Harold’s Taylor Series

Cheat Sheet
22 October 2022

Power Series
+∞
Power Series About Zero
∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + ⋯
Geometric Series if 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎
𝑛=0
+∞
Power Series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑛 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑐)2 + ⋯
𝑛=0

Approximation Polynomial

𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) + 𝑹𝒏 (𝒙)

𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑅𝑛 (𝑥) = ± 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐸: 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒

Maclaurin Series
+∞
Maclaurin Series 𝒇(𝒏) (𝟎) 𝒏
𝒇(𝒙) ≈ 𝑷𝒏 (𝒙) = ∑ 𝒙
Taylor Series centered about 𝑥 = 0 𝒏!
𝒏=𝟎
(𝑛+1)
𝑓 (𝑥 ∗ ) 𝑛+1
𝑅𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑥
Maclaurin Series Remainder (𝑛 + 1)!
where 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 ∗ ≤ 𝑚𝑎𝑥 and lim 𝑅𝑛 (𝑥) = 0
𝑥→+∞

Taylor Series
+∞
Taylor Series 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑐)
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = ∑ (𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑛
Maclaurin Series if 𝑐 = 0 𝑛!
𝑛=0

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 1

 𝑓 (𝑛+1) (𝑥 ∗ )
𝑅𝑛 (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑛+1
Taylor Series Remainder (𝑛 + 1)!
where 𝑥 ≤ 𝑥 ∗ ≤ 𝑐 and lim 𝑅𝑛 (𝑥) = 0
𝑥→+∞

Summation Form Expanded Form

Exponential Functions
∞
𝒙
𝒙𝒏 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7 𝑥8
𝒆 =∑ 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 1+𝑥+ + + + + + + +⋯
𝒏! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7! 8!
𝒏=𝟎
∞
(𝑥 ln(𝑎))𝑛 [𝑥 ln(𝑎)]2 [𝑥 ln(𝑎)]3
𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln (𝑎) = ∑ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 ln(𝑎) + + +⋯
𝑛! 2! 3!
𝑛=0

Natural Logarithms
∞
𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7 𝑥8
ln (1 − 𝑥) = ∑ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 𝑥+ + + + + + + +⋯
𝑛 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝑛=1
∞
(−1)𝑛−1 (𝑥 − 1)𝑛 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)3 (𝑥 − 1)4
ln (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 (𝑥 − 1) − + − +⋯
𝑛 2 3 4
𝑛=1
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏−𝟏 𝒏 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5 𝑥6 𝑥7 𝑥8
𝐥𝐧 (𝟏 + 𝒙) = ∑ 𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| < 𝟏 𝑥− + − + − + − +⋯
𝒏 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
𝒏=𝟏
∞
1+𝑥 2 2𝑥 2 2𝑥 3 2𝑥 4 2𝑥 5 2𝑥 6 2𝑥 7
ln ( )=∑ 𝑥 2𝑛−1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 2𝑥 − + − + − + −⋯
1−𝑥 2𝑛 − 1 3 5 7 9 11 13
𝑛=1

Geometric Series
∞
1
= ∑(−1)𝑛 (𝑥 − 1)𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 2 1 − (𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑥 − 1)3 + (𝑥 − 1)4 + ⋯
𝑥
𝑛=0
∞
1
= ∑(−1)𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 − 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 − 𝑥7 + 𝑥8 − ⋯
1+𝑥
𝑛=0
∞
𝟏
= ∑ 𝒙𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| < 𝟏 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥6 + 𝑥7 + 𝑥8 + ⋯
𝟏−𝒙
𝒏=𝟎
∞
1
= ∑(−1)𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 8 − 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 12 − 𝑥 14 + ⋯
1 + 𝑥2
𝑛=0
∞
1
= ∑ 𝑥 2𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 8 + 𝑥 10 + 𝑥 12 + 𝑥 14 + ⋯
1 − 𝑥2
𝑛=0
∞
1
= ∑(−1)𝑛−1 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 5 + 7𝑥 6 − ⋯
(1 + 𝑥)2
𝑛=1
∞
1
= ∑ 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 4 + 6𝑥 5 + 7𝑥 6 + ⋯
(1 − 𝑥)2
𝑛=1

