(Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 280) Jürgen Neukirch (Auth.) - Class Field Theory-Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (1986)

Grundlehren der
mathematischen Wissenschaften 280

A Series of Comprehensive Studies in Mathematics
Editors
M. Artin S.S. Chern J.M. Frohlich E. Heinz
H. Hironaka F. Hirzebruch L. Hormander
S. Mac Lane W. Magnus C.C. Moore J.K Moser
M. Nagata W. Schmidt D.S. Scott Ya.G. Sinai J. Tits
B.L. van der Waerden M. Waldschmidt S. Watanabe
Managing Editors
M. Berger B. Eckmann S.RS. Varadhan
Jiirgen N eukirch
Class Field Theory
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg NewYork Tokyo
Jurgen Neukirch
Universitat Regensburg
U niversitatsstra13e 31
D-8400 Regensburg
Mathematics Subject Classification (1980): 12-XX
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-82467-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-82465-4

DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-82465-4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.

Neukirch. Jiirgen. 1937-. Class field theory.
(Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften; 280)
Bibliography: p. Includes index.
1. Class field theory.!. Title. II. Series.
QA247.N52 In6 512',32 85-14846
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Preface
Class field theory, which is so immediately compelling in its main assertions,

has, ever since its invention, suffered from the fact that its proofs have
required a complicated and, by comparison with the results, rather imper-
spicuous system of arguments which have tended to jump around all over
the place. My earlier presentation of the theory [41] has strengthened me in
the belief that a highly elaborate mechanism, such as, for example, cohomol-
ogy, might not be adequate for a number-theoretical law admitting a
very direct formulation, and that the truth of such a law must be susceptible
to a far more immediate insight. I was determined to write the present, new
account of class field theory by the discovery that, in fact, both the local
and the global reciprocity laws may be subsumed under a purely group-
theoretical principle, admitting an entirely elementary description. This de-
scription makes possible a new foundation for the entire theory. The rapid
advance to the main theorems of class field theory which results from this
approach has made it possible to include in this volume the most important
consequences and elaborations, and further related theories, with the excep-
tion of the cohomology version which I have this time excluded. This
remains a significant variant, rich in application, but its principal results
should be directly obtained from the material treated here. I have likewise
not discussed the class field theory of congruence function fields, although it
too represents a special case of the abstract, purely group-theoretical theory.
The repeated modification of the ideas and arguments would have seriously
disturbed the flow of the treatment; moreover it seems to me that function
fields should be treated from a geometrical point of view, as was done in
Serre's presentation [47]. Accordingly many proofs in the class field theory
of local fields are also only given in the case of characteristic o.
Prerequisite for reading this text, apart from Galois theory, is merely a
standard introduction to the theory of algebraic and p-adic number fields.
I should expressly thank Werner Bauer, Dr. Christopher Deninger, Dr.
Norman Walter and Dr. Kay Wingberg for their careful proofreading of the
manuscript. I am further grateful to Dr. Wingberg and Professor J.B.
Lenstra for their good advice as to the emergence of abstract class field
theory, to Professor Robert Perlis for linguistic advice with respect to the
English edition of this book, and to Professor Peter Hilton for the trans-
lation of the preface. Finally I would like to thank Frau Erna Dollinger and
Frau Martina Hertl for typing the manuscript; their perfect work relieved
me of much additional trouble.
Regensburg, October 1985 Jiirgen Neukirch

Contents
Chapter I. Group and Field Theoretic Foundations 1

§ 1. Infinite Galois Theory 1
§ 2. Pro finite Groups . . . 4
§ 3. G-Modules . . . . . 8
§ 4. The Herbrand Quotient 12
§ 5. Kummer Theory . . . 14
Chapter II. General Class Field Theory 18

§ 1. Frobenius Elements and Prime Elements 18
§ 2. The Reciprocity Map . . . . 21
§ 3. The General Reciprocity Law 28
§ 4. Class Fields . . . 30
§ 5. Infinite Extensions . . . . . 32
Chapter III. Local Class Field Theory 37

§ 1. The Class Field Axiom 37
§ 2. The Local Reciprocity Law 41
§ 3. Local Class Fields . . . . 43
§4. The Norm Residue Symbol over <Qp 46
§ 5. The Hilbert Symbol ... . 50
§ 6. Formal Groups . . . . . . 55
§ 7. Fields of nn-th Division Points 60
§ 8. Higher Ramification Groups . 64
§9. The Weil Group . . . . . . 69
Chapter IV. Global Class Field Theory 72
§ 1. Algebraic Number Fields 72

§ 2. Ideles and Idele Classes 76
§ 3. Galois Extensions 81
§ 4. Kummer Extensions 86
§ 6. The Global Reciprocity Law 90
§ 7. Global Class Fields . . . . 96
§ 8. The Ideal-Theoretic Formulation of Class Field Theory 102
§ 9. The Reciprocity Law of Power Residues ..... . 110
VIII Contents
Chapter V. Zeta Functions and L-Series 113

§ 1. The Riemann Zeta Function . 113
§ 2. The Dedekind Zeta Function 117
§ 3. The Dirichlet L-Series 120
§ 4. The Artin L-Series . . . . . 121
§ 5. The Equality of Dirichlet L-Series and Artin L-Series 128
§ 6. Density Theorems 129
Literature 137
Index 139
Chapter 1. Group and Field Theoretic Foundations
§ 1. Infinite Galois Theory
Every field k comes accompanied by a canonical Galois extension: the

separable algebraic closure klk. Its Galois group Gk=G(klk) is called the
absolute Galois group of k. This extension has infinite degree in almost all
cases, but it has the big advantage of consolidating within it all the various
finite Galois extensions of k. For this reason one would like to put klk into
the forefront of Galois theoretic considerations. But one is then faced with
the problem that the main theorem of Galois theory does not hold true any-
more in the usual sense. We explain this by the following
Example. The absolute Galois group GlPp = G(lFpIIFp) of the field IFp of p
elements contains the Frobenius automorphism cp which is defined by
x"'=x P for all xEIFp.
The subgroup (cp)={cpnlnEZ} clearly has the same fixed field IFp as GlPp ' but
in contrast to what we are accustomed to in Galois theory of finite exten-
sions, we have (cp)=I=G lPp ' To see this we construct an element t/JEG lPp not
contained in (cp) as follows. We choose a sequence {an} nEiN of integers such
that
an == am mod m, whenever min,
but that for no integer a the congruences an == a mod n hold true for all n.
For example, writing n = n'· pvp(n), (n', p) = 1 and 1 = n' xn + pvp(n) Yn , then an
= n' xn is such a sequence. We set
If IFpm S IFpn, then min, i.e. an == am mod m, and hence
t/J nIlPpm = cpanllPpm = cpamllPpm = t/J m'
if we recall that cpllP pm has order m. Therefore the t/J n define an automor-
U IFpn. t/J cannot be in (cp), since otherwise t/J = cpa, aEZ, i.e.
00
phism t/J ofIFp=

n=l
t/J lIP p" = cpa" lIP p" = cpa lIP pM' thus an == a mod n for all n, which was excluded.
2 Chapter I. Group and Field Theoretic Foundations
The main theorem of Galois theory is now corrected by the consideration

of a natural topology with which the Galois group G = G(QI k) of every Galois
extension Q I k is endowed. This topology is called the Krull topology and is
obtained as follows. For each (JEG we take the co sets
(JG(QIK)
as a basis of neighborhoods of (J, where K I k runs through all finite Galois

subextensions of QI k. The multiplication map
G x G --+ G, ((J, r)1---+ (Jr
is continuous, since the pre-image of the basic open neighborhood
(JrG(QIK) of (Jr contains the open neighborhood (JG(QI K) x rG(QIK) of
((J, r). Similarly the map G --+ G, (JI---+ (J-l, is continuous, so G becomes a
topological group for which we have the
(1.1) Proposition. If Q I k is a (finite or infinite) Galois extension, then the

Galois group G=G(Qlk) is hausdorff and compact with respect to the Krull
topology.
Proof If (J, rEG and (J =l= r, then there exists a finite Galois subextension
Klk of Qlk such that (JIK=l=rIK' i.e. (JG(QIK)=l=rG(QIK), hence
(JG(QIK)nrG(QIK)=0, showing that G is hausdorff. For the compactness
we consider the map
h: G --+ TI G(K I k), (JI---+ TI (JIK'
K K
where Klk runs over all finite Galois subextensions of Qlk. We consider the
groups G(K I k) as discrete, compact topological groups, so that their pro-
duct is a compact topological space by the theorem of Tychonov (see [12J).
The homomorphism h is injective since (JIK= 1 for all K implies (J= 1. The
sets u= TI G(Klk)x{iT}, where Kolk is any finite Galois subextension of
K*K o
Qlk and iTEG(Kolk) form a subbasis of open neighborhoods of the product
TI G(Klk). If (JEG is a lift of iT, then h- 1 (U)=(JG(QIK o), showing that h is
K
continuous, and h((JG(QIKo»=h(G)n U, showing that h: G --+h(G) is open.
Finally h(G) is closed in TI G(K I k). To see this, we consider for each pair
K
r; ~ L of finite Galois subextensions of Q Ik the set
ML'IL = {TI (J KE TI G(K Ik)1 (JelL = (J[J.

K K
It is then clear that

h(G)= n
L'c;;, L
M eIL ·
§ 1. Infinite Galois Theory 3
On the other hand, if G(Llk)={cr1, ... ,crn } and Si~G(Elk) is the set of
extensions of cr i to E, then
n
MUIL= U ( TI
i=l K*U.L
G(Klk)xSix{crJ),
showing that MUlL and hence h(G) is closed.

