitable.
Darunnajah Ist Muharram 1423
Drs. Mustafa Hadi Chirzin
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CONTENTS
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………. 3
CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………………. 5
Lesson 1 ………………………………………………………………………………. 7
THE PARTS OF SPEECH …………………………………………………… 7
Lesson 2 ………………………………………………………………………………. 11
THE KINDS OF NOUNS ……………………………………………………… 11
Lesson 3 ………………………………………………………………………………. 17
THE GENDERS OF NOUNS ………………………………………………… 17
Lesson 4 ………………………………………………………………………………. 22
NUMBER ………………………………………………………………………….. 22
Lesson 5 ………………………………………………………………………………. 27
THE CASES OF NOUNS ……………………………………………………… 27
Lesson 6 ………………………………………………………………………………. 31
THE PARSING OF NOUNS …………………………………………………. 31
Lesson 7 ………………………………………………………………………………. 33
THE KINDS OF PRONOUNS ………………………………………………. 33
Lesson 8 ………………………………………………………………………………. 40
THE KINDS OF ADJECTIVES ………………………………………………. 40
Lesson 9 ………………………………………………………………………………. 46
DEGREES OF COMPARISON ……………………………………………… 46
Lesson 10 …………………………………………………………………………….. 51
THE PARSING OF ADJECTIVES ………………………………………….. 51
Lesson 11 …………………………………………………………………………….. 53
THE KINDS OF ADVERBS …………………………………………………… 53
Lesson 12 …………………………………………………………………………….. 57
THE PREPOSITION ……………………………………………………………. 57
Lesson 13 …………………………………………………………………………….. 61
THE CONJUNCTION ………………………………………………………….. 61
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Lesson 14 …………………………………………………………………………….. 63
THE INTERJECTION …………………………………………………………… 63
Lesson 15 …………………………………………………………………………….. 64
THE PARSING OF ADVERBS, PREPOSITION AND
CONJUNCTIONS ……………………………………………………………….. 64
Lesson 16 …………………………………………………………………………….. 66
THE KINDS OF VERBS ……………………………………………………….. 66
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Lesson 1
THE PARTS OF SPEECH
The parts of speech are eight in numbers:

1. Noun,
2. Pronoun,
3. Adjective,
4. Verb,
5. Preposition,
6. Conjunction,
7. Adverb,
8. Interjection.
The parts of speech may be defined thus:
1. A noun is a word used for naming some person or thing
Example:
• Budi saw an apple fall to the ground.
Here, Budi is the name of person. Apple is the name of a
kind of fruit. Ground is a name given to the piece of earth
on which the apple fell. So Budi, apple, and ground are all
nouns.
2. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun or noun

equivalent.
Example:
• You and he came here a week before me.
Here, you refers to the person spoken to without naming
him, he refers to some person spoken of, whose name has
been mentioned in a previous sentence, me refers to the
person speaking without naming him. So all these words
are pronouns.
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3. An adjective is a word used for qualifying a noun or
pronoun.
Example:
a. This house.
b. A noble character.
c. A white brick.
Here the word ‘this’ points out the house to which the
writer or speaker alludes the word, noble shows what sort
of character is meant. The word white describes one
quality of the brick, namely, its color. So all these words
are adjectives each of them qualifies (i.e. adds something
to the meaning of) the noun to which it is attached.
4. A verb is a word used for saying something a person or

thing (such as making a statement, asking a question, or
giving on order).
Example:
a. The bird has flown.
b. Hey Ahmad, go to your room!
In the first of these sentences ‘has flown’ makes a
statement about the bird. In the second sentence ‘go’
expresses a command. So all these words are verbs.
5. A preposition is a word used for showing what a person

or thing has to do with another person or thing.
Example:
• A bird is in the hand.
Here the word ‘in’ shows what the hand had to do with the
bird, or the bird with the hand. The bird might be above
the hand, or under the hand, or in the hand. So the words
in, above, and under are prepositions. The noun or
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pronoun before which the preposition is placed is said to
be its object.
6. A conjunction is a word used for joining one sentence to

another sentence or one word to another word of the
same or similar part of speech.
Example:
a. The thief was caught, but the money was lost.
b. Umar and I went out for a walk.
In (a) the second sentence (the money was lost) is joined
to the first (the thief was caught) by the word but. In (b)
the pronoun I is joined to the noun Umar by the
conjunction and.
7. An adverb is a word used for qualifying any kind of word

except a noun or pronoun.
Example:
a. The Snake moves silently
b. He was despised, merely because he was poor.
c. He walks very slowly.
In (a) the adverb silently qualifies (i.e. adds to the meaning
of) the verb moves. In (b) merely qualifies the conjunction
because. In (c) very qualifies the adverb slowly
8. An interjection is a word put into sentence to express a

sudden feeling of mind or emotion
Example:
a. Oh! My God, protect me !
b. My son, alas ! is dangerously !
c. Hurrah ! I passed the examination.
In (a) oh! expresses the feeling of surprise In (b) alas!
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expresses the feeling of pity. In (c) hurrah! expressed the
feeling of joy.
EXERCISE
Name the part of speech of each underlined word in the

following sentences !
1. Akbar was a great King.
2. There are twenty boys in this class.
3. Fatimah pronounced the words quite correctly.
4. Dani and Danu are cousin.
5. You have to sit down and rest for a while.
6. Hurrah ! I won the game
7. Jhon does not go to school because he is ill
8. There is a cow in the garden
9. Moslems fast every Ramadhan
10. He is brave boy
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Lesson 2
THE KINDS OF NOUNS
Nouns may be divided into five different kinds :

1 . Proper Noun,
2. Common Noun,
3. Collective Noun,
4. Material Noun,
5. Abstract Noun
1. A proper noun is a name given to one particular person or

thing and is not intended to denote more than one
person or thing at a time.
Example:
a. Muhammad is our prophet (person).
b. We read Qur’an every day (book).
c. I come from Jakarta (city).
d. Indonesia is our lovely country (country).
Note : The writing of a proper noun, or of any other kind of
noun when it is used as a proper noun, should be
commenced with a capital letter.
2. A Common noun is a word denotes not one person or

thing in particular, but is common to all persons or thing
of the same kind.
Example :
a. Who is that man ?
b. Take your book, please.
c. I live in the city.
d. Everyone loves his country.
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Here, man does not point out particular man, such as
Muhammad, but can be used for any and every man. Book
does not point out particular book, such as al-Qur'an, but can
be used for any and every book. City does not point out any
particular city, such as Jakarta, but can be used for any and
every city. Country does not point out any particular country,
such as Indonesia, but can be used for any and every country
in any part of the world.
3. A Collective noun is a word denotes a group, collection, or

multitude, considered as one complete whole.
Example:
a. I see the flock in the field,
b. The army held ceremony yesterday,
c. The jury (men on the jury) were divided in their
opinions.
Here flock stands for all the sheep at once in that field, and not
for any sheep taken separately. Army stands for all the
soldiers at once, and not for any soldiers separately. Jury is
noun of multitude, i.e. singular in form but plural in sense,
such as poultry (fowls), cattle (cows), people (persons),
vermin (insects), etc.
4. A Noun of Material is a word denotes the matter, or

substance of which certain things are made
Example:
a. A cow eats grass.
b. Salt is necessary to life.
c. Fish live in water.
d. We cannot live without air.
e. They live chiefly on rice.
f. The ring is made of gold.
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g. We can write with ink or with chalk.
Sometimes a common noun has a material noun pairs with it,
as in the following examples:
Common Noun Material Noun

Ox Beef
Sheep Mutton
Pig Bacon or ham or pork
Deer Venison
Tree Timber
5. An Abstract noun is a word denotes some quality, state,

or action apart from any object or objects.
Example:
Quality : Cleverness, height, humility, color.
State : Poverty, manhood, bondage, pleasure,
youth.
Action : Laughter, movement, choice, flight, revenge
a. The teacher will be happy with your cleverness.
b. We have good pleasure today
c. Islam is our choice.
HOW ABSTRACT NOUNS ARE FORMED
Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives, or from

common nouns, or from verbs, by adding some syllable or
letter, which is called a suffix. Sometimes they are of the same
form as verbs.
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(a) Abstract Nouns formed from Adjectives :
Adjective Abstract Adjective Abstract

Wise Noun
Wisdom Long Noun
Length
Poor Poverty Young Youth
Honest Honesty Wide Width
Brave Bravery Broad Breadth
Humble Humility Deep Depth
Short Shortness True Truth
Dark Darkness High Height
Sweet Sweetness Prudent Prudence
Great Greatness Just Justice
Sleepy Sleepiness Proud Pride
Bitter Bitterness Sole Solitude
Cold Coldness Hot Heat
(b) Abstract Nouns formed from Common Nouns:

Common Abstract Noun Common Abstract Noun
Noun
Man Manhood Noun
Regent Regency
Child Childhood Rascal Rascality
Mother Motherhood Rogue Roguery
Priest Priesthood Slave Slavery
Friend Friendship Infant Infancy
King Kingship Hero Heroism
Owner Ownership Bond Bondage
Captain Captaincy Thief Theft
Agent Agency Boy Boyhood
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(c) Abstract Nouns formed from Verbs:
Abstract Abstract
Verb Verb
Noun Noun
Serve Service Judge Judgment
Choose Choice Conceal Concealment
Advise Advice Please Pleasure
Defend Defense Seize Seizure
Obey Obedience Laugh Laughter
Relieve Relief See Sight
Believe Belief Think Thought
Expect Expectation Steal Stealth
Protect Protection Hate Hatred
Move Motion Live Life
Relieve Relief See Sight
(d) Abstract Nouns of the same form as Verbs:

Abstract
Verb Verb Abstract Noun
Noun
Laugh Laugh Desire Desire
Love Love Order Order
Sleep Sleep Rise Rise
Taste Taste Fear Fear
Fall Fall Touch Touch
Stay Stay Ride Ride
Note : There is no difference in meaning between an
abstract noun, a gerund, and an infinitive.
Example:
a. Work is good for health (Abstract Noun)
b. Working is good for health (Gerund)
c. To work is good for health (Infinitive)
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EXERCISE
Point out the nouns in the following sentences, and write
whether they are common, proper, collective or abstract!
1. The crowd was very big.
2. Always speak the truth.
3. We all love honesty.
4. Muhammad is our prophet.
5. The army was rewarded for their bravery.
6. A committee of five was appointed
7. Ciliwung river overflows every year
8. I believe in his innocence
9. This room is thirty feet in length
10. Our team is better than theirs
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Lesson 3
THE GENDERS OF NOUNS
Gender is the grouping of words into masculine, feminine,

and neuter, according as they are regarded as male or female
or without sex.
There are four different kinds of Gender:
1. Masculine Gender
2. Feminine Gender.
3. Common Gender.
4. Neuter Gender.
The genders of nouns may be defined thus:
1. Masculine Gender is a noun denotes a male.

Example:
a. My father advises me to study hard.
b. Who is the author of Di Bawah Lindungan Ka’bah ?
c. Your uncle is going to visit you tomorrow.
2. Feminine Gender is a noun denotes a female

Example:
a. My mother is a teacher,
b. That actress is very pretty
c. I see the cow in the field.
3. Common Gender is a noun denotes either sex.
Example:
a. We are the students of Darunnajah Jakarta,
b. My parent came from Mecca last Sunday,
c. The teacher wrote the lesson.
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4. Neuter Gender is a noun denotes neither sex, it is,
something without life
Example:
a. We go to mosque five times a day.
b. A good book is a good friend,
c. That umbrella belongs to me.
MASCULINE AND FEMININE

Masculine and feminine are distinguished in three different
ways.
a. By a change of word,
b. By a change of ending,
c. By placing a word before or after.
(a) By a Change of Word:
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Boy Girl Nephew Niece
Brother Sister Ram Ewe
Boar Sow Sir Madam
Buck Doe Sire Dame
Bull Cow solvent Slot
Cock Hen Son Daughter
Drake Duck Uncle Aunt
Drone Bee Viceroy Vicariate
Earl Countess Bachelor Spinster , Maid
Father Mother Bullock, Steer Heifer
Gaffer Gamer Gentleman Lady
Gander Goose Horse Mare
Husband Wife Dog Bitch Sloth
King Queen Friar, Monk Nun
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Lord Lady Hart Roe, Hind
Man Woman Military Spawned
(b) By a Change of Ending:

Abbot Abbess Lad Lass
Actor Actress Lion Lioness
Adventurer Adventuress Manager Manageress
Author Authoress Marquis Marchioness
Conductor Conductress Master Mistress
Duke Duchess Mayor Mayors
Emperor Empress Murderer Murderess
Founder Founders Negro Egress
Governor Governess Poet Poetess
Heir Heiress Priest Priestess
Host Hostess Prince Princess
Hunter Huntress Prophet Prophetess
Shepherd Shepherdess Traitor Traitors
Songster Songstress Viscount Viscounts
Semester Seamstress Votary Votaries
Steward Stewardess Waiter Waitress
Peculiar Changes of Ending:

Czar W Czarina Sultan Sultana
Executor Executrix Testator Testatrix
Fox Vixen Widower Widow
Hero Heroine Wizard Witch
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Spinner Spinster
(d) By placing a Word before or after:

Masculine Feminine
He-goat She-goat
Land-lord Land-lady
Man-servant Maid-servant
Grand- father Grand- mother
Bride-groom Bride
Great-uncle Great -aunt
Pea-cock Pea-hen
Cock- sparrow Hen-sparrow
Examples of Nouns in the Common Gender:

Baby Infant
Bird Monarch
Calf Orphan
Camel Parent
Child Person
Cousin Pig
Deer Pupil
Elephant Relation
Enemy Servant
Fowl Sheep
Friend Student
Foal Teacher
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EXERCISE
Fill the blanks with suitable masculine or feminine gender!
No Masculine Feminine
1 Peacock ……………………
2 …………………… Goose
3 …………………… Bee
4 Master ……………………
5 wizard ……………………
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Lesson 4
NUMBER
Number is the form of word to show whether it is

singular or plural. When you speak of one thing a time, the
noun that you use is in the singular number, such as a cow
when you speak of more than one thing at a time, the noun
that you use is in the plural number, such as cows.
HOW PLURALS ARE FORMED
The main rules are:
1. Add s to the singular. This is the general rule
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Cow Cows Town Towns
Boy Boys Star Stars
Bird Birds Door Doors
2. Add es to the singular, if you find that you cannot

pronounce the s without the help of e (i.e. if the word
ends in s, x, sh, and ch).
Glass Glasses Brush Brushes
Kiss Kisses Gash Gashes
Box Boxes Branch Branches
Tax Taxes Coach Coaches
Note : If Singular ends with a silent e, the e is dropped before
the es of the Plural
Bridge Bridges House Houses
Cause Causes Nose
Face Faces Page Pages
Horse Horses Size Sizes
3. If the Singular ends in y, and the y is preceded by a

consonant, change y into ies
Duty Duties Ferry Ferries
Lady Ladies Body Bodies
Note
If Singular ends in ay, ey, or oy (i.e. if they is preceded by,
vowel), simply add s and make no change in the .
Boy Boys Key Keys
Day Days Ray Rays
4. If the Singular ends in or fe, change the f or fe into ves.
Wife Wives Loaf Loafs
Life Lives Thief Thieves
Note: But there are at least fourteen Singular nouns ending in
f or fe, which form the plural by simply adding’s to the
Singular. Some of these, however, sometimes form the
Plural in ves.
Chief Chiefs Hoof Hoofs, Hooves
Dwarf Dwarfs Scarf Scarf, Scarves
Gulf Gulfs Staff Staffs, Staves
Grief Griefs Turf Turfs, Turves
Proof Proofs Wharf Wharfs, Wharves
Roof Roofs Fife Fifes
Reef Reefs Strife Strives
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5. If the Singular ends in o, and the o is preceded by a
consonant, add es to the Singular
Buffalo Buffaloes Motto Mottoes
Cargo Cargoes Negro Negroes
Echo Echoes Potato Potatoes
Hero Heroes Volcano Volcanoes
Note 1: The following are exceptions:

Grotto Grottos Canto Cantos
Halo Halos Proviso Provisos
Memento Mementos Solo Solos
Piano Pianos Tyro Tyros
No reason can be given to justify this troublesome
distinction.
Note 2: If the o is preceded by a vowel, add s to the
singular.
Cameo Cameos Folio Folios
Bamboo Bamboos Studio Studios
6. If the noun is compound word, i.e. a word formed by the
union of two or more word into one, change the Singular
of the principal word into a Plural
Singular Plural
Court-martial Courts -martial
Son-in-law Sons-in-law
Step -son Step-sons
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Singular Plural
Man-of-war Men-of-war
Maid -servant Maid -servant
Foot-man Foot -men
Hanger-on Hangers-on
Maid-of-honor Maids-of-honor
Note 1: Example of double Plurals:

Singular Plural
Man-servant Men-servants
Lord -justice Lords-justices
Knight -Templar Knights-Templar
Note 2:
In word like spoonful, compounded of spoon and
full, the plural is formed by simply adding s to the
end of the word.
The word, although it is compound, is treated as if were a
single word; as spoonful, spoonfuls; handful, handfuls.
EXCEPTIONAL PLURALS
1. There are eight nouns that form the Plural by

changing the inside vowel of the Singular.
Man Men Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet Mouse Mice
Louse Lice Woman Women
Goose Geese Dormouse Dormice
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2. There are four nouns, that make the Plural terminate
in en or ne.
Ox Oxen Brother Brothere
Child Children Cow n,
Kane,
Brothers
Cows
3. Some nouns have the singular and the plural alike.
Deer Deer Score Score
Dozen Dozen Stone Stone
(weight)
Brace Brace Sheep Sheep
Cod Cod Swine Swine
Fish Fish Salmon Salmon
Grouse Grouse Trout Trout
4. Some nouns have no Singular.
Gallows Scissors Suds Victuals
Means Shambles Tidings News
Annals Nuptials Shears Thanks
In spite of the plural, we say, By this means. This

news is not true.
Note : A noun like earth, sun, etc, has no plural, because
in nature there is only one earth and only one sun.
EXERCISE
Fill the blanks with suitable singular or plural nouns !
No. Singular Plural
1 dynamo ……………….
2 ………………. leaves
3 hero ……………….
4 commander-in-chief ……………….
5 ………………. Salmon
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Lesson 5
THE CASES OF NOUNS
Case is from a noun or pronoun that shows its relation

to another word. There are five cases in English:
1. The Nominative Case,
2. The Accusative Case,
3. The Dative Case,
4. The Vocative Case,
5. The Genitive Case.
English nouns have no case endings except in possessive
case. We say, however, that they are in the nominative,
accusative, or dative case according to the work that they do
in the sentence
1. The Nominative Case. A noun is in the Nominative Case
when it is:
a. The subject of a sentence :
- Gunawan drove the car.
- The boy reads al-Qur’an.
- A bat eats fruit.
b. The complement of the verb to be, to seem, etc
- He is my father
- He seems a good rider.
2. The Accusative Case. A noun is in the Accusative Case
when it is
a. The direct object of a verb:
- We ate the octopus.
- I saw her yesterday.
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b. The object of a preposition:
- We went to the river.
- I am fond of flowers.
3. The Dative Case. A noun is in the Dative Case when it
stands for to + noun or for + noun We say that a noun in
the Dative Case is the indirect object of a verb:
a. I gave Maryam a book.
b. I bought the child a toy.
c. You teach the pupils English.
4. The Vocative Case. A noun is in the Vocative Case when
it is used for purposes of address: '
a. Leave me, my son!
b. Andri, give me water!
c. Are you coming my angel?
d. Do you understand, boy?
5. The Genitive Case or the Possessive Case. A noun is in
the Genitive Case when it is used for showing source or
possession.
a. This is Tom’s car.
b. The boy’s toy is in the room.
c. The men’s books are on the table.
d. The ladies’ cloaks are beautiful.
The case endings for the Possessive Case:
1. ‘s (apostrophe and s) is used with Singular nouns and
Plural nouns not ending in s :
Singular Plural
- Tom’s book. - Men’s hats.
-The boy’s room. - Women’s work
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2. A simple apostrophe ( ’ ) is used with Plural nouns
ending in “s”:
a. Cows’ tails.
b. My nieces’ books
c. Horses’ feet.
d. The girls’ school.
e. Mistresses’ fans.
3. Classical names ending in s and also some less common
English names add only the apostrophe:
Compound are generally treated as one word:
• My mother-in-law’s house
4. Possessive of titles are formed as follows:
• George the First’s reign.
Note:
Genitive Case is chiefly used when a noun denotes some
living things (i.e. person or animal).
a. The cat’s bowl not the bowl of the cat.
b. Johan’s book not the book of Johan
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EXERCISE
Mention the cases of nouns of the underlined words!
1. Hasan threw a stone
2. The bird flies in the sky
3. Ali, come here please!
4. We spent the night at Danny’s house
5. The teacher gave the student a homework
Parse the nouns in the following sentences!

