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Science&Material Assingment 1
Science&Material Assingment 1
NAME - S.PAVISHAN
Abstract
Now days green buildings are moved up in our construction field so we want to know the
material’s behaviors, types, how to use. We want know about the materials and their usage
handling method. This assignment provides new technology and tell about how to maintain
cost efficiency in buildings. It’s tell requirements of buildings and tell how to design eco-
friendly.
Acknowledgement
I am a civil engineering student. Studying in British college of applied studies. BCAS provide
best studies for the students and trained well student. And my greatest thanks to our sir
Eng.K.Kajeenthan. He is a lecturer in Bcas. He is always encouraging me and supporting
me. Thank you sir. Thank to my parents and friends. They are to help me and supporting
me.
S.Pavishan
J/CE/20/17/01
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Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................. i
Acknowledgement..................................................................................................................ii
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
HEALTH AND SAFETY REGULATIONS AND REGISLATION OF USE CONSTRUCTION
SITE...................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 PLAN THE SITE TO MINIMIZE CONSTRUCTION RELATED HAZARDS IN SECIFIC
PROJECT ............................................................................................................................. 2
Regulation ......................................................................................................................... 2
Legislation ......................................................................................................................... 2
Impacts of regulations and legislation on storage ,handling and use of material ................ 2
Storage.............................................................................................................................. 2
Handling ............................................................................................................................ 2
Use of materials ................................................................................................................ 3
Minimize construction related hazards ............................................................................... 3
1.2 Risk assessment ............................................................................................................. 4
1.3Regulation associated with the following activities ........................................................... 6
Excavation ......................................................................................................................... 6
Soil classification and testing ............................................................................................. 6
Arranged the Competent person........................................................................................ 6
Preplanning ....................................................................................................................... 6
Arranged the safety factors................................................................................................ 7
Precautionary activities ...................................................................................................... 7
Concreting ......................................................................................................................... 7
Placing concrete ................................................................................................................ 7
Compacting the concrete ................................................................................................... 7
Curing the concrete ........................................................................................................... 8
Working at height .............................................................................................................. 8
Guardrail ........................................................................................................................... 8
Ladder ............................................................................................................................... 8
Roof .................................................................................................................................. 8
platform ............................................................................................................................. 8
scaffolding ......................................................................................................................... 8
Moving , lifting and handling weight ................................................................................... 9
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Construction related hazards…………………………………………………………. …3
Figure 2 Signs ....................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 3 Storage cabin .......................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4 Material lifecycle ................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5 Timber lifecycle ..................................................................................................... 11
Figure 6 Green labeling system .......................................................................................... 11
Figure 7 Management plan ................................................................................................. 12
Figure 8 Certification level ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 9 Green labeling system .......................................................................................... 13
Figure 10 Day light .............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 11 Day light .............................................................................................................. 14
Figure 12 Rainwater harvesting .......................................................................................... 15
Figure 13 Solar panels ........................................................................................................ 15
Figure 14 Natural ventilation ............................................................................................... 15
Figure 15 Cube mould......................................................................................................... 16
Figure 16 Crushing the cube ............................................................................................... 17
Figure 17 Cube casting ....................................................................................................... 17
Figure 18 Slump test equipments ....................................................................................... 18
Figure 19 Report ................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 20 Slump testing ...................................................................................................... 19
Figure 21 Impact testing machine ....................................................................................... 20
Figure 22 I section .............................................................................................................. 23
Figure 23 H section ............................................................................................................. 24
Figure 24 L section ............................................................................................................. 24
Figure 25 Channels ............................................................................................................. 24
Figure 26 Block vs Bricks .................................................................................................... 25
Figure 27 Thermal............................................................................................................... 26
Figure 28 Natural ventilation ............................................................................................... 26
Figure 29 Balance indoor environment ................................................................................ 27
Figure 30 DB level .............................................................................................................. 30
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Risk assessment ...................................................................................................... 4
Table 2 cube testing results ................................................................................................ 17
Table 3 AIV test results ....................................................................................................... 20
Table 4 Blocks vs Bricks ..................................................................................................... 25
Table 5 Lux level ................................................................................................................. 29
Introduction
Here this subject is in 1st semester. Its tell about health and safety methods, hazards in
construction work, how to prevent that hazards, life cycle assessment of materials, green
building requirements, waste management plan, sustainability development , tests, human
comfort requirements, calculation of energy loss .its help to increasing the our knowledge
about these modules. It’s given the opportunity for analyzing and finds the solution. I am
studied about current situation of construction in srilanka. Now I can give the solution for the
safety of workers. I find the regulation of labors like it’s a law. Now days civil field encourage
The eco-friendly building and material. Worldwide newly invent the eco-friendly materials but
here we don’t know about that and don’t try to search that but now this subject help to realize
that. Now it’s gave evaluation of construction materials, eco-friendly buildings, labor’s
regulations and laws.
