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BUDDHISM
BUDDHISM
BUDDHISM
Evolution of Buddhism
Buddhist thought, art and culture
Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism
Interaction of Hellenic & Indian Ideas in Northern India
Evolution of building typologies- The Stupa, Vihara and the Chaitya hall
Symbolism of the STUPA
Architectural production during Ashoka's - Ashokan Pillar
Rock cut caves at Barabar - Mauryan in Bihar-Sarnath - UP
Sanchi Stupa
Rock cut Architecture - Ajanta and Ellora and Vihara at Nasik
Karli- Maharashtra
Rani gumpha - Udaigiri
Takti Bahai- Gandhara
Origins of Jainism
Mahāvīra, also known as Vardhamāna,
was the twenty-fourth and
last tirthankara- omniscient teacher who
preaches the dharma (righteous path)
• He traveled all over South Asia for the next thirty years
to teach Jain philosophy.
The fourth is that the Noble eight fold path leads to the
end of all suffering
The Eight-Fold Path
Right
Knowledge
Right Right
Meditation Resolve
Right
Right
Speech
Mindfulness
Right
Right
Conduct
Effort
Right
Livelihood
"Buddha" means "the awakened one"--that is, someone who
has woken up from the dream of being a separate ego in a
material universe.
Gautama Siddhartha, whom we affectionately, [mistakenly],
call the Buddha, taught for forty-five years.
In all those years, and in the hundreds of thousands of
teaching words that he uttered, his message was simply this:
"You are all Buddhas. There is nothing you need to achieve.
Just open your eyes.“
Buddha had a vision in which he saw the human race as a bed of
lotus flowers
BELEIFS OF BUDDHISM
• Dharma is understood as the practice (paripatti) of the truth. To
take refuge in the Dharma is to take refuge in Buddha.
Garland-bearing cherubs, vine scrolls, and such semi-human creatures as the centaur
and triton, are part of the repertory of Hellenistic art introduced by Greco-Roman artists
in the service of the Kushan court.
Religious interactions
The length of the Greek presence in Central Asia and northern India provided
opportunities for interaction, not only on the artistic, but also on the religious plane.
Philosophical influences
•The close association between Greeks and Buddhism probably led to exchanges on the
philosophical plane as well.
•Many of the early Mahayana theories of reality and knowledge can be related to Greek
philosophical schools of thought.
•Mahayana Buddhism has been described as the “form of Buddhism which (regardless of
how Hinduized its later forms became) seems to have originated in the Greco-Buddhist
communities of India,
Capital of one of the Pillars of Ashoka (c. 250 BC), for which Hellenistic
artistic influence is often suggested (Boardman).
•Chandragupta's grandson Asoka converted to the Buddhist faith and
became a great proselytizer in the line of the traditional Pali canon of
Theravada Buddhism, insisting on non-violence to humans and animals
(ahimsa), and general precepts regulating the life of lay people.
Coinage
•Some of the coins of Menander I and Menander II incorporate the
Buddhist symbol of the eight-spoked wheel, associated with the Greek
symbols of victory, either the palm of victory, or the victory wreath handed
over by the goddess Nike.
A coin of Menander I (r.160-135 BC) with an eight-spoked wheel and a palm.
Cities
•A large Greek city built by Demetrius and rebuilt by
Menander has been excavated at the archaeological
site of Sirkap near Taxila, where Buddhist stupas were
standing side-by-side with Hindu and Greek temples,
indicating religious tolerance and syncretism.
Scriptures
•Evidence of direct religious interaction between
Greek and Buddhist thought during the period
include the Milinda Panha, a Buddhist discourse in
the platonic style, held between King Menander and
the Buddhist monk Nagasena.
•Enlarged to nearly twice the size retaining the original Brick tumulus
of Asokan period
•The Stupa was hence encased within an envelope – Achchaday
•The structure was hence 120’0” dia. 54’0” high
•A terrace- Medhi was added 16’0” from the ground providing a
separate lower and upper ambulatory
•Access to the medhi was on the S side by a double stairway-
Sopana
SANCHI STUPA
•The whole structure is finished by means of dry
masonry of hammer dressed stones laid in even
courses
•The Anda is flattened on the top and is
surmounted by a square railing enclosing a pedestal-
Harmika which supported the shaft- Yashti and a
triple umbrella- Chattri made of stone
•This form of the finial is seen only in the earlier
Stupas, which developed into a shape resembling an
inverted stepped pyramid or cone in later egs.