1. These computers are cheap enough to be accessible
to most people.
2. Camel are peculiarly adapted to life in the desert
3. Robby’s car was broken last night after the big crash
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Lesson 6
THE PARSING OF NOUNS
To parse a word is to examine it in two different points:

1. What part of speech it is
2. What part it plays in the building of a sentence
To parse a noun you have to show four different things
concerning it:
a. Of what kind it is, whether Proper, Common,
Collective, Material, or Abstract
b. Of what gender it is, whether Masculine, Feminine,
Common, or Neuter.
c. Of what number it is, whether Singular or Plural.
d. In what case it is, whether Nominative, Accusative,
Dative, Vocative, or Genitive.
Example:
1. The master of this class teaches Arabic without a book :
Noun Kind Gender Number Case
Master Common Masculine Singular Nominative,

Subject to the
verb teaches.
The Parsing of Nouns

Class Collective Neuter Singular Accusative, After the
preposition of
Arabic Proper Neuter Singular Accusative, After the

verb teaches
Book Common Neuter Singular Accusative, After the
preposition without
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2. The deer in my sister’s forest nibble the grass with
eagerness.
Noun Kind Gender Number Case
Deer Common Common Plural Nominative,

Subject to verb
nibble
Sister ‘s Common Feminine Singular Genitive,
Qualifying the
noun forest
Forest Collective Neuter Singular Accusative,
After the
preposition in
Grass Material Neuter Singular Accusative,
After the verb
nibble
Eagerness Abstract Neuter Singular Accusative,
After the
preposition
with
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Lesson 7
THE KINDS OF PRONOUN
A pronoun is a word which refers to some person or

thing without giving a name to the person or thing referred
to. There are five different kinds of pronouns:
1. Personal Pronoun,
2. Possessive Pronoun,
3. Demonstrative Pronoun,
4. Relative or Conjunctive Pronoun,
5. Interrogative Pronoun
1. A Personal Pronoun is a word stands for the three
persons, namely:
a. The First, or the person speaking; as I, we, myself
b. The Second, of the person spoken to, as thou, you,
c. The Third, or what is spoken of, as he, she, it, they,
himself, etc
The First Person, Masculine on feminine
Case Singular Plural
Nominative I We
Accusative and Dative Me Us
Genitive My, Mine Our, Ours
The Second Person, Masculine or Feminine

Nominative You You
Accusative and Dative You You
Genitive You Yours
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The Third Person, of all Genders
Masculine Feminine Neuter All Genders
Nominative Feminine
He | She Itr They
Accusative and Neuter
Him Her It Them
Dative
Genitive His Her, Hers Its Their, Theirs
Example:
a. We speak English and Arabic,
b. You are a student
c. They live in the country,
d. It is made in Indonesia
2. A Possessive Pronoun is a pronoun used for showing
possession. The words mine, his, hers, ours, yours,
theirs, which are alternative forms of the Old Genitive,
are now caused as Possessive Pronouns
a. When separated from the noun by a verb coming
between. Examples:
• This book is mine. That house is theirs
b. When the noun is not expressed.
Examples :
• My horse and yours (your horse) are beautiful, Ani’s
cloak and my cloak are both blue
c. When preceded by the preposition of.
Examples :
• That horse of yours is tired. A sister of hers is a
doctor
3. A Demonstrative Pronoun is a pronoun points to some
noun going before, and is used Instead of it. The noun
going before is called Antecedent.
34
Examples:
a. Work and play are both necessary to health; this
(namely play) gives us rest, and that (namely work)
gives us energy.
b. Shakespeare and Goethe were both great poets,
the
c. former was an Englishman, the latter was a
German.
d. Such (so great) is the power of the Press; such (of
that kind) is the state of man.
e. We prefer a white car to a red one.
f. I have many books, some are blue and some are
green
g. My father gives me five dollars and mother gives
me two books, these are kept in the drawer and
those are in my room.
4. A Relative or conjunctive Pronoun is a pronoun which
relates to some noun or Personal Pronoun going
before. Or it is a pronoun which joins two sentences.
These relatives are very slightly according to whether
they refer to persons or things and according to their
case. They do not vary for singular or plural or masculine
or feminine. The forms are as follows:
For Persons:
Nominative : Who, that
Accusative : Who, who, that.
Possessive : Whose
For Thing:
Nominative : Which, that.
Accusative : Which, that.
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Possessive : Whose, or of which.
Examples:
a. The policeman who reported the accident is Adi.
b. All who/that heard him were delighted with him.
c. The girl whom I saw was called Farah.
d. The child whose parents are dead is an orphan.
e. We love the person who are kind to us
f. I left the house in which I had long lived.
g. All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
h. "Julius Caesar, which you are going to see
tomorrow, was written by Shakespeare.
i. Something that 1 don’t like is to lie.
5. An Interrogative Pronoun is a pronoun used to ask
question
Examples:
a. What can I do for you?
b. Who will answer the question?
c. Whose book is that?
d. Which of these men did you see?
e. Whom did you meet?
f. Whether of them twain did the will or his father?
Note: There are other kinds of pronoun:
1. Reflexive Pronoun,
2. Emphasizing Pronoun,
3. Distributive Pronoun,
4. Indefinite Pronoun.
1. The Reflexive and Emphasizing Pronoun
These are: myself, yourself, himself, , herself, itself,
ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself.
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a. Used as Reflexive Pronouns.
Myself, yourself, are used as objects of a verb when
the action of the verb returns to the door, i.e. when
subject and object are the same person.
Examples:
a. I cut myself
b. He shaved himself
c. It is not always easy to amuse oneself on holiday.
d. Budi and Tuti blamed themselves for the accident.
e. You looked at yourself in the mirror.
b. Used as Emphasizing Pronoun
Myself, yourself, can also be used to emphasize a
noun or pronoun
Examples :
a. The king himself gave her the medal.
b. Mother herself opened the door or mother
opened the door herself.
c. I spoke to the President himself.
d. Emilda liked the diamond itself but not the
setting
e. Umar went to London himself or Umar himself
went to London.
2. The Distributive Pronoun
These are : each, either, and neither.
Examples :
a. Each of the men received a reward.
b. Give each of the girls a drink.
c. The two brothers love each other.
d. Little children love one another.
e. I have two books here, either would suit you quite
37
well?
f. He gave me two novels, but neither is good.
Note: Neither and either like all the Distributive take
singular verbs.
3. The Indefinite Pronouns
These are : all, some, any, one, they (in they say)
something, nobody, etc.
Examples
a. Yesterday, two pupils were absent; today all are
present.
b. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and
some have greatness thrust open him.
c. Did you meet many people? I didn’t meet any.
d. They say that you went to Washington.
e. One cannot always be sure what is the best thing to
do.
THE PARSING OF PRONOUNS
To parse a pronoun you have to show five different things
concerning it.
a. Of what kind it is, whether Personal, Relative, etc.
b. Of what gender it is, whether Masculine, Neuter, etc.
c. Of what number it is, whether Singular or Plural.
d. Of what person it is, whether first, second or third.
e. In what case it is, whether Nominative, Dative, etc
Example:
Who spoke? What did he say?
Who:
Interrogative pronoun, Common gender, Singular number,
Third person, Nominative case. Subject to the verb spoke
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What:
Interrogative pronoun, Neuter gender, Singular number,
Third person, Accusative case after the verb say
He:
Personal pronoun, Masculine gender, Singular number,
Third person, Nominative case, Subject to the verb did.
39
Lesson 8
THE KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
An Adjective is a word that qualifies a noun, it adds to its

meaning, but limits its application. There are eight different
kinds of adjectives:
1. Proper Adjective,
2. Qualitative or Descriptive Adjective,
3. Quantitative Adjective,
4. Numeral Adjective,
5. Demonstrative Adjective,
6. Distributive Adjective,
7. Possessive Adjective,
8. Interrogative Adjective.
The kinds of Adjectives may be defined thus:

1. A Proper Adjective is formed from a proper noun.
Examples:
a. I’m Indonesian people.
b. Hadi speaks English language.
c. We read Quranic verses.
2. A Qualitative Adjective is showing what quality or in
what state a thing is.
Examples :
a. You are a brave boy.
b. We have a good book.
c. Our mosque is very beautiful.
3. A Quantitative Adjective is showing how much of thing
is meant.
Examples:
40
a. I drink much water every day.
b. He did not eat any bread.
c. We walk the whole way back.
d. A half loaf is better than no bread.
e. She took little bread.
4. A Numeral Adjective is showing: (a) how many things
are meant, or (b) in what order a thing stands.
a. Adjectives showing how many are called Cardinal.
Examples:
• He had seven apples and three buns.
• I buy two books and one penci1.
b. Adjectives showing in what order are called Ordinal.
Examples:
• She stood seventh in arithmetic.
• Tien Suharto is the first lady of Indonesia.
Note: Adjectives which refer to number, but specify no
number in particular, are called Indefinite numerals
Examples:
a. All men are mortal.
b. Few men are rich.
5. A Demonstrative Adjective is showing which or what
thing is meant. There are two kinds: a) Definite
Demonstrative Adjective, and, b) Indefinite
Demonstrative
a. Definite Demonstratives which show a certain
person or thing. They are: This, that, these, those,
such, same.
Examples:
a. This man came here yesterday.
b. That boat leaks, those persons will be drowned.
41
c. Such a man-as that is to be admired.
d. He said the same thing two or three times.
b. Indefinite Demonstrative which show an uncertain
person or thing. They are: any, a certain, some, other,
any other.
Examples:
a. He gave me the choice of certain books.
b. You must take some book or other (book).
6. A Distributive Adjective is showing that thing named is
taken separately or in separate lots.
Examples:
a. Every pupil has to study.
b. The two men had each (man) a gun.
c. Take either side, whichever you like best.
d. Neither statement is true.
7. A Possessive Adjective is showing the possession. my,
our, your, his, her, its, their.
Examples
a. What is your father?
b. Indonesia is our lovely country.
c. Her father has gone.
d. My father is a farmer.
8. An Interrogative Adjective is asking which or what thing
is meant.
Examples:
a. What language do you speak?
b. Tell me what book does all read?
c. Which horse do you prefer?
d. Which girl did you meet yesterday?
42
e. What time is it now?
f. Whose blanket is that?
g. Whose pencil is on the table?
How adjectives are formed

1. Some adjectives are original or primary words.
Examples:
• Dry, hot, quick, wet, long, short, etc.
2. Some adjectives are formed by adding a letter of syllable
to some noun, and occasionally, though less frequently, to
some other adjective or less frequently still to some verb
or adverb.
(a) Adjectives formed from Nouns
Noun Adjective Noun Adjective
Fear Fearless Haste Hasty
Hope Hopeful Part Partial
Hopeless
Grace Graceful Rome Roman
Life Lifelike Sale Saleable
Child Childlike Infant Infantile
Childhood Infantine
Wood Wooden Glory Glorious
|
Woman Womanish China Chinese
Womanly
Fool Foolish Gold Golden
(b) Adjectives formed from other Adjectives

Two Twofold Dramatic Dramatically
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Many Many fold Periodic Periodical
Full Fulsome Politic Political
Four Fourteen Forty Pale Polish
Whole Wholesome Red Reddish
Middle Middling Tacit Taciturn
Tragic Tragically Poor Poorly
(c) Adjectives formed from Verbs

Cease Ceaseless Talk Talkative
Resist Resistless Snap Snappish
Tire Tiresome Move Movable
(d) Adjectives formed from Adverbs

Up Upright Fore Foreword
Down Downright In Inward
Fro Fro ward On On most
44
EXERCISE
Pick out all the adjectives in the following sentence, and

which class each of them belongs!
1. Sunday is the first day of the week
2. Don’t be in such a hurry
3. He has lost all his wealth
4. We have had enough exercises
5. Jakarta is a big city
6. Each boy must take his turn
7. I have taught you many things
8. You have no sense
9. Most boys like football
10. Which way shall we go?
45
Lesson 9
DEGREES OF COMPARISON
There are three degrees of comparison of Adjectives:

1. Positive Degree,
2. Comparative Degree,
3. Superlative Degree.
1. THE POSITIVE denotes the simple quality.
Examples:
a. My pencil is long.
b. Ahmad is tall.
c. She is beautiful.
2. THE COMPARATIVE denotes a higher degree of the
quality.
Examples:
a. Your pencil is longer than mine
b. Anto is taller than Ahmad.
c. My picture is more beautiful than yours.
3. THE SUPERLATIVE denotes the highest degree of the
quality.
Examples:
a. Ali’s pencil is the longest of all.
b. Zaid is the tallest student in this class.
c. Who is the most beautiful girl?
A. REGULAR COMPARATIVES
There are two regular methods of forming the
comparative and superlative degree of Comparison:
46
1. by adding the adverbs more and most before the
Positive,
a. This the method generally used for adjectives of two
syllables with the accent on the first syllable.
Example:
Positive Comparative Superlative
Hopeful More Hopeful Most Hopeful
Learned More Learned Most Learned
Stupid More Stupid Most Stupid
Obscure More Obscure Most Obscure
b. It is the only method used for adjectives of more
those two syllables.
Example:
Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful
Interesting More Interesting Most Interesting
Frightening More Frightening Most Frightening
Magnificent More Magnificent Most Magnificent
2. By adding er and est. to the Positive. This is called the
Flexional method. Observe the following rules:
a. If the Positive ends in two consonants or in a single
consonant preceded by a long vowel, it incurs no
change of spelling when er and est are added:
Small Smaller Smallest
Thick Thicker Thickest
Great Greater Greatest
Deep Deeper Deepest
47
b. If the Positive ends in single consonant, and this
consonant is preceded by a short vowel, the final
consonant is doubled before er and est:
Thin Thinner Thinnest
Glad Gladder Gladdest
Wet Wetter Wettest
Hot Hotter Hottest
c. If the Positive ends in e, we add r and st, not er and
est:
Brave Braver Bravest
True Truer Truest
Fine Finer Finest
White Whiter Whitest
d. If the Positive ends in y, and the y is preceded by a
consonant, the y is changed to i before er and est. But
if the y is preceded by a vowel, it is not changed.
Happy Happier Happiest
Dry Drier Driest
Grey Greyer Greyest
Gay Gayer Gayest
Note : The only syllables in which er and est are
commonly used are:
a. Those endings in le, as humble, noble, simple, etc.
b. Those endings in y, as happy, early, dirty, etc
c. Those endings in er, as tender, bitter, clever, etc.
48
Such words as supple, subtle, docile, fragile, eager, are
exceptions here you must use more and most.
B. IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES

Good Better Best
Bad, ill Worse Worst
Little Less Least
Much More Most
Many More Most
Hind Hinder Hindmost
Old Older Oldest
Elder Eldest
Late Later Latest
Latter Lattest
Fore Former Formost
First
Further Furthest
There are five words which are adverb in the Positive
degree, but adjectives in the comparative and Superlative:
Far Farther Farthest
In Inner Innemost
Inmost
Up Upper Uppermost
Out Outer Utmost
Utter Uttermost
(Be) neath Nether Nethermost
Note: Among Descriptive Adjectives there are some
49
which from the nature of their meaning cannot
have degrees of Comparison:
a. Shape, as round, square, oblong, triangular, four
footed.
b. Material, as golden, vegetable, leathern, etc.
c. Time, as weekly, annual, monthly, hourly, etc
d. Place, as Kentish, Canadian, insular, etc.
e. Natural objects, as solar, lunar, sidereal
f. Qualities in the highest degree, as perfect, eternal.
g. Qualities in a moderate degree, as reddish, polish,
etc.
EXERCISE
Point out the Adjectives and name the Degree of Comparison
of each:
1. Make less noise
2. My knife is sharper than yours
3. No news is good news
4. I promise you a fair hearing
5. The interior walls of the house are made of wood
6. Hary is the idlest boy in the class
7. I have not heard the latest news
8. The inner meaning of this letter is not clear
9. This man is an utter fool
10. Do not talk much nonsense
50
Lesson 10
THE PARSING OF ADJECTIVES
To parse an adjective you have to show three different

things about it:
a. Of -what kind it is, whether Proper, Numeral, etc.
b. Of what degree it is, whether Positive, Comparative, or
Superlative.
c. What its use is, whether an Epithet or Predicative; and
if an epithet what it qualifies.
Note:
1. An Adjective is used as an epithet when it directly
qualifies a noun pronoun as a big bird,
2. An Adjective is used predicatively, when it is part of
the verb indirectly as:
• This house is large
• They made the house large.
Examples:
1. A good book has just been bought.
A : Demonstrative adjective (indefinite article)
Good : Descriptive (qualitative) adjective, positive
degree, used as an epithet to qualify the
noun book.
2. This house is larger than that.
This : Demonstrative adjective, used as an epithet
to qualify the noun house.
Larger : Descriptive adjective, comparative degree,
used predicatively as complement to the
verb is
3. The three men had each his gun, and the tallest of them
seemed young.
51
The : Demonstrative adjective (Definite article).
Three : Numeral adjective (cardinal), used as an
epithet to qualify the noun men.
Each : Distributive adjective, used as an epithet to
qualify The noun man understood.
His : Possessive adjective, qualifying the noun
gun.
Tallest : Descriptive adjective, superlative degree,
used as an epithet to qualify the no un man
understood.
Young : Descriptive adjective, positive degree, user
predicatively as complement to the verb
seemed.
52
Lesson 11
THE KINDS OF ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb,

adjective or other adverb, e.g.:
• The very good runner ran too quickly for me.
There are seven kinds of adverbs:
1. Adverb of manner,
2. Adverb of place,
3. Adverb of time,
4. Adverb of frequency,
5. Adverb of degree,
6. Interrogative adverb,
7. Relative adverb.
Explanation:
1. AN ADVERB OF MANNER is qualifying the manner.
Examples:
a. He acted thus.
b. I did my work slowly, but surely.
c. We speak English well.
d. That train goes very fast.
2. AN ADVERB OF PLACE is according to the place.
Examples:
a. We must rest here, and not there.
b. I saw your hat somewhere.
c. My father does not go up in the lift.
d. She came near.
53
3. AN ADVERB OF TIME is according the time
Examples:
a. My sister will soon be here.
b. The teacher has already come.
c. Then he began the lesson.
d. She will meet you today.
4. AN ADVERB OF FREQUENCY is qualifying the frequency
of time.
Examples:
a. We are always in time for meals.
b. They sometimes stay up all night.
c. You have often been told not to do that.
d. I know I should take exercise but I never do.
5. AN ADVERB OF DEGREE is qualifying the degree
Examples:
a. It was too hot to study.
b. I quite understand your speech.
c. That box is not big enough.
d. I had only two apples.
6. AN INTERROGATIVE ADVERB is denoting the question.
Examples:
a. Where is my pen?
b. When has your mother come?
c. Wherefore does she weep?
d. Why did you say this?
7. A RELATIVE ADVERB is joining the sentences.

Examples:
a. This is the place where (= in which) I dwell.
b. She does not tell me when she will come,
54
c. I know the teacher who teaches you Arabic.
d. We don’t understand why you left us.
THE COMPARISON OF ADVERBS
The comparative and superlative forms.

1. With adverbs of two or more syllables the comparative
is formed by putting MORE before the adverb, and the
superlative by putting MOST before the adverb:
Quickly More quickly Most quickly
Simply More simply Most simply
Humbly More humbly Most humbly
Shortly More shortly Most shortly
Fortunately Fortunately Most fortunately
Sincerely Sincerely Most sincerely
Extremely Extremely Most extremely
Sensibly Sensibly Most sensibly
2. Single-syllable adverbs, however, and the adverb early

add er, est.
Hard Harder Hardest
Fast Faster Fastest
Near Nearer Nearest
Long Longer Longest
55
Irregular Comparisons
Well Better Best
Badly Worse Worst
Late Later Last
Little Less Least
Much More Most
EXERCISE
Choose the correct adverbs in the following sentences
1. The birds `fly (high/highly).
2. His father is (high/highly) respected in this village.
3. One of the students always comes (late/lately).
4. My sister has not got any mails (late/lately).
5. Please don’t go too (near/nearly) the edge of the
bridge.
Pick out the adverbs and classify each of each adverbs!

1. He is too shy
2. That is well said
3. I have heard this before
4. Her son is out in Iran
5. I surely expect him tomorrow
6. He went off on Monday
7. He looked up
8. The child slept soundly
9. We often make mistakes
10. The sea is very stormy
56
Lesson 12
THE PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word which is used with a noun or

pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the
sentence.
Examples:
- I looked through the window.
- He spoke to me.
- I had a letter from her.
- They sit on the chairs.
The preposition always governs a noun or pronoun in the
objective case, so you should write:
- The prize was divided between you and me.
- This is the boy whom I gave it to.
The same word may be used as a preposition or as an
adverb, but the preposition always governs the noun or its
equivalent, the adverb modifies the verb.
Prepositions Adverbs
His hat is on his head He put his hat on
He walked past the door He walked past
We are in the room Come in
SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL PREPOSITIONS

About, after, against, at, between, by, for, from, in, into, of,
on, to, with.
NOTES ON SOME PREPOSITIONS
1. AT, IN. At refers to a point of time. In to a larger space
57
of time, e.g.
• He came at 10 o’clock in the morning.
Similarly for a small place we use at, e.g.
2. BESIDE = by the side of, e.g.
• He sat beside his wife.
BESIDE = in addition, e.g.
• There are others besides you
3. BY and WITH. By is generally used for the person. With
for the instrument, e.g.
• Caesar was stabbed with a sword by Brutus
4. BETWEEN and AMONG. Between is generally used for
two, among for more than two, e.g.
a. The sweets were divided between the two children.
b. The sweets were divided among the five children.
5. SINCE and FOR. Since is used for a point of time, for is
used for a period of time, e.g.
a. Since 1982
b. I have been here since August.
c. I have been here for three years.
6. FOR and BEFORE. In a negative sentence for is used for
a period of time, and before for a point of time, thus:
a. He will not be here for an hour yet.
b. He will not be here before seven o’clock
7. IN and INTO. In denotes position or rest, whilst Into
denotes motion, e.g.
• A student walked into the room in which we were
sitting.
58
8. IN and WITHIN When referring to time, in denotes the
close of a period, within denotes a time less that the
close of the period, e.g.
a. I shall return in a yearns time (= after a year)
b. I shall return within a year (= before a year has
elapsed).
PREPOSITION AFTER CERTAIN WORDS

Certain words are generally followed by particular
prepositions. Very often, especially with verbs that are
frequently used, many prepositions are used each one giving
a different meaning to the verb.
1. Prepositions after verbs:
Examples:
- I agree to that proposal.
- A agree with your parent.
- He falls in love with Indonesian.
2. Prepositions after adjectives or participles.
Examples:
- The teacher is not angry with us
- She is eager for promotion.
- I’m sick of playing volley ball.
3. Prepositions after nouns.
Examples:
- Antipathy to Ahmad she doesn’t come here.
- Arrival in Japan I call you.
- What is the use of it?
59
EXERCISE
Supply ‘in’, ‘on’, or ‘at’ to the following sentences!
1. We are taking our holiday ……. July next year.
2. I’ll meet you ……. ten o’clock …… Friday.
3. The children are ……. the waiting room.
4. What will you be doing ……. New years’ day?
5. I will see you …..… the station …….. 9 o’clock
tomorrow.
6. Mrs. Fatimah is good …… English.
Choose the correct preposition!