Legislation
It’s give an set of guidelines, orders or regulations with international standard codes, like as
it’s a law for how to do that work or activity on construction site. Its created by world’s
common construction organizations.
Storage
This is say how to storing material ,goods and equipment. First we known about
requirements for the storage .every construction materials have guide notes with
regulations .that’s say choose specific area for storing , have a enough space, thinks
of affected on material.
So we will get proper method for storage. Divide materials ,addressing substances ,
prepare non traffic footway, maintain distance from material to another material, and
ect.
Storing area must keep clean and clear, prohibit maintain waste material in store
Handling
This is present way of using construction things by construction peoples. Normally
Construction site are consider must wearing ppe (personal protective equipment)
before handling the equipment ,and health and safety engineer teach to the
construction peoples, how to handling proper way, Standard method and process
help to avoid confusion , Prohibit unnecessary handling
Use of materials
Materials have different types of physical properties. Eg- chemical ,steel ,timber and ect.
Eliminate mixing the material.
3.Basic, may cause genuine injury or ailment 4.Likely, will happen a few times
Wearing personal
Skin allergic protective Equipment
2 4 8
Wearing goggles.
Wearing N95
2. Concreting Lungs diseases
respiratory mask.
2 4 8 Wash the skin with
Eye allergic cleaning products.
Provide the
knowledgeable
supervisor for the
Gases and liquids Harmful to the
chemical storage
4. Chemical respiratory system. 3 2 6
storage management.
Allergic on skin .
Use the protective
equipment.
Complete Inspection by
the safety officer
3 4 12
Prepare the planning for
5. Working at Workers falling from height.
height do the work by safety
Objects falling down on the
officer
workers. 4 1 4
Should be Install the
safety net to around the
working area
Preplanning
This is present method of excavation .we can identify the hazards and how to solve
that.
Identify the cost of project , and prevent the failures .
Precautionary activities
Identify underground utilities
Excavated soil keep from trenches with at least 2 feet.
Ensure the PPE
Inspection of activities
Concreting
It’s a composite material. Its consist cement ,aggregates .then mixed with Water will get
concrete. This is used in building, bridge ,road and other construction activity. Concrete
strength is decided by fine aggregates: cement : coarse aggregates and water content
mixing ratio
Placing concrete
This is most important procedure . Concrete temperature between 15 c to 25 c. Its
gained full strength with 28 days . In case concrete affected by extreme hot .that’s
produce shrinkages cracks and damage to the concrete.so we want to provide curing
producer.
Using retarding admixture is increase the lower the rate of hydration.
Fast transporting the concrete is maintain setting time.
Sprinkling the water on form work and concrete placing area is reduce the
temperature
Cure minimum 7 days of casted concrete. Concrete placing height is not up to over 4
feet .its avoided the segregation .
Don’t do the latterly movement with vibrators .inspection of concreting place is help to
check the reinforcement and form work and utility services. Provide enough vibration
for concrete its avoide the honeycombs
Before the concreting we want to do the concrete test. Slumb test provide the
workability of mixing concrete. Cube test is help to find the strength of casted
concrete.
Working at height
The work at height regulation 2005 says protect the worker from risk on working at
height. When If possible Avoid the Working at height . Other vice we want to provide
a suitable safety equipment.
Guardrail
This Standard vertical size is 42 inches. Its structure has strength minimum 200
pounds force applied with in two inches of top edge.it have not rough faces and
jagged surfaces . If any chance these are here they will make puncture ,laceration
,snagged cloths.
Ladder
Its used to climbing up work or down work there are many type of ladder here
straight ,fixed access , tripod orchard ,step ladder. And they made from wood ,metal ,
fiber and ect.
When we use the ladder ensure it has slip resistance feet and using on firm area.
The top of the ladder is at least 3 feet above the top of ladder using area. Inspecting
the ladder using purpose and identify the what grade and type of ladder want to use .