Therefore, h is a homeomorphism of G onto the closed subset h(G) of
TIG(Klk), i.e. G is compact. D
K
The main theorem of infinite Galois theory can now be formulated as

follows.
(1.2) Theorem. Let .0 1k be a (finite or infinite) Galois extension. Then the

map
Kr-+G(.oIK)
gives a I -I-correspondence between the subextensions K 1 k of .0 1k and the
closed subgroups of G(.olk). The open subgroups of G(.olk) correspond to the
finite subextensions of .01 k.
Proof Each open subgroup of G(.olk) is also closed, since it is the

complement of the union of its open cosets in G(.olk). If Klk is a finite
subextension of Qlk, then G(.oIK) is open, since each crEG(.oIK) has the
open neighborhood crG(.oIN)~G(.oIK), where Nlk is the normal closure of
Klk. If Klk is any subextension of .olk, then
G(.oIK)= nG(.oIKi),
i
where Kilk runs through the finite subextensions of Klk. Therefore G(.oIK)
is closed.
The map Kr-+G(.oIK) is injective, since K is the fixed field of G(.oIK).
For the surjectivity we have to prove that if H is a closed subgroup of
G(.o1 k), then H = G(.o1 K) where K is the fixed field of H. Clearly H
~G(QlK). Conversely, let crEG(.oIK). If LIK is a finite Galois subextension
of .oIK, then crG(.oIL) is a basic open neighborhood of cr in G(.oIK). The
map H ..... G(L 1K) is surjective, since its image it has the fixed field K and is
therefore equal to G(LIK) by the main theorem of Galois theory of finite
extensions. Choosing a rEH such that rlL =crl v we have rEH ncrG(.oIL),
showing that cr belongs to the closure of H, i.e. crEH since H is closed, and
hence H =G(.oIK).
If H is an open subgroup of G(.olk), then it is also closed and is thus of
the form H=G(.oIK). Now G(.olk) is the disjoint union of the open co sets
of H. Since G(.olk) is compact, finitely many of these cosets must cover
G(.olk), i.e. there are only finitely many. Therefore H=G(.oIK) is of finite
index in G(.olk) and this implies that Klk is of finite degree. D
4 Chapter 1. Group and Field Theoretic Foundations
§ 2. Profinite Groups
The topological Galois groups G = G(QI k) have the peculiar property that
the identity 1 E G has a basis of neighborhoods consisting of normal sub-
groups. By this property we are led to the abstract and purely group theo-
retic notion of pro finite group:
(2.1) Definition. A profinite group is a topological group G which is

hausdorff and compact and has a basis of open neigborhoods of 1E G con-
sisting of normal subgroups.
It can be shown that the last condition is equivalent with the property
that G is totally disconnected, that is, that every element of G is its own
connected component. The finite groups with the discrete topology are
obviously profinite groups. The general profinite groups G are not far away
from the finite groups and are built up in a simple way by their finite factor
groups. To be precise we need the notion of projective limit.
A directed set is an ordered set I with the property that, for each pair
i, i'EI, there exists an element i"EJ with i, i' =:;i". A projective system of sets
(groups, rings, etc.) over I is a family
{G i , /;j Ii,jE I, i =:;j}

of sets (groups, rings, etc.) Gi and maps (homomorphisms) /;j: Gr -+ Gi such
that
The projective limit

G=lim
<-
G. I
iEI
of the projective system is defined as the set (group, ring, etc.)
G= U1 aiE TI Gil /;/a) = a i if i =:;j}.

iEI ieI
If the Gi are topological spaces and the /;j are continuous maps, then G is a
closed subspace of the topological space TI G i (cf. [12], Chap. I, § 8, No.2,
ieI
Cor. 2). We show that the pro finite groups are precisely the projective limits
of projective systems of finite groups.
(2.2) Proposition. If G is a profinite group and if N runs through the open

normal subgroups of G, then (topologically and algebraically)
G~lim GIN.
<-
N
§2. Profinite Groups 5
Conversely, if {G;, /;) is a projective system of finite groups G;, then

G=limG.
<--- I
is a profinite group.
Proof Let G be a profinite group and let {N;liEI} be the family of open
normal subgroups. Since G is compact, each N; can have only finitely many
cosets in G since these cosets form an open disjoint covering of G. So G;
=G/N; is a finite group. We write i~j if N;2Nj and have the canonical
projections /;j: Gj--->G;. {G;,/;) is then a projective system of finite groups
and we show that the homomorphism
f: G --->lim G;,
<---
iEI
is an isomorphism and a homeomorphism. f is injective, since the kernel of

f is the intersection n
N;, which is {I} since G is hausdorff. The groups Us
iEI
= TI G; x TI {lG) form a subbasis of open neighborhoods of 1 in TI G;, if S
;</cS ;ES
runs through the finite subsets of I. Since f-l(Us nlim GJ=
~
nN;,
;EI
iES
f is
continuous. Since G is compact, the image of f is closed in lim G;. On the

<---
iEI
other hand this image is dense. For if jj= TI O";Elim G; and jj(Usnlim G;) is a
iEI ~ ~
n
basic open neighborhood of jj, then we may choose a O"EG, which under
G--->G/Nk , Nk = N;, is mapped onto O"k' so that 0" mod N;= 0"; for all iES, i.e.
iES
f(o")Ejj(Usnlim GJ Therefore f(G) is dense in lim G;, hence f(G) = lim Gj .
+------ +------ +---
Since G is compact, f maps closed sets into closed sets and is therefore an
open map. Hence
f: G ---> lim G;
<---
iEi
is an isomorphism and a homeomorphism.

Conversely, let {G;, /;) be a projective system of finite groups. Consider-
ing the G; as discrete and compact topological spaces, G = lim G; is a closed
<---
subgroup of the compact hausdorff group TI G; and is thus a hausdorff,
compact topological group. The normal subgroups UsnG, where Us = TI G;

i</cS
X TI Hi' S a finite subset of I, H j a normal subgroup of G;, form a basis of
iES
open neighborhoods of 1, i.e. G is a profinite group. o
Examples of Profinite Groups
(1) The Galois group G = G(Q Ik) of a Galois extension Q Ik is a profinite
group. Namely, G is hausdorff and compact by (1.1), and if K Ik runs
through the finite Galois subextensions of Q Ik, then the normal subgroups
G(QIK) form a basis of open neighborhoods of 1. Since G/G(QIK)=G(Klk)
we have
G(QI k) = lim G(K Ik).
<----
K
(2) If p is a prime number, then the rings lL/pnlL, nElN, form a projective
system with respect to the canonical projections lL/pnlL ---+lL/pmlL, n ?::m. The
projective limit
lL p= lim lL/pnlL
<----
is the ring of p-adic integers.

(3) The rings lL/nlL, nElN, form a projective system with respect to the
projections lL/nlL ---+lL/mlL for min, where the order in IN is now given by the
divisibility min. The projective limit
Z = lim
<----
lL/nlL
nEIN
is called the Prufer ring. The groups nZ, nElN, are precisely the open
subgroups of the pro finite group Z, and it is easily seen that
Z/nZ ~lL/nlL.
Considering for each natural number n the prime decomposition n = TI pl'p
we have the decomposition p
TI
lL/nlL ~ lL/pvplL
p
by the chinese remainder theorem. Passing to projective limits we obtain a

canonical decomposition
(4) The groups lLp and Z are special cases in the class of procyclic groups.
These are the profinite groups G which are topologically generated by one
element (JEG, i.e. G is the closure of the subgroup ((J)={k(JlkElL}. The open
subgroups of a procyclic group G are the groups nG, nElN (it may well be
that nG=mG for n=Fm, e.g. nlLp=lLp for (n,p)=l). Namely, nG is closed as
the image of the continuous map n: G ---+ G, yHny, and G/nG is finite, since
it contains the finite group {k(JmodnGIO~k<n} as a dense subgroup and
is thus equal to this group. Conversely, if H is an open subgroup of G of
index n, then nG£H£G and n=(G:H)~(G:nG)~n, whence H=nG.
Every procyclic group G is a quotient of Z. Namely, for every n we have
a surjective homomorphism
lL/nlL ---+G/nG, 1 mod nlLH(J mod nG.
Passing to projective limits, we obtain a surjection Z ---+ G. On the other
hand, every continuous surjective homomorphism G ---+ Z must be an iso-
morphism, since for every nElN it induces an isomorphism G/nG ---+lL/nlL.
§ 2. Profinite Groups 7
(5) Let A be an abelian torsion group. Its Pontrjagin dual

X(A) = Hom (A, <Q/7l)
is a profinite group. For one has
where Ai runs through the finite subgroups of A, and therefore
X(A) = lim X(AJ

<--
i
with X(AJ finite. For example, if A=<Q/7l= U ~7l/7l, then X(~7l/7l)~7l/n7l

and nEN
X(<Q/7l) ~ lim 7l/n7l =11..
<--
n
(6) Considering the field IFp of p elements, for each nElN we have a canoni-
cal isomorphism
G(IFpnIIFp) ~ 7l/n7l,
which maps the Frobenius automorphism <Pn of IFpn to 1 mod n7l. Passing to
projective limits we obtain a canonical isomorphism
G(iFpIIFp)~11.
which maps the Frobenius <P of iFp to 1E11., and hence maps the group (<p)
= {<pn In E7l} to the dense (but not closed) subgroup 7l of 11..
(7) Let K be a non-archimedian local field, i.e. a field which is complete
with respect to a discrete valuation v with finite residue class field. Let (!)
be the ring of integers of K and p its maximal ideal. The ideals pn form a
basis of open neighborhoods of 0 in (!), the rings {!)/pn are finite and we have
a topological isomorphism
{!)~lim
<--
{!)/pn, aH TI (a mod pn).
nEN
In fact, the kernel of this homomorphism is n pn= {OJ, and if
nEN
TI (an mod pn)Elim (!)/pn, anE{!),
nelN" ~
then an:: am mod pm for n"? m, so that the sequence {an} converges in the
complete ring (!) to an element a= lim an with a::anmodpn. This proves the
n~co
surjectivity. The reader may check that our map is also a homeomorphism
of topological spaces. Hence (!) is a profinite ring.
The group U of units of (!) is closed in (!), hence hausdorff and compact,
and the subgroups u(n) = 1 + pn form a basis of neighborhoods of 1E U.
Therefore
U = lim U ju(n)
~
nEiN
is a profinite group.
(8) Let G be any group and let N run through all normal subgroups of finite
index. The pro finite group
G=lim GjN
~
N
is called the profinite completion of G. For example, Z =lim 7ljn71

~
IS the
profinite completion of the group 7l. nEiN
§ 3. G-Modules
Let G be a group with the identity 1. A G-module is an abelian group A on

which G operates, such that for rr, rEG and a, bEA,
(i) la=a
(ii) rr(a+b)=rra+rrb
(iii) (rrr)a = rr(ra).
Although for applications we will be interested primarily in multipli-
cative G-modules A, formal reasons make us prefer the additive notation at
this place. In the multiplicative case we shall often write the action of rrEG
on A in the exponential way aU, requiring a(Ut) = (au)' in place of (iii).
The fixed module of a G-module A is the subgroup
AG={aEAlrra=a for all rrEG}.
A is called a trivial G-module, if A =AG. If G is a profinite group, then in
addition to (i), (ii), (iii) we require the condition
(iv) A= U AU,
U
when U runs through the open subgroups of G. This is equivalent with the
condition that G acts continuously on A, i.e. that the map
G x A --. A, (rr, a) --. rra
is continuous, where we consider A topologized with the discrete topology.

