Carbon and it's compound

21 January 2022 04:02 PM

21 Jan 2022

Atomic no. 6
Valency. 4

Organic chemistry are studied as separate branch of chemistry cuz carbon single
handedly makes more compounds than all other elements.
Organic compounds are generally the compounds with C-H bond.
Carbon in earth's crust - 0.02%
Carbon in atmosphere - 0.03%
All living things are made of carbon.
Carbon had four electrons in it's outermost shell.
It neither loses nor gains electrons cuz losing electrons takes too much energy as well as
number of protons and electrons will not be stable and for gaining electrons again the
protons will not be able to hold onto four extra electrons.
Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons rather than losing or gaining.
Covalent bonded molecules have strong bond since intermolecular forces are weak.
Thus, they have low melting as well as boiling point.
Properties of carbon which are responsible for it's versatility:
1. Catenation
It is property of carbon element due to which its atom can join another one and form a
long carbon chain.
2. Tetravalency
Due to it's large valency a carbon atom can form many covalent bonds. The bond that
carbon forms with most other elements are very strong and these are extremely stable.
3. Small size allows nucleus to hold onto shared pairs of electrons strongly.
Allotropism is property of element to exist in more than one form having different physical
properties but same graded chemical properties.
Allotropes of Carbon are:
1. Diamond -
Colorless and transparent
Hardest substance known
Non-conductor of electricity
Burns in air to form CO2
Used to cut glass and other diamonds and even as a tip for deep boring drills.
2. Graphite -
Black Greyish in color
Softest substance known
Good conductor of electricity
Doesn't burn in air
Graphite is used in pencils cuz the layers of carbon atoms are held by weak force of
attraction so the layers slide over one another making it slippery and thereby leaving
marks on a paper.
3. Buckministerfullerene -
Dark and solid at room temperature
Neither very hard nor very soft like graphite
 It has football like structure of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons of carbon atoms in one
molecule.

Organic compounds properties:

1. Low boiling and melting point
2. Non conductor or electricity
3. Occurs in all flora and fauna

Oxides of carbon, carbonates and carbides are not considered as organic compounds cuz
they have very different properties than organic compounds.

Hydrocarbons
- hydrocarbons are type of organic compounds that are made up of only hydrogen and
carbon.
Eg, methane(CH4), ethane (C2H4)
Most important source of hydrocarbon is crude oil aka petroleum.

Types of hydrocarbon
Saturated - hydrocarbon with only single bond.
Also known as Alkanes
General formula - Cn H2n+2
Not much reactive

Carbon and
it's…

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• Unsaturated - hydrocarbon with at least one double or triple bond

• Alkene i.e at least one double bond between two carbon atoms
• There cannot be Alkene having one carbon atom
• General formula - Cn H2n Type equation here.

• Alkyne i.e two carbon atoms are connected by one triple bond
• There cannot be Alkyne having one carbon atom
 • General formula - Cn H2n-2
• Unsaturated carbons are more reactive than saturated ones

Isomers
Organic compound with same molecular formula but different chemical and physical
properties.
This phenomenon is called isomerism.
This differences in their properties is due to difference in it's structure.

Hetroatom the element which replaces hydrogen atoms in an organic compound.

Homologous series - constitutes organic compounds with same general formula but
different molecular formula and immediate succession.
Carbon and its compounds
05 April 2022 07:56 AM

• Carbon is tetravalent.
• All the living organisms and all organic material has carbon as it's base element.
• Its there in fuels, plastics, foods etc.
• Carbon can forms large number of compounds.
• Carbon can only share electrons. It cannot gain or lose electrons.
• Why can't carbon lose electrons?
Because losing electrons requires a lot of energy and since carbon is a small atom it is very difficult so it cannot
lose 4 electrons and equivalent amount of energy.
• Why can't carbon gain electrons?
Because 6 protons cannot hold 10 electrons.
• Catenation - The property of direct bonding between atoms of same element to form long chain, branches or
ring structures.
• Polymerisation - The process in which small unit compounds called Monomer get linked together to form long
chain compounds called Polymer.
• Isomerism - Compounds having same molecular formula but different structural formulas called Isomers. This
phenomenon is called Isomerism.
• Allotropes - Elements having different physical properties but same graded chemical properties.
Allotropes of Carbon are:
1. Diamond -
Colorless and transparent
Hardest substance known
Non-conductor of electricity
Burns in air to form CO2
Used to cut glass and other diamonds and even as a tip for deep boring drills.
2. Graphite -
Black Greyish in color
Softest substance known
Good conductor of electricity
Doesn't burn in air
Graphite is used in pencils cuz the layers of carbon atoms are held by weak force of attraction so the layers slide
over one another making it slippery and thereby leaving marks on a paper.
3. Buckministerfullerene -
Dark and solid at room temperature
Neither very hard nor very soft like graphite
It has football like structure of 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons of carbon atoms in one molecule.
• Types of Compounds:
CARBON COMPOUNDS:
Compounds containing carbon.
Eg. CO, CS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
Compounds containing carbon and hydrogen.
Eg. CHO,CHCOOH, CH
HYDROCARBONS:
Compounds containing ONLY carbon and hydrogen.
EG. CH, CH
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•
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• Alcohol (-ol)
single bond OH
• Aldehyde (-al)
Double bond O at the end
• Kentone (-one)
Double bond O in the middle
• Carboxylic acid (-oic acid)
COOH