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 2

 ∞
1 (−1)𝑛−1 (𝑛 − 1)𝑛 𝑛−2
= ∑ 𝑥
(1 + 𝑥)3 2 1 − 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 4 − 21𝑥 5 + 28𝑥 6 − ⋯
𝑛=2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1
∞
1 (𝑛 − 1)𝑛 𝑛−2
3
=∑ 𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 1 + 3𝑥 + 6𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 3 + 15𝑥 4 + 21𝑥 5 + 28𝑥 6 + ⋯
(1 − 𝑥) 2
𝑛=2
∞
(−1)𝑛 (2𝑛)! 1 1 1 5 4 7 5 21 5
√1 + 𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥𝑛 1 + 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
4𝑛 (𝑛!)2 (1 − 2𝑛) 2 8 16 128 256 1,024
𝑛=0
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 +⋯
∞
(2𝑛)! 1 1 1 5 4 7 5 21 5
√1 − 𝑥 = ∑ 𝑛 𝑥𝑛 1 − 𝑥 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥
4 (𝑛!)2 (1 − 2𝑛) 2 8 16 128 256 1,024
𝑛=0
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1 −⋯
∞
(−1)𝑛 (2𝑛)!
2
√1 + 𝑥 = ∑ 𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 1 1 1 5 8 7 10
4 (𝑛!)2 (1 − 2𝑛) 1 + 𝑥2 − 𝑥4 + 𝑥6 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 −⋯
𝑛=0 2 8 16 128 256
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
∞
(2𝑛)!
√1 − 𝑥 2 = ∑ 𝑛 𝑥 2𝑛 1 1 1 5 8 7 10
4 (𝑛!)2 (1 − 2𝑛) 1 − 𝑥2 − 𝑥4 − 𝑥6 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 −⋯
𝑛=0 2 8 16 128 256
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
(𝑛)‼ = 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 4) … 6 ∙ 4 ∙ 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Double Factorial (!!) (𝑛)‼ = 𝑛(𝑛 − 2)(𝑛 − 4) … 5 ∙ 3 ∙ 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0‼ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ─1‼ = 1
∞
1 (−1)𝑛 (2𝑛 − 1)‼ 𝑛
=∑ 𝑥 1 1∙3 2 1∙3∙5 3 1∙3∙5∙7 4
√1 + 𝑥 (2𝑛)‼ 1− 𝑥+ 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 −⋯
𝑛=0 2 2∙4 2∙4∙6 2∙4∙6∙8
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
∞
1 (2𝑛 − 1)‼ 𝑛
=∑ 𝑥 1 1∙3 2 1∙3∙5 3 1∙3∙5∙7 4
√1 − 𝑥 (2𝑛)‼ 1+ 𝑥+ 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
𝑛=0 2 2∙4 2∙4∙6 2∙4∙6∙8
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
∞
1 (−1)𝑛 (2𝑛 − 1)‼ 2𝑛
=∑ 𝑥 1 1∙3 4 1∙3∙5 6 1∙3∙5∙7 8
√1 + 𝑥 2 𝑛=0 (2𝑛)‼ 1 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 −⋯
2 2∙4 2∙4∙6 2∙4∙6∙8
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
∞
1 (2𝑛 − 1)‼ 2𝑛
=∑ 𝑥 1 1∙3 4 1∙3∙5 6 1∙3∙5∙7 8
√1 − 𝑥 2 (2𝑛)‼ 1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
𝑛=0 2 2∙4 2∙4∙6 2∙4∙6∙8
𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 3

 Binomial Series
+∞
𝑟
(1 + 𝑥) = ∑ ( ) 𝑥 𝑛
𝑟
𝑛
𝑛=0
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 and all complex r where
𝑛 𝑟(𝑟 − 1) 2 𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 − 2) 3
𝑟 𝑟−𝑘+1 1 + 𝑟𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
( )=∏ 2! 3!
𝑛 𝑘
𝑘=1
𝑟(𝑟 − 1)(𝑟 − 2) … (𝑟 − 𝑛 + 1)
=
𝑛!