Roof
Analysing the working are and prepare the method of statement .taking the
precaution activities. provide the guardrail for the roof edges . workers linked by fixed
cable. Wearing slip resistance shoes . workers are guide by the experienced person /
supervisor .
platform
It has adequate strength , has not defects , fixed to supported , its has minimum 635
mm wide working area. Do not put overload here .check this necessary.
scaffolding
Its has weight capable capacity. Its not made up to 125 feet. Foot area is has slip
resistance and not damage. If you fixe the scaffolding long height then it want to
connect to fixed area.
First check the soil type and condition and after fixed that.
Concrete truck
Its used to transporting the concrete from batching plant to site. Its has rotating body
for maintain the slump , consistency , the motion is help to avoid the Harding of
concrete .
Concrete pump help to transport the concrete from truck to building.
excavators
Its used to digging or moving the earth elements. Provide the well trained driver for
operating work. Make inspection generally .ensure the over load indicator ,it is has
timer for count the timing the work . If necessary check the soil or earth type before
the excavator’s work
chemicals storage
We choose the better place for the storage. And its maintain distance from working
area hanging the dangerous signs for the storage. Necessary check the storage by
supervisor. Maintain the logbook for the chemical storage in or out stock. Must
wearing personal protective equipment. Avoid improper arrangements , block the fire
equipment , provide the fire extinguisher ,chemical stored in explosion proof
refrigerator and maintain the temperature in the room .keep the chemical free from
sunlight and fire equipment ..
Lifecycle of timber
Here we use the timber. We used the timber material in construction work. After the used if
the building want to demolish that time we can recycled the timber. Its in better condition we
can reuse, get into the factory and recycled that, use to bioenergy. Its not emission toxic
gases, its not produce the harm to the environment. If we collect the raw material of timber
that time we will plant the new tree on the earth. It’s a green method.
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This function is control and watching the building for their impacts on environmental and
what are the solution and material they used to reduce the environmental impact and proof
by the certificate system. (chas, 2007)
Advantage
Reduce the pollution- Mostly they are used natural things so they are not produce
emission on environmental
Saving the cost in wastage - This time we recycle the outcome. Disposal things are
change to raw materials. Normally eco-friendly buildings are not produce the more
wastage.
Increase the customer- Every customers want to happiness and piece full , and this
type of building are not provide harmful things.
Increase the sales - Customers increasing effect on this
Maintain the Efficiency on material, energy
Energy is made from renewable resource so its reduce the cost and impacts on
environment. We used recycle material for this building so its help to reduce the cost
and impacts.
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Concrete
Small size concrete pieces used like as gravel for road,
Crushed concrete use to as aggregates for new concrete.
Big sixe piece of concrete used to riprap revetments.
Substituted for landscaping stone or aggregates.
Metal
Its crushed and reuse to built a new metal elements
Change to table or chair, make a new architect design ,
Timber
Crushed and make a new composite.
If have good condition then prepare to for new.
Change to table or small craft.
Plaster board
It can be recycled and make a new plaster board.
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Sustainable practises
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Natural ventilation
Its provide fresh air .this time we are not use the mechanical devices for getting the air.
Its reduce the heat of inside
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COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
It’s a capacity of resist to the under compression
Some Factors affecting this ,they are coarse aggregates , air entrainment , water cement
ratio .
Cube test
Testing equipment
Cube mould
Tamping rod
Purpose
Find the compressive strength of building elements .
Figure 15 Cube mould
Procedure
We should prepare the cube mould
Applied the oil for the surface
Pouring the concrete inside of mould should 3 layers.
Every layers compacting 25 times by tamping rod
( Tamping rod has standard size = die.m 16mm , 0.6 m length )
After 24 hours remove the cube from mould.
And put the mark on the cube.
And it will submerged into the water .
Its took ages ( 7days , 14 days , 28 days )
After we will take the cubes to testing lab
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NOTE – we take the 3 samples for the every testing and finalized take the average of the
results.
Workability
It’s a property of concrete its define homogenous status.
Its depend on quantity of water , aggregates grates , mixed fine materials percentage
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SLUMP TEST
Purpose
Find the workability of concrete
Testing equipments
Frustum cone
Tamping rod
Measuring tape
Metallic sheet for placing concrete
Procedure
Clean the inner face of cone
Pouring the concrete in four layer
Each layer tapping 25 times
After cone is remove solely from concrete in vertical direction
Measure the height difference between cone highest point and top of concrete.
Report
Figure 19 Report
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Results
Here slump value is 135 mm .consultant’s approved value is 125 +/- [25] .so this is
between the 120mm to 150 mm. so its approved for the concreting .
True slump – it shape is like as cone .