1. The man swam (over/across) the river.
2. I put the wallet (beside/besides) this book.
3. The boy sat (between/among) his father and mother.
4. My uncle was (between/among) the demonstrators.
5. I go to school (with/on) foot.
6. Your bag is different (with/from) mine.
7. Mother is cutting the flowers (with/by) a knife.
8. My uncle is angry (to/with) her.
60
Lesson 13
THE CONJUNCTION
The conjunction is a word that joins words or sentences

together.
Examples:
a. James and I went away at four o’clock.
b. He is poor, but honest.
c. She is both wise and good.
d. He is neither wise nor good.
e. My father says, that this book is mine.
f. She doesn’t go to school, because she is sick.
g. I cleaned my house well, before my father came.
h. The mice will play, while the cat is away.
THERE ARE TWO KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS

1. CO-ORDINATING conjunctions join sentences of equal
rank, e.g. And, both, but, either. or.
Some CO-ORDINATING conjunctions go in pairs, e.g. Both-
and, so-as, either-or, neither-nor.
2. SUBORDINATING conjunctions join subordinate clauses to
the main clause, e.g.
a. I will do the work if I have time.
b. He said that he could go.
Note:
• Care must be taken not to confound a conjunction
with and adverb, or with a preposition, or with any
other part of speech.
• There is no fear of any confusion, if the student will
ask himself,
61
• what work does the word do in the sentence before
him ?
• If it joins one word or sentence to another word or
sentence, it is a conjunction.
• It is shows in what relation one thing stands to
another thing, or
• what one thing has to do with another thing, it is a
preposition.
• If it qualifies some word, it is an adverb.
Examples:
a. We will go after you have dined (Conj.)
b. We will go after dinner (Prep.)
c. He came a few days after (Adv.).
d. Do what you like; only keep quiet (Conj.).
e. I heard of this only yesterday (Adv.).
f. The only dog she had was stolen (Adj.).
EXERCISE
Fill each blanks in the following sentences with an
appropriate conjunction!
1. Three ………..three make six.
2. Water ……….oil will not mix.
3. Catch me……….you can.
4. She writes slowly……….neatly.
5. Is that the story true………false?
6. I will stay………..you return.
7. Don’t go……….I come.
8. Live well…….you may die well.
62
Lesson 14
THE INTERJECTION
The interjection is used to express some sudden feeling,

but not enter into the construction of the sentence.
The usual interjections or exclamations are:
• Oh!
• Alas!
• Ah!
• What!
• Hush !
• Well done!
• Hello !
• Hurrah !
• Good heavens!
• How pretty !
• How interesting !
• Etc.
Note: that they always have an exclamation mark (!) after

them.
63
Lesson 15
THE PARSING OF ADVEBS, PREPOSITION AND
CONJUNCTION
1. To parse an adverb you must show four different things

concerning it:
a. Of what kind it is.
b. In what degree of comparison it is.
c. What its use is, whether attributive or Predicative, and
if Attribute, what word it qualifies.
Note:
❖ An adverb is used attributively, when it directly
qualifies some adjective, verb, preposition,
conjunction, or other adverb, as-
a. This boy is remarkably clever (Adj.)
b. A snake moves silent through the grass (Verb).
c. His cleverness is decidedly above the average
(Pre.).
d. He is despaired merely because he is poor (Conj.).
e. He sings unusually well (Adverb).
❖ An adverb is used predicatively, when it is part of

the predicate, that is, when it is the complement to
some verb, as –
a. The results are out.
b. The holidays are over.
Examples:
a. He runs more quickly than you.
More quickly is Adverb of manner, comparative
degree, used attributively to qualify the verb runs.
64
b. I have not seen the house where you life.
Where is Relative adverb qualifying; the verb live in its
own sentence, and having house for its antecedent
c. We go away.
Away is Adverb of place, used predicatively as
complement to the verb go.
How to parse Prepositions and Conjunctions?

Care must be taken to distinguish prepositions and
conjunctions from each other and from adverbs. The way to
distinguish them is to ask yourself, what work does the word
do in the sentence?
Examples:
a. I have seen this man before (Adverb)
Before is Adverb of time qualifying have seen.
b. He stood before the door (Preposition).
Before is Preposition having door for its object.
c. The rain fell before we reached home (Conj.)
Before is Conjunction joining its own sentence we
reached home to the sentence the rain fell.
Note :
a. In parsing a conjunction say what words or what
sentences it joins together.
b. The distinction between coordinating and Subordinating
conjunctions does not belong to Parsing, but to Analysis.
65
Lesson 16
THE KINDS OF VERBS
A verb is a word which we can make an assertion what is

asserted is either an action or state,
Examples:
a. I hit the ball (action)
b. He is asleep (state).
c. The cloud moved across the sky (action)
d. Popeye was a great sailor (state)
THREE KINDS OF VERBS

1. Transitive Verb:
A verb used transitively denotes an action, that is
directed towards some person or thing, which is called its
subject:
a. The man killed a snake.
b. I see a ship coming.
c. She bashed the child.
2. Intransitive Verb:
A verb used intransitively denotes an action that stops
with the doer, and concerns no person or thing except the
doer.
a. Men sleep to preserve, life
b. Let us stop here a little.
c. School opens at seven o’clock.
3. Auxiliary Verb:
An auxiliary verb is one help other verbs to form some of
their parts:
a. I have slept well.
66
b. He will study hard
c. I shall have been going.
LIST OF AUXILIARY VERBS WITH

THEIR PRINCIPAL PARTS
Infinitive Present Past Tense Past

Tense Participle
Be to be am, is, Was, were Been
Have To have arehas
Have, Had Had
Do To do Do, does Did Done
Can To be able Can Could Been able
Am/is/are Was/were
Able Able
May May Might
Must To Have to Must Had to Had to
Need To need Need Didn’t need Needed
Will Will Would
Shall Shall Should
Ought Ought Ought
Dare To dare Dare Dared Dared
Used Used
67
68
Muizzuddin
English Grammar
For Class Four
TARBIYATUL MUA’ALIMIN/ MUALLIMAT AL-ISLAMIYAH

PONDOK PESANTREN DARUNNAJAH
JAKARTA
English Grammar Class Four
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
For Class Four
Compiler
Muizzuddin
Cetakan 2017
Published by:
Ponpes Darunnajah
Telp: (021) 7350187 Ext.244 Fax (021) 73886529
www.darunnajah.com
2
PREFACE
Praise be to Allah. Lord of the worlds, and may His blessing

and peace be upon Muhammad, His servant and His
messenger.
It was the Instruction Section of TMI Darunnajah who
asked me to prepare two Grammar Books for students of
Darunnajah who are in the fourth year class and fifth year class
of TMI. Although I felt it hard enough to do this in a short time,
I fully tried to finish it as scheduled.
The purpose of this book is to help students know
Grammar items and understand points of Grammar and usage
simply and effectively.
The teaching method of English Grammar is like the
teaching method of Arabic Grammar (al-nahwu al-wadhih).
I believe that this book is not perfect yet. So I would be
grateful to have some suggestion and constructive criticism in
order this book will be better.
Darunnajah, December 19, 1993
Muizzuddin
3
CONTENTS
Preface ….…………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Contents …..………………………………………………………………………………. 4
Simple Present Tenses ………..……………………………………………………. 5
Present Continuous Tenses ……………………………………………………….. 9
Present Perfect Tenses ………………………………………………………………. 15
Present Perfect Continuous Tenses ……………………………………………. 20
Differences Between Present Perfect Tenses
And Present Perfect Continuous Tenses ……………………………….. 22
Simple Past Tenses ………………………………..………………………………….. 25
Differences Between Present Perfect Tenses
And Simple Past Tenses ……….……………………………………………….. 28
Past Continuous Tenses …………..……………………………………………….. 31
Past Perfect Tenses ……………………..……………………………………………. 34
Past Perfect Continuous Tenses ………….………………………………………. 38
Simple Future Tenses …………………………………………………………………. 41
Future Continuous Tenses …………………………………………………………. 44
Future Perfect Tenses ……………………………………………………………….. 48
Future Perfect Continuous Tenses …………..…………………………………. 50
Recognizing Passive Voices …………….………………………………………….. 53
Forms of Passive Voice Derived
From Present Tenses ……………………………………………………………. 55
From Past Tenses ……….………………………………………………………… 57
From Future Tenses …….……………………………………………………….. 59
Reported Speech Derived From Statements ………….…………………… 61
Reported Speech Derived From Questions ………….…………………….. 66
Reported Speech Derived From Commands …………..…………………… 69
General References ……………………………………………………………………. 71
References of Every Lesson …………………..………………………………….. 72
4
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES
Example :
1. ( + ) Evi brushes her teeth everyday.
( - ) Evi doesn’t brush her teeth everyday.
( ? ) Does Evi brush her teeth everyday ?
( + ) We eat three times a day.
( - ) We don’t eat three times a day.
( ? ) Do we eat three times a day ?
( + ) He is a student.
( - ) He isn’t a student.
( ? ) Is he a student ?
2. He gets up at 4.45 o’clock everyday.
3. The earth goes around the sun.
4. His planes leaves at 9 o’clock tomorrow.
Class begins at 7 o’clock.
5. The badminton player sends the shuttlecock over the
net.
6. I remember him
She loves her children.
Notice the sentences above. You see the forms of the
simple presents tense. This tense takes the first form of a verb
by adding s/es when it is used with the third person in the
affirmative sentence, ‘do not/ does not is put after the subject
in the negative sentence, ’do’/’does’ is put before the subject
in the interrogative sentence.
Now look at the uses of the simple present tense. The
simple present tense in sentence number 2 is used to express
the habitual action. The simple present tense in sentence
number 3 is used to express the general truth. The simple
present tense in sentence number 4 is used to express the
5
planned future action usually on the definite schedule or the

timetable. The simple present tense in sentence number 5 is
used to express the commentary on the game or the play. The
simple present tense in sentence number 6 is used to express
the state or the condition.
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the simple present tense:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I work I do not work Do I work?
You You You
We We We
They They They
He works He doesn’t works Does he work?
She She She
it It It
I am a student I am not a student Am I a student?
He is a student He is not a student Is he a student?
It is a pen is not a pen Is it a pen?
2. The simple present tense expresses:
a. The habitual action
b. The general truth
c. The planned future action
d. The commentary on the game or the play.
e. The state or the condition
The diagram of the present tense:

Now
Past Future
6
EXERCISE
A. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present tense,
then change the sentences into the negative, and the
interrogative!
1. Mr. Ubay (teach) Grammar.
2. We (study) Grammar once a week.
3. Evi (be) a good student.
4. She (speak) English Fluently.
5. Fina and Nila (go) to market.
6. The Flowers (look) fresh.
7. Yesi (dress) very smartly everyday.
8. Aisyah (become) the best student.
9. My father (visit) me on Sunday at the end of the
month.
10. Those policemen often (direct) traffic.
11. They ( be) farmers.
12. Dodi (like) oranges.
13. Evi (study) very hard.
14. He (be) sick.
15. They (go) to bed at ten o’clock.
B. Choose the correct verb in brackets. Use the simple

present forms! Then mention the expression of every
sentence!
1. We (calls, called, call) our friends to gather in the hall.
2. Emma (sleep, sleeps, sleeping) in her new bedroom.
3. They (look, looks, looked) at birds in the garden.
4. Yusuf (comes, came, come) home from school by bike.
5. I (meets, met, meet) the dentist every six months.
6. He (repaired, repair, repairs) my laptop.
7. Cats (catch, catches, catching) mice.
8. The stores (open, opens, opened) at nine in England.
7
9. Sneijder (throw, threw, throws) the ball to Zanetti.

10. Nile river (flow, flows, flowing) through many African
countries.
8
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Example:
1. ( + ) Fitri is sitting now.
( - ) Fitri is not sitting now.
( ? ) Is Fitri sitting now?
2. Rahmi is writing the letter right now.
3. La Rose is writing a novel this month.
4. My English is getting better.
5. He is coming home tomorrow
I am going to Aceh next week.
6. She is always leaving the door open.
Look at the sentence given here. You see the forms of

the present continuous tense. This tense takes the forms
‘is/am/are/Verb1 + ing’ in the affirmative sentence, ‘not’ is put
after is/am/are in the negative sentence, ‘is/am/are’ is put
before the subject in the interrogative sentence.
Pay attention to the uses of the present continuous
tense. The present continuous tense in sentence number 2 is
used to express the continuous action in the present which
lasts short duration. The present continuous tense in number 3
is used to express the continuous action around the present
which lasts long duration (general nature). The present
continuous tense in number 4 is used to tell the changing
situation. The present continuous tense in sentence number 5
is used to tell the planned future action (Near future action).
The present continuous tense in sentence number 6 is used to
tell the obstinate habit which happens unexpectedly or
annoying usually used with always, constantly, forever.
9
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the present continuous tense:

I am working I am not working Am I working?
He He he
She is working She is not working Is she working?
It It It
We are working We are not working Are we working?
You are working You are not working Are you working?
They are working They are not working Are they working?
2. The present continuous tense expresses:

a. The continuous action in the present.
b. The continuous action around the present.
c. The changing situation.
d. The planned future action.
e. The obstinate habit.
The diagram of the present continuous tense:
start Now Finish?
Past Future
10
EXERCISE
A. Put the verb in the brackets into the present continuous
tense, then change the sentences into the negative, and the
interrogative!
1. Ira (telephone) right now
2. Your pronunciation (get) better.
3. The teacher (explain) the lesson the moment.
4. They (wash) the clothes.
5. I (Type) the letter tonight.
6. Someone (knock) the door now.
7. Mrs. Khodijah (live) in Jakarta now.
8. The children (make) paper decorations.
9. That man (complain) about the poor service.
10. The player (pass) the ball to his team-mate.
11. Robi (talk) to his brother in the hall.
12. The baby (sleep) know.
13. It (rain) now
14. We (try) to improve our work habits.
15. She (write) another book this month.
B. Mixed Exercise:
Use either the simple present tense or the present
continuous tense!
1. Ria (eat) some fruit everyday.
2. We (do) the exercise.
3. Don’t make so much noise. I (study).
4. Listen! Ina (sing).
5. Novia (not, understand) the new lesson.
6. Stop making so much noise! I (study).
7. The child (like) the toy very much. He (play) with it now.
8. It (rain) heavily. She (not, want) to go out now.
9. She (wish) to speak to Ery. She (wait) inside.
11
10. Ari (take) a bath now. She (sing) at the top of her voice.
11. Don’t disturb us! I (not, bring) an umbrella. I hope he
(bring) it now.
12. I (have) a lot of work. I (try) to finish it today, but I (not
think) that I can.
13. I (have) a lot of work. I (try) to finish today, but I (not
think) that I can.
14. A: What (you, do) every morning?
a. B: I (eat) breakfast every morning.
15. Tono (fix) the roof of this house today, and he (need)
some help. Can you help me?
16. I (not, own) an umbrella. I (wear) raincoat on rainy
days.
17. Oh. I (not, know). I (not, recognize) her.
18. Hurry ! The bus (come). I (not, want) to miss it.
19. They usually (grow) vegetables in their garden, but this
year they (not, grow) any.
20. I (not, understand) the word ‘license’. What (license,
mean).
C. Choose the correct verb in brackets. Use the present

continuous forms! Then mention the expression of every
sentence!
1. Nia (am swimming, is swimming, are swimming) in the

lake now.
2. I (is reading, am reading, are reading) ‘full moon’ this
week.
3. My teacher (is riding, am riding, are riding) his new
‘Scoopy’ now.
4. The buildings in Darunnajah (is getting, are getting, am
getting) higher and higher.
12
5. My uncle (are cutting, is cutting, am cutting) the grass at

the moment.
6. My mother (am making, Is making, are making) some
pancakes for me tomorrow.
7. He (are always snoring, am always snoring, is snoring) in
his sleep.
8. Heidy and Zakiah (is saving, are saving, am saving) their
money this month for a new computer.
9. My brother (is taking, am taking, are taking) a shower
right now.
10. The children (are swapping, is swapping, am swapping)
pictures at the moment.
Note :
Continuous tenses are also called progressive tenses.
VERBS NEVER USED IN CONTINUOUS TENSES

1. Mental state:
know believe imagine want
realize fell doubt need
understand suppose remember prefer
recognize think forget mean
2. Emotional state:
Love Heat Fear Mind
Like Dislike Envy Care
appreciate
3. Possession:
Possess Have Own Belong
4. Sense of perceptions:
Taste Hear See Smell
Feel
13
5. Other existing state:

Seem Cost Be Consist of
Look Owe Exist Contain
Appear Weight Include
14
PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
Example:
1. (+) Imam has lost his key
(-) Imam has not lost his key
(?) Has Imam lost his key?
(+) Helmy and Ubay have lost their keys
(-) Helmy and Ubay have not lost their keys.
(?) Have Helmy and Ubay lost their keys?
(+) Ira has been sick for three weeks.
(-) Ira has not been sick for three weeks.
(?) Has Ira been sick for three weeks?
2. Rani has met Rina before
3. A: Would you like something to eat?
B: No, thanks. I have just had lunch.
4. I have waited for him for two hours
I have waited for him since two hours ago.
5. I have drunk three cups of milk today.
6. Mrs. Ifah has flown on an airplane many times
7. She has met a lot of famous people.
Ubay is the most intelligent person I have met.
This is the first time I have visited Bali.
Deni has never driven a car before.
Notice sentence number 1. You see the forms of the

present perfect tense. This tense takes the form
‘have/has+verb’ or ‘have/has+been+non verb in the
affirmative sentence. ‘Not’ is put after ‘have/has’ in the
negative sentence, ‘have/has’ is put before the subject in the
interrogative sentence.
Now look at the uses of the present perfect tense. The
present perfect tense in sentence number 2 is used to tell the
15
action in the indefinite past time. The present perfect tense in

sentence number 3 is used to tell the recently completed
action usually expressed with ‘just’. The present perfect tense
in sentence number 4 is used to tell the period of time
extending into the present expressed with ‘for’ or ‘since’. The
present perfect tense in sentence number 5 is used to tell the
period extending into the present expressed with ‘this
morning’, ‘this evening’, ‘today’, ‘this week’, ‘this month’, ‘this
semester’, ‘this year’. The present perfect tense in sentence
number 6 is used to tell the repetition of the action before
now that may occur in the future. The present perfect tense in
sentence number 7 is used to tell the personal experience
usually expressed with the superlative first/second/ ….. time,
never.
Summary:
1. The forms of the present perfect tense.
I have worked. I have not worked. Have I worked?
You have worked. You have not worked. Have you worked?
We have worked. We have not worked Have we worked?
They have worked. They have not worked. Have they worked?

He has worked He has not worked Has he worked?
She has worked She has not worked Has she worked?
It has worked It has not worked Has it worked?
I have been ill I have not been ill. Have I been ill?
You have been ill. You have not been ill. Have you been ill?
We have been ill. We have not worked Have we been ill?
They have been ill. They have not been ill. Have they been ill?
He has been ill. He has not been ill. Has he been ill.?
She has been ill. She has not been ill. Has she been ill.?
It has been ill. It has not been ill. Has it been ill.?
16
2. The present perfect tense expresses:

a. The action in the indefinite past time.
b. The recently completed action.
c. The period of the time extending into the present.
d. The repetition of activity before now.
e. The personal experience.
The diagram of the present perfect tense:
Time ? Now
Past future
now
past future
now
Past future
17
EXERCISE
A. Put the verbs in the brackets into the present perfect tense,
then change the sentences into the negative, and the
interrogative!
1. My Father (go) to Mecca several times.
2. I (read) ten pages of the book.
3. My family (live) in Semarang since 1995.
4. We (study) English for four years.
5. I (finish) my home work.
6. Mia (telephone) twice today.
7. Rahmi (be) a student of Darunnajah for 4 year.
8. Huda (be) here.
9. I (sleep) for six hours.
10. Adi (be) absent since Monday.
11. You (know) Ali a long time.
12. My uncle (give) me some books.
13. I (do) a lot of work today.
14. I (write) to my sister.
15. Yosi ( lose ) her way.
B. Change the verb in brackets, use the present perfect form!

Then mention the expression of every sentence!
1. Latifa (to send) me an e-mail.
2. Noval (to watch) the football game on TV for an hour ago.
3. My body is wet, I (just, to swim) in the river.
4. My brother (to eat) two Burgers today.
5. This is the most interesting book I (ever, read)
18
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Example:
1. (+) Mr. Huda has been working for that company
(‒) Mr. Huda has not been working for that company since
1990.
(?) Has Mr. Huda been working for that company since
1990?
(+) They have been studying here for three years.