Trigonometric Functions
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝑥 3 𝑥 5 𝑥 7 𝑥 9 𝑥 11 𝑥 13 𝑥 15
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒙) = ∑ 𝒙𝟐𝒏+𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 𝑥− + − + − + − +⋯
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)! 3! 5! 7! 9! 11! 13! 15!
𝒏=𝟎
∞
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐𝒏 𝑥 2 𝑥 4 𝑥 6 𝑥 8 𝑥 10 𝑥 12 𝑥 14
𝐜𝐨𝐬 (𝒙) = ∑ 𝒙 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒙 1− + − + − + − +⋯
(𝟐𝒏)! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14!
𝒏=𝟎
∞ 𝑛−1
(−1) 22𝑛 (22𝑛 − 1) 𝐵2𝑛 2𝑛−1 1 2 17 7 62 9
tan (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥 + 𝑥
(2𝑛)! 3 15 315 2,835
𝑛=1
𝜋 1,382 11 21,844 13
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
2 155,925 608,1075
∞
(−1)𝑛 𝐸2𝑛 2𝑛
sec (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 10
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0 1+ + 5 + 61 + 1,385 + 50,521 +⋯
𝜋 2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| <
2
∞
(−1)𝑛−1 2 (22𝑛−1 − 1) 𝐵2𝑛 2𝑛−1
csc (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 1 1 7 3 31 127
(2𝑛)! + 𝑥+ 𝑥 + 𝑥5 + 𝑥7 + ⋯
𝑛=0 𝑥 6 360 15,120 604,800
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
∞
(−1)𝑛 22𝑛 𝐵2𝑛 2𝑛−1
cot (𝑥) =∑ 𝑥 1 1 1 2 5 1 4
(2𝑛)! − 𝑥 − 𝑥3 − 𝑥 − 𝑥7 − 𝑥9 − ⋯
𝑛=0 𝑥 3 45 189 4,725 2,835
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

∞
−1
(2𝑛)!
sin (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑛 2 𝑥 2𝑛+1
(2 𝑛!) (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑛=0
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| ≤ 1 𝑥3 1 ∙ 3𝑥 5 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5𝑥 7 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 ∙ 7𝑥 9
𝑥+ + + + +⋯
∞ 1 2∙3 2∙4∙5 2∙4∙6∙7 2∙4∙6∙8∙9
𝛤 (𝑛 + 2)
−1
sin (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 2𝑛+1
𝑛=0
√𝜋 (2𝑛 + 1) 𝑛!
𝜋
cos−1 (𝑥) = − sin−1(𝑥) 𝜋 𝑥3 1 ∙ 3𝑥 5 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5𝑥 7
2 −𝑥− − − −⋯
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| ≤ 1 2 2∙3 2∙4∙5 2∙4∙6∙7

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 4

 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥9
∞ 𝑥 −
+ − + − ⋯ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
(−𝟏)𝒏 𝟐𝒏+𝟏 3 5 7 9
−𝟏
𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙) = ∑ 𝒙 𝜋 1 1 1 1 1
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) − + 3 − 5 + 7 − 9 + ⋯ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝒏=𝟎 2 𝑥 3𝑥 5𝑥 7𝑥 9𝑥
𝒇𝒐𝒓 |𝒙| < 𝟏 𝜋 1 1 1 1 1
− − + 3 − 5 + 7 − 9 + ⋯ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 1
2 𝑥 3𝑥 5𝑥 7𝑥 9𝑥
sec −1(𝑥) = −𝑖 ln(𝑥) + 𝑖 ln(2)
∞ 𝑖 3𝑖 5𝑖
𝑖 (2𝑛 + 1)! 𝑥 2𝑛+2 −𝑖 ln(𝑥) + 𝑖 ln(2) − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 6 − ⋯
− ∑ 𝑛 4 32 96
4 4 [(𝑛 + 1)!]2
𝑛=0
𝜋
csc −1(𝑥) = 𝑖 ln(𝑥) − 𝑖 ln(2) +
∞
2 𝜋 𝑖 2 3𝑖 4 5𝑖 6
𝑖 (2𝑛 + 1)! 𝑥 2𝑛+2 𝑖 ln(𝑥) − 𝑖 ln(2) + + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
+ ∑ 𝑛 2 4 32 96
4 4 [(𝑛 + 1)!]2
𝑛=0
𝜋 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥9
− 𝑥 + − + − + ⋯ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 − 1 < 𝑥 < 1
𝜋 2 3 5 7 9
cot −1(𝑥) = − tan−1 (𝑥) 1 1 1 1 1
2 − 3 + 5 − 7 + 9 − ⋯ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 1
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1 𝑥 3𝑥 5𝑥 7𝑥 9𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
𝜋 + − 3 + 5 − 7 + 9 − ⋯ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 < 1
𝑥 3𝑥 5𝑥 7𝑥 9𝑥