Shear slump – half of the concrete slide down its called shear slump
Collapse slump – if concrete slide down multi direction. Its got out of shape from
mould .its called collapse slump.
Procedure
Get 12.5mm sieve through sample and collect which is retained in 10mm sieve .
Samples are dried by oven in 100 degree to 110 degree.
Then filled the metal cup with samples. Filled in 3 layers and each layer get 25
tamping .
Remove the excess sample from cup
After cup is fixed to horizontally and locked.
Provide the hammer shock which free fall on the sample.
After remove the cup and sieve through the 2.36mm sieve.
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RESULT
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Advantage
Recyclability material – use like as aggregates.
Produced locally – we have local resource for this product
Cost effective – durability , low maintenance cost.
Emission free – its not emit any gases or toxin
TIMBER
It has 2 Varity 1.softwood 2. Hardwood . hardwood dense is more than softwood.
Its used to make a beam, columns, and architectural works.
Hardness - its depend on resistance and other attributes.
Specific gravity – its depend on pores .mostly it has 0.3 to 0.9
Moisture content - if water content is more its attack by fungi
Shrinkage or swelling – after the cutting its lose the water from cell that time
shrinkage made on
Strength – if timber has more quality that has more strength. its used structural works
Density – good quality timber has more density .it has not more moisture content
Toughness – it has more bearing shocks.
Durability – best timber has resistance to fungal attack
Elasticity - it will get own shape after usage .
Soundness – good timber provide good sounds.
Reinforcement steel
Steels are made from iron with carbon. There are two types of steels here .1 – high
yield steel , 2. Mild steel .
Qualities
Its best for tensile force.
It has elasticity habits.
Its response to thermal .(expansion )
Its create a best bond with concrete.
Its available cheaply ,if you order it bulk .
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Mild steel
Its normally used as stirrups. Its not has torque so friction is smaller than high.y.steel.
Types of bricks
Burnt clay brick
Fly ash bricks
Solid bricks
Sand lime bricks.
Qualities
Concrete Blocks
They are made from casted concrete. It has variable size depend on usage. 4inc ,
6inc, 8inc , 9inc are mostly here.it used to built wall and structural works. its has
endurance to compressive strength .
Qualities
Its resistance to strong wind
It’s give natural level fire resistance
This material use lower energy
Its work as soundproof , Water resistance material.
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Structural steel
It’s made from iron with carbon .it has H- shape, I –shape, L- shape models. its
depend on use of stage. Now days its used in steel structural buildings. Its framed by
concrete and us as columns and ect. (wikipedia, 2007)
Properties
Strength – European standard says steel has weather shield. Minimum strength is
355N/mm2
Best in ductility- here consider cold or thermal affection .we consider elongation.
Weldability – structural working time want to welding the steels. Fixed and joints are
made that time.so steels want to this properties .
Durability - long term usage is most important ,because buildings are made for long
term usage .
Weather shield - every steel has this content because they want to resistance the
weather . if it has not weather shield they are attacked by corrosion
I section .
Its has horizontal elements are flanges and vertical element is web
The web is used to resist the shear forces and flanges are used to resist bending
moment .
Its not has good efficient in torsion.
Its best preferred for hollow structural section.
Figure 22 I section
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H section
Normally like as I section steel. They are have long and heavy size than I section.
Web and flanges have same thickness .used in hollow structural and heavy load
transferring .
Figure 23 H section
L section
Its Basic type is rolled formed . they are 900 degree angle. Its used in framing,
brackets, trim, reinforcement. Normally it size is 25mm × 25mm × 5mm to
100mm×100mm×10mm
Figure 24 L section
Channels
They are not used most in construction activities because bending axis isn’t centered
on the flanges. Mostly 2 channels welded and use like as H section .but its not gain
power more than H section.
Figure 25 Channels
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Heat protection Normally its absorbed heat on They are not working like as
day time and release it on night brick.
time and day time its provide
cool.so its maintain the heat
level .
Eco friendly Its recycled and used to This not for best recycled usage.
backfilled works.
Durability Its more durable than blocks They want to maintain than
blocks
Fire resistance Normally its welled fired things. Its also best resistance to fire
Strength They can’t endurance heavy They can endurance heavy load
loads than bricks.
Soundproofing Its provide less than blocks They have higher density so
provide the higher soundproof
Build cost efficiency Its want to time more than block Its buildup short duration .
So they are mostly much equal, so its best or bad decided by purpose and client
requirements .