(‒) They have not been studying here for three years.
(?) Have they been studying here for three years?
2. You are out of breath, Have you been running?
3. A : You look tired.
B : Yes, I have been working all night.
4. C : Why are you so dirty?
D : I have been playing football.
5. Fatma has been sitting here for an hour.
6. The boys have been playing football since for o’clock.
Look at the sentence given here. You see the forms of

the present perfect continuous tense. This tense takes the
forms ‘have/has + been Verb1 + ing’ in the affirmative
sentence, ‘not’ is put after have/has in the negative sentence,
‘have/has’ is put before the subject in the interrogative
sentence.
Now look at the uses of the present perfect continuous
tense. The present perfect continuous tense in sentences
number 2-4 is used to tell the action began in the past and has
recently stopped. The present perfect continuous tense in
sentence number 5 is used to tell the duration of the action
that began in the past and continuous to the present. In this
19
case the present perfect continuous tense is expressed with

how long, for, and since.
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the present perfect continuous tense :

 I have been  I have not been  Have I been
working working. working?
 You have been  You have not been  Have you been
working. working. working?
 We have been  We have not been  Have we been
working. working working?
 They have been  They have not been  Have they been
 He has been  He has not been  has he been
working working. working?
 She has been  She has not been  has she been
 It has been  it has not been  Has it been
working. working working?
2. The present perfect continuous tense tells:

a. The action began in the past and has just stopped.
b. The duration of the action that began in the past and
continuous to the present.
The diagram of the present perfect continuous tense:
Now
Past Future
future
Now
now
20
past future
Past
future
Now
now
past Futurefuture
(Recently)
EXERCISE
Put the verbs in the brackets into the present perfect
continuous tense, then change the sentences into the negative,
and the interrogative!
1. Rahmi (study) English since 1987
2. The doorbell (ring) for a long time.
3. Novi ( look) for my friend since yesterday.
4. I (wait) for my friend since 2 hours ago.
5. Mr. Nasrun (teach) English for more than ten years.
6. She (do) housework all morning.
7. I (stand) in this queue for ages.
8. They (play) football since for o’clock.
9. I (shop) there for three years.
10. He (live) next door quite a long time.
21
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRESENT PERFECT TENSES

AND PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Example:
1. Present perfect tense:
Mr. Huda has driven for ten years.
Present perfect continuous tense:
Mr. Huda has been driving for ten years.
Dian has known Nisa since 1988.
My father has always worked hard.
Present perfect continuous tense:
Mrs. Yusi has been living in Ulujami since July.
Helmi has written ten letters today.
Present perfect continuous tense :
Dibyo has been writing letter all day.
The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. Eko has painted the
ceiling.
Present continuous tense:
Eko’s clothes are covered in paint. He has been painting
the ceiling.
The present perfect tense and the present perfect

continuous tense in the sentence number 1 can be used
together in same meaning, when both tenses all the action
over along period.
The present perfect tense in sentence number 2 is used
instead of the present perfect continuous tense when the
sentence contain a verb never used in continuous tenses.
22
The present perfect tense in sentence number 3 tells

the situation that exists for a long time. This is usually
expressed with, ‘always’. The present perfect continuous tense
in sentence 3 tells the situation over a shorter time.
The present perfect tense in sentence number 4 tells
how much, how many things, and how many times, while the
present perfect continuous tense tells how long.
The present perfect tense in sentence number 5
emphasizes the result, while the present prefect continuous
tense emphasizes the action.
SUMMARY:
1. There are some basic differences between present
perfect tenses and present perfect continuous tense.
2. The present perfect tense tells:
a. The action repeated over along period.
b. The verb never used in continuous tenses.
c. The situation that exists for along time.
d. How much, how many things, how many times.
e. The result.
3. The present perfect continuous tense tells:
a. The action repeated over along time.
b. The situation over a shorter time.
c. How long.
d. The action.
EXERCISE
Use either the present perfect continuous tense or the present
continuous tense, Then explain if you can use both!
1. Lina (read) for two hours.
2. Rahmi (read) 50 pages of the book so far.
3. A: I am sorry for being late.
B: That is all right. I (not, wait) long.
23
4. Look! Somebody (break) that window.

5. There is strange smell in here. (You, cook) something ?
6. Susi (be) sick for ten days.
7. I am tired. I (walk) all day.
8. Oh. Dewi ! we (look) for you for two hours.
9. How long (you, study) here?
10. He (be) student of Darunnajah since 1998.
11. Nila (understand) the lesson.
12. My uncle (be) in Jakarta for 5 months.
13. You (break) my pen. I am going to buy a new one.
14. That cat (sit) in that tree since I came.
15. He (listen) to the news since seven o’clock.
16. They (do) the test since eight o’clock.
17. I (wait) for two hours, but my brother (not, come) yet.
18. My mother (bake) the cake since ten minutes ago.
19. My English teacher (teach) since 1980.
20. Muslims in Bosnia (fight) since Serbia force didn’t
accept the independent states of Bosnia-Herzegovina.
24
SIMPLE PAST TENSES
Example:
1. (+) you slept well last night.
(‒) You didn’t sleep well last night.
(?) Did you sleep well last night?
(+) He was a child.

(‒) He was not a child.
(?) Was he a child?
2. I heard the good news yesterday.
He was a child ten years ago.
3. Mr. Fendy drove along the motor way for two hours.
4. He never drove faster then the speed limit.
Mrs. Dewi always gave us sweets when we went there.
They always helped us when we were in difficulty.
Notice sentence number 1. You see the forms of the

simple past tense, the simple past tense takes the second form
of the verb in the affirmative sentence. ‘Didn’t+Verb1’ is used
in the negative sentence, ‘did+subject+Verb1’ is used in the
interrogative sentence.
Now look at sentences number 2-4. The simple past
tense in sentence number 2 tells the action and the situation
in the past at the known time. The simple past tense in
sentence number 3 tells the definite period of the time in the
past. The simple past tense in sentence number 4 tells the
habitual action in the past.
Summary:
1. The forms of the simple past tense:
25

I slept. . I didn’t sleep. Did I sleep?
You slept. You didn’t sleep. Did you sleep?
We slept. We didn’t sleep. Did we sleep?
They slept. They didn’t sleep. Did they sleep?
He slept. He didn’t sleep. Did he sleep?
She slept. She didn’t sleep. Did she sleep?
it slept. It didn’t sleep. Did it sleep?
I was child I was not child Was I a child?
He was child He was not child Was he a child?
She was child She was not child Was she a child?
It was child It was not child Was it a child?
We were children We weren’t children Were we children?
You were children You were children Were you children?
They are children They are children Are they children?
2. The simple past tense tells:

a. The action and the situation in the past at the known
time.
b. The definite period of the time in the past.
c. The habitual action in the past.
The
The Diagram
Diagramofofsimple past
simple tense:
past tense:
Certain time now
Past future
26
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the brackets into the simple past tense, Then
change the sentences into the negative and the interrogative!
1. I (go) to Blok M yesterday.
2. Hadi (hit) the cat last night.
3. The cat (bit) Habibi.
4. The bell(ring) three minutes ago.
5. He (read) Qur’an this morning.
6. They (play) football yesterday evening.
7. We (do) home work well.
8. The prisoner (run) away last week.
9. The wind (blow) strongly yesterday.
10. My uncle (be) a trader ten years ago.
27
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRESENT PERFECT TENSES

AND SIMPLE PAST TENSES
Example:
 I have lost my key. Have you seen it anywhere?
Simple past tense :
 I lost my key. Did you see it anywhere?
 She has locked the door.
Simple past tense :
 She locked the door 10 minutes ago.
 She locked the door before she went out.
 Firdaus has not been sick this year.
Simple past tense:
 Firdaus was not sick last year.
 I have drunk two cups of milk today.
Simple past tense:
 I drank two cups of milk yesterday.
The present perfect tense and the simple past tense in

the sentence number 1 are same in the use. When the present
perfect tense is used to announce the recent happening, and
the simple past tense denotes the action which took place in
the past for which the time is understood but not stated.
to tell the action in the past at unspecified time, while the
simple past tense is used to tell the action in the past at the
specified time.
28

to show the action that has a connection with the present,
while the simple past tense shows only about the past.
The present perfect tense in sentence number 4 tells the
period of the time that continuous up to the present, while the
simple past tense tells the finished time in the past.
SUMMARY:
1. There are some basic differences between present perfect
tenses and simple past tense.
2. The present perfect tense tells :
a. The recent happening.
b. The action in the past at the unspecified time.
c. The action that has the connection with the present.
d. The period of the time that continues up to the
present.
3. The simple past tense tells:
a. The action in the past for which the time is understood
but not stated.
b. The action in the past at the specified time.
c. Only about the past.
d. The finished time in the past.
EXERCISE
Use either the present perfect tense or the simple past tense !
1. Hani (be) sick twice so far this year ?
2. How many time (be) Hani sick last year?
3. When you (go) to Aceh ?
4. Ow ! (Cut) my finger. It is bleeding.
5. Fuad (be) late three times this week.
6. I (not, get up) at 4.45 this morning.
7. I (catch) cold three days ago.
29
8. He (take) the test yesterday.

9. I (drink) a cup of coffee this morning.
10. I (began) to study English when I (be) ten.
30
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSES
Example:
1. (+) He was typing this time yesterday.
(‒) He was not typing this time yesterday.
(?) Was he typing this time yesterday ?
2. His old car was always breaking down.
3. He was always talking in his sleep.
4. I was reading a letter when my brother came in.
5. The teacher was standing while the student were sitting.
6. He was singing while his friend was playing a guitar.
7. He was cycling while I was walking.
Look at this sentence given here. You see the forms of

the past continuous tense. This tense takes the form
‘was/were+verb1+ing’ in the affirmative sentence, ‘not’ is put
after was/were in the negative sentence, ‘was/were’ put
Now notice the uses of the past continuous tense. The
past continuous tense in sentence number 1 is used to tell the
continuous action in the past. The past continuous tenses in
sentences number 2-3 are used to tell the habitual action in
the past. The past continuous tense in sentence number 4 is
used to tell the interrupted action. The past continuous tenses
in sentences number 5 are used to tell the two actions
happening in the past at the same time.
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the past continuous tense:
I was working I was not working Was I working?
He was working He was not working Was he working?
31

She was working She was not working Was she working?
it was working it was not working was it working?
We were working We were not working Were we working?
You were working You weren’t working Were You working
They were working They weren’t Were they working
working
2. The past continuous tells:
a. The continuous action in the past.
b. The habitual action in the past.
c. The interrupted action
d. The two actions happening in the past at the same
time.
The diagram of the past continuous tense:
Now
Past future
32
EXERCISE
Put the verbs between brackets into the past continuous tense
then change the sentences into the negative and the
interrogative!
1. The sun (shine), when they went out.
2. I (do) the exercise last week at this time.
3. Mr. Budi (repair) the watch this time yesterday.
4. We (wait) at the bus stop when Mr. Ali drove up in his new
car.
5. I (Memorize) the lesson while others were sleeping.
6. He (wash) the clothes this time yesterday.
7. It (rain) when I got up.
8. The boys scout (march) when the rain began to fall.
9. I (read) this book at 8 o’clock last night.
10. She (do) the housework this time yesterday morning.
MIXED EXERCISE:
Use either the simple past tense or the past continuous tense!
1. They (make) the cake when the night (go out).
2. Mr. Rasyid (take) a bath when the phone (ring).
3. She (knit) a sweater when her father (come) in.
4. We (talk) when a stranger (knock) at the door.
5. They (have) dinner while I (read) a newspaper.
6. When I (open) the door, Isa (type) the letter.
7. The student (do) the Grammar test when the headmaster
(come) into the classroom.
8. I (light) the fire at 8 o’clock and it (burn) brightly when my
group of scout (come) at 8.15 o’clock.
9. Yesterday Harun (come) late. When he (come) into the
classroom, the teacher (call) the roll.
10. He (take) a nap when his uncle (ring) him up.
33
PAST PERFECT TENSES
Example :
1. (+) Rahmi had finished doing the homework before 10
o’clock.
(‒) Rahmi had not finished doing the homework before 10
o’clock.
(?) Had Rahmi finished doing the homework before 10
o’clock?
2. When I reached home, my younger brother had already
gone to bed.
3. After Kiki had written the letter. She posted it.
(After Kiki wrote the letter, she posted it).
He had arrived before I got there.
(He arrived before I got there).
4. Before I had finished, he criticized my work.
Pay attention to the forms of the past perfect tense.

This tense takes the forms ‘had+Verb3’ in the affirmative
sentence, ‘not’ is put after ‘had’ in the negative sentence,
‘had’ is put before subject in the interrogative sentence.
Look at the uses of the past perfect tense. The past
perfect tense in sentences number 1-3 are used to tell the
activity happened before another activity or time in the past.
The past perfect tense in sentence number 4 is used to tell the
past action that was not completed. In this case, ‘before’ is
always used before the past perfect tense.
Notice sentence number 3 closely. You can use either
the simple past or the past perfect in sentence using ‘after’ or
‘before’ if the time relationship is already clear.
34
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the past perfect tense:
I had gone I had not gone had I gone?
He had gone He had not gone had he gone?
She had gone She had not gone had she gone?
it had gone it had not gone had it gone?
We had gone We had not gone had we gone?
You had gone You had not gone had you gone?
They had gone They had not gone had they gone?
2. The past perfect tense tells:
a. The activity happened before another activity or time in
the past.
b. The past time that was not completed (usually) used
with before).
The diagram of the past perfect tense:
The diagram of the past perfect tense:
Now
Past future
35
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the brackets into the past perfect tense, Then
1. The teacher (explain) the difficult words before he
explained the whole lesson.
2. I (finished) my work by the time my teacher asked me to
show.
3. I (type) the letter before the light went out.
4. It (began) to rain by the time he was ready to go.
5. My mother (cook) when my father came home.
6. I (have) breakfast before I went to school.
7. I (be) in hospital for a week before the operation.
8. He (be) a soldier for 20 years before he died.
9. The postman (deliver) the mile before we came home.
10. It (be) the most difficult time during the last month.
MIXED EXERCISE:
Use either the simple past tense or the past perfect tense!
1. When the police (arrive) the car (go).
2. I (not, finish) getting off the train when it suddenly (start)
moving.
3. When I (get) to the shop, it (close).
4. I (try) telephoning my uncle several times but he (go) out.
5. When I (find) my purse someone (take) the money out of
it.
6. The car (go) when I (look) into the street.
7. Before he could say anything he (already leave).
8. After the police (catch) the thief, they (take) him into the
police-station.
9. The game (start) when they (arrive).
10. After I (switch) off the light, I (go) to bed.
36
11. When we (leave) the beach the rain (already, start).

12. All the garages (close) by the time we (cross) the street.
13. By the time my uncle (come), we (eat).
14. The boy (find) a lost purse. I (contain) a few hundred
dollars.
15. When I (arrive) the train (leave).
16. After the bell (ring), the students (prepare) themselves for
the first lesson.
17. The little boy (cry) because he (hurt) his knee.
18. My brother (go) to bed after he (brush) his teeth.
19. My Father (eat) before he (go) to his office.
20. My uncle (receive) the letter that I (post)
37
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Example:
1. (+) The telephone had been ringing for three minutes
before he answered it.
(‒) The telephone had not been ringing for three minutes
before he answered it.
(?) Had the telephone been ringing for three minutes
before he answered it?
2. The police had been looking for the criminal for 2 weeks
before they caught him.
Notice the forms of the past perfect continuous tense.
This tense takes the forms ‘had+been+Verb 1-ing’ in the
affirmative sentence, ‘not’ is put after ‘had’ in the negative
sentence, ‘had’ is put before subject in the interrogative
sentence.
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the past perfect continuous tense:
 I had been working  I had not been  had I been
working working?
 He had been  He had not been  had he been
working working working?
 She had been  She hadn’t been  had she been
 it had been  it hadn’t been  had it been
 We had been  We hadn’t been  had we been
 You had been  You hadn’t been  had you been
 They had been  They hadn’t been  had they been
38
2. The past perfect continuous tense tell:

a. The continuous past action completed before another
activity or time in the past.
b. The duration the continuous past action.
The diagram of the past perfect continuous tense:

Now
Past future
Now
past future
39
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the brackets into past perfect continuous tense,
Then change the sentences into the negative and the
interrogative!
1. It (rain) during the match yesterday.
2. Ida (do) her homework when I walked into room.
3. Diah (sit) on the chair alone until I asked her to go with me.
4. Mr. Anto (work) in that factory for six years before he
quitted.
5. The workmen (build) that house for over two month
before the end of 2010.
6. I (wait) for my sister for ten minutes when she came at six
o’clock.
7. I (study) in that school for two years when he began
studying there.
8. He (sleep) for about two hours when I came in.
9. I (work) all day when my father visited me.
10. The baby (cry) all night when I got sick.
40
SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
Example:
1. (+) Edi will go out.
(‒) Edi will not go out.
(?) Will Edi go out?
2. (+) I/We shall/will go out.
(-) I/We shall/will not go out.
(?) Shall we go out?
3. My brother will be a student of a university next year.
4. A: How can we go home there is no bus?
B : I know I will take a taxi.
Look at the forms of the simple future tense in sentences

number 1-3. This tense takes the forms ‘will/shall+Verb 1’ or
‘will/shall + be + non Verb’ in the affirmative sentence,
‘will/shall’ is put before the subject in the interrogative
sentence.
Now notice the uses of the simple future tense. The
simple future tenses in sentences number 1 and 3 are used to
tells the statement of the future action. The simple future
tense in sentence number 4 is used to tell the future action
which is not planned up to the moment of the speaking
(sudden decision).
Look at sentences number 2. Although you may use shall
with subject ‘I/we’, native speakers nowadays more commonly
use ‘will’ with all subject.
41
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the simple future tense:
I will stay I will not stay Will I stay?
He will stay He will not stay Will He stay?
She will stay She will not stay Will She stay?
It will stay It will not stay Will It stay?
We will stay We will not stay Will We stay?
You will stay You will not stay Will You stay?
They will stay They will not stay Will They stay?
I will be a student I will not be a student Will I be a student
He will be a student He will not be a student Will He be a student
She will be a student She will not be a student Will She be a student
It will be a student It will not be a student Will It be a student
We will be a student We will not be a student Will We be a student
You will be a student You will not be a student Will You be a student
They will be a student They will not be a student Will They be a student
2. The simple future tense tells:

a. the simple statement of the future fact.
b. the sudden decision.
The diagram of the simple future tense:
Now
Past future
42
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the brackets into the simple future tense, then
change the sentences into the negative and the interrogative !
1. Mr. Huda (meet) his uncle at the airport on Friday.
2. I (be) there at ten o’clock.
3. I (complete) my work tomorrow.
4. My brother (be) 18 years old at the end of this month.
5. Mr. Noor (stay) at home tomorrow morning.
6. We (postpone) the meeting until next week.
7. He (visit) me next week.
8. The boys (arrive) in half an hours time.
9. She (serve) dinner in fifteen minutes.
10. We (water) the plant tomorrow morning.
43
FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSES
Example:
1. (+) Ria will be working this time tomorrow.
(‒) Ria will not be working this time tomorrow.
(?) Will Ria be working this time tomorrow.
2. I will be calling you letter.
3. We will be calling you any day next week
4. He will be waiting for us at the bus station
5. They will be arriving any minute now.
Notice the future continuous tense in sentences given

here. You see the forms of the future continuous tense. This
tense takes forms ‘will+be+Verb1+ing’ in the affirmative
sentence, ‘not’ is put after ‘will’ in the negative sentence, ‘will’
is put before the subject in the interrogative sentence.
Now look at the uses of the future continuous tense. The
future continuous tense in sentence number 1 is used to tell
the continuous action in the future.
The future continuous tense in sentences number 2-5 is
used to tells the action that is already planned or decided at
unspecified time.
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the future continuous tense:
 I will be  I will not be  Will I be
 He will be  He will not be  Will he be
 She will be  She will not be  Will she be
 It will be  It will not be  Will it be
44

 We will be  We will not be  Will we be
 You will be  You will not be  Will you be
 They will be  They will not be  Will they be
6. The Future continuous tense tells:

a. The continuous action in the future time.
b. The action that already planned or decided at
unspecified.
The diagram of the future continuous tense:
Now
Past future
45
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the brackets into the future continuous tense,
then change the sentences into the negative and the
interrogative!
1. I (type) the proposal at ten o’clock tonight.
2. He (stay) at home at seven o’clock tonight.
3. Hadi (wait) for his brother at the bus-station tomorrow
evening.
4. We (do) the exercise this time next week.
5. Mr. Hidayat (travel) this time tomorrow.
6. Hasan (sleep) at ten o’clock tonight.
7. Mahmud (wash) his clothes tomorrow morning
8. Mr. Mahfudz (teach) this time tomorrow.
9. Mr. Muhammad (give) his class an Arabic test on Monday.
10. We (study) for the examination next month.
MIXED EXERCISE:
Use either simple future tense or the future continuous tense!
1. They (fly) to Mecca this time tomorrow.
2. Don’t ring now. She (cook).
All right, I (ring) at 9 o’clock.
3. I (spend) my next holidays with my uncle.
4. A: What are you doing next weekend?
B : Oh, I (work) as usual. I am always on duty at
weekends.
5. Fina (finish) writing very soon. Please wit for her.
6. They (leave) very soon. It is late already
7. A: I would like to decorate the kitchen.
B : All right. I (get) some paint on Saturday morning
and we (do) it this weekend.
8. They (sleep) when we get back.
46
9. I (tell) him what you say but he (not, believe) it.