In fact, the continuity is equivalent with the property that for each (rr, a)E
G x A there exists an open subgroup U of G such that the open neighborhood
rrUx{a} of (rr,a) is mapped into the open set {rra}, and this means simply
aEA u.
A G-homomorphism between two G-modules A and B is a homomor-
phism f: A --. B of abelian groups such that
f(rra)=rrf(a)
§ 3. G-Modules 9
for all aEG and aEA. If we simply speak of homomorphisms between G-

modules, we always mean G-homomorphisms. The group of all G-homo-
morphisms f: A -+ B is denoted by Hom G (A, B).
If G is a finite group, then every G-module A contains the norm group

NGA={NG a = L aalaEA}.
(lEG
The designation trace is commonly used for the elements L aa. With a
(lEG
view towards dealing chiefly with multiplicative G-modules, we have de-

cided to use the name norm and the notation NGa. Since r NGa = raa L
=NGa we have NGA~AG. The factor group (lEG
HO(G, A)=A G/NG A

is called the norm residue group. It stands at the center of class field theory.
If 0 -+ A -+ B -+ C -+ 0 is an exact sequence of G-modules, then we obtain
an exact sequence
The last arrow, however, is not surjective in general. The deviation from
surjectivity is, in a sense, measured by a group Hl (G, A), which is defined as
follows.
A crossed homomorphism (or l-cocycle) of G in A is a function f: G -+ A
such that
f(a·r)= f(a)+af(r)
for all a, rEG. The crossed homomorphisms form an abelian group Zl(G, A).
For each aEA the function
fa: G-+A, fa(a)=aa-a,
is a crossed homomorphism since fa(ar)=(ar)a-a=a(ra-a)+aa-a
=fa(a)+afa(r). The functions fa form a subgroup Bl(G,A) of Zl(G,A) and
we define
(3.1) Proposition. If 0 -+ A ~ B -4 C -+ 0 is an exact sequence of G-mod-

uies, then we have an exact sequence
0-4AG~BG-4 CG~Hl(G,A).
Proof We identify A with its image i (A), so that i becomes inclusion. Let
CEC G and let bEB such that j(b)=c. Then j(ab-b)=ac-c=O, i.e. ab
-bEA.Now
f:G-+A, f(a)=ab-b
is a crossed homomorphism and we associate with CE CG the class bc

=fmodW(G,A). The map cf--+bc is well defined, because if b'=b+a, aEA,
is another pre-image of c, then the crossed homomorphism
1'((J) = (Jb' - b' = f((J) + (Ja - a
differs from f((J) only by the crossed homomorphism fa((J)=(Ja-a which is
contained in Bl(G, A). Now, if bc=O, then f((J)=(Jb-b=(Ja-a for some
aEA, thus (J(b-a)=b-a, i.e. b-a=b'EBG andj(b')-j(b)=c. This shows the
exactness of our sequence. D
If g is a subgroup of G, then clearly every G-module A is also a g-

module, and if g is normal in G then Ag is a Gig-module.
(3.2) Proposition. If g is a normal subgroup of G and A a G-module, then

we have an exact sequence
Proof The left map is defined by associating to a crossed homomor-

phism J: Gig --+ A g the composite f: G --+ GIg ~ A, which is a crossed ho-
momorphism of G. If f((J)=(Ja-a and O'=(Jmodg, then J(O')=f((J)=O'a-a
showing the injectivity of the left map. The right map is obtained by
restricting the crossed homomorphisms f: G--+A to g. If f(r)=ra-a, for all
rEg, then the crossed homomorphism 1'((J)=f((J)-((Ja-a) of G lies in the
same class as f and depends only on the classes O'=(Jmodg, since 1'((Jr)
=1'((J) for all rEg and 1'((J)EAg, since 1'((J)=1'(r(J)=r1'((J), rEg. Therefore
l' is the composite of G--+GIg~Ag, where j((Jmodg)=1'((J). This shows
the exactness of the sequence. 0
To every g-module B we associate in a canonical way a G-module

A=M&(B),
called the induced G-module. The elements of A are all functions f: G --+ B
such that f(rx)=rf(x) for all rEg. The action of (JEG on fEA is given by
((Jf)(x) = f(x(J).
We have a canonical g-homomorphism
n: M&(B) --+B, ff--+ f(l),
which maps the g-submodule
B' = {jEM&(B)lf(x) =0 for x¢g}
isomorphically onto B. We identify B' with B. If g is of finite index in G,
then one checks readily that
M&(B) = (f) (J B,
UEG/g
§ 3. G-Modules 11
where (J runs over a system of left representatives of Gig. If g={1}, then we

write MG(B) for Mb(B).
(3.3) Proposition. If g is a subgroup of the finite group G and B a g-

module. then canonically
Hi(G,Mz,(B))~Hi(g,B) for i=O, 1.
Proof Case i=O. Let A = MZ;(B). If fEAG, then f((J)=f(1) for all (JEG
and f(1)= f(T)=Tf(1) for all TEg. This shows that n: A -+B induces an
isomorphism
We show that NGA is mapped isomorphically onto NgB. Let

h=NGfENGA, fEA. Let (Ji run over a set of right representatives of Gig.
Then
h(l)= I I (T(JJ)(l)= I I f(T(JJ= I T(I f((JJ)ENgB.
rEg i rEg i rEg i
Conversely, let NgbENgB, bEB, and let fEA be given by f(x)=O for x~g
and f(T)=Tb for TEg. If h=NGf; then
h(l)= I ((Jf)(l) =I f(T)= I Tb=N.b.

GEG rEg rEg
Case i = 1. By definition of Z! (G, A) and MJ(B), Z! (G, A) consists of all

functions ,': G x G -+ B such that
(i) y(x, TY)=TY(X, y) for TEg,
(ii) }'(xy, z)=/'(x, z)+i'(Y, zx).
y is contained in B!(G,A) ify(x,z)=f(zx)-f(z) with fEA. We consider the
map
p: Z!(G,A)-+Z!(g,B), y(x,z)r---y(x)=y(x, 1).
This map is surjective. Namely, let f3EZ! (g, B) and let (Jk run through a
system of right representatives of Gig. We extend fJ to a map fJ: G -+ B by
setting fJ(T(Jk) = f3(T), TEg. Then fJ(TX)=TfJ(X)+fJ(T) for TEg and xEG. It is
now immediately checked that the function y(x, z) = fJ(z x) - fJ(z) satisfies the
conditions (i), (ii) and is thus in Zl (G, A). Since y(x, 1) = fJ(x) - fi(l) = fJ(x), p
is surjective.
It remains to show that B! (G, A) is the pre-image of B! (g, B). If y(x, z)
=f(zx)-f(z) is a function in B1(G,A), then its image under p is the
function y(x)= f(x)- f(1)=xf(1)- f(l) in B! (g, B). Conversely, if YEZ! (G, A)
is mapped into Bl(g, B), i.e. if y(x,1)=xb-b for xEg, then f(x)=y(x, 1)+b
is a function in Mz,(B) and y(x,z)=y(zx,l)-y(z,1)=f(zx)-f(z), hence
YEB1(G,A). 0
§ 4. The Herbrand Quotient.
Now let G be a finite cyclic group and a a generator of G. If A IS a G-

module, then, in addition to HO(G, A), we consider the group
H- 1(G, A)= NGAjIGA,
where
°
(4.1) Proposition. If ---> A ~ B -4 C ---> 0 is an exact sequence of G-mod-
uies, then we have an exact hexagon
Proof The homomorphisms f1' f4 and f2' fs are induced by A ~ Band

B~ C. f3 is defined as follows. We identify A with its image in B, so that i
becomes inclusion. Let CEC G and let bEB be such that j(b)=c. Then j(ab
-b)=ac-c=O and NG(ab-b)=NG(ab)-NG(b)=O, hence ab-bENGA. Now
f3 is well defined by f3: cmodNGCf--->(ab-b)modIGA. For the definition
of f6' let CENGC, and let bEB such that j(b)=c. Then j(NGb)=NGc=O, and
hence NGbEA. Moreover, aNGb=NGb, i.e. NGbEAG. The map is now defined
by f6: c mod IG Cf---> NGb mod NGA.
We prove the exactness at HO(G, A). Let aEA G be such that
f1(amodNGA)=O, i.e. a=NGb with bEE. Setting c=j(b) we have
f6(cmodI GC)=amodNGA. The exactness at H- 1(G,A) is verified as fol-
lows: Let aENGA be such that f4(amodI GA)=O, i.e. a=ab-b, bEB. Setting
c=j(b) we see that f 3(cmodNGC)=amodI GA. The exactness at the other
positions is even more elementary and is left to the reader. 0
A concept of great use in calculating indices and orders of abelian

groups is the H erbrand quotient, given by
(4.2) Definition. If G is a finite cyclic group and A a G-module, then the

Herbrand quotient of A is defined to be
provided that both these orders are finite.