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It’s a most important thing in construction. It’s a early stage planning before the construction
works starting . common requirements are proper ventilation, enough lightening, thermal
comfort, noise comfort, ect. (open.lib, 2006)
Proper ventilation
Its most affect the human comfort, if enough full air isn’t here peoples can’t concentrate on
their works , its reduce the human work energy , and they can’t get well breath . so material
selection must full fill this requirements .so we will choose correct material and that material
reduce the indoor heating , clean the polluted air .
Thermal comfort
If the indoor thermal is high, peoples cant do their works best.so we will use the thermal
resistance material , normally bricks are best material for this.
Visual comfort
Its most part . if you want to do your jobs that time we want the visual comfort. We want to
enough natural lightening So we plan the best light transferring material . Select the light
transferring sheets for roof. Use the glasses for the wall .
Noise
Its reduce the concentration on work and cant here the communication. So we want to
choose the sound resistance material. studio Foam , cavity block, fiber glass .
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Our building is in the Colombo .so we are selected the colombo area materials
Indoor environment includes air quantity ,sunlight, lighting, thermal and ect.
We used big size of windows its help to reduce the heat and polluted air.
bricks for wall its help to reduce the thermal inside and night time its produce the
absorbed heat so its balanced day and night thermal .
glass for windows and opens – its used to produce the sunlight into the building so its
help to maintain lightening, thermal .
our building based concrete and bricks and glass
and these type of material are not emitted the co2 gas, toxic gases. They are mostly
recyclable so they are best to environment. They have sound insulation so they are
help to reduce the sound inside. They are mostly harvest energy from nature so
these material are help to maintain the indoor environment .
finally they are not interrupt the humans and balanced indoor environment so they
are increase the productivity.
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U=
U=
U=
R= = = 0.444 wm-1 0C
HL = UA ∆TS = 2.25 × 50 × 19
= 2137.5 W
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Corridor 50 – 100
Parking 50 – 100
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Figure 30 DB level
They are
Solar electricity
its mounted on roof top. And its harvest the sun light and changed to electricity .
Wind power
it has turbine and its turn by wind and collect the electricity .
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So they are collect the energy from nature sources and change it to wanted energy .so its
help to reduce the expenses cost .
Passive strategies
This a natural sources .and we don’t change it to another energy only we create the
way to the source income in to the building. So we use the creativity in architectural
design .
Heating
We use the sun light for this process .sun light has natural heating properties.so we
want to create the way for sunlight. Create the big windows , use the glass for wall,
design the window face to east
Natural Lighting
sun is provide the natural light .so we can collect the natural from sun. So we want
create the more windows, use glass panels, design the building face to sun .
ventilation
here we want to provide the best opening and windows with doors, its help to
increase the air quantity in building. And architectural designer provide the best
design and orientation for the ventilation. Natural ventilation help to decrease the
heat inside and fill up human comfort air .
so active and passive strategies are help to reduce the maintain cost and absorb energy
from nature. So its help to eco friendly and increase the human comfort.
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Conclusion
This assignment is built my knowledge. How to handle the material and what are the use of
that and identify the usage. I am trying to solve the calculation part .it’s give how to find
thermal losses with material.im using the many reference for to solve this assignment. I got
green building technology and find the construction future is on green buildings .After this
assignment I got clear vision of this module and knowledge.
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Reference
[1] Chas, 2007. Chas. [online] available at: https://www.chas.co.uk/blog/what-is-
environmental-certification-why-you-need-it/ [accessed 01 june 2022].
[2] Cultivatingcapita, 2000. Cultivatingcapita. [online] available at:
https://www.cultivatingcapital.com/benefits-green-business-certification/ [accessed 02
february 2021].
[3] designingbuildings.co.uk [accessed 02 february 2021].
[4] Houcks, 2008. Houcks. [online] available at: https://www.houcks.com/risk-
assessments-factors/ [accessed 02 february 2021].
[5] Hsa, 2000. Hsa. [online] available at:
https://www.hsa.ie/eng/your_industry/construction/besmart_ie_for_construction/risk-
assessment-128661-1531403001.pdf [accessed 02 february 2021].
[6] Open.lib, 2006. Open.lib. [online] available at:
https://open.lib.umn.edu/humanresourcemanagement/chapter/11-1-performance-
evaluation-systems/ [accessed 04 february 2021].
[7] Sciencedirect, 2006. Sciencedirect. [online] available at:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/environmental-sustainability [accessed 02 march 2021].
[8] Wikipedia, 2007. Wikipedia. [online] available at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/structural_steel [accessed 03 february 2021].
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