10. Right now I am attending class. Yesterday at this time, I
was attending class. Tomorrow at this time, I (attend) class
47
FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
Example:
1. (+) He will have slept by the time I finish my
homework.
(‒) He will not have slept by the time I finish my
homework.
(?) Will he have slept by the time I finish my
homework?
Pay attention the future perfect in the sentences given

here. You see the forms of the future perfect tense. This tense
takes the forms ‘will+have+Verb3’ in the affirmative sentence,
‘not’ is put after ‘will’ in the negative sentence, ‘will’ is put
Notice the use of the future perfect closely. The future
perfect tense in the example given is used to tell the action
that will be completed by the certain time in the future.
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the future perfect tense:
 I will have worked  I will not have  Will I have
worked worked?
 He will have
worked  He will not have  Will he have
worked worked?
 She will have
worked  She will not have  Will she have
worked worked?
 It will have
worked  It will not have  Will it have
worked worked?
 We will have
worked  We will not have  Will we have
worked worked?
 You will have
48

worked  You will not have  Will You have
worked worked?
 They will have
worked  They will not have  Will They have
worked worked?
2. The future perfect tense tells the action that will be

completed by the certain time in the future,
The diagram of the future perfect tense:
Now
past future
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the brackets into the future perfect tense, then
1. My mother (cook) the food by the time my father comes
homes.
2. He (finish) his work by the time his boss leaves.
3. I (call) you up before you go to bed.
4. We (have) breakfast when the clock strikes seven.
5. The train (leave) before they reach the station.
6. I (type) the proposal by the time my boss asks for it.
7. I (mend) the radio by the time you get home.
8. The boy (die) by the time he gets to hospital.
9. The students (prepare) for their test by the end of this
week.
10. My mother (graduate) from the university by this time next
year.
49
FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSES
Example:
1. (+) He will have been studying English for 5 years
in 1995. (Now 1990)
(‒) He will not have been studying English for 5
years in 1995.
(?) Will he have been studying English for 5 years in
1995.
2. Tono will have been driving for 4 hours by the time he
reaches Bandung.
Look at the sentences written here. You see the forms of

the future perfect continuous tense. This tense takes the form
‘will+have+been+Verb1+ing’ in the affirmative sentence, ‘not’
is put after ‘will’ in the negative sentence, ‘will’ is put before
the subject in the interrogative sentence.
Now see the use of the future perfect continuous tense.
The future perfect continuous tense is used to tell the duration
of the activity that will be in progress before another time or
event in the future.
SUMMARY:
1. The forms of the future perfect continuous tense:
 I will have been  I will not have been  Will I have been
 He will have been  He will not have  He have been
working been working working?
 She will have been  She will not have  She have been
 It will have been  It will not have been  It have been
50

 We will have been  We will not have  We have been
 You will have  You will not have  You have been
been working been working working?
 They will have  They will not have  They have been
been working been working working?
2. The future perfect continuous tense is used to tell the

duration of the activity that will be in progress before
another time of event in the future.
The diagram of the future perfect continuous tense:
Now
Past future
Now
past future
51
EXERCISE
Put the verb in the brackets into the future perfect continuous
tense, then change the sentences into the negative and the
interrogative!
1. We (live) in Jakarta for 4 years by next April.
2. Mrs. Hikmah (teach) in our school for 6 years in two
months time.
3. The child (sleep) for 6 hours by 4 o’clock.
4. He (live) with his uncle for 15 years in 2000.
5. He (sit) by the roadside.
52
RECOGNIZING PASSIVE VOICES
Example:
1. Active voice: The boy opens the door.
Passive voice: The door is opened by the boy.
2. My briefcase was stolen last night.
3. This TV is made in Japan.
4. English is spoken everywhere.
If you look at the sentences above closely, you will find
out the transitive verbs, verbs that need objects, in every
sentence. The intransitive verbs, verbs that don’t need object,
can’t be formed into the passive. Passive always takes the
third form of the the verb.
The passive voice sentence number 2 tells you that we
do not know who did the action. The passive voice in sentence
number 3 tells you that it is not important to know who does
the action. The passive voice in sentence number 4 tells you
that we want to emphasize the object of active voice.
Summary:
1. Only transitive verbs can be formed into passive voice.
2. The passive voice always take the 3rd form of the verb.
3. The passive voice is used to tells:
a. That we don’t know who did/does the action.
b. That it is not important to know who did/does the
action.
c. That we want to emphasize the object of active voice.
53
EXERCISE
Change the following verbs into the 3rd forms, and identify the
transitive verbs.
1. Write
2. Sit
3. read
4. stand
5. go
54
FORMS OF PASSIVE VOICE DERIVED FROM

PRESENT TENSES
Example:
1. Simple Present Tense
Active voice : Mother cooks dinner for us
Passive voice : Dinner is cooked for us by mother
2. Present Continuous Tense
Active voice : The children are watching
television
Passive voice : Television is being watched by the
children
3. Present Perfect Tense
Active voice : We have seen this movie
Passive voice : This movie has been seen by us
Look at the sentences given here, pay attention to the

passive voices. The passive voice derived from the simple
present takes the forms ‘is/am/are+V3’. The passive voice
derived from the present continuous tense takes the form
‘is/am/are+being+V3’. The passive voice derived from the
present perfect tense takes the form ‘have/has+been+V3’.
Summary
The forms of passive voice derived from present tenses:
1. Simple present tense : is/am/are+V3
2. Present continuous tense : is/am/are+being+V3
3. Present perfect tense : have/has+been+V3
55
EXERCISE
Change the active voice into the passive voice!
1. We clean the classroom everyday
2. My father has given me a good watch
3. They make cheese from milk
4. They paint this building every year
5. The reporter is interviewing Ali at the moment
56

PAST TENSES
Example:
1. Simple past tense
Active voice : Hasan repaired my bike
Passive voice : My bike was repaired by Hasan
2. Past continuous tense
Active voice : The boys were playing soccer
Passive voice : Soccer was being played by the
boys.
3. Past perfect tense
Active voice : He had written the letter
Passive voice : The letter had been written by him
Notice the passive voice in the sentences above. The

passive voice derived the from the simple present tense takes
the form ‘was/were+V3’. The passive voice derived from the
past continuous tense takes the form ‘was/were+being+V3’.
The passive voice derived from the past perfect tense takes
the form ‘had+been+V3’.
Summary
The forms of passive voice derived from past tenses:
1. Simple past tense : was/were+V3
2. Past continuous tense : was/were+being+V3
3. Past perfect tense : had+been+V3
57
EXERCISE
1. He bought meat this morning
2. I was reading this book this time yesterday
3. The dog bit Nini
4. She had cut the bread when we came in
5. He had delivered the letter before he went home
58

FUTURE TENSES
1. Simple future tense

Active voice : Ira will take the book
Passive voice : The book will be taken by Ira
2. Future perfect tense
Active voice : Mia will have visited her uncle
Passive voice : Her uncle will have been visited by Mia
Pay attention to the passive voice. The passive voice

derived from the simple future takes the form “ will + be +
V3”. The passive voice derived from the future perfect tense
takes the form “will + have/has + been + V3”.
The future continuous tense and the future perfect
continuous tense do not have the passive voice.
SUMMARY:
The form of passive voice derived from future tenses:
1. Simple future tense : will + be + V3
2. Future perfect tense : will + have/has + been + V3
59
EXERCISE
1. They will decorate this room tomorrow
2. The minister will visit our school next month
3. The police will have arrested the fugitive by tomorrow
morning
4. Ari will have posted the parcel by the time I come
5. My mother will give me a gift
MIXED EXERCISE:
A. Identify tenses in the following sentence, then change the
active voice into the passive voice!
1. Muslims recite Quranic verses in the prayers.
2. Darunnajah Jakarta accepts new students every year.
3. We are studying the passive voice now.
4. Sukarno-Hatta proclaimed our independence in 1945
5. We will paint the house for the coming Lebaran Day.
6. Mr. Isa teaches grammar once a week.
7. We were writing the lesson this time yesterday.
8. We teacher will have given the test by the end of this
month.
9. She had done a prayer before she went out.
10. Someone has closed the door.
B. Change the sentence above into the negative and

interrogative!
60
REPORTED SPEECH DERIVED FROM STATEMENTS
Example:
1. Direct speech : He says/has said/will say : “I go to
Bogor by bus”.
Indirect speech : He says/has said/will say (that) he
goes to Bogor by Bus.
2. Direct speech : He said : “I go to Bogor by bus’.
Indirect speech : He said (that) he went to Bogor by
Bus.
3. Direct speech : He said: “I am going home now”.
Indirect speech : He said (that) he was going home
now.
4. Direct speech : He said : “ I have lost my key”.
Indirect speech : He said (that) he had lost his key.
5. Direct speech : He said : “I have been working all
day”.
Indirect speech : He said (that) he had been working
all day.
6. Direct speech : He said : “I lost my key”.
Indirect speech : He said (that) he had lost his key.
7. Direct speech : He said : ”I was working”.
Indirect speech : He said (that) he had been working.
8. Direct speech : He said : “I will go home”.
Indirect speech : He said (that) he would go home.
9. Direct speech : He said : “I lost my key last
Sunday”.
Indirect speech : He said that he had lost his key the
Sunday before.
10. Direct speech : He said : “I lost my key two hours
ago”.
Indirect speech : He said that he had lost his key
61
two hours before.

11. Direct speech : He said : “I lost my key yesterday”.
Indirect speech : He said that he had lost his key the
day before.
12. Direct speech : He said : “I am going home today”.
Indirect speech : He said that he was going home
that day.
Direct speech : He said : “I am going home
tonight”.
Indirect speech : He said that he was going home that
night.
13. Direct speech : He said : “I am going home now”.
Indirect speech : He said that he was going home
then.
14. Direct speech : He said : “I will go to Bogor
tomorrow.
Indirect speech : He said that he would go to Bogor
the following day.
15. Direct speech : He said : “I will go to Aceh next
week”.
Indirect speech : He said that he would go to Aceh
the following week.
16. Direct speech : He said : “I will go to Bandung the
day after tomorrow”.
Indirect speech : He said that he would go to
Bandung in two days time.
You have to know that direct speech is original words of

a speaker and an indirect speech is a direct speech reported by
another person.
You see the tense does not change in indirect speech in
sentence number 1 when the introductory verbs are in simple
62
present tenses, present perfect tenses, and simple future

tenses. You, however, see some changes when the
introductory verbs are in simple past tenses.
You see some change in sentences number 2-16,
pronouns, tenses and time expressions. A pronoun in a direct
speech followed by a subject in an indirect speech. A simple
present tense is changed into a simple past tense as you see in
sentences number 2. A present continuous tense is changed
into a past continuous tense as you see sentence number 3. A
present perfect tense in changed into a past perfect tense as
you see in sentence number 4. A present perfect continuous
tense is changed into a past perfect continuous tense as you
see in sentence number 5. A past continuous tense is changed
into a past perfect continuous tense as you in sentence
number 6. A pas continuous tense is changed into a past
perfect continuous tense as you see in sentence number 7.
‘Will’ is changed into ‘would’ as you see in sentence number 8.
Now look at some changes of time expression in
sentences number 9-16. ‘last …’ in sentence number 9 is
changed into the … before…. ago’ in sentence number 10 is
changed into ‘… before’. ‘Yesterday’ in sentence number 11 is
changed into ‘the day before’. ‘Today’/’tonight’ in sentence
number 12 is changed into ‘that day’/that night’. ‘Now’ in
sentence number 13 is changed into ‘then’. ‘Tomorrow’ in
sentence number 14 is changed into ‘the following day’. ‘next’
in sentence number 15 is changed into ‘the following …’ The
day after tomorrow’ in sentence number 16 is changed into ‘in
two days time’.
63
SUMMARY:
1. A direct speech is original words of a speaker. An indirect
speech is a direct speech reported by another person.
2. Some changes occur in indirect speech :
Direct speech Indirect speech
 Simple present tenses  Simple past tenses
 Present continuous tenses  Past continuous tenses
 Present perfect tenses  Past perfect tenses
 Present perfect continuous  Past perfect continuous
tenses tenses
 Simple past tenses  Past perfect tenses
 Past continuous tenses  Past perfect continuous

 Will tenses
 Last ….  Would
 ….. ago  The …. before
 yesterday  ….. before
 today/tonight  the day before
 now  that day/that night
 tomorrow  then
 next…  the following day
 the day after tomorrow  the following …
 in two days’ time
64
EXERCISE
Change direct speech into indirect speech!
1. Our neighbor says : “It will rain today”.
2. My brother said : “Mansur is sick”.
3. Andi said : “I have nothing to do”.
4. The man said : “I am cooking now”.
5. He said : “I will have finished my work by ten o’clock”.
6. Nita said : “I will go to Aceh next week”.
7. Nurul said : “I don’t sleep”.
8. Rahmi said : “I didn’t type last night”.
9. Nihla said : “I was sick yesterday”.
10. Ali said : “I have been a student of Darunnajah for three
years”.
65
REPORTED SPEECH DERIVED FROM QUESTIONS
Example:
1. Direct speech : Ety asked me : “Are you student?”
Indirect speech : Ety asked me whether I was a
student.
Ety asked me If I was a student.
2. Direct speech : Fatimah asked me : “Do you come
from Tangerang?.
Indirect speech : Fatimah asked me wether I came
from Tangerang.
Fatimah asked me if I came from
Tangerang.
3. Direct speech : Lia asked me : “Where do you come
from?”
Indirect speech : Lia asked me where I came from?
4. Direct speech : Evy asked me : “What time is it
now?”
Indirect speech : Evy asked me what time it was then.
There are two kinds of questions in English; a yes-no

question, and an information question (wh-question). You see
yes-no question in sentence number 1-2. You see information
question in sentences number 3-4.
Pay attention to a number of changes occurring in
reported speech. These changes are like changes in reported
speech derived from statement. There are changes in tenses,
pronouns, and time expression.
Reported speech derived from a question takes rule
‘SUBJECT + AUXILIARY + VERB’. It is not like real question. A
real question takes the rule ‘AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + VERB’.
66
In reported speech derived from a yes-no question

‘whether’ or ‘if’ is used to introduce reported speech. In
reported speech derived from the information question the
same question word is used to introduce reported speech.
SUMMARY:
1. There are two kinds of question; a yes-no question and an
information question.
2. The changes in the reported speech derived from the
question are like changes in the reported speech derived
from the statement.
3. The real question takes the rule ‘AUXILIARY + SUBJECT +
VERB’, while the question in the reported speech takes the
rule ‘SUBJECT + VERB;.
67
EXERCISE
A. Change the statement into the question!
1. He is busy (yes-no question)
2. The shops were open (yes-no question)
3. The workers have gone home. (yes-no question)
4. Mila hates eggs. (yes-no question)
5. Fina comes from Semarang. (information
question/where)
B. Change the direct speech into the indirect speech!

1. My father wanted to know: ‘when will you go to
Bogor?”
2. Mrs. Een asked me: “Do you have enough rice?”
3. My mother asked me: “Why are you complaining?
4. Nana asked me: “What are you reading?”
5. Leli wanted to know:”Do you like badminton?”
6. Lisa asked me: “Are you tired?”
7. The director asked me: “Have you finished your work?”
8. She asked me: “How are you today?”
9. The tourist asked me: “Can you speak English?”
10. Mother asked me: “Where did you buy it?”
68
REPORTED SPEECH DERIVED FROM COMMANDS
Example:
1. Direct speech : The teacher told me: “Study
hard!”
Indirect speech : The teacher told me to study hard.
2. Direct speech : Ira told me: “Don’t disturb!”
Indirect speech : Ira told me not to disturb.
Notice the example given here. You see the positive and
the negative commands. The commands either positive or
negative can be changed into the indirect speech.
The positive command in the indirect speech takes the
rule ‘… to + V1. The negative command in the indirect speech
takes the rule ‘… not + to + V1.
SUMMARY:
1. The positive command in indirect speech takes the rule ‘…
to + V1.
2. The negative in indirect speech takes the rule ‘… not + to +
V 1.
69
EXERCISE
Change the direct speech into the indirect speech!
1. My mother told me: “Clean it yourself!”
2. He told me: “Don’t leave your sarong on the chair!”
3. I told the boy: “Put your book in the school bag!”
4. The doctor told me: “Come back again tomorrow!”
5. She said to me: “Wait till I come back!”
6. He begged me: “Don’t mention it to my father!”
7. The teacher told us: “Don’t make so much noise!”
8. He said to me: “Turn the light on!”
9. My father told me: “Don’t make any mistakes again!”
10. The policeman ordered me: “Show me your driving-
license!”
70
GENERAL REFERENCES
A. Grammar Books:
1. Abd. Mubin, Helmy, and Mohammad Sholah, A
Communicative Grammar of English for Pesantren in
Indonesia, Pt. Dani’s Utama, Jakarta, 1989.
2. Alter, J.B. Corrective English for Certificate Student,
Times Education Co. LTD, Hongkong, 1980
3. Azar, Schrampfer Betty, Understanding and Using
English Grammar, Prentise Hall Regents, New Jersey,
1989.
4. Firman Susan, Bosewitz, Penguin Books’ Grammar of
English Exercise, Penguin Books, London, 1988
5. Frank, Mercella, Modern English, Part !
6. Leech, Geoffrey, An A-Z of English Grammar and
Usage, Penerbit Gelatik Indonesia, 1990
7. LIA, Guide to Summary of Verbs Tenses
8. Mackinzie, Munro, Introducing English Tenses, Evans
Brother Limited, London, 1979
9. Murphy, Raymond, Grammar in Use, A Reference and
Practice for Intermediate Students of English,
Cambridge University Press, London, 1979
10. Nandy, Milon, Correct Use of Prepositional Phrases and
Basic Grammar, Composite Study Aid Publication,
Singapore, 1989
11. Nasution A, Guide to Grammar Activities for
Communicating, LIA, Jakarta
12. Peterson, Patricia Wilcox, Changing Times Changing
Tenses, A Review of the English, Tense System. BPK
Gunung Mulia, Jakarta 1985
13. Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage, Oxford
University Press. Hongkong, 1989
71
14. Taylor. Grant, Mastering American English, Me Graw-

Hill Book Company, New York. 1956
15. Thomson. A.J. and Martinet, A.V. A Practical English
Grammar. Oxford University Press, London, 1969
16. ______, Combined Exercise, Vol. I, _______
17. Tracey, Richard, Elementary English Grammar for
Students, Bina Rupa Aksara, Jakarta, 1989
18. ______, Correct Use of Prepositional Phrases and Basic
Grammar, _______, 1990
19. Waker E, and Elsworth S, Grammar Practive of
Intermediate Students,______, 1990
20. Wiliting, Penggunaan Tenses (The Use of Tenses in
English), Harapan, Pekalongan, 1988
21. Wren and Martin, High School Grammar and
Composition, S Chand and Company ltd, New Delhi,
1989
B. Other books:
1. Archer, Margareth, and Noland-woods, Cambridge
Certificate English, A Course for First Certificate,
Thomas Nelsons and Sons, London, 1984
2. Michael, A. Pyle, et,al, Cliffs Toefl Preparation Guide,
Cliffs Notes, Nebraska, 1982
3. Grammar Books Used by Darunnajah Teachers.-
REFERENCES OF EVERY LESSON
A. Simple Present Tenses:

1. A Practical English Grammar, ps. 97-99
2. An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage, ps. 385 – 388
3. Cambridge Certificate English. p. 9
4. Corrective English for Certificate Students p. 19
72
5. Correct use of Preposition Phrase and Basic Grammar,

p. 111
6. Changing Times Changing Tenses, ps. 34-39
7. Grammar in Use, p. 4
8. Elementary English Grammar, p.4
9. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Student, ps. 25-26
10. Guide to Grammar Activities for Communicating, p.9
11. Guide to Summary Chart of Verb Tenses, p.1
12. High School Grammar, ps. 106-108
13. Introducing English Tenses, p.1
14. Mastering Basic Grammar, ps. 106-108
15. Modern English, Part 2, p. 48
16. Practical English Usage, p. 497
17. Understanding and Using English Grammar, ps. 11-50
B. Present Continuous Tenses:
1. A Communicative Grammar of English for Pesantren in
Indonesia, ps. 94-96
2. A Practical English Grammar, ps. 93 – 9179
3. Cambridge Certificate English, p. 10
4. Corrective English for Certificate Students, p. 20
5. Correct use of Prepositional Phrase and Basic
Grammar, p. 114
6. Changing Times Changing Tenses, ps. 34 – 39
7. Cliffs Toefl Preparation Guide, p. 53
8. Elementary English Grammar, ps. 10 – 11
9. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Student, p. 25
10. Guide to Summary Chart of Verb Tenses, ps. 1-3
11. Introducing English Tenses, ps. 1-2
12. Mastering Basic Grammar, ps. 109 – 110
13. Practical English Usage, ps. 496 – 497
14. Understanding and Using English Grammar, p. 11
73
C. Present Perfect Tenses:

3. Correct use of Prepositional phrase and Basic
Grammar, p. 114
4. Elementary English Grammar, p. 18
5. Grammar in Use, ps. 26 – 31
7. Guide to Summary Chart of Verb Tenses, ps. 6 -7
8. High School Grammar and composition, p. 81
9. Introducing English Tenses, p. 4
D. Present Perfect Continuous Tenses:
3. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Student, ps. 25–66
4. Guide to Summary Chart of Verb Tenses, ps. 8 – 9
5. High School Grammar and Composition, p. 81
E. Difference between Present Perfect Tenses and Present
Perfect Continuous Tenses:
1. Grammar in Use, ps. 32 -34
F. Simple Past Tenses:
2. Corrective English for Certificate Students, p.27
G. Differences between Present Perfect Tenses and Simple
Past Tenses:
74