Hyperbolic Functions
∞
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛+1 𝑥 3 𝑥 5 𝑥 7 𝑥 9 𝑥 11 𝑥 13 𝑥 15
sinh (𝑥) = =∑ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 𝑥+ + + + + + + +⋯
2 (2𝑛 + 1)! 3! 5! 7! 9! 11! 13! 15!
𝑛=0
∞
𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2𝑛 𝑥 2 𝑥 4 𝑥 6 𝑥 8 𝑥 10 𝑥 12 𝑥 14
cosh (𝑥) = =∑ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 1+ + + + + + + +⋯
2 (2𝑛)! 2! 4! 6! 8! 10! 12! 14!
𝑛=0
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7 𝑥9 𝑥 11
tanh (𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥−2 + 16 − 272 + 7,936 − 353,792
𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 3! 5! 7! 9! 11!
∞ 2𝑛 2𝑛
2 (2 − 1) 𝐵2𝑛 2𝑛−1 +⋯
tanh (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 1 2 17 7 62 9 1,382 11
(2𝑛)! 𝑥 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥5 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑛=1
𝜋 3 15 315 2,835 155,925
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < +⋯
2
∞
𝐸2𝑛 2𝑛
sech (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8 𝑥 10
(2𝑛)!
𝑛=0 1− + 5 − 61 + 1,385 − 50,521 +⋯
𝜋 2! 4! 6! 8! 10!
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| <
2
∞
1 (2 − 22𝑛 ) 𝐵2𝑛 2𝑛−1
csch (𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑥 1 1 7 3 31 127
𝑥 (2𝑛)! − 𝑥+ 𝑥 − 𝑥5 + 𝑥7 − ⋯
𝑛=1 𝑥 6 360 15,120 604,800
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < |𝑥| < 𝜋
∞
1 (−1)𝑛−1 22𝑛 𝐵2𝑛 2𝑛−1
coth (𝑥) = + ∑ 𝑥 1 1 1 2 5 1 4
𝑥 (2𝑛)! + 𝑥 − 𝑥3 + 𝑥 − 𝑥7 + 𝑥9 − ⋯
𝑛=1 𝑥 3 45 945 4,725 2,835
𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < |𝑥| < 𝜋

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 5

 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
∞
−1
(−1)𝑛 (2𝑛)!
sinh (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 2𝑛+1
(2𝑛 𝑛!)2 (2𝑛 + 1)
𝑛=0 𝑥3 1 ∙ 3𝑥 5 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5𝑥 7 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5 ∙ 7𝑥 9
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| ≤ 1 𝑥− + − + −⋯
∞ 2∙3 2∙4∙5 2∙4∙6∙7 2∙4∙6∙8∙9
(−1)𝑛 (2𝑛 − 1)‼ 2𝑛+1
sinh−1 (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥
(2𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛)‼
𝑛=0
∞
−1
𝜋 2−𝑛
cosh (𝑥) = 𝑖 − 𝑖 ∑ 𝑥 2𝑛+1 𝜋𝑖 𝑖 𝑥 3 𝑖 ∙ 1 ∙ 3𝑥 5 𝑖 ∙ 1 ∙ 3 ∙ 5𝑥 7
2 𝑛! (2𝑛 + 1) −𝑖𝑥− − − −⋯
𝑛=0 2 2∙3 2∙4∙5 2∙4∙6∙7
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| ≤ 1
∞
−1
𝑥 2𝑛+1
tanh (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 3 𝑥 5 𝑥 7 𝑥 9 𝑥 11 𝑥 13 𝑥 15
2𝑛 + 1 𝑥+ + + + + + + +⋯
𝑛=0 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
𝑓𝑜𝑟 |𝑥| < 1, 𝑥 ≠ ±1
−1
sech (𝑥) = − ln(𝑥) + ln(2)
∞ 1 3𝑖 5𝑖
1 (2𝑛 + 1)! 𝑥 2𝑛+2 − ln(𝑥) + ln(2) + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 + ⋯
+ ∑ 𝑛 4 32 96
4 4 [(𝑛 + 1)!]2
𝑛=0
csch−1(𝑥) = − ln(𝑥) + ln(2)
∞ 1 3𝑖 5𝑖
1 (−1)𝑛 (2𝑛 + 1)! 𝑥 2𝑛+2 − ln(𝑥) + ln(2) + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 6 − ⋯
+ ∑ 4 32 96
4 4𝑛 [(𝑛 + 1)!]2
𝑛=0
∞
−1
𝑖𝜋 𝑥 2𝑛+1 𝑖𝜋 𝑥 3 𝑥 5 𝑥 7 𝑥 9 𝑥 11 𝑥 13
coth (𝑥) = − + ∑ =− +𝑥+ + + + + + +⋯
2 2𝑛 + 1 2 3 5 7 9 11 13
𝑛=0

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 6

 Bernoulli Numbers Euler Numbers Gamma Function
𝐵0 = 1 1
𝛤0 = 𝛤 ( ) = √𝜋
1 2
𝐵1 = −
2 3 √𝜋
1 𝐸0 = 1 𝛤1 = 𝛤 ( ) =
𝐵2 = 2 2
6 𝐸1 = 0 5 3√𝜋
1 𝐸2 = −1 𝛤2 = 𝛤 ( ) =
𝐵4 = − 2 4
30 𝐸3 = 0 7 15√𝜋
1 𝛤3 = 𝛤 ( ) =
𝐵6 = 𝐸4 = 5 2 8
42
𝐸5 = 0 9 105√𝜋
1 𝛤4 = 𝛤 ( ) = ,
𝐵8 = − 𝐸6 = −61 2 16
30
5 𝐸8 = 1,385 11 945√𝜋
𝐵10 = 𝛤5 = 𝛤 ( ) =
66 𝐸10 = −50,521 2 32
691 𝐸12 = 2,702,765 13 10,395√𝜋
𝐵12 = − 𝛤6 = 𝛤 ( ) =
2,730 𝐸14 = −199,360,981 2 64
7 𝐸16 = 19,391,512,145 15 135,135√𝜋
𝐵14 = 𝛤7 = 𝛤 ( ) =
6 𝐸18 = −2,404,879,675,441 2 128
3,617
𝐵16 = − 𝐸20 = 370,371,188,237,525 17 2,027,025√𝜋
510 𝛤8 = 𝛤 ( ) =
𝐸22 = −69,348,874,393,137,901 2 256
438,675
𝐵18 = 19 34,459,425√𝜋
798 𝛤9 = 𝛤 ( ) =
174,611 𝐸2𝑛+1 = 0 2 512
𝐵20 = − 21 654,729,075√𝜋
330 𝛤10 = 𝛤 ( ) =
854,513 2 1,024
𝐵22 =
138
Generating Function
∞
𝛤(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑡−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∞ 0
𝑡 𝐵𝑛 𝑛
𝑡
=∑ 𝑡 ∞ 1 (2𝑛)!
𝑒 −1 𝑛! 1 2 𝐸𝑛 𝑛 𝛤 ( + 𝑛) = 𝑛 √𝜋
𝑛=0 = 𝑡 −𝑡
=∑ 𝑡 2 4 𝑛!
cosh (𝑡) 𝑒 + 𝑒 𝑛! 𝑛 (𝑛 − 2)‼
𝑛=0
𝛤( ) = 𝑛−1 √𝜋
2
2 2
Recursive Definition Iterated Sum Recursive Definition
𝐵𝑚 (𝑛) 𝛤(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛 ∙ 𝛤(𝑛)
𝑚−1 𝐸2𝑛
𝑚 𝐵𝑘 (𝑛) 2𝑛+1 𝑘 𝑛 𝑛−2 𝑛−2
= 𝑛𝑚 − ∑ ( ) 𝑘 (−1)𝑗 (𝑘 − 2𝑗)2𝑛+1 𝛤( ) = ( )∙𝛤( )
𝑘 𝑚−𝑘+1 = 𝑖 ∑ ∑( ) 2 2 2
𝑘=0 𝑗 2𝑘 𝑖 𝑘 𝑘 1
𝐵0 (𝑛) = 1
𝑘=1 𝑗=0 𝛤 ( ) = √𝜋
2

Sources:
• https://www.wolframalpha.com

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 7

 • https://en.wikipedia.org
• http://ddmf.msr-inria.inria.fr/1.9.1/ddmf
• http://web.mit.edu/kenta/www/three/taylor.html

Copyright © 2015-2022 by Harold Toomey, WyzAnt Tutor 8