§4. The Herbrand Quotient 13
The distinguishing characteristic of the Herbrand quotient lies III its

multiplicativity.
(4.3) Proposition. If 0 ---+ A ---+ B ---+ C ---+ 0 is an exact sequence of G-mod-

ules, then
h(G, B) = h(G, A)· h(G, C),
in the sense that when two of these quotients are defined, so is the third and
equality holds.
If A is a finite G-module, then h(G, A)= 1.
Proof We consider the exact hexagon (4.1). If we designate the order of

the image of J; by ni , then
*HO(G,A)=n 6 'n l , *HO(G,B)=n l 'n 2 , *HO(G, C)=n 2 .n 3 ,
*H- I (G,A)=n 3 'n 4 , *H- I (G,B)=n 4 'n S ' *H-I(G, C)=n S ·n 6
and therefore
*HO(G,A)· *HO(G, C). *H-I(G,B)
= *HO(G,B). *H-I(G,A). *H-I(G, C).
At the same time we see that when two of the quotients h(G, A), h(G, B),
h(G, C) are defined, so is the third, and we obtain from the last equality
h(G, B)=h(G, A)·h(G, C).
If A is a finite G-module, then the exact sequences
o---+AG ---+A~IGA ---+0, O---+NGA---+A~ NGA ---+0,
where f(a)=aa-a and g(a)=NGa, show that
*A= *A G. *IGA= *NGA· *NGA,

whence h(G, A)= 1. D
(4.4) Proposition. If G is a finite cyclic group, then HI (G, A)~ H- I (G, A).
Proof Let a be a generator of G. If fEZ I (G, A) is a crossed homomor-

phism, then for k ~ 1
k-I
f(a k ) = af(a k - I ) +f(a) = a 2 f(a k - 2) + af(a) +f(a) = L aif(a)
*G, then
i=O
and f(1) =0 since f(1)= f(1) +f(1). If n =
n-I
NGf(a)= L aif(a) = f(a n ) = f(1)=0,
i=O
so f((J)ENGA. On the other hand, for each aENGA we obtain a crossed

homomorphism f by setting f((J)=a and
k-l
f((Jk)= L (Jia,
i~O
as one may easily check for himself. Thus the map fH f((J) is an isomor-
phism between ZI (G, A) and NGA. This isomorphism sends Bl (G, A) onto
IGA because fEB1(G,A)~f((Jk)=(Jka-a for a fixed aEA~f((J)=(Ja
-a~f((J)EIGA. This proves the proposition. 0
§ 5. Kummer Theory
The following theorem is of basic importance for our field theoretic con-
siderations. It has the name "Hilbert's theorem 90", since it occurs as
number 90 among 169 theorems in Hilbert's famous" Zahlbericht" [30].
(5.1) Theorem (Hilbert 90). Let L IK be a finite Galois extension with

Galois group G=G(LIK). Then the multiplicative group L* is a G-module and
HI (G, L*)= {1}.
In particular, if G is cyclic and (J a generator of G, then every element aEL*
with norm NL1K(a) = 1 is of the form
(Jb
a =- with bEL*.
b
Proof Let f: G ~ L* be a crossed homomorphism. For cEL* we set
rJ. = L f((J)(Jc.
UEG
Because of the linear independence of the automorphisms a (cf. [l1J

Chap. 5, § 7, No.5), cEL* can be chosen such that rJ.*0. We then obtain f01
rEG
L L
rrJ.= rf(a)(rac) = f(r)-lf(ra)(rac)= f(r)-1 rJ.,
U U
rrJ.- 1
that is,f(r)=----=-!. Therefore fEB 1(G,L*), hence H 1(G,L*)=1.
rJ.
If G=(a) is cyclic, then by (4.4), H-l(G,L*)~Hl(G,L*)=1, i.e. NGL*
=IGL*l so that every element aEL* with NGa=NLlK(a)= 1 is of the form G
(Jb
=b for some bEL*. c::
§ 5. Kummer Theory 15
Now let K be any field containing the group fl" of n-th roots of unity,
where n is a natural number prime to the characteristic of K. By a Kummer
extension of K we mean a field extension of K of the form
where Ll is a subgroup of K* containing the group K*" of n-th powers. Thus

L is generated by all roots Va, aELl. A Kummer extension LIK is abelian of
exponent n, that is, it is Galois (but not necessarily finite), its Galois group
G(LIK) is abelian and a"= I for every aEG(LIK). In fact, for each aELl the
subextension K(Va)IK is cyclic of degree dividing n, so that the restriction
of a" to K (Va) is I, and hence a" = I since L is generated by the roots Va.
Conversely we have
(5.2) Proposition. If LIK is an abelian extension of exponent n, then

L=K(~) with Ll =L*"nK*.
Proof Clearly, K('l/Li)~L. On the other hand, LIK is the composite of

its cyclic subextensions. In fact, L IK is the composite of its finite sub-
extensions ElK, and the finite abelian group G(EIK) is the direct product of
cyclic groups, each of which can be understood as the Galois group of a
cyclic subextension of ElK. Therefore ElK is the composite of its cyclic
subextensions.
Let now MIK be a cyclic subextension of LIK. Then G(MIK) is of order
dividing n, so M=K(Va) with aEL*"nK*. Therefore M~K('j../:d) and thus
L~K(~). D
What one commonly understands under the name Kummer theory is the
content of the following
(5.3) Theorem. The Kummer extensions LIK are in I-I-correspondence

with the subgroups Ll of K* containing K*". If L=K(1fLI), then Ll =L*"nK*,
and we have a canonical isomorphism
Hom (G(LIK), flo)';;;! Ll/K*".
An element amodK*"ELl/K*" is associated to the character Xa: G(LIK)-+fl"
given by
Remarks. 1. If LIK is infinite, then G(LIK) is endowed with the Krull

topology and Hom (G(L IK), fl") has to be understood as the group of all
continuous homomorphisms X: G(LI K) -> It", i.e. as the character group of

the topological group G(LIK).
2. The composite of two Kummer extensions (of exponent n) is again a
Kummer extension, and all Kummer extensions of exponent n are contained
in the maximal Kummer extension K =K('fK*) of exponent n, for which we
have
Hom(G(KIK), It")~ K*/K*".
Proof of (5.3). Let LIK be a Kummer extension. Then L=K(V"::1),

where Ll = L*n n K* by (5.2). We define the homomorphism
Ll -> Hom (G(L I K), Itn), ar--> Xa'
by Xa(O") = O"n ~~. The kernel of this map is K*n since Xa = 1 ¢> 0" Va = Va for
Va
all o"EG(LIK)¢>V"~EK*¢>aEK*n. We thus obtain an injective homomor-
phism
Ll/K*n -> Hom (G(LIK), Itn)'
We prove surjectivity first in the case that LIK is finite using Hilbert's
theorem 90. Let XEHom(G(LIK),ltJ Then X: G(LIK)->L* is a crossed
homomorphism. Hence, by (5.1) there exists an element bEL* such that
O"b
X(O")=b for all O"EG(LIK).
Since O"(bn)=(O"b)"=X(O")"bn=b n for all O"EG(LIK), we see that b"

=aEK*nL*"=Ll, so X=Xa' If LIK is of infinite degree we let LljK*n run
through the finite subgroups of LljK*n and we set Li=K(VLJJ Then Ll/K*n
= U LljK*n and L= U L i . Therefore the groups G(LILi) form a basis of
i i
open neighborhoods of 1 E G(L IK). Since the kernel of a continuous homo-
morphism X: G(LIK) -> It n is open, it must contain a subgroup G(LILJ Now X
yields a homomorphism x: G(LiIK)->ltn such that X(O")=x(O"ld. By what we
have proved before X is of the form Xa: G(LiIK)->ltn' aELl i. But then X(0")
= xAO"ld = 0" Va/Va
= Xa(O"), whence X= Xa' This proves surjectivity.
If Ll is any group between K* and K*n, and if we set L=K(V"::1), then
necessarily Ll =L*nnK*. In fact let Ll'=L*nnK*. Then by what we have just
seen
Ll'/K*n~ Hom (G(LI K), Itn)'
The subgroup Ll/K*nr;; Ll'/K*n belongs to the subgroup Hom(G(LIK)/H, Itn:

of Hom(G(LIK),ltn) where
H = {O"EG(LIK)IXa(O")= 1 for all aELl}.

§ 5. Kummer Theory 17
Va
Because (J 'V~ = Xa((J) we see that H leaves the elements of 'i/J fixed.
Since 'i/J generates L, we have H=I, thus Hom(G(LIK)/H,J.Ln)
=Hom(G(LIK),J.Ln) and hence LJ/K*n=!//K*n, so LJ=LJ'.
It is now clear that the map LJI---+L=K('i/J) is a I-I-correspondence as
stated in the theorem. D
Chapter II. General Class Field Theory
§ 1. Frobenius Elements and Prime Elements
The theory which we shall develop in this chapter is of purely group

theoretical nature and is concerned with an abstract profinite group G. To
work in a more familiar language, however, we want to interpret G formally
as a Galois group in the following sense. We denote the closed subgroups of
G by G K and call the indices K fields; we refer to K as the fixed field of G K'
The "field" k with Gk=G is called the ground field and we denote by k the
field with G/i = {1}. We write formally K c;; L or L I K if G L C;; G K and refer to
the pair L I K as a field extension. L I K is a .. finite extension" if G L is open
(i.e. of finite index) in G K and we call
the degree of the extension L I K. L I K is called normal or Galois if GL is a

normal subgroup of G K • In this case we define the Galois group of L I K by
If N:::2 L:::2 K are two Galois extensions, then we define the restriction to L
of an element (JEG(N I K) by
(JIL = (J mod G(N I L)EG(L I K).
The extension L I K is called cyclic, abelian, solvable etc. if the Galois group
G(L I K) is cyclic, abelian, solvable etc. Furthermore we set
K = n Ki ("intersection"),
if G K is topologically generated by the subgroups G Ki , and