H. Future Continuous Tenses:
1. Cambridge Certificate English, p.31
Grammar, p. 118
I. Future Perfect Tenses:
1. Cambridge Certificate English., p.54
Grammar, p. 118
7. Giude to Summary Chart of Verb Tenses, p. 19
8. High School Grammar and composition. P. 83
J. Future Perfect Continuous Tenses:
1. Cambridge Certificate English, ps. 54-55
2. Guide to Summary Chart of Verb Tenses, p. 20
75
K. Passive Voice:
1. Cambridge Certificate English,ps. 54-55
2. Corrective English for Certificate Students, ps. 141-144
3. Elementary English Grammar, ps. 69-83
4. Grammar in Use, ps. 80 -88
5. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Student, ps. 76 – 8
8. Modern English, Part I, ps. 76 – 72
9. Penguin Students Grammar of English Exercise, ps. 85 –
87
10. Understanding and Using English Grammar, ps. 120-
149
I. Reported Speech:
1. Cambridge Certificate English, ps. 144 – 149
2. Corrective English for Certificate Students, ps. 145 –
151
4. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Student, ps. 125 –
138
6. Understanding and Using English Grammar, p. A. 8
76
Muizzuddin
English Grammar
For Class Five
TARBIYATUL MUA’ALIMIN/ MUALLIMAT AL-ISLAMIYAH

PONDOK PESANTREN DARUNNAJAH
JAKARTA
English Grammar Class Five
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
For Class Five
Compiler
Muizzuddin
Cetakan 2017
Published by:
Ponpes Darunnajah
Telp: (021) 7350187 Ext.244 Fax (021) 73886529
www.darunnajah.com
2
PREFACE
Praise be to Allah. Lord of the Worlds, and may His

blessing and peace be upon Muhammad. His servant and
messenger.
It was the Instruction Section of TMI Darunnajah who
asked me to prepare two Grammar books for students of
Darunnajah who are in the fourth year class and fifth year class
of TMI. Although I felt it hard enough to do this in a short time,
I fully tried to finish it as scheduled.
The purpose of this book is to help students know
Grammar items and understand points of Grammar and usage
simply and effectively.
The teaching method of English Grammar is like the
teaching method of Arabic Grammar (al-nahwu al-wadhih).
I believe that this book is not perfect yet. So I would be
grateful to have some suggestions and constructive criticism in
order this book will be better.
Darunnajah, December 19, 1993
Muizzuddin
3
CONTENTS
Preface …………………………………………………………………………………. 3
Contents ……………………………………………………………………………….. 4
Verbals …………………………………………………………………………………. 5
Gerunds ……………………………………………………………………………….. 6
Infinitives ……………………………………………………………………………… 9
Functions of To-Infinitives …………………………………………………….. 14
Present Participles And Past Participles ………………………………… 14
Parts of Sentences ………………………………………………………………… 17
Phrases………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
Verb Phrases …………………………………………………………………………. 20
Verbal Phrases Gerund Phrases …………………………………………….. 22
Verbal Phrases: Infinitive Phrase……………………………………………. 24
Verbal Phrases: Participial Phrases ……………………………………….. 26
Prepositional Phrase ……………………………………………………………… 28
Types of Sentences ……………………………………………………………….. 31
Recognizing Clauses……………………………………………………………….. 34
Recognizing Noun Clauses……………………………………………………… 37
Making Noun Clauses ……………………………………………………………. 38
Functions And Uses of Noun Clause ……………………………………… 40
Recognizing Adjective Clauses ……………………………………………….. 41
Making Adjective Clauses………………………………………………………. 43
Recognizing Adverbial Clauses ………………………………………………. 47
Types of Adverbial Clauses ……………………………………………………. 49
Abridged Dependent Clauses ………………………………………………… 52
Appendix Preference List ………………………………………………………. 54
General References ………………………………………………………………. 59
References of Every Lesson/Unit …………………………………………… 62
4
VERBALS
EXAMPLE:
1. Singing is my hobby.
2. I want to sleep.
3. This is an interesting book.
Look at the underlined words. ‘Singing’ derived from the
verb: sing, ‘to sleep’ derived from the verb: sleep, ‘interesting’
derived form the verb: ‘interest’. All of these words don’t act
as verb, ‘singing’ is called a gerund; ‘to sleep’ is called an
infinitive, and ‘interesting’ is called a participle. These words
are called verbal.
SUMMARY:
1. A verbal is a word that derived from a verb.
2. A verbal can be a gerund, an infinitive, or a participle
EXERCISE
State which sentence has a verbal.
1. Your hair needs cutting.
2. This trip is very tiring.
3. I need your help.
4. Waiting is boring
5. He enjoyed swimming.
6. Where is the dressing-room?
7. He bought a wedding-ring
8. Every driver must have the driving-license.
9. He is a tailor. He has a good sewing-machine
10. He is going to the swimming-pool
11. I advice you not to go.
12. I have a lot of works to do.
13. We need something to drink.
14. He carried a traveling-bag
5
GERUNDS
EXAMPLE:
1. Swimming is my hobby.
2. Her hobby is cooking
3. Tia enjoyed reading
4. Ali is good at singing
1. Ani is sick
2. My father’s name is Rashid
3. I saw Ahmad Yesterday.
4. He is good at Mathematics
Notice the underlined words in sentences number 1-4.

All of these word take verb + ing. The –ing form here is not a
verb any more. This –ing form acts as a noun. The –ing form
that acts as a noun is called a gerund/a verbal noun.
Look at the words, Ani, Rashid, Ahmad, and Mathematics
in the box number 1-4. All of these words, as you know, are
nouns. Ani is a noun used as subject of a sentence, Rashid is a
noun used as a subjective complement (predicate
noun/predicate nominative), Ahmad is a noun used as an
object of a verb, and Mathematics is a noun used as an object
of a preposition.
Now compare the –ing form in sentences number 1-4 to
the nouns in the box number 1-4. You can see them in the
same position. Swimming: Ani, cooking : Rashid, reading :
Ahmad, singing: Mathematics.
From the sentences given here, you know that a gerund
is the –ing form that functions as a noun. A gerund can be
6
used as a subject of a sentence, a subjective complement, an

object of a verb and an object of a preposition.
SUMMARY:
1. A gerund verbal noun is a word that derives from a
verb and functions as a noun.
2. A gerund can be used as a subject of a sentence, a
subjective complement, an object of a verb, and an
object of a preposition.
EXERCISE:
Put the verbs in brackets into gerunds and mention their uses
(subject of a sentence, subjective complement, and object of a
verb and an object of a preposition).
1. (cook) is her chief interest.
2. Her hobby is (hike)
3. Tono is bad at (write).
4. (Hunt) is his brother’s habit.
5. My brother stopped (smoke)
6. I love (sing)
7. He is desirous of (praise).
8. Her best subject is (read).
9. These clothes are ideal for (relax)
10. He devoted his life to (teach)
11. We like (cycle).
12. Did you hear the (whistle) of the cricket?
13. Nia has just stopped (cry)
14. I preferred (read) to (sleep)
15. Start (work)!
16. The bad weather prevented us from (go out)
17. Sari finished (speak) and sat down.
18. (type) is the hardest thing for him
7
19. I am tired of (wait)

20. (Listen) requires a lot of patience.
Note :
1. A gerund used as an object of a verb comes after
certain verbs (see appendix).
2. A gerund use an object of a preposition comes after
certain words (see appendix).
3. There is a difference between a gerund and a gerund
phrase.
8
INFINITIVES
EXAMPLE:
1. Ita wants to walk.
2. Yesterday, Ali wanted to type
3. Let him see.
4. She will go.
5. You had better study
6. I heard him sing
Look at the underlined words in the sentences above. “to

walk” in sentence number 1 doesn’t change for the
person/number (Ita wants to walk), and “to type” in sentence
number 2 does not change for the tense (…wanted-to type).
You can not say ‘to typed’ because of the tense (yesterday-
wanted).
You see the forms of verbs used with “to” “to walk” and
“to type” in sentence number 1 and 2, are infinitive with “to”.
And look at the underlined words in sentences number
3,4,5 and 6, you see the form of verbs used without “to”. see,
go, study and sing, these words are preceded by: let,
auxiliaries, will, had better and verbs of senses (fell, see,
notice, hear). And these words are called bare infinitive or
(infinitive without to).
The form of a verb that does not change for person,
number, or tense with or without to are called an infinitive.
SUMMARY:
1. An infinitive is a form of a verb that does not change
for person, number, or tense.
2. An infinitive can be with to. It is called a to-infinitive.
3. An infinitive can be without to. It is called a bare
infinitive.
9
4. A bare infinitive comes after modal auxiliaries (will,

shall, can, etc), had better, let, and verbs of senses.
EXERCISE:
Use either to-infinitive of bare infinitive
1. I saw him (run)
2. He promised (phone)
3. I stopped cycling for a minute (talk)
4. The Prisoner tried (escape)
5. I heard him (sing)
6. The last lesson was hard for me (understand).
7. I noticed her (cry)
8. Have her (study) hard?
9. That box is too heavy for me (lift).
10. I get my brother (lock) the door.
11. This ring is too expensive for her (buy).
12. He made me (type) the letters.
13. This work is too hard for her (complete).
14. He was too weak (stand up).
15. Let me (know)
Note:
1. There is difference between infinitives and infinitive
phrases.
2. An infinitive used as an object of a verb comes after
certain verbs (see appendix).
3. A to-infinitive is sometimes used after certain
adjectives (see appendix).
10
FUNCTIONS OF TO-INFINITIVES
EXAMPLE:
1. To study is necessary.
2. It is necessary to study.
3. He seems to forget.
4. I tried to finish.
5. This is not the time to play.
6. We have decided what to buy.
7. I am happy to succeed.
8. We eat to live.
Notice the underlined words. You see the infinitives
functioning as noun in sentence number 1-4 "to study" in
sentence number 1 is used as a subject of sentence. "to study"
in sentence number 2 is used as a subject delayed, "to forget"
in the sentence number 3 is used as a subjective complement
(usually after be, look, appear, seem). "to finish" in sentence
number 4 is used as an object of verb.
You see the infinitives functioning as adjective in
sentences number 5-6. ‘To play’ in sentence number 5
qualifies time, ‘to buy’ in sentence number 6 qualifies what.
You see the infinitives functioning as adverb in sentence
number 7-8, "to succeed" in sentence number 7 qualifies
adjective "happy". "to live" in sentence number 8 qualifies the
verb eat (usually to express purpose).
Summary:
1. A to –infinitive can function as a noun, an adjective,
and an adverb.
2. A. to –infinitive that function as a noun is used as
a. a subject of a sentence
b. a subject –delayed
11
c. a subject complement
3. An object of a verb.
4. The to –infinitive that function as an adverb is usually
to express purpose.
EXERCISE
Find out the to –infinitives and mention their functions.
1. Her greatest pleasure is to sing.
2. This house is to let.
3. To err is human.
4. They are anxious to learn.
5. I don’t know what to do.
6. We come here to study.
7. They have nothing to do.
8. We stopped to rest.
9. We have just prepared to leave.
10. We have a lot of works to finish.
MIXED EXERCISE
Use to-infinitives, bare infinitives, or gerund as needed
1. I like (swim)
2. Shall we (stop) here (drink)?
3. Keep (talk)! I am still listening to you
4. Don’t tell me her secret. I prefer (not, know).
5. She refused (talk).
6. He needed (rest)
7. My hair needs (cut)
8. Have you finished (read)?
9. You must (completed) your work.
10. He seems (pretend)
11. Keep in (study)! I don’t want (interrupt).
12
12. They don’t plan (stay)

13. She pretends (understand).
14. They asked me (stay)
15. Ria suggested (leave) before it rained.
16. Could you (help) me?
17. I think you should (stop) (lie).
18. We don’t allow (smoke).
19. I told you (study) not (play)
20. The baby began (cry)
Note:
1. Some certain verbs must be used with to-infinitives
when they function as noun used as object of verbs
(see appendix).
2. Some certain verbs may be used with to –infinitive or
the gerund (see appendix).
3. Grammatically you can use a to-infinitive as a subject of
a sentence, but native speakers more usually use a
gerund or a to-infinitive used as a subject-delayed.
13
PRESENT PARTICIPLES AND

PAST PARTICIPLES
Example:
1. She bought a talking doll for her daughter.
2. The baby is crying.
3. That is a deserted house.
4. The children have walked a long way.
Look at the underlined words in sentences number 1-2.

These words take the forms of the verbs ending in-ing.
‘Talking’ functions as an adjective and tells the characteristic
of the noun (doll), it modifies. ‘Crying’ functions as a verb and
makes continuous tenses. These underlined words are called
the present participles.
Now look at the underlined words in sentences number
3-4. These words are also called the participle. Because these
words take the third forms of verbs, they are called the past
participles, ‘deserted’ functions as an adjective. ‘Walked’
function as a verb.
Summary:
1. A participle is a form of words that derives from a verb and
can function as an adjective and a verb.
2. A participle that takes the –ing form is called a present
participle.
3. A participle that takes the third form of a verb is called the
past participle.
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EXERCISE
A. Write an appropriate participle to modify nouns.
1. A tiger that is roaring.
2. Soldiers who are marching
3. A child that is laughing.
4. A person who is dedicated to his work.
5. A girl who is frightens.
B. Put the verbs in brackets into present participles of past
participles and then mention their functions.
1. You cannot have a seat in that (crowd) bus.
2. That policeman was (direct) the traffic this time
yesterday.
3. Ery dialed the numbers and then heard a (ring) tone.
4. The boys were (fly) kites in the field yesterday.
5. Our (repave) street is a great improvement.
6. The (drown) boy shouted for help.
7. (Hunt) dogs have a very keen sense of smell.
8. The (break) glass cut my food.
9. My mother put some (pot) plants in the living-room.
10. I helped the (injure) boy.
11. We couldn’t eat the (burn) rice.
12. The students will study the (follow) words.
13. They sell only the (import) goods.
14. The police recovered the (steal) jewelry yesterday.
15. That was certainly (tire) work!
16. The (tire) workers sat down to rest for a minute.
17. They sell a lot of (freeze) food.
18. Many famous authors write book under (assume)
names.
19. I saw the (run) water.
20. The (lead) actor in that play is also a director.
15
MIXED EXERCISE
Identify gerunds and present participles in the following
sentences
1. Where is the fitting-room?
2. Reading is my favorite pastime.
3. Walking-stick is very important for him.
4. What my mother most detests is smoking.
5. I am tired of waiting.
6. I bought the sleeping-bag yesterday.
7. He is swimming in the swimming-pool.
8. I saw the setting sun yesterday.
9. We found a floating log in the sea.
10. My mother bought cooking-pastry.
11. We are in the wedding-party.
12. She is bringing the shopping-bag.
13. They made the wedding-cake.
14. Every driver must have a driving-license.
15. They are in the waiting-room.
16
PARTS OF SENTENCES
Example:
1. Ali is a student.
2. He walks to school.
3. Birds build nests.
When you say something or write something, you want
to be understood by other people, you want your words to
make sense.
When you put words together and they don’t make
sense, you have spoken or written nonsense and other people
will not understand you. If you want your words make sense
you must put them in a sentence. A sentence has two parts;
they are a subject and a predicate.
Look at sentences above. You see ‘Ali’ is the part of the
sentence, ‘He’ is the part of the sentence, ‘birds’ is the part of
the sentence Ali, He and Birds are what you talk about in the
sentence. This part of the sentence is called a subject. You see
‘is a student’ is the part of the sentence, ‘walks to school’ is
the part of sentence, ‘build nests’ is the part of sentence, are
what tells something about the subject. These parts of the
sentences are called a predicate.
Summary:
1. Subject: is the part of sentence what you talk about in
sentence
2. Predicate: is the part of sentence what tells something
about the subject
Identify the subject and the predicate in the sentences below.
1. The boy worked hard.
2. A burnt child dreads the fire.
3. The days of our youth are the days of our glory.
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4. He kept us waiting.
5. Rock the baby to sleep!
6. My father is a trader.
7. She spoke distingly.
8. Wait a minute!
9. He gets living by painting.
10. They are students.
18
PHRASES
Example:
1. He gets up at 4.45 o’clock
2. At 4.45 o’clock.
If you notice number 1, you may understand it well,
because it makes complete sense, it has a subject “He” and
predicate, “gets up at 4.45 o’clock.” So, it is a sentence
Now if you notice number 2, at 4.45 o’clock you will not
understand it, because it does not make a complete sentence,
it does not have a subject and a predicate. It only contains a
group of words. A group of words like this is called phrase.
Summary:
1. A phrase is not like a sentence.
2. A phrase is a group of words that forms a part of a
sentence and does not have a subject and a predicate.
EXERCISE
State whether the following a sentence or a phrase.
1. In the office.
2. He is in the office.
3. I saw him in the office.
4. Shut up!
5. My father walked to work.
6. Behind me.
7. Will go out.
8. After you
9. On the table.
10. Go out!
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VERB PHRASES
Example:
1. He drives too fast.
2. He is a student.
3. He will go to Aceh next week

4. Ita has been studying English for over four years.
Look at the sentence above. Pay attention to the

underlined words in the box. You see two underlined verbs in
sentences number 1-2 contains a single word of verb “drive
and “is” they denote a simple sentences.
The verb in sentence number 3 contains one auxiliary,
will and one main verb; go, The verb in sentence number 4
contains two auxiliaries, has, been, and one main verb;
studying. A group of words that becomes a verb in sentences
number 3-4 are a verb phrase.
Summary:
1. A verb may be a single word. It occurs in simple tenses
2. A verb may be a verb phrase.
3. A verb phrase contains one or more auxiliaries and one
main verb.
20
EXERCISE
State whether the following verbs contain a single word of a
verb or auxiliaries and main verbs.
1. I am going to Brunei Tomorrow.
2. I am going to visit my uncle the day after tomorrow.
3. Tia has been reading a book for two hours.
4. They are friends.
5. It was raining at six o’clock last night.
6. He is a good student.
7. My friend has got a letter.
8. You must study hard.
9. I have waited for him since two hours ago.
10. She must have gone out.
21
VERBAL PHRASES: GERUND PHRASES
Example:
1. Learning is a good habit
2. Learning English is not hard work.

3. My hobby is learning English.
4. I enjoy learning English.
5. I am interested in learning English
Notice the underlined word in the box number 1. You

have known that the-ing form in this sentence, ‘learning’ is a
gerund. This gerund contains a single word.
Pay attention to the-ing form in sentences number 2-5.
This-ing form contains a group of word; ‘learning’ and
‘English’. This group of words is preceded by a gerund;
learning. A group of words that is preceded by a gerund is
called a gerund phrase.
Like gerund, gerund phrase functions as noun, “learning
English” in sentence number 2 used as a subject of sentence
“learning English” in sentence number 3 is used as subjective
complement, “learning English” in sentence number 4. is used
as an object of verb and “learning English “ in sentences
number 5 is used as an object of preposition.
Summary:
1. There is a difference between a gerund and a gerund
phrase. A gerund contains a single word, while a
gerund phrase contains a group of words preceded by
a gerund.
2. The function of gerund phrase is like the function of
gerund, its can be used as subject of sentence,
22
subjective complement, object of verb and, an object

of preposition
EXERCISE:
Put the verbs in brackets into the –ing forms and identify a
gerund or a gerund phrase.
1. (speak) English is not difficult.
2. I apologized to her for (break) the vase.
3. My brother has given up (smoke)
4. (Tell) a lie must be avoided.
5. I do not like (play) truant.
6. (Go) by bus to school everyday is very tiring.
7. (Be) a student of Darunnajah is not easy.
8. I remember (post) the letters.
9. (Do) exercise every morning makes us healthy.
10. I am sorry for (be) late today.
Note:
• A gerund phrase used as an object of a verb comes
after certain verbs (see appendix).
23
VERBAL PHRASES: INFINITIVE PHRASE
Example:
1. I need to sleep.
2. To visit Mecca is my wish.

3. My wish is to visit Medina.
4. I want to write a letter.
5. I have a plan to suggest to you.
6. She came to meet us.
7. He is too weak to do this work.
8. To tell the truth. I quit forget my promise.
Notice the underlined word. You see the to-infinitive; ‘to
sleep’ in the box number 1. This to-infinitive is not
accompanied with other word. It is not called an infinitive
phrase.
In sentences number 2-8 you see the to-infinitive
accompanied with other words. This is called the infinitive
phrase.
Now look at the function of the infinitive phrase. In
sentence number 2-3 the infinitive phrase functions as a noun,
“To visit Mecca” in the sentence number 2 is infinitive phrase
as a noun used as subject of sentence “To visit Medina” in
sentence number 3 is a noun used as subjective complement,
“To write a letter” in sentence number 4 is a noun used as an
object of verb.
The underlined sentence number 5 “to suggest to you”
in sentence number 5 is an infinitive phrase used as adjective
qualifies noun (a plan). The underlined sentences number 6-7
and 8 are infinitives phrases used as adverb, “to meet us” in
sentence number 6 is an infinitive phrase used as adverb
qualifies a verb (came), “to do this work” in sentence number
24
7 is infinitive phrase used as adverb qualifies an adjective

(weak) and “to tell the truth” in sentence number 8 is infinitive
phrase used as adverb qualifies the sentence.
Summary:
1. An infinitive phrase is different from an infinitive
2. An infinitive phrase is a phrase preceded by an infinitive.
3. The infinitive phrase can function as a noun used as a
subject of a sentence, a subjective complement, and an
object of a verb.
4. The infinitive phrase can function as an adjective that
qualifies a noun.
5. The infinitive phrase can function as an adverb that
qualifies a verb, an adjective, and a sentence.
EXERCISE
Identify infinitives and infinitive phrase, and then mention their
functions.
1. I expect to see him soon.
2. I am tired. I need to rest.
3. Everyone likes to eat this food.
4. She came close to me to ask my opinion.
5. She wanted to study.
6. Her plan is to leave early
7. It seems wise to ask for an extension of time.
8. Mr. Ali’s main problem is to find enough part-time
work.
9. The kidnapper forced the victim to get into the car.
10. He is eager to go abroad soon.
Note:
• An infinitive phrase used as an object of a verb comes
after certain verbs (see appendix).
25
VERBAL PHRASES: PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Example:
1. This trip is very tiring.
2. I am tired
3. The boy sitting on that chair is my brother.

