EXPERIMENT 1

AIM PREPARATION OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOLUTIONS

INTRODUCTION:

A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. The components of a

solution are the solvent and the solute. The dissolved substance is called a solute and the
substances, which dissolve the solute, a solvent. The solvent is present in a large proportion
than the solute.
Classification of solutions can be based on various criteria as follows:
1. Degree of Saturation

2. Particle size of the solute

3. Stability of the standard solution

A solution, whose concentration is known, is called a standard solution. There are two types
of standard solutions
PRIMARY STANDARD SOLUTION:
A solution that is prepared directly by dissolving a definite weight of a substance, in a
definite volume is called a primary standard. The properties of primary standard are
following:
a. It is easily available in state of high purity.
b. It is neither hygroscopic nor deliquescent.
c. It shows high solubility in water.
d. It does not dissociate or decompose during storage.
SECONDARY STANDARD SOLUTION:
A solution that cannot be prepared directly by weighing and its exact strength can only be
determined by titrating it with the primary standard solution (i.e. by standardisation) is
called secondary standard.
The process of finding out the concentration of a substance in solution by reacting it with
another solution of known concentration is called volumetric analysis. It involves addition of
one solution from burette to another in the conical flask, in order to complete the chemical
reaction between the two solutions (i.e. titration).
Materials required:
Glassware: Beaker, Conical Flask, Burette, Funnel, Measuring Cylinder
Chemicals : Hydrochloric acid, Sodium Thiosulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Oxalic acid, Potassium
Dichromate, Phenolphthalein, Starch.
HOME ASSIGNMENT I
I.HOW WILL YOU PREPARE FOLLOWING SOLUTIONS
1. 0.1N HCl
2. 0.1N Sodium Thiosulphate
3. 0.1N NaOH

II.ADD A TABLE OF CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

III.ADD FOLLOWING TERMS
a) Type of Titrations
b) End Point
c) Indicator and types
d) Mole
e) Molarity
f) Normality
g) Equivalent Weight
h) Any other term ,you find relevant
IV. PRECAUTIONS

Format
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
I Standardization of 0.1N HCl
Titration of HCl v/s NaOH
S.No Initial burette Final burette Volume used
reading(ml) reading (ml) (final – initial)(ml)

Volume of NaOH used =

Calculation :
Normality of NaOH (N1) =
Volume of NaOH used (V1) =
Normality of HCl (N2) =
Volume of HCl used (V2) =
N1V1 = N2V2
N2 = N1V1
V2
RESULT :
S No. Solution Normality (N)
Theoretical value Experimental value