K = TI Ki ("'composite"),
if G K = nG
i
Ki • If GL,=(J-l GL(J, (JEG, then we write L=l!.
In the sequel we shall use the letter K always for the finite extensions of
the ground field k.
The starting point of the theory is a surjective continuous homomor-
phism
deg: G-+7L
§ 1. Frobenius Elements and Prime Elements 19
of the profinite group G. The kernel of deg has a fixed field k I k and deg
induces an isomorphism G(kl k)~Z. An extension with Galois group iso-
morphic to Z is called a Z-extension. As a prototype of a Z-extension we
have in mind the maximal unramified extension of a local, non-archimedian
field k.
For every finite extension K I k we set
K =K· k and fK= [Knk: k].
fK has to be understood as an abstract analogue of the inertia degree of

local fields. The map deg induces a surjective homomorphism
1 ~
deg K= fK deg: GK...... 7L
and an isomorphism deg K: G(K I K)~ Z.
(1.1) Definition. The element <PKEG(KIK) with degd<pK) = 1 is called the

Frobenius over K.
For every finite extension L IK we set
LO =LnK, fLIK= [Lo: KJ = ;:' <PLoIK= <pKILO.
LO should be viewed as an abstract analogue of the inertia field of an

extension of local fields. We have a commutative diagram
GL~Z
1 lJL'K
GK~Z
which says that <pLlk=<P{LIK.
Now let L IK be a finite Galois extension. We consider the diagram of
fields
L--L
I I
K--Lo--K,
in which LO =LnK and L=L· K. deg K: GK ...... Z induces a surjective homo-

morphism
and we set
¢(L IK) = {O'EG(L IK) IdegK(O')EN}.
If O'E¢(LI K) and n=degK(O'), then O'lk=<P~. We stress that O¢N.

20 Chapter II. General Class Field Theory
(1.2) Proposition. The map

¢(L I K) ----> G(L I K), O'f----> O'iv
is surjective. If (J = O'iv then we call 0' a Frobenius lift of (J.
Proof If (JEG(LIK), then ab=<p~oIK for a suitable n>O. Let fp be any

extension of <PK to L. Then afp-"ILo=l, i.e. afp-"ILEG(LILo)~G(LIK), so
afp-nIL=rI L with rEG(LIK). Now (j=rfp" is a Frobenius lift of (J with
(jIK=fpnIK=<p~, i.e. degK«(j)=nElN. 0
The decisive meaning of the Frobenius lift lies in the fact that it turns
every element (JEG(LIK) into a Frobenius:
(1.3) Proposition. Let O'E ¢ (L IK) and let L be the fixed field of 0'. Then
(i) [,[: K]<oc, (ii) frIK=degK(iT), (iii) ,f;=L, (iv) iT=<Pr.
j~IK= [LO: K] =degK(O').
(i) [L:LO]=[L·K:K]:s:;[L:K]<CD. Since [Lo:K]=j~IK IS finite, so is

[L: K].
(iii) G(L I L) is topologically generated by 0', i.e. procyclic. Therefore the
surjective homomorphism G(L IL) ----> G(t I L) ~Z must be an isomorphism
(see Chap. I, § 2, Ex. 4), i.e. t = L.
(iv) f~IKdegr(O')=degK(O')=frIK' thus degr(O')= 1, i.e. (j=<Pr'
Now let A be a multiplicative G-module. For every field K we set
AK=AGK={aEAla"=a for all aEG K}.
If L IK is a finite extension, then A K <;; A L and we have the norm map
N L1K : AL ---->AK' NL1K(a)= I1 a",

"
where a runs through a system of right representatives of GK/G L. If
M2L~.K, then
If LIK is Galois, then AL is a G(LIK)-module and AK=AZ(l·IK). o

(1.4) Definition. A henselian valuation of Ak with respect to deg IS a
homomorphism
§ 2. The Reciprocity Map 21
with the properties

(i) v(A k)=Z271 and Z/nZ~71/n71 for all nElN.
(ii) V(NKlkAK)=fKZ for all fields K.
For every field K the hensel ian valuation v: Ak->Z yields the homomor-
phism
with image Z.
(1.5) Proposition. (i) VK= VKa 0 (J for (JEG.

(ii) For every finite extension L I K we have the commutative diagram
AI.~Z
NL1Kl lfLIK
AK~Z
Pm()f (i) If T runs through a system of right representatives of Gk/G K,

then (J- 1 T (J runs through a system of right representatives of Gk/(J-l GK(J
= Gk/G Ka . Therefore, if aEA K, then
(ii) If aEAv then

.11
fLIKvL(a)=.fLIK· .f~ v(NL1k(a»= fK V(NKlk(NLI K(a))) = vK(NL1K(a». 0
(1.6) Definition. A prime element of AK is an element nKEA K with

vK(n K) = 1. We set
If fLlK=[L:K], i.e. LO=L, then by (1.5), (ii) vLIAK=V K. In particular, a

prime element of AK is also a prime element of A L. On the other hand, if
fLIK=l, i.e. LO=K, and if n L is a prime element of Av then nK=NLIK(nL) is
a prime element of A K .
§ 2. The Reciprocity Map
For the sequel we assume that the G-module A satisfies the following
axiomatic condition:
(2.1) For every finite subextension LIK of KIK

for i=O
for i=-1.
(2.2) Proposition. If L IK is a finite subextension of K IK, then

Hi(G(LIK), UL)=O for i=O, -1.
Proof Let n=[L:K]. Considering Z=vL(A L) as a trivial G(LIK)-

module, we have HO(G(LIK),Z)=Z/nZ and H-l(G(LIK),Z)=O, recalling
that Z r;:;Z has no elements of finite order. By (1.5), (i)
IS an exact sequence of G(LIK)-modules. By Chap. 1. (4.1), we obtain an

exact sequence
1--> HO(G(LIK), UL)--> HO(G(LIK), AL)~ HO(G(LIK), Z)
--> H-l(G(LIK), UL) --> 1.
If n K is a prime element of A K, then vL(n K) = vK(n K) = 1, showing that the
map v't: HO(G(LIK),AL)-->HO(G(LIK),Z)=Z/nZ is surjective, and hence
bijective since #HO(G(LIK),AL)=n. From this, follows Hi(G(LIK), UL)=O
for i=O, -1. 0
(2.3) Definition. Let L IK be a finite Galois extension. We define the

reciprocity map
by
rLIK(a): = NrIK(nr ) mod NL1KAV
where ,~ is the fixed field of a Frobenius lift aE¢(LIK) of aEG(LIK) and
nrEAr is a prime element.
Of course we have to show that the definition of rLIK(a) is independent

of the choice of the lift (j of a and the prime element n r . For this we set
N=NL1LO.
Let F IK be a subextension of L IK such that F· LO = L. Then FO = F n LO and
hence
We choose a fixed extension qJE¢(LIK) of qJK to L and obtain a decom-

position
(1 )
where the homomorphism vt;.: Ap --+ AL is defined by

J-1
vt;.(a) = TI a"'v, f = [Fo: K].
In fact, the group G(FOIK) has order f and is generated by CPFOIK=CPKIFO, so

that for aEA p,
J-1
N(vt;.(a» = TI
v=O
N p1 pO (a)"'V = NpoIK(NpIPo(a» = NpIK(a).
(2.4) Lemma. Let 0' 1'0' 2'0' 3Ec/>(IIK) and let 0'3 = 0' 1'0' 2' If Xi is the fixed
field of O'i and if niE AI, is a prime element, i = 1, 2, 3, then
NI3IK(n3) == NI ,\K(n 1)· NI2IK(n2) mod NL1KA L.
Proof Let X be the fixed field of cp. Then XO = X n K = K. We may

assume that X, X; £L, i = 1, 2, 3. Otherwise we may pass to a finite Galois
subextension ElK of IlK containing L and X, Xi' i= 1, 2, 3. Then I' =I and
if the congruence holds mod NL'IKAL' then a fortiori it also holds
modNL1KA L·
Now let n=[L:K] and let MIL be the subextension of IlL of degree n.
We picture the situation in the following diagram
N =NL1LO extends to NM1MO '

Let ni=degK(O';), so n3 =n 1 +n z . For reasons which will become clear in
a moment we pass from 0'1 to O'4=CP-n2O'1cpn2 with deg K(O' 4)=n 4 =n 1. Then
X4 =Xr 2 is the fixed field of 0'4' and n 4 =nr 2 is a prime element of A I4 .
Since NI1IK (n 1) = NI4IK(n4) we have to prove the congruence
NI3IK(n3) == NI4IK(n4)' NI2IK (n2) mod NL1KAL'
Setting
U'
JY Ii
(n)'"
i
- 1 _- n"'"'
i
- 1 -_ n iii,- 1 ",", - 1 -_ nt,i - 1.
Now n 2 , n 3 , 1r4 are also prime elements of Av i.e.

n 2 =(zl n4 , n 3=G3 n4' G2,G3 EUL'
Setting G4 =n~2-1 E UL and regarding

(i Z -1)(i 4 -1) we obtain
E" , - I-- n4
G;t,-I •
;~z
Let now f = [L: 1'] = fLIK' so that <pI = <PL' By (2.2) there exist elements £,
i = 2,3,4 with
B;E UM ,
Then £",-1 and n4
;~z
BJ,-1 differ only by an element XE UM with NM1L(x) = 1.
Since H-1(G(MIL), UM)= 1 by (2.2), we thus obtain
and thus
N(£)=N (U u",v).x
with XE UMO such that X"'K-l = 1, i.e. XE UK' Setting u = NM1L(u) and recalling
NMOILOoN=NoNMIL and (1) on p.22, we obtain
NrM (n 3 )· NrziK(nz)-l. Nr4IK(n4)-1 = N(E) = NMo1LO(N(£))
=
I-I
n
V~O
N(u)",v.NMOILO(X)=N(NLlr(U)).X"
= NL1K(u)· NL1K(X)E NL1KAV

whence the lemma. o
(2.5) Corollary. The map
rL1K : G(LIK)--+AK/NLIKAL
is well defined and is a homomorphism.
Proof Let 0-,0-' EIP(L IK) be two Frobenius lifts of a. Let 1',1" be the fixed
fields of 0-,0-' and nEAr, n'EA r , prime elements. We may assume that
m=degdo-')-degK(o-)?;O. Suppose m=O. Then 0-'1[(=0-1[( and o-'IL=o-IL'
hence 0-'=0- and n'=n·u, UEUr . We choose a finite Galois subextension
MIK of LIK containing Land 1'. By (2.2) we have u=NM1r(U), UEUM' hence
Nr'IK(n') = NrIK(n). NM1K(u) =NrIK(n) mod NL1KAL

since NMIK(U)ENMIKAM<:;;NLIKAL'
Suppose now that m>O. Then i'=o--l.o-'EG(LIK) is a Frobenius lift of