4. The purse founded in that room is mine.
5. Reading a newspaper, the man talked to me.
6. Not knowing your address, I didn’t come.
7. Climbing up this tree, you will see the river.
Notice the underlined words in the box. ‘Tiring’ in

sentence number 1 takes Verb 1 + ing, so this is called, as you
know, a present participle. ‘Tired’ in sentence number 2 takes
Verb III, so this is called, as you know a past participle. They
are not the participial phrases.
Now notice the rest of the underlined words in
sentences number 3-7, every sentence has a phrase which
proceeded by the participle. This phrase is called the participial
phrase.
Look at the functions of participle phrase, “Sitting on
that chair” in sentence number 3 is participle phrase as an
adjective qualifies the noun (boy). “Founded in that room” in
sentence number 4 is participle phrase as an adjective qualifies
the noun (purse). Then the underlined sentences in sentences
number 3-4 are participle phrase as an adjective. 'Reading a
newspaper', 'not knowing your address', 'climbing up this tree’
in sentence number 5-7 functions as adverbs.
Pay attention to the participial phrase functioning as the
adverbs in sentences number 5-7. 'Reading a newspaper' tells
time. This means while he was reading a newspaper. `Not
26
knowing your addresses’ tells reason. This means because I did

not know you address. 'Climbing up this tree' tells condition.
This means if climb up this tree
Summary:
1. A participial phrase is different from a participle.
2. A participial phrase is a phrase preceded by either
present participles or past participles.
3. A participial phrase can function as an adjective and an
adverb.
4. A participial phrase functioning as an adverb tells :
5. Time (while, when, after).
6. Reason (because)
7. Condition (if)
EXERCISE
Decided which the following sentences contain a participle or a
participial phrase, and then mention their functions.
1. Following this direction, you will get to the post office.
2. The team, supported by a lot of people, won the
match.
3. Feeling sick, I can not go to school.
4. Walking on the roof, he slipped and fell.
5. Not knowing my way. I asked the policeman.
6. Hearing the noise, I got up.
7. Being paralytic, he could not walk.
8. He could not walk properly because of his sprained
ankle.
9. Walking along the street. I met my old friend.
10. Being a student of Darunnajah, she can speak English
and Arabic.
27
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Example:
1. I went outside.
2. I waited inside.
3. I saw a girl with long hair.

4. The woman in the blue coat suddenly fainted.
5. He put the change in the small tin.
6. I did prayer after school.
7. He was scattering the paper for no good reason.
8. Before dinner is his time to rest.
Notice the underlined words in the box. The underlined

words ‘outside’ and ‘inside’ in sentences numbers 1-2 are not
prepositional phrases.
Look at the underlined words in sentences number 3-8.
These underlined words are a group of words preceded by
prepositions. They are called the prepositional phrases.
Now pay attention to the function of the prepositional
phrase. The prepositional phrase in sentence number 3 “with
long hair” is an adjective qualifies the noun (girl), the
prepositional phrase in sentence number 4 “in the blue coat”
is also adjective qualifies the noun (woman). Then the
prepositional phrase in sentence number 3-4 has function as
an adjective.
In sentence number 5, the prepositional phrase “In the
small tin” function as an adverb qualifies the verb (put), in
sentence number 6 the prepositional phrase “after school”
function is an adverb qualifies the verb (did) tells the time, in
sentence number 7 the prepositional phrase “for no good
reason” is an adverb qualifies (was scattering) tells the reason.
28
In sentence number 8 the prepositional phrase is used as

a subject of a sentence, this prepositional phrase functions as
a noun.
Summary:
1. A preposition is different from a prepositional phrase.
2. A prepositional phrase can function as an adjective, an
adverb, and a noun.
EXERCISE
Pick out the prepositional phrase, and then identify their
functions.
1. My friend told me the story about his success.
2. The president left after 15 minutes.
3. I have known him for many years.
4. The picture in the locked file is missing.
5. The man with short hair just bought a car.
6. The mayor always greets people with a big smile.
7. Books from library covered his desk.
8. After Subuh Prayer is my time to review lessons.
9. Kiki watched the parade from the upstairs window.
10. Tono wanted a ticket for the football game.
MIXED EXERCISE
Identify the phrases (verb phrase, verbal phrase, prepositional
phrase).
1. I have been waiting for him for over two hours.
2. It is easy to find fault.
3. Driving a car requires care and skill.
4. The postman looked very tired at the end of the day.
5. I like to see a face with smile on it.
6. He got up at night.
29
7. I thank you with all my heart.

8. A man in great difficulties looked confused.
9. I am tired of listening to such music.
10. Being a big city, Jakarta is very noisy.
Note:
1. Grammarians say according to its forms, a phrase can
be classified into a verb phrase, a verbal phrase
(gerund phrase, infinitive phrase, participial phrase),
and a prepositional phrase.
2. Grammarians say according to its function and its use,
a phrase can be classified into a noun phrase, an
adjective phrase, and an adverb phrase.
3. The noun phrase is in the gerund phrase and the
infinitive phrase.
4. The adjective phrase is in the infinitive phrase, the
participial phrase, and the prepositional phrase.
5. The adverb phrase is in the infinitive phrase, the
participial phrase, and the prepositional phrase.
30
TYPES OF SENTENCES
Example:
1. I must speak English and Arabic
Do you live in Jakarta?
Where do you live?
Please close the door!
How crowded the bus is!
2. The director dictated the letter and the secretary typed it
right away.
He was sick but he went to school.
He was sick so he could not go to school.
We must eat the proper food or we will get sick.
3. I know that he will come here.
I could not recognize the man who helped me.
Because he felt tired he fell asleep.
4. As the clock struck three, the doorbell rang, and our guests
arrived.
Look at sentence number 1. You find each sentence has
one subject and one predicate. A sentence that has one
subject and one predicate is called a simple sentence.
Sentences above show a statement, a question (yes-no
question and information question), a request/command, and
an exclamation.
Notice sentences number 2, each sentence has more
than one simple sentence combined with the conjunction,
and, but, so, or. A sentence that contains more than one
simple sentence is called a compound sentence.
Watch sentence number 3 Pay attention to the
underlined words. The parts of the sentences that are
separated. “I know’, ‘I could not recognize the man’. ‘He fell a
sleep’ can stand alone and do not make sense. The rest parts
31
of the sentences; ‘that he will come here’, who helped me’.

Because he felt tired’ can not stand alone and do not make
sense. These parts of the sentence are called the dependent
clause. A sentence that contains an independent clause and
dependent clauses is called a complex sentence.
See sentence number 4. This sentence contains two
independent clauses, ‘the doorbell rang’, ‘our guests arrived’,
and one dependent clause: ‘As the clock truck three’. The
sentence like this is called the compound –complex sentence.
Summary:
1. Sentence can be classified into simple sentences,
compound sentence, complex sentence, and
compound-complex sentences.
2. A simple sentence is a sentence that contains one
subject and one predicate. It shows a statement, a
question, a request/command. And an exclamation
3. A compound sentence is a sentence that contains two
or more simple sentence joined into one by the
conjunctions such as and, but, so, or.
4. A complex sentence is a sentence that contains one or
more dependent clauses.
5. A compound-complex sentence is a sentence which
contains two or more independent clauses and one or
more dependent clause.
EXERCISE
A. Say what the following sentences show.
1. What is sleep?
2. What a terrible temper he has!
3. Please open the window!
4. It is not good.
32
5. What kind of books do you need?

6. Has he called yet?
7. She is very jealous.
8. Take a deep breath!
9. She does well in the tests.
10. Repeat the first step!
B. Identify simple sentences, compound sentences,

complex sentences, and compound-complex sentences.
1. What a pleasant personality he has!
2. I don’t understand what she said.
3. What delicious fruit is!
4. Ana is sure that his uncle will come soon.
5. How graceful she is!
6. You are rich and he is poor but is healthy and you are
sickly.
7. All classes were canceled because the weather was
bad. And students were told to listen to the radio to
find out when classes would begin again.
8. The boy whom you saw is now in hospital, because he
is sick.
9. After several stop, the bus got full.
10. Ani goes to school after she has a breakfast.
11. Nisa stood at the corner waiting for the bus to arrive.
12. There were not too many people so she easily got a
seat.
13. There were no more seats left and Eri had to remain
standing.
14. When the bus came, she got on it.
15. How quickly he walks!
33
RECOGNIZING CLAUSES
Example:
1. I saw the boy in the white shirt.
2. I saw the boy who was wearing the white shirt.

(I saw the boy. He was wearing the white shirt).
3. I know that tia is sick.
4. I go to bed after I finish my homework.
Notice the underlined words. In sentence number 1 in

the box “in the white shirt” you see a group of words forming
the part of the sentence having no subject and predicate. This
is called, as you know, a phrase.
In sentences numbers 2-4 you see a group of words
forming a part of a sentence having a subject and a predicate.
This group of words is called a clause.
If you say “I saw the boy” in sentence number 2, or “I
know” in sentence number 3, or “I go to bed” in sentence
number 4, other people will understand you, because these
clause can stand alone and make sense. These clause are
called Independent Clauses/Main Clause.
On the other hand if you say “who was wearing the
white shirt” in sentence number 2, or “that Tia is sick” in
sentence number 3, or “after I finish my home work” in
sentence number 4, other people can not understand you,
because these clauses can not stand alone and don’t make
sense. These clauses are called Dependent
Clause/Subordinate Clause/ Sub Clause. As you see the
dependent clause in these sentences are in the complex
sentence.
34
Summary:
1. A phrase and a clause are different.
• A phrase is a group of words forming a part of a
sentence having no subject and predicate.
• A clause is a group of words forming a part of a
sentence having a subject and a predicate.
2. Clauses have two kinds
• Independent clause/main clause.
• Dependent clause/subordinate clause/sub clause.
3. A dependent clause is found in a complex sentence or a
compound complex sentence.
EXERCISE:
A. Identify subordinate clauses and phrases (verbal phrase
and prepositional phrase).
1. I can meet the principal after the last class.
2. He can go out after it stops raining.
3. She could not go to school because of her illness.
4. She could not go to school because she was ill.
5. We did not cheat during the test.
6. We did not cheat when we take the test.
7. I typed a report until 10 o’clock.
8. I typed a report until I got tired.
9. I got there in the afternoon.
10. I got there when the clock struck two.
B. Identity main clauses and subordinate clauses in the
following sentences.
1. She left because you were rude.
2. I understand what he says.
3. He says that winning is not everything
4. He was the man who helped me.
35
5. My uncle visited you when you left town.

6. I saw the choir who were singing
7. He can not buy a car if its price continues to climb.
8. They went out after they had dinner.
9. The weatherman predicted that it would rain.
10. The police asked where she lived.
11. I met a girl whose eyes were blue.
12. The umbrella with a broken handle is mine.
13. Do you know the street leading to the mosque?
14. The people in the gallery could not hear.
15. He told me the time of his arrival.
36
RECOGNIZING NOUN CLAUSES
Example:
1. I know Ali
2. I know what he said.
Look at the underlined word in sentence number 1 in the

box ‘Ali’ is noun.
In sentence number 2 ‘what he said’ is a clause that
functions as a noun. A noun is different from a noun clause.
EXERCISE:
Identify a noun and a noun clause in the underlined words.
1. I have known Ali for a long time.
2. They are proud of what Ati has achieved.
3. He is worried about Tia.
4. They are proud of Ali.
5. He was worried about what I had told him yesterday.
37
MAKING NOUN CLAUSES
Derived from: Noun Clause

1. Statement I know that he is ill
He is ill
2. yes-no question: I asked him if he was from Aceh
Is he from Aceh ?
3. Information question: I asked him where he was from.
Where is he from?
4. Command/request: He suggests that I write the letter
Write the letter soon! soon.
5. Exclamation: I realized how funny this story is
How funny this story is!
The underlined sentences above are dependent clauses

function as noun clause, a noun clause may derives from; a
statement, a yes-no question, an information question, a
command/request, and an exclamation.
When you use a noun clause derived from a statement,
you must begin with ‘that’. When you use a noun clauses
derived from a yes-no question, you must begin with ‘if’ or
‘whether’ + S + Auxiliary/Verb. When you use a noun clause
derived from an information question, you must begin with
the same word question; who, whom, where, what, which,
how. When you use a noun clause derived from a
command/request, you must usually put ‘suggest’ in the
sentence. When you use a noun clause derived from an
exclamation, you must not change the original word order but
throw away an exclamation mark (!).
Summary:
1. A noun clause is a clause that does the work of the
noun.
38
2. A noun clause derives from a statement, a yes-no

question, information question/ a command/request,
and an exclamation.
3. There are some rules when you make a noun clause:
a. When a noun clause derived from a statement, the
noun clause must be begun with ‘that’.
b. When a non clause derives from a yes-no question,
the noun clause must be expressed with ‘if/whether’
+ Aux/Verb.
c. When a noun clause derived from an information
question, the noun clause must be put in this order:
Question words + Subject + Auxiliary/Verb.
d. When a noun clause derives from command or
request you must usually put “suggest” in the
sentence of main clause.
e. When a noun clause derive from an exclamation,
you must not change the original word order, but
throw away an exclamation mark (!).
EXERCISE
Combine each pair of the following sentences, so that the
second sentence will become a noun clause.
1. He asks. What is my brother doing at home now?
2. We believe. Allah is the Merciful, the Beneficent.
3. I Heard. Darunnajah Jakarta accepted more students
this year.
4. I suggested. Do your homework, Ali!
5. I asked. Where do you come from?
6. I ask. Are you from Tangerang?
7. I see. What crowded the bus is!
8. I saw. How crowded the bus is!
9. I doubt. You will pass your tests.
10. I hear. What does she say?
39
FUNCTIONS AND USES OF NOUN CLAUSE
Example:
1. That he tries is evident.
2. My hope is that he will come.
3. I know what he said.
4. You can speak to whoever comes.
Look at the underlined words in four sentences above. In
sentence number 1 ‘That he tries’ is a noun clause used as a
subject of a sentence. In sentence number 2 ‘that he will
come’ is a noun clause used as a subjective complement. In
sentence number 3 ‘what he said’ is a noun clause used as an
object of a verb. In sentence number 4 ‘whoever comes’ is a
noun clause used as an object of a preposition.
Summary:
A noun clause functions as a noun used as a subject of a
sentence, a subjective complement, an object of a verb, and
an object of a preposition.
EXERCISE
Pick out noun clauses, and then mention their functions and
uses.
1. What he said is unbelievable?
2. The teacher asks me where I come from.
3. It is well-known that coffee grows in Lampung.
4. Where my friend lives is unknown.
5. Do you know where Miftah comes from?
6. My question is whether he will get the letter.
7. Whoever comes late will get a punishment.
8. Let us talk about how we can help Muslims in Bosnia.
9. Who shot birds was unknown.
10. Mr. Ubay is proud of what his son has achieved.
40
RECOGNIZING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
Example:
1. He is a good man
2. He is the boy who helped me yesterday.
(He is the boy. He helped me yesterday).
Notice the underlined words. ‘Good’ in sentence number

1 qualifies the noun, (man) the word that qualifies noun, as
you know, is an adjective. This adjective contains a single
word. ‘who helped me yesterday’ in sentence number 2
qualifies the noun; (boy). This is also an adjective. This
adjective contains a group of words forming a part of a
sentence having a subject and a predicate ‘who’ replaces
pronoun ‘He’ is a subject, ‘helped me yesterday’ is a predicate.
A group of words, as you know, is called a clause. And this
clause functions as an adjective, so it is called an adjective
clause.
Look at sentence number 2. ‘He is the boy’ can stand
alone and makes sense without the rest of the sentence, so
this is called the independent clause/main clause. ‘Who helped
me yesterday’ can not stand alone and does not have the
complete sentence, so this is called a dependent
clause/subordinate clause/sub clause.
Summary:
1. An adjective clause is the adjective that contains a
subject and a predicate and functions as an adjective.
2. The adjective clause is the dependent
clause/subordinate clause/sub clause. To make sense,
this clause depends on the independent clause/main
clause.
41
EXERCISE:
A. Identify an adjective and an adjective clause in the following
sentence.
1. This book is written by a famous author.
2. Muslims hate the novel that is written by Salman
Rushdy.
3. She is a jealous girl.
4. I met the girl who is very jealous.
5. This is the book which I bought yesterday.
B. Identify an independent clause and a dependent clause in
the following sentence.
1. Rahman is the student of Darunnajah who can speak
English and Arabic fluently.
2. The students who studies hard can answer the
questions easily.
3. The man who talked with me an hour ago is my uncle.
4. We can not use the phone that is out of order.
5. The book that you gave me a week ago is missing.
42
MAKING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. Qualifying a person:
1. He is the man who teaches me Grammar.
He is the man that teach me Grammar.
2. He is the man whom I helped yesterday.
He is the man that I helped yesterday.
3. That was the boy whose book I borrowed.
B. Qualifying a thing:
1. He is reading the book (that) I bought yesterday.
He is reading the book (which) I bought yesterday.
C. Qualifying a time:
1. This is the year when the Sea Games are held.
2. He was sick the day before he would go abroad.
3. He was sick the day after he took the test.
D. Qualifying a place:
1. That is the house Where Aziz lives.
2. This is the mosque where we pray.
E. Qualifying a reason:
1. Give me the reason why you came late.
Notice the underlined sentences above each underlined

sentence is an adjective clause. The adjective clause in these
sentences are started with “who, whom, whose, that, when,
before, after, where, and why”.
Look at the underlined sentences in “A” number 1,2 and
3 are adjective clauses qualifies person, man and boy.
The underlined sentences “B” number 1 and 2 are
adjective clauses qualifying a thing that introduced with “that”
and “which”.
43
The underlined sentences “C” number 1,2 and 3 are

adjective clauses qualifying a time that introduced with “when,
before and after”.
The underlined sentences “D” number 1,2 are adjective
clause qualifying a place that introduced with “Where”.
The underlined sentence “E” number 1 is adjective
clause qualifying a reason that introduced with “why”.
Summary:
1. An adjective clause is a clause functioning as an
adjective.
2. An adjective clause is introduced with who, whom,
that, whose for a person, that and which for a thing,
when, before, and after for a time, where for a place,
why for a reason. All of these words are called the
introductory words of adjective clauses.
EXERCISE
A. Supply appropriate introductory words of adjective clauses
to complete the following sentences.
1. She asked me the reason … I would go abroad.
2. This is the room … we study.
3. Friday is the day … the male Muslims must do the
Friday prayer.
4. Ita is the girl … pen I am using.
5. I don’t understand any word … he said
6. We discussed about the author … had written this
book.
7. I will never forget the day … my father was dead.
8. Do you know the man … is standing over there?
9. That is the girl … picture you saw.
44
10. The house . . . you are looking for is at the end of this
road.
B. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences; make the

second sentence as the adjective clause.
1. This is the building. The building belongs to the
government.
2. The bread was not good. I ate the bread yesterday.
3. The book is mine. It is lying on the desk.
4. That is the book. The book is written by Sanusi Pane.
5. The book was about Islamic history. I was reading the
book yesterday.
6. The eggs are bad. I bought the eggs yesterday.
7. The old lady has just died. The lady lived next door to
us.
8. Darunnajah is an Islamic school. It is on Jl. Ulujami no
86.
9. The magazine is very interesting. You lent me the
magazine.
10. The man has just come. We are talking about him.
MIXED EXERCISE
Identify noun clauses and adjective clauses in the following
sentences.
1. I can not recognize the man who is coming to me.
2. My mother asked me who broke the glass.
3. We pray where they pray.
4. This is the house where my family live.
5. The shop keeper asked me which you are reading.
6. I am looking for the book which you are reading.
7. How she gets here is not my business.
45
8. Our problem is how we can do for Muslims in

Cashmere.
9. He did not tell me when he would come home.
10. I still remember the day when my uncle got married.
Note:
a. In everyday usage often one pattern is used more
common than other.
• as a subject pronouns, ‘who’ is more common than
‘that’
• as a subject pronouns, ‘that’ is more common than
‘which’
• As object pronouns, ‘who’, ‘which’ and ‘that’ can be
omitted?
• As subject pronouns, ‘who’, ‘which’, and ‘that’ can not
be omitted.
b. ‘Who’ is usually used instead of ‘whom’, especially in
speaking? ‘Whom’ is generally used only in very formal
English?
c. If ‘where’ is used, a preposition is not included in the
adjective clause. If ‘where’ is not used, the preposition is
not included in the adjective clause. E.g.
• The building where he lives is very old.
• The building in which he lives is very old.
• The building which he lives in is very old.
• The building that he lives in is very old.
d. To modify a noun of time, an adjective clause can be
expressed this way:
• I will never forget the day when my father was dead.
• I will never forget the day in which my father was
dead.
• I will never forget the day that my father was dead.
46
RECOGNIZING ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Example:
1. I bought this book yesterday.

2. I bought this book when I went to Blok M.
Look at the underlined words in the box, ‘yesterday’ in

sentence number 1 qualifies the verb, bought. As you know a
word that qualifying a verb is called an adverb. This adverb
contains a single word,
’when I went to Blok M’ in sentence number 2 qualifies
the verb, bought this also called an adverb. This adverb
contains the clause or more than one word, so this is called an
adverb clause/dependent clause.
Notice sentence number 2. ‘I bought this book’ can stand
alone and it is understandable without the rest words. This is
called an independent clause/main clause. The adverbial
clause ‘when I went to Blok M’ can not stand alone and it is
not understandable. This clause depends on the independent
clause or main clause.
Summary:
1. An adverbial clause is a clause containing a subject and
a predicate functioning as an adverb.
2. An adverbial clause is a dependent clause/subordinate
clause/sub clause.
47
EXERCISE
A. Identify adverbs and adverbial clauses.
1. He was reading Qur’an when his uncle came in.
2. We just talked during the break.
3. I was writing a letter when my friend was sleeping.
4. I have to wash my clothes after school.
5. After school is over, I have to wash my clothes.
B. Identify independent clauses and dependent clauses.

