p ,

.

.

( ): moles
1 L , pH .

:
HCOOH 0,1 M - HCOONa 0,1 M

HCOO- ( )

H3 0,2 M - H 43 0,4 M

H4 ( )

H2S 0,1 M - Na2S 0,1 M

, : 2S + H 2O HS- + H 3O+
S - + H 2O S-2 + H3O+

2S NaHS

S ( )

1. .
2. ) .
) .
. 3 4CI.
1) A 3 4CI
2) 4CI ( ) .
NH4CI + NaOH NH3 + NaCI + H2O
: , M.Sc, Ph.D

149

3) NH3 ( ) HCI.
NH3 + HCI NH4CI
p
C1 M
C2 M. :
A + H2O H 3O+ +

A-

C1-x C1

NaA
0

Na+ +
C2
C2

A-

[HA] = C1-x C1
[A-] = C2+x C2
[H3O+] = x
(Ka / C) < 10-2 ..

[H 3O ][ A ]
C 2 [ H 3O ]
C
Ka
Ka
[ H 3O ] K a 1
[ HA]
C1
C2
log[H 3O ] log K a log

pH pK a log

C1
C
pH pK a log 2
C2
C1

C
C

Henderson Hasselbalch
M

pOH pK b log

C
C

: , M.Sc, Ph.D

150

C1 M NaA C2M
C
pH pK a log 2
C1

a = pKa = -logKa =
C1 C2 :
C1 V = C1`V C1`= C1 /
C2 V = C 2`V C2`= C2 /

pH` pK a log

C 2`
C /
C
pK a log 2 pH` pK a log 2 pH
C1`
C1/
C1

, ,
p .

pH
0
-3
7 25 C. ( C <10
M), .
0,1 1.

To p .
a b
. .. , pH<7 pH>7 pH =7
250C.

: , M.Sc, Ph.D

151