1EG(LIK) with degK(i')=m. If M2L is the fixed field of i' and nMEA M a
prime element, then by Lemma (2.4)
NX'IK(n')::: NxIK(n). NM1K(n M)::: Nx1dn) mod NL1KAV
This shows the independence of rL1dO") from the choice of the lift o-E¢(LIK)
and the prime element nxEAx.
The homomorphic property then follows as a direct consequence of
Lemma (2.4), since, if 0- 1 , 0- 2 are Frobenius lifts of 0" l' 0" 2 EG(L IK), then 0- 3
=0- 1 .0- 2 is a Frobenius lift of 0"3=0"1'0"2' 0
It is a fundamental principle of class field theory that the reciprocity

map associates the Frobenius elements to the prime elements. This principle
is expressed in its purest form by the following
(2.6) Theorem. If L IK is a finite subextension of K IK, then the rec-

iprocity map
is given by
and is an isomorphism.
Proof CPKE¢(KI K) is a Frobenius lift of CPLIKEG(LIK) with the fixed field K,

hence rL1K(CPLIK)=n KmodNL1KA L. The group AK/NL1KAL =HO(G(LIK), A L)
has the same order n as G(LIK) by (2.1) and n KmodNL1KA L is a generating
element, since n';,=NLIK(a)ENLIKAL implies m=vK(n';,)=vK(NLIK(a»=n,vda)
:::Omodn. Therefore rL1K is an isomorphism. D
An important property of the reciprocity map is its functoriality:
(2.7) Proposition. Let L IK and ElK' be two Galois extensions and let K
s; K' and L s; E. Then the diagram
G(EIK')~ AdNL'IK,AL'
1 lNK'IK
G(LIK) ~ AK/NL1KAL
is commutative, the left arrow being given by the restriction 0"' t--+ O"'IL'
Proof Let O"'EG(EIK') and O"=O"'ILEG(LIK). If o-'E¢(l:IK') is a Frobenius

lift of 0"' then a-=a-'IIEG(LIK) is a Frobenius lift of 0" since degK(a-)
= fK'IK degK,(o-')EN. Let 1:' be the fixed field of 0-'. Then 1:=1:' nL=1:' nf is
the fixed field of (f and fr'I1;= 1. Therefore, if 11: r , is a prime element of A r ,

then 11: r = Nr'lr(11:~') is a prime element of Ar and the proposition follows
from the norm equality
o
(2.8) Proposition. If LIK is a finite Galois extension and (JEG, then the
diagram
G(LIK) ~ AK/NL1KAL
,,*1 1"
G(IYIKO")~ AKu/NLuIKuAv'
is commutative, where the left arrow is induced by the conjugation rl---+(J-l r (J,
Proof Let rEIjJ(LIK) be a Frobenius lift of rEG(LIK) and let fEG(kIK)

be an extension of r to k. Then (J-lf(Jit:a is a Frobenius lift of (J*(r) since
degKu((J-lf(J)=degK(f)=degK(r)ElN. If 1; is the fixed field of T, then 1;" is
the fixed field of (J-lf(Jit:a, and if 11: is a prime element of A r , then by (1.5),
(i) 11:" is a prime element of A ru . The proposition follows now from the norm
equality
o
A further functorial property of the reciprocity map is obtained from the
Verlagerung. If G is an arbitrary group, then we denote by G' its com-
mutator subgroup and by
its maximal abelian factor group. If H ~ G is a subgroup of finite index, then

we have a canonical homomorphism
Ver: Gab ~ Hab,
called the Verlagerung (transfer) from G to H. This homomorphism is
defined as follows (cf. [33], Kap. IV, § 1).
Let R be a set of left representatives for the cosets of H in G, G = R· H,
1ER. If (JEG, we write for each pER,
Then
Ver((JmodG')= TI (JpmodH',
pER
and this definition is independent of the choice of the set of representatives

R. Another description of the Verlagerung is obtained in the following way.
Let (JEG and let S be the subgroup generated by (J. Let r run through a
system of representatives of the double cosets S x H, i.e.
G=U SrH.
T
Let St=r-1SrnH and let f(r) be the smallest natural number such that at
=r-laf(t)rEH. Then at generates St and
Ver(a mod G')= TI at modH'.
This formula is obtained from the above definition by taking for R the set
{air \i = 1, ... ,f(r), all r}.
(2.9) Proposition. Let L\K be a finite Galois extension and let K' be an
intermediate field. We then have a commutative diagram
where the right arrow is induced by the inclusion AK£A K,.
Proof We set G=G(L\K) and H=G(L\K') for a moment. Let a be a

Frobenius lift of aEG(L\K), 1: the fixed field of a and s=G(L\1:). We
consider the double coset decomposition G = l:J S r H and we set St
=r-1SrnH and at=r-laf(t)r as above. Let t
G=G(L\K), B=G(L\K'), S=(a), r=rl L and at=atI L .

Then obviously
and hence
Ver(a mod G(L\K)')= TI at mod G(L\K'),.
For every r let w t run through' a system of right representatives of HISt'
Then
H = l:J StWt and G = lJ Srw t ·
t' 't',w"["
Let 1: t be the fixed field of at' i.e. the fixed field of St' 1:t is the fixed field of
r-lar, so that 1: t \l:' is the subextension of L\1:t of degree f(r). If n is a
prime element of A r , then nt is a prime element of A r , and also of A r ,.
Because of the above coset decomposition we obtain
NrIK(n)= TI nUJ),= TI (TI (nt)W,) = TI Nr,IK,(n t ).
t, W't' t W't' t'
Since atEIj>(L\K') is a Frobenius lift of atEG(L\K') this implies

§ 3. The General Reciprocity Law

We now impose condition (2.1) on the G-module A not only for the
subextensions of K IK but for all cyclic extensions.
(3.1) Class Field Axiom. For every finite cyclic extension LIK
* Hi(G(L IK), A L) = {~L: K] for i=O

for i=-1.
By a class field theory for such a G-module we understand a pair of

homomorphisms
where deg is continuous and surjective and v is a henselian valuation with

respect to deg. The following theorem is the main theorem of class field
theory and is called the general reciprocity law.
(3.2) Theorem. If L IK is a finite Galois extension, then

rLIK: G(LI K)ab -+ AK/NLIKAL
is an isomorphism.
Proof If MIK is a Galois subextension of LIK, then by (2.7) we have the

commutative exact diagram
1~ G(LIM) ~ G(LIK) ~ G(MIK) ~1
lrL'M lrL'K lrM'K
AM/NLIMAL NMIK, AK/NLIKAL ~ AK/NMIKAM~ 1.
We use this diagram for three reduction steps.
Step 1. We may assume that G(LIK) is abelian. If the theorem is proved
in this case, and if M = r b is the maximal abelian subextension of L IK, then
G(LIKtb=G(MIK) and the commutator group G(LIM) of G(LIK) is pre-
cisely the kernel of rLIK' i.e. G(LIK)ab-+AK/NLIKAL is injective. The sur-
jectivity follows for solvable extensions by induction over the field degree.
Namely, in the solvable case either M=L or [L:M]<[L:K] and if rMIK
and rLIM are surjective, so is rLIK' In the general case let M be the fixed field
of a p-sylow group of G(LIK). MIK is in general not Galois, but we can
still use the left partial diagram, in which rLIM is surjective. It therefore
suffices to show that the image of NM1K is the p-sylow subgroup Sp of
AK/NLIKAV since then the image of rLIK contains the p-sylow subgroups Sp
for all p and is thus surjective. Now the inclusion AK~AM induces a
homomorphism i: AK/NL1KAL -+AM/NLIMAL for which NMIKoi= [M:K].
Since ([M:K],p)=l, Sp [M:K] , Sp is surjective, hence Sp is in the image of
NMIK ·
§ 3. The General Reciprocity Law 29
Step 2. We may assume that LIK is cyclic. Namely, if MIK runs through
the cyclic subextensions of LI K, then the diagram shows that the kernel of
TI
rLIK is contained in the kernel of the map G(LIK)-+ G(MIK), which is
M
injective if L I K is abelian. Therefore rLI K is injective. Choosing a proper
cyclic subextension M IK of L IK the surjectivity is obtained by induction
over the field degree as in step 1 in the solvable case.
Step 3. Let LIK be cyclic. We may assume, that fLIK= 1. For this
reduction let M = LO, i.e. fLi M = 1. Then r M IK is an isomorphism by (2.6). The
map NMIK in the above diagram is injective, since the groups in the lower
sequence have the orders [L:M], [L:K], [M:K] because of (3.1). Hence, if
rLIM is an isomorphism, so is rLIK'
Now let LIK be cyclic and let fLIK= 1. Let (J be a generator of G(LIK).
We view (J over the isomorphism G(LIK):::::::G(LIK) as an element of
G(LIK). Then (j=(J'({JLE!jJ(LIK) is a Frobenius lift of (J with degK«(j)=l.
Thus for the fixed field IlK we have fIIK= 1, i.e. InK =K. Let MIK be a
finite Galois sub extension of L I K containing I and L. Let N = NM1MO • Since
fIIK= j~IK= 1 we have NIA,,=NI1K , NIAL =NL1K . For the injectivity of rLIK
we have to show:
If rLIK«(Jk) = 1, Osk<n=[L:K], then k=O. For this let nIEA I , nLEA L be
prime elements. Since I,LsMsL=t, nr and n L are also prime elements of
M. Putting n~=u'nL UEUM, we have
rLlK«(Jk) == N(ni) == N(u)· N(nt} == N(u) == 1 mod NL1KAV

thus N(u)=N(v) with a VEUL. Since N(u- 1 v)=1 we have u- 1 v=a"-l,
aEA M, by (3.1). Now, in AM' we obtain
(ni. v)"- 1 = (n~u -1 V)"-l = (a"- 1 )"- 1 = (aii- 1 )"- 1,
hence x=niv·a 1 - ii EA MO . From VMo(X)EZ and n·vMO(x)=vM(x)=k it follows

that k=O, whence the injectivity ofrL1K . The surjectivity follows from (3.1). D
The inverse map of rL1K yields a surjective homomorphism

( ,LIK): AK-+G(LIK)Ob
with kernel NL1KA L. This map is called the norm residue symbol of LIK.
Because of (2.7), (2.8) and (2.9) we have
(3.3) Proposition. Let L IK and r; IK' be finite Galois extensions such that
K S K' and L S L' and let (JE G. We then have the commutative diagrams
alld if K'~L,
( . LIK'J ) G(LIK')ab
rVer
( . LIK) ) G(LIK)"b.
Passing to projective limits, the norm residue symbol extends to all (not
necessarily finite) Galois extensions LIK. Namely, if L,iK runs through all
finite Galois subextensions of L IK, then
G(LIK)ab= lim G(L IK)ab
+-- '
and then the norm residue symbols (a, L,IK), aEA K, determine an element
(a, LIK)EG(LIK) with (a, LIK)iL, =(a, L,IK), since (a, L"IK)iL, = (a, L,IK) for
L" 2. L, by (2,7).
In the particular case of the extension KIK we have
(3.4) Proposition. deg K 0 ( ,K IK) = VK' i,e" in particular,

(a, KIK)=<fJ~K(a).
Proof We have (n K, KIK)=<fJK since (n K, KIK)iL =(n K, LIK)=<fJLIK=<fJKiL

for every finite subextension L IK of K IK, and (u, K IK) = 1, for tiE UK' So, if
a=n'lc'u, UEUK, then
This fact shows that the prescription of the henselian valuation v - and
therefore the prescription of the valuations vK - is equivalent with the
prescription of the norm residue symbols ( ,K IK). The theory which we
have developed here can therefore be interpreted as follows. If a class field
theory is given for the Z-extensions K IK, then, under the assumption of the
class field axiom, it extends automatically and uniquely to all abelian
extensions LIK.
§ 4. Class Fields
A central problem of field theory consists in obtaining a survey of all Galois

extensions L of a given field K. Since the law by which these extensions are
built up over K must be hidden solely in the inner structure of the ground
field K, one wants to classify the extensions L IK by objects which are
directly associated to the ground field K. Now class field theory solves this
problem for the abelian extensions of K, in that it establishes a 1 -1-
§4. Class Fields 31
correspondence between these extensions and certain subgroups of the

group A K .
Let A be a G-module satisfying the class field axiom and let (deg: G --+lL,
v: Ak --+ lL) be a class field theory. For every field K we introduce a topology
in AK as follows. For each aEA K we take the cosets aND1KAL as a basis of
open neighborhoods of a, where L IK runs through all finite Galois exten-
sions of K. We call this topology the norm topology of A K.
(4.1) Proposition. (i) The open subgroups of AK are precisely the closed
subgroups of finite index.
(ii) The valuation vK: AK--+lL is continuous.
(iii) If LIK is a finite extension, then NL1K : AL --+AK is continuous.
(iv) A K is hausdorff if and only if the group
A~=n NL1KAD
L
of universal norms is trivial.
Proof (i) If ff is a subgroup of A K, then

ff=AK\ U aff.
a.A' '*'.IV
So if ff is open, then the cosets a.ff are also open, i.e ..ff is closed, and
since ff must contain one of the basic open neighborhoods NL1KAL of 1, ff
is of finite index. Conversely, if ff is closed of finite index, then the union
of the finitely many cosets a.ff =I=.ff is closed, whence .ff is open.
(ii) Let flL, fElN, be a basic open neighborhood of OElL and let LIK be
the subextens~on of K IK of degree f~IK= f Then by (1.5) vK(NLIKAIJ
= fvL(AL)r;;f"lL, showing that vK is continuous.
(iii) Let NM1KAM be a basic open neighborhood of lEAK' Then
NLIK(NM'LILAM'L)=NM'LIK(AM'L)r;;NMIK(AM)' showing that NLIK is con-
tinuous. (iv) is also trivial. 0
The finite abelian extensions L IK are now classified as follows.
(4.2) Theorem. The map

Lf--->.~=NLIKAL
yields a 1 - I-correspondence between the finite abelian extensions L I K and

the open subgroups ff of A K. Moreover,
If L is associated to the open subgroup ff of A K , then L is called the

class field of ff. By (3.2) we have
G(LIK)~AK/ff.
Proof of (4.2). If L[ and L2 are finite abelian extensions, then the

transitivity of the norm yields Ai. d2 ~ Ai. 1 n Ai. 2. Conversely, if aEAi., n
Ai. 2 , then the element (a, L[ 'L2IK)EG(L[ 'L2IK) has the trivial projections
(a,L i IK)=l in G(LiIK), i=1,2, so that (a,L[.L2IK)=1, hence aEAi. " L2'
We thus have Ai. " L2 = .Ai., n Ai. 2 and
Ai., :2 Ai.
¢>Ai., nAi. 2= Ai. " L2 = Ai. 2 ¢> [L[ ·L 2:K] = [L2: K] ¢>L[ ~L2'
2
This implies that the map Lr-+ Ai. is injective. If % is any open subgroup of
A K, then it contains a norm group Ai. =NL1KA L. Since Ai. =Ai.ab by (3.2),
we may assume that LIK is abelian. Now (%,LIK)=G(LI£) with an
intermediate field £ of LIK. Since %:2Ai., % is the full pre-image of
G(LI£) under (, LIK): AK ---+ G(LIK), i.e. the full kernel of
(,£IK): AK---+G(£IK), so that %=Ai." This shows that the map Lr-+Ai. is
surjective.
Finally, the equation Ai. 1 nL 2 = Ai. 1 • Ai. 2 is obtained as follows. From
L[nL2~Li follows Ai. , nL 2:2Ai." i=1,2, thus Ai.,nL2:2Ai.,·Ai.2' Since
Ai. , ' Ai. 2 is open in A K, we have Ai. , ' Ai. 2 = Ai. with a finite abelian exten-
sion LIK. From Ai.,~Ai. follows L~L[nL2' hence Ai. , ·Ai. 2=Ai.:2
Ai., nL2· 0
§ 5. Infinite Extensions
Let again A be a G-module satisfying the class field axiom and let
(deg: G ---+ Z, v: Ak ---+ Z) be a class field theory. In this section we want to
extend the reciprocity law to fields of infinite degree. So by K we now mean
any subextension of klk of possibly infinite degree over k. To every such
field we associate a group AK which however is not the fixed module AGK in
general. Namely, let K" Ik run through the finite sub extensions of K Ik. If
Kp:2K", then we have the norm map NKpIK .: A Kp ---+ A K•. Because of the
transitivity property of this map we obtain a projective system {A K., NKPIKJ
and we define
If LIK is any extension (of finite or infinite degree), then for each finite
sub extension L"lk of Llk we have the norm map
NL• 1K.: A L• ---+ A K.,
where K,,: = K n L". Passing to projective limits we obtain a canonical
homomorphism
If M:2 L :2 K are two extensions, then it is easily seen that

NMIK=NLIKoNMIL'
If LIK is Galois, then AL is a G(LIK)-module. Namely, letting L" run
through all finite subextensions of L Ik such that L" IK" = K n L" is Galois,
§ 5. Infinite Extensions 33
then AL = lim AL and each AL has a structure of G(LIK)-module over the

<-- " "
homomorphism G(LIK) -* G(LaIKa).
If LIK is a finite extension, then we have also an inclusion
AK~AL
and AK=Ar(LIK) if LIK is Galois. To see this, let Lalk run through the finite
subextensions of Llk and let Ka=KnLa. Since LIK is finite we have
L=La·K for La2Lao. So if Lp2La2Lao' then we have a commutative
diagram
A K Ii L--------> ALii
NKfiIK~ 1 IN L~IL~
AK"~AL"·
Passing to projective limits we obtain an injection
AK=lim
+----
AK "-+lim
+---
0(
AL =A L· 0:
We identify AK with its image and obtain the inclusion AK~AL. If LIK IS
Galois, then La IKa is also Galois if La is large enough, and we have
Ar(LIK)=lim Ar(LIK)=lim AK =A K.
+--- +---
0:: IX
We now restrict our attention to fields K with finite inertia degree fK

= [K n k: k]. Then deg induces a surjective homomorphism
1 ~
deg K:= fK deg: G K-*71
which determines the Z-extension K = K . k.

On the other hand, if Kp 2 Ka are two finite subextensions of of K Ik and
if Ka contains Knk, then we see at once that KpnKa=Ka' i.e. fKpIK"=1.
Therefore the diagram
is commutative. Passing to the projective limit we obtain a homomorphism

UK: AK-*Z.
If L IK is an extension of fields with finite inertia degrees fL and fK' then it
is easily checked that the diagrams
are commutative. This suggests that vK should be a henselian valuation.