1. We may go to sleep after the clock strikes ten.
2. I will see my uncle as soon as I arrive in Aceh.
3. After I had finished my assignment, I went to sleep.
4. He has got a stomach since he drank uncooked water.
5. The boy will leave before you get there.
48
TYPES OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
Example:
1. Adverbial clause of time
• He was having breakfast when I came in.
2. Adverbial clause of place
• I study where Kiki studies.
3. Adverbial clause of reason
• He can not come here because he is ill.
4. Adverbial clause of contrast
• Mr. Adnan is not happy although he is rich.
5. Adverbial clause of purpose
• We study at Darunnajah in order that we can
deepen our knowledge of Islam.
6. Adverbial clause of result
• He was sick so that he didn’t come here.
7. Adverbial clause of manner
• He looks as if he needed more sleep.
8. Adverbial clause of comparison
• She works just as hard as her sister works
9. Adverbial clause of condition
• We will not go out if it rains.
Notice the underlined words forming adverbial clauses.
The adverbial clause in sentence number 1 explains a time.
The adverbial clause in sentence number 2 explains a place; it
is an adverbial clause of place. The adverbial clause in
sentence number 3 explains a reason/cause. The adverbial
clause in sentence number 4 explains a contras, it is an
adverbial clause of contrast. The adverbial clause in sentence
number 5 explains purpose; it is an adverbial clause of
purpose. The adverbial clause in sentence number 6 explain a
49
result, it is an adverbial clause of result. The adverbial clause in

sentence number 7 explains a manner; it is an adverbial clause
of manner. The adverbial clause in sentence number 8 explains
a comparison, it is an adverbial clause of comparison the
adverbial clause in sentence number 9 explains a condition; it
is an adverbial clause of condition/conditional sentence.
Summary:
A. The adverbial clause has many types :
1. Adverbial clause of time.
2. Adverbial clause of place
3. Adverbial clause of reason cause
4. Adverbial clause of contrast
5. Adverbial clause of purpose
6. Adverbial clause of result
7. Adverbial clause of manner
8. Adverbial clause of comparison
9. Adverbial clause of condition
B. Every adverbial clause is begun with certain words
called subordinate conjunctions.
EXERCISE:
Identify noun clause, adjective clause and adverbial clause in
the following sentences !
1. I don't recognize the person who is wearing the green
jacket!
2. My teacher is studying at STAIDA, so he knows more
about Islam law.
3. Although it was raining very heavily, I tried to go to
mosque.
4. I know the boy who is reading a book
5. I know the boy whose book is founded by me
50
6. I want to know whose book this is.

7. Evi tells me that she is from Tangerang.
8. What Evi talked about her family
9. Eli talked about how he could get good marks in the tests.
10. The boss asked why I had come late.
51
ABRIDGED DEPENDENT CLAUSES
Example:
1. When you are buying a computer, you should seek
professional advice.
When buying a computer, you should seek professional
advice.
2. After she prepares the dinner, Ani will read a book.
After preparing the dinner, Ani will read a book.
3. While I was reviewing for the test, I realized that I had
forgotten to study the participial phrase.
While reviewing for the test, I realized that I had
forgotten to study the participial phrase.
4. After jumping out of the boat, the shark bit the man,
(incorrect)
5. After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by
the shark (correct)
Notice the underlined words in sentences number 1-3.

Some dependent clause (adverbial clauses) can be abridged,
the dependent clauses are incomplete, when you express a
dependent clause completely, you use an adverbial clause.
When you express a dependent clause incompletely, you use
an abridged dependent clause of a participial phrase.
Look at sentences number 4-5. You see the abridged
clause in sentence number 4 is incorrect, because the subject
in the main clause; ‘the shark’ can not be the subject of the
abridge clause. In sentence number 5 the subject in the main
clause can be the subject in the abridged clause, this abridged
clause is correct.
52
Summary:
1. Dependent clauses can be abridged.
2. A subject in an abridged dependent clause must be the
same with a subject in a main clause.
EXERCISE
A. Abridge dependent clauses in the following sentences.
1. While I was sleeping, my uncle came in.
2. I can go to bed after I finish my homework.
3. Before they sang, the students recited a poem.
4. While he was guiding us through the museum, the
director gave us a special explanation.
5. You may go out after you sign this form.
B. State whether the following abridged clauses are correct
or incorrect.
1. After winning the badminton match, the victory made
Sarwendah jump for joy.
2. When arriving here you must bring your report.
3. You must ask for permission before going out of the
dorm.
4. Ali can go out after answering the questions.
5. While washing the clothes, she was listening to the
news.
53
APPENDIX PREFERENCE LIST
I. Verbs Followed by Gerunds:

1. Admit 12. Finish 23. Recollect
2. Advise 13. Forget 24. Recommend
3. Anticipated 14 can’t help 25. Regret
4. Appreciate 15. Keep 26. Remember
5. Avoid 16. Mention 27. Resent
6. Complete 17. Mind 28. Resist
7. Consider 18. Miss 29. Risk
8. Delay 19. Postpone 30. Stop
9. Deny 20. Practice 31. Suggest
10. Discuss 21. Quit 32. Tolerate
11. Enjoy 22. Recall 33. Understand
II. Verbs + preposition + gerunds:

1. Accuse of 12. Go on/carry on
2. Apologize for 13. Insist on
3. approve/disapprove of 14. Keep on
4. (Be) better off 15. Look forward to
5. Confess to 16. Object to
6. Count on 17. Put off
7. Decide against 18. Rely on
8. Depend on 19. Succeed in
9. Dream about/of 20. Think about /of
10. Feel like (want) 21. Worry about
11. Give up.
54
III. Verbs + objects + prepositions + gerunds:

1. Accuse … of 6. Prevent … from
2. Congratulate … on 7. Stop … from
3. Excuse … for 8. Suspect … of
4. Forgive … for 9. Thank … for
5. Pardon … for 10. Warn … against
IV. Adjectives + prepositions + gerunds:

1. (Be) accustomed to use to 6. Interested in
2. afraid of 7. Sorry for
3. capable of 8. Successful in
4. Fond of 9. Tired of
5. Intense of
V. Nouns + prepositions + gerunds:

1. Choice of 4. Possibility in
2. Excuse for 5. Reason for
3. Intention of 6. Method for/of
VI. Gerunds after certain expressions:

1. It is a waste of time … (… is a waste of time)
2. It is enjoyable … 5. It is no use …
3. It is no fun … 6. It is useless …
4. It is no good … 7. It is worth …
VII. Gerund derived from phrases:

1. cutting-knife (knife used for cutting)
2. drawing-book 14. Swimming-pool
3. dining-room 15. Traveling-bag
4. dressing-room 16. Washing-machine
5. dressing-table 17. Walking-stick
6. driving-license 18. Wedding-cake
55
7. fishing-rod 19. Wedding-gift

8. frying-pan 20. Wedding-party
9. living-room 21. Wedding-room
10. sewing-machine 22. Waiting-room
11. shopping-bag 23. Writing-desk
12. sleeping-bag 24. Writing-paper
13. sleeping-room
VIII. Verbs Followed by Infinitives:
A. Verbs Followed Immediately by Infinitives:

1. Afford 20. Mean
2. Agree 21. Need
3. Appear 22. Offer
4. Arrange 23. Plan
5. Ask 24. Prepare
6. Beg 25. Pretend
7. Care 26. Promise
8. Claim 27. Refuse
9. Consent 28. Regret
10. Decide 29. Remember
11. Demand 30. Seem
12. Deserve 31. Struggle
13. Expect 32. Swear
14. Fail 33. Threaten
15. Forget 34. Volunteer
16. Hesitate 35. Wait
17. Hope 36. Want
18. Learn 37. Wish
19. Manage
56
B. Verbs Followed by (pro) Noun Infinitives:

1. Advise 14. Instruct
2. Allow 15. Invite
3. Ask 16. Need
4. Beg 17. Order
5. Cause 18. Permit
6. Challenge 19. Persuade
7. Convince 20. Remind
8. Dare 21. Require
9. Encourage 22. Teach
10. Expect 23. Tell
11. Forbid 24. Urge
12. Force 25. Want
13. Hire 26. Warn
IX. Adjectives Followed by infinitives:

1. Afraid 16. Lucky
2. amazed 17. Motivated
3. Ashamed 18. Pleased
4. astonished 19. Prepared
5. Anxious 20. Ready
6. Careful 21. Proud
7. Content 22. Relieved
8. delighted 23. Reluctant
9. determined 24. Sad
10. disappointed 25. Sorry
11. Eager 26. Shocked
12. Fortunate 27. Surprised
13. Glad 28. Stunned
14. Happy 29. Upset
15. Hesitant 30. Willing
57
X. Verbs following by either gerund of infinitives:
A. Verbs + gerunds/infinitives without difference in meaning:

1. begin/start 4. Hate
2. Continue 5. Prefer
3. like/love 6. Can’t stand/bear
B. Verbs + gerunds/infinitives with difference in meaning:
1. Forget/remember + gerunds
Meaning: forget/remember something happened in the
past.
e.g.: I remember meeting your father in the hall.
Forget/remember + infinitives
Meaning: forget/remember to perform responsibility,
duty, or task.
2. Regret + gerunds
Meaning, regret something that happened in the past.
e.g. : I regret lending him money. He never paid me back.
Regret + infinitives
Meaning : regret to say/tell/inform someone of bad news.
e.g. : I regret to tell you that your brother failed in the test.
3. Need + gerunds
Meaning: passive
e.g. : Your hair needs cutting.
Need + infinities
Meaning: active
e.g. : I need to take a rest.
4. Try + gerunds
Meaning: use/do something as an experiment or test to
see if works.
Try + infinitives
Meaning: make an afford/attempt
e.g.: Try to behave better.
58
GENERAL REFERENCES
A. Grammar Books:
1. Abd. Mubin, Helmy, A Communicative Grammar of
English for Pesantren in Indonesia, Pt. Deni’s Utama,
Jakarta, 1089.
2. Alter, J.B., Corrective English Grammar for Certificate
Students, Times Educational Co. Ltd., Hongkong, 1980
3. Betty Schrampfer, Azar, Understanding and Using
English Grammar, Prentice Hall, Regents, New Jersey,
1989
4. Firman, Susan, and Bosewitz, Rene, Penguin Students’
Grammar of English Exercises, Penguin group, London,
1988
5. Frank, Marcella, Modern English, Part II
6. Greifferberg, Fay, et. Al, English Workshop, Harcout
Brace Jovanovich Inc., USA, 1973
7. Leech, Geoffrey, An A-Z of English Grammar and
Usage, Penerbit Gelatik, Indonesia 1990
8. Murphy, Raymond, Grammar in Use, Cambridge
University Press, London, 1989
9. Nandy, Milon, Correct Use of Prepositional Phrases and
Basic Grammar, composite Study Aid Publication,
Singapore, 1989
10. Nasution, A, Guide to Grammar Activities for
Communicating, LIA
11. _____, Grammar Activities for Communicating, LIA
12. Neuberger, Thomas R, Foundation Building Sentence
Skills, Second Edition, Hoghton Mifflin Company,
Boston, 1986
13. Pratt, Lorraine Nichols, Grammar Step-By-Step, Vol. I
and II, Binarupa Aksara, Jakarta, 1993
59
14. Reinhart, Susan M., Testing Your Grammar, Binarupa,

Aksara, Jakarta, 1993
15. Stedl, Jennifer, and Swan, Michael, Basic English Usage
Exercises. Oxford University Press. Hongkong, 1987
16. Swan, Michael, Practical English Usage. Oxford
University Press. Hongkong, 1989
17. Taylor, Grant, Mastering American English, MC Graw-
Hill Book Company, New York, 1956
18. Tracey, Richard, Elementary English Grammar for
Students, Binarupa Aksara, Jakarta 1991
19. _______, Mastering Basic Grammar, Binarupa Aksara,
Jakarta, 1990
20. Thomson, A.J., and Martinet, A.V., A Practical English
Grammar, Oxford University Press. London. 1976
21. ______, Combined Exercises, Vol I and II, Oxford
University Press, London 1976
22. Walker, E, and Elswoth, S,. Grammar Practice for
Intermediate Srtudets, Binarupa Aksara, Jakarta, 1990
23. Wren and Martin, High School Grammar and
Composition, S. Chand and Company ltd,. New Delhi,
1989
B. Toefl Books:
1. A pyle, Michel, et. Al., Cliffs Toefl Preparation Giude,
Loncoln, New York, 1982
2. Isted, George H, and Broderect Vincent, The Best Toefl
Workbook, Addison Wesley Publishing Company,
Japan, 1990
3. King, Carol, and Stanley, Nancy, Building Skills for the
toefl, Texas. 1982
4. Stanley, Nancy, The Best Toefl Test Book, Addison
Wesley Publishing Company, USA. 1988
60
C. Other Books :
1. Archer, Margaret, and Nolan-Woods. Enid, Cambridge
Certificate English, A Course of First Certificate, Thomas
Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1984
2. Hg. Seogeng HS, et. Al., Kompetensi Komunikatif
Bahasa Inggris, Kelas 2 Semester 3, Program A1, A2,
PT. Intan Pariwara, Klaten, 1990
3. Kismadi, Communicating in English, Book 4,5,6, LIA
4. Grammar Books Used by Darunnajah Teachers.
61
REFERENCES OF EVERY LESSON/UNIT
A. Verbals:
Building Skills for the Toefl. Ps. 197-210
The Best Toefl Workbook, p. 59
B. Gerund:
1. A Practical English Grammar, ps. 158-165
2. Cambridge Certificate English, ps, 88-95
3. Cliffs Toefl Preparation, p. 72
4. Corrective English Grammar for Students, ps. 88-95
5. Elementary English Grammar for Students, ps. 103-110
6. Grammar in Use, ps. 106-120
7. Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students, ps. 103-
117
8. Grammar Step – By. Vol. II, ps. 87-94
9. High School Grammar and Composition, ps. 99-102
10. Matering Basic Grammar, ps, 91-96
11. Modern English, Part II, p. 97
12. Penguin Students Grammar of English Exercises, p. 73
13. Practical English Usage. Ps. 332-339
14. Testing Your Grammar, p. 58
15. Understanding and Using English Grammar, ps, 150-
168
C. Infinitives:
An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage, ps. 205, 208, 209,
288, 484
Cambridge Certificate English, ps. 88,95
Corrective English for Certificate Students, ps. 127-129
Elementary English Grammar for Students. p. 56
Grammar Step-By-Step, VO. II. Ps. 102-108
62
High School Grammar and Composition, p.91

Modern English, Part II, p,113
Practical English Usage, ps, 320-330
Testing Your Grammar, p. 58
Understanding and Using English Grammar, p. 172
D. Participles:
1. An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage, ps. 210, 288,
291, 327, 329
3. Elementary English Grammar for Students, ps. 113-117
4. Grammar Step-By-Step, Vol. II, ps. 129-136
5. High School Grammar and Composition, p. 94
6. Modern English, Part II, p. 81
7. Penguin Students’ Grammar of English Exercise, p. 79
8. Practical English Usage, ps. 210, 288-291, 327-329
9. The Best Toefl Workbook, p. 59
E. Parts of sentences:
Building Skills for the Toefl, p. 139
Clifts toefl Preparation Guide, p.39
Guide to Grammar Activities for Communicating, p.1
The Best Toefl Test Book, p.1
F. Phrases:
1. Guide to Grammar Activities for Communicating, p. 19
G. Verb Phrases:
1. Cliffs Toefl Preparation Guide, p. 40
H. Gerund Phrases:
Communicating in English, Book 6, p. 54
63
Grammar Activities for Communicating, ps. 17-22

Grammar Step-By-Step, Vol. II, ps. 95-101
Guide to Grammar Activities for Communicating, p. 19
High School Grammar and Composition, p. 190
Modern English, Part, p. 113
I. Infinitive phrases:
Grammar Step-By-Step, Vol. II, ps, 102-108, 148
Guide to Grammar activities for Communicating, p. 19
High School Grammar and Composition, ps. 184-192
Modern English, Part II, p. 113
Kompetensi Komunikatif Bahasa Inggris, ps. 10-11
J. Participial Phrases:
Modern English, Part II, p. 81
The Best Toefl Test Book, p. 13
Kompetensi Komunikatif Bahasa Inggris, ps. 10-11
K. Prepositional Phrase:
1. English Workshop, ps. 61-70
2. Grammar Activities for Communicating, ps 22-23
3. Grammar Step-By-Step, Vol. II. Ps. 175-181
64
L. Types of Sentences:
Communicating in English, Book 4, ps. 44-45
_____, Book 5, p. 8
_____, Book 6, p. 12
Correct Use of prepositional phrases and Basic Grammar,
p. 130
Guide to Grammar Activities for Communicating, p. 22.
High School Grammar and Composition, ps. 200, 239, 255
Modern English, Part II, ps. 1-16
M. Clauses:
Building skills for the Toefl, p. 165
Correct Use of Prepositional phrases and basic Grammar,
ps. 127-129.
Grammar activities for communicating, ps. 24-29
Guide to Grammar Activities for Communication, ps. 20-21
The Best Toefl Workbook, p. 231
N. Noun Clauses:
1. Building Skills for the Toefl, ps. 178-180, 182, 184
2. Communicating in English, Book 5. p, 32
4. Elementary English Grammar for Students, p. 164
5. Foundation Building Sentence Skills, ps. 211, 227, 231
6. Grammar Activities for Communicating, ps. 25.28
9. Modern English, Part II, ps. 61-77
65
O. Adjective Clauses:
Building Skills for the Toefl, 182, 184, 185
Cliffs Toefl Preparation Guide, p. 135
Corrective English for Certificate Students, p. 157
Communicating in English, Book 5, p. 17
Elementary English Grammar for Students, ps, 147-149
Foundation Building Sentence Skills, ps. 221-220
Grammar is Use, ps. 176-185
Grammar Practice for Intermediate Students, p. 154
High School Grammar and Composition, ps, 194-195
Modern English, part II, 47-60
Practical English Grammar, p. 31
P. Adverbial Clauses:
Building Skills for the TOEFL, p. 175
Cambridge Certificate English, p. 72
Communicating in English, Book 5, p, 52
______, Book 6, p.14
Corrective English Grammar for Certificate Students, p. 155
Elementary English Grammar for Students, ps. 152-160
Foundation Building Sentence Skills, ps. 211, 220, 226
Grammar Activities for Communicating, p. 26
High School Grammar and Composition, p.192
Modern English, Part II, ps, 21-45
Q. Abridged Dependent Clauses:

Cliffs Toefl Preparation Guide, p. 161
66
R. Reference List:
Grammar in use, ps. 106-120
Cliffs TOEFL Preparation Guide, p. 72
Understanding and Using English Grammar, ps, 162, 168,
175
67
68

Grammar Nihai

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ENGLISH

Tarbiyatul Mu’allimin/Mu’allimat al-Islamiyyah

Praise be to Allah Lord of the world. The writer thanks

Darunnajah Ist Muharram 1423

Drs. Mustafa Hadi Chirzin

The parts of speech are eight in numbers:

2. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun or noun

4. A verb is a word used for saying something a person or

5. A preposition is a word used for showing what a person

6. A conjunction is a word used for joining one sentence to

7. An adverb is a word used for qualifying any kind of word

8. An interjection is a word put into sentence to express a

Name the part of speech of each underlined word in the

Nouns may be divided into five different kinds :

1. A proper noun is a name given to one particular person or

2. A Common noun is a word denotes not one person or

3. A Collective noun is a word denotes a group, collection, or

4. A Noun of Material is a word denotes the matter, or

Common Noun Material Noun

5. An Abstract noun is a word denotes some quality, state,

HOW ABSTRACT NOUNS ARE FORMED

Abstract nouns can be formed from adjectives, or from

Adjective Abstract Adjective Abstract

(b) Abstract Nouns formed from Common Nouns:

(d) Abstract Nouns of the same form as Verbs:

Gender is the grouping of words into masculine, feminine,

1. Masculine Gender is a noun denotes a male.

2. Feminine Gender is a noun denotes a female

MASCULINE AND FEMININE

(b) By a Change of Ending:

Peculiar Changes of Ending:

(d) By placing a Word before or after:

Examples of Nouns in the Common Gender:

Fill the blanks with suitable masculine or feminine gender!

Number is the form of word to show whether it is

2. Add es to the singular, if you find that you cannot

3. If the Singular ends in y, and the y is preceded by a

Note 1: The following are exceptions:

Note 1: Example of double Plurals:

1. There are eight nouns that form the Plural by

In spite of the plural, we say, By this means. This

Case is from a noun or pronoun that shows its relation

Parse the nouns in the following sentences!

To parse a word is to examine it in two different points:

Master Common Masculine Singular Nominative,

The Parsing of Nouns

Arabic Proper Neuter Singular Accusative, After the

Deer Common Common Plural Nominative,

A pronoun is a word which refers to some person or

The Second Person, Masculine or Feminine

An Adjective is a word that qualifies a noun, it adds to its

The kinds of Adjectives may be defined thus:

How adjectives are formed

(b) Adjectives formed from other Adjectives

(c) Adjectives formed from Verbs

(d) Adjectives formed from Adverbs

Pick out all the adjectives in the following sentence, and

There are three degrees of comparison of Adjectives:

Positive Comparative Superlative

To parse an adjective you have to show three different

An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb,

7. A RELATIVE ADVERB is joining the sentences.

THE COMPARISON OF ADVERBS