•The work during Asoka’s period of the wooden
palisade structure is hence lost
•The structure has projections at the cardinal points
•There are large elaborately carved gateways or
Toranas providing access to the Stupa
•The Toranas are designed in a Swastika pattern
thereby enabling privacy for the m,monks using the
Pradakshina Patha inside
•The Toranas are provided with relief work based
on tales from the Jataka or stories from the life of the
Buddha
SANCHI STUPA
•Vedika-
•made entirely of stone
•1100” high with an entrance in each of the cardinal points
•The emblem of protection from the Vedic times
•Large in proportion and austere in treatment
•Uprights consist of octagonal posts 9’0” high placed at an interval of 2’0” in
between
•Three horizontal bars or rails connect these posts, each 2’ wide and separated by a
narrow space of 3.25”
•An immense beam was placed over this forming a coping stone to the whole
The reason for such a large barrier is not known,
might have been to keep with the proportions and
dimensions of the overall structure
•As distinctive as the proportions of the railing was
the construction
•The railing is entirely of stone but is a copy of the wooden original it replaced
•The shape and the joints of the railing are common to timber as seen in the tenon of
the Thaba, and the scarf jointing of the coping- Ushnisha,
•The triple cross bars- Suchi are derived from the bamboo rails of the palisade
fence
•The craftsmen were hence thinking in wood although they were working with stone
SANCHI STUPA
SANCHI STUPA
·
Ornamentation:
•Highly carved
•It was a copy of the wooden railing
•A bit out of proportion
•Inspiration from the megalithic stone age
•Joints used are appropriate for wooden than for stone
•Shows primitive craftsmanship
· Gateway
•Square vertical posts totaling 34' high 2 thk.
•Ornamental balusters in-between the horizontal
members
•The four gateways took 50 years
•style remained constant
•1st gate was built by Andhras in 75BC in the south
•10 years gap for the N, E and W gateways
•Best carved gateway on the south
•Less detailed gateway on the north
•South gateway bears inscriptions made by ivory carvers
of Mortise holes to hang chains and bells
• Decoration overtook construction techniques
SANCHI STUPA
Torana:
The entrances to religious buildings were always imposing structures with ornamental
treatment
The Torana ( tor in sanskrit is pass) was designed on the same principle as the
bamboo and wood portcullis
It was an archway accepted as a ceremonial portal
There are 5 gateways in the complex- 4 for the main Stupa and one Stupa 3 added
later
•Consists of 2 square uprights 15’ high, prolonged vertically and connected by 3
separate lintels between each of which is a band of ornamental balusters
•The total ht. Is 34’ with a width of 20’ at the broadest part
•The thickness averages 2’ and it stands without support for 2000 years
•Top heavy with a jointing which is highly irrational
•Indigenous composition as there is no recognizable form of pillar or capital
•In comparison with the unadorned railing the elegant intricacy of the gateways forms a
contrast
OTHER STUPAS Sarnath
Barhut::
•68’0” dia.with a reconstructed railing
•Half the size of the great Sanchi Stupa
•Railing was 7’0” high with rich carvings of the Jataka tales and social life
•The torana in Barhut is the oldest surviving eg. Of 4 similar gateways
built during the Sungas- 184-72 BC
•Hellenistic influence obvious – fluted bell shaped capitals and use of the
honeysuckle motif in the large acroteria at the apex
Bodh Gaya:
•Quadrangular railing 145’ x 108’ conforming to the square plan of the
building
•Railing of 6’8” ht.
•Presence of a Chankrama or promenade – pillared passage covered by
a roof
•The pillars had a stepped pedestal and vase shaped bases, decorated
with a caryatid figure
BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE
•The Lomas Rishi and the Sudama are cut adjacent to one another on the hill
•The interiors are very similar except for the façade of Lomas Rishi which is very
ornamental
•The doorways of the caves have a sloping jamb and are on the longer side of
the chamber
•The entrance unlike later caves, is not from the front but from the side, the cave
has a vestibule or a path connecting two rooms.
•The excavation was carried out this way and not axially due to the
configuration of the whale backed hill
•Barrel vaulted hall of 32’9” x 19’6” x 12’3”(ht.)
•At the end of the chamber entered by an interior doorway is a circular cell 19’0”
dia. With a hemispherical domed roof 12’3” high
Rectangular Hall
Circular room
Barrel vault
Domical roof
LOMAS RISHI AT BARABAR - 3 rd c. BC
Exteriors :
•The façade is an accurate reproduction of the gable end of a wooden structure
chiselled in rock
•2 stout uprights inclined slightly inwards, 13’ high forms the main support
•The principal rafters are jointed on the top with the other parallel rafters
•On the rafters are fixed the curved roof of 3 laminated planks, the lower extremities
of which are kept in place by short tie rods, circular in section (lathe)
•The doorway is 7½’ is recessed within a semi circular archway above which are 2
lunettes forming a fanlight
•The lower lunette has a procession of elephants.The elephants are exquisitely
modeled performing an obeisance before a stupa
•The upper lunette has a pattern of lattice work both designed copied from
perforated wood
•Surmounting the gable is a finial which gets its shape from a terracotta original
•Sharply chiselled and a highly polished surface
The circular cell has an overhanging cave
like a thatch
The walls have irregular perpendicular
grooves in imitation of the upright battens
of wood or bamboo ( beehive hut)
A highly burnished surface resembling
glass
PALACES – KUMRAHAR PATNA - 3rd c. BC
•Excavation at Kumrahar-South of patna reveal the existence of palaces
•From these excavations it was found that
•the palace was an aggregation of structures enclosed by a high brick wall
•Most important was the immense pillared hall 3 storied high with 250'
square
•15 pillars in 15 rows at 15' spacing
•Ceiling of one floor supported by colossal caryatid figures
•Each pillar 20" dia at base and tapering to 20' high.