However this is not always the case, since V K is not surjective onto Z in
general. In order to enforce this surjectivity in the sequel, we make the
following
Assumption. For every finite subextension Klk of klk the group Ak IS

hausdorff with respect to the norm tcpology and UK is compact.
(5.1) Proposition. If K is a field with finite inertia degree fK' then

VK: AK~Z is a henselian valuation with respect to deg K and has image Z
=V(Ak)'
Proof Because of the above diagram we have only to show that vK(A K)
= Z. This is an immediate consequence of the compactness assumption.
Namely, if KJl2K a2Knk are finite subextensions of Klk, then fKpIK,=l
and we have the exact diagram
of topological groups and continuous homomorphisms. Since the UK. are

compact we obtain an exact sequence
l~UK~AK~Z~O
with UK = lim
<--
UK • when we pass to the projective limit (cf. [12], III, § 7,
No.3, Prop. 3). D

We now prove the class field axiom for infinite extensions of k.
(5.2) Proposition. Let K be a field with fK < 00 and let L IK be a finite

cyclic extension. Then
[L' K] for i=O
#Hi(G(LIK), A L)= { 1 .
for i=-1.
Proof Let La Ik run through the finite subextensions of L Ik and let Ka

= K n La' Then L = K . La and La IK, is Galois with Galois group
G(LaIKa)~G(LIK) for L,-;;;?L,o' If LJl2L a we have the G(LIK)-ho-
momorphisms
which induce the homomorphisms

Hi(G(LIK), A L) ~ Hi(G(LIK), ALp)~Hi(G(LIK), ALJ
§ 5. Infinite Extensions 35
The last homomorphism is bijective because of (2.7) and (3.2). Hence it

suffices to prove that the homomorphism
Hi(G(LIK), A L) -+ lim Hi(G(LIK), AL )
~ .
is bijective, since the group on the right is cyclic of order [L: KJ for i =0
and is 1 for i = - 1. Considering the exact diagram
l~~~AL~Z~O
I
l~UL.~AL.~Z~O,
I t'L 1/
in which UL = lim UL
~ . an argument similar to the one in the proof of (2.2)
,
shows that it suffices to prove
This however is again a consequence of the compactness of the UL • and UL .

Namely, for each rt. we have the exact sequence
1-+ NL • 1K• UL• -+ UK. -+ HO(G(LIK), Ud -+ 1
of compact topological groups. From this, by [12J, III, § 7, No.3, Prop. 3,
we obtain the exact sequence
1-+ ~ NLalKa ULa -+ UK -+ ~ HO(G(LI K), Ud -+ 1.
By the definition of the norm NLIK we have NLIK UL = lim NL IK UL , whence

..--- IX IX IX
the above isomorphism for i = O. The case i = - 1 is proved similarly and is

left to the reader. 0
Propositions (5.1) and (5.2) show that the pair of homomorphisms

(deg K : GK -+ Z, vK: AK -+ Z)
is a class field theory and we obtain from (3.2):
(5.3) Theorem. If K is a field with finite inertia degree fK' then for every
finite Galois extension L IK we have a canonical isomorphism
rLIK: G(LIK)ab-+AK/NLIKAL'
Again, the inverse of this isomorphism gives a surjective homomorphism

( ,LIK): AK-+G(LIK)ab,
which extends to arbitrary Galois extensions L I K (of finite or infinite

degree) by taking projective limits. The functoriality of the norm residue
symbol holds true in a very general sense:
(5.4) Proposition. Let L I K and L I K' be arbitrary Galois extensions (of

finite or infinite degree) such that K c:; K' and L c:; L and assume that j~ and
j~. are finite.
Then the diagram
is commutative.
The proof of this proposition follows by the same arguments as found in

the proof of (2.7), or alternatively, by (3.3) and the formation of projective
limits.
Chapter III. Local Class Field Theory
§ 1. The Class Field Axiom
In this chapter we consider local fields, i.e., fields which are complete with
respect to a discrete valuation and have finite residue class fields. The local
fields are the p-adic number fields, i.e. the finite extensions K of the field k
= <Qp of p-adic numbers (case char (K) = 0), and the finite extensions K of
the power series field k=Fp((x» (case char(K)=p>O). Here the module AK
of the abstract theory will be the multiplicative group K* of K. We
therefore have to study the structure of this group. We introduce the
following notation. Let
V K be the discrete valuation of K, normalized by vK(K*)=Z,
(9K= {aEKlvK(a)~O} the valuation ring,
PK = {aEKlvK(a»O} the maximal ideal,
K=(9K/PK the residue class field, and p its characteristic,
UK= {aEKlvK(a)=O} the group of units,
ut) = 1 + p~ the groups of higher principal units, n = 1, 2, ... ,
q=qK= 'iFK,
lalp=q-vK(a) the absolute value of aEK*,
Il n the group of n-th roots of unity, and Iln(K)=llnnK*.
By n K, or simply n, we always mean a prime element of (9K' i.e. PK=n(9K'
and we set (n)={nklkEZ} for the infinite cyclic subgroup of K* generated
by n.
(1.1) Proposition. The group K* has the direct decomposition

K*=(n)x UK=(n)xllq_l x U}l).
For the factor groups of the chain UK~ U{l)~ U{2)~ ... we have isomorphisms
UK/U{l)~K*, ut)/u{n+l)~K.
Proof Every element aEK* has a unique decomposition a=nVK(a)·u,

UEUK· UK contains the group Il q-l since the equation X q- 1 -1=0 splits into
linear factors by Hensel's lemma. Il q - l is mapped bijectively onto K* under
the map
38 Chapter II I. Local Class Field Theor)
which has kernel U~l. This shows UK=Jlql x U~l and UK/Uil)C;;;K*. Choos-
ing a prime element n of K we obtain a surjective homomorphism
1 +annf--> a mod PK
of Uinl onto the additive group K with kernel uin+I>, whence Uinl/Uin+Il C;;; K. D
The groups Uinl={xEK*IIX-1Ip<qnl_l} form a basis of compact open

neighborhoods of the identity element 1 EK*. The compactness comes from
the fact that Uinl is the projective limit
uinl = lim uin)/uin+v)
<---
of the finite groups Uin)/Uin+v). Clearly UK =, U (. Ui l) is also open and

.,Efllj - 1
compact and K* is a locally compact topological group, since every element

aEK* has the open neighborhood a· UK which is also compact.
e
(1.2) Theorem. Let K be a p-adic number field, e=Z:K(P) and n>--.
Then the power series p- 1
and
give mutually inverse isomorphisms (and homeomorphisms)

exp
p~~Uin).
log
1
---"K(X) e
Proof Let v=v K and Ixl=qK [K:<Q p] Let z;(x) > - - or equivalently
Ixl<p-l/P-l. If prs,v<pr+1 and v~2, then p-1
v-1
logp Ixv/vl-logp Ixl =(v -1) logp Ixl-logp Ivl < - - - - r <0.
p-1
This shows that xv/v tends to zero ifv---+oo and Ixv/vl<lxl, so that the series
log(1 +x) converges and v(log(1 +x))= v(x). Therefore, if n>_e_, then log
maps Uin1 into p~. p-1
On the other hand we consider the terms Ix'jv !I. Writing
we find ord p v! = [v - (a o + ... + ar)]/p -1. In fact, we have

[vip] =a l +azp+···+arpr-l
[v/pZ] = a z + ... +arpr-Z
[v/pr] =
where [c] means the largest integer ::;c. Counting how many of the num-
bers 1,2, ... , v are divisible by p, then by p2 etc., we see that
ord p v! = [v/p] + ... + [v/pr] = a 1 + (p + l)a 2 + ... + (pr-l + ... + 1)ar
and
(p -1) ord p v! = (p -1 )a j + (p2 -1 )a 2 + ... + (pr - I )a r = v - (a o + ... + aJ
For v(x»_e_ or equivalently Ixl<p-l/P-l and v22 we have

p-l
logp Ixv/v!1 = v logp Ixl-Iogp Iv!1 < v (logp Ixl +_1_)

p-I
and also
logp Ixv/v !I-Iogp Ixl
v-I 1
=(v -1) logp Ixl-Iogp Iv!1 < - - - 1 - - - (v-(a o + ... +a r)) ::;0.
p- p-l
This shows that xv/v! tends to zero as v-->oo and Ixv/v!I<lxl for v22.
Therefore the series exp (x) converges and v (exp (x) - 1) = vex). Hence, if
n>_e_ then exp maps p~ into U~). Moreover, for lxi, Iyl<p-l/P-l
p-l
exp 10g(l+x)= 1 +x and log expx=x,
exp(x+ y)=exp(x)·exp(y), 10g«1 +x).(1 + y))=log(1 +x)+log(1 + y).
Namely, these are formal power series identities, and all senes converge.
This proves the theorem. 0
We now prove that the class field axiom holds true for p-adic number
fields, where we can use the p-adic logarithm. For local fields of finite
characteristic the proof needs another method for which we refer to [9].
(1.3) Theorem. If L IK is a finite cyclic extension of local fields, then

if i=O
if i= -1.
Proof (Case char (K)=O). Let G=G(LIK). By Hilbert's theorem 90

(Chap. I, (5.1)), we have H- 1 (G,L*)=I, so that the Herbrand quotient of the
G-module L* is h(G,L*)= #HO(G,L*). The exact sequence
VL
1 --> UL --> L* - - 7l --> 0
of G-modules, m which 7l is considered as a trivial G-module, yields by
Chap. I, (4.3),
h(G, L*)= h(G, 7l). h(G, UL )= [L: K]- h(G, UL ).
40 Chapter III. Local Class Field Theory
e
We thus have to prove h(G, UL)= 1. Let n>----=1' e=vL(P). Then ut)~p~ by
(1.2). Since udut) is finite we get p
h(G, UL)=h(G, udUt)·h(G, Ut)=h(G, p~).
Let {rlXlrEG} be a normal basis of LIK and let M be the G-module
M= ffi (9K rlX = ffi rB,
LEG 'reG
where B=(9KIX, so M=MG(B) (see Chap. I, §3). MUltiplying IX eventually by

a higher power of n K we may assume that M is an open submodule of p~.
Then pUM is finite and by Chap. I, (4.3) and (3.3) we obtain
h(G, UL)=h(G, p~)=h(G, pUM).h(G, M)= 1. o
(1.4) Corollary. If LI K is a finite unramified extension, then, for i = 0,
-1,
Hi(G(LIK), UL)= 1 and Hi(G(LIK), Uin) = 1 for n= 1, 2, ....
I n particular