•No base/capital
•Masons work inscribed similar to the ones in Persia
•Wooden beams- destroyed by fire
•Ashoka's palace inspired by
•Achaemenid's Palace of Persepolis
•Similar to the pillared hall-100 columns by Xerxes
•Bas relief’s representing figures supporting upper storey on their
raised
•doorway- apart of a large portico
•Figures as pillars used at Sanchi and Bodh gaya too
•Façade of Ashoks palace made of carved stone-now preserved at
the mathura museum
•was built during 1st century AD
•Contained two or more storey, each storey had an arcade of horse
shoe arches
•With bays in-between.
•Each bay has a hanging balcony supported on a pillar
•Central
HINAYANA / EARLY PHASE -2nd c BC – 2nd c. AD
Two types of structures started making their
Evolution of the Chaityas and the Viharas appearance by 2nd c. BC
These were the Chaitys – temple for rituals
Vihara – monastery for the priests
Viharas or monasteries constructed with brick or excavated from rocks are found in different parts
of India.
Usually built to a set plan, they have :
•hall meant for congregational prayer
•running verandah on three sides or
•an open courtyard surrounded by a row of cells and
•a pillared verandah in front.
•These cells served as dwelling places for the monks.
•These monastic buildings built of bricks were self-contained units and had a Chaitya hall or Chaitya mandir
attached to a stupa - the chief object of worship.
Some of the important Buddhist viharas are those at Ajanta, Ellora. Nasik, Karle, Kanheri, Bagh and Badami.
The Hinayana viharas found in these places have many interesting features which differentiate them from the
Mahayana type in the same regions. Though plain from the point of view of architecture, they are large halls with
cells excavated in the walls on three sides. The hall has one or more entrances. The small cells, each with a door
HINAYANA / EARLY PHASE -2nd c BC – 2nd c. AD
Evolution of the Chaityas and the Viharas
Earlier the huts of the monks were grouped around an open
space to form the first monasteries
Gautamiputra –no.3:
•In the façade the base of the columns are behind a richly
decorated dwarf wall on which are giant figures appearing
to carry the entire structure, by means of projecting beams
•Above the portico is a large architrave supported on the
superstructure of the pillars
•Each pillar has a pair of elephants, bulls, or other beasts,
while there is a border of animals and scroll of foliage
•The entrance doorway in the inner wall has a square
headed opening with ornamentation similar to the stupa
toranas
•Has lintels and cross bars with voluted ends
HINAYANA VIHARAS – 200 BC – 200
AD
Viharas at Nasik 100 AD
Nahapana cave 8
•The 1st to be executed
•The façade of the cave has a half column at each end which
are exact copies of the Ganesh Lena chaitya at Junnar
•Derived from the portico pillars at Bedsa- lotus base on the
stepped pedestal below Ajanta
•Animal groups on the abacus above
SriYajna no.15
•Last to be executed
•The interiors were modified by the later
•Mahayana priets to make it suitable for rituals
•The floor was sunk to provide a sq. dias at
•the end of the pillared hall
•Large image of the buddha in the 7th c.
Ellora
ROCK CUT E GH ATS ORISSA – 200 BC – 200 AD
Gumphas at Udaigiri 160 BC Sandstone hills
Contemporary to the Monasteries in the W ghats, 16 in Udaigiri hills
we have rock cut cells in the E ghats for the
35 in total
Jains & not the Buddhists
Single celled, 3 or 4 celled
There is a treatment not conforming to the
Buddhist type Many chambers-double storeyed
Rock-cut architecture is designed and made by man from the start to finish.
In India and China, the terms 'cave' and 'cavern' are often applied to this form of
man-made architecture
Ellora in India provide the most spectacular and famous examples of such
structures.
the huge amounts of stone removed have normally vanished from the site.
Rock-cut architecture is also said to be cut, hewn, etc., "from the living rock“
Another term sometimes associated with rock-cut architecture is monolithic
architecture, which is rather applied to free-standing structures made of a single piece
of material.
The Buddhist monks naturally moved to caves for use, since cave temples and
abodes was in accord with their religious ideas of asceticism and the monastic
life.
Most of the caves are Viharas except for the 18th cave which is a Chaityas.The
location of the caves is a holy Buddhist site and is located about 8 km south
ofNasik, Mharashtra, India. The city is situated at the foothills of
the Western Ghats mountains on the banks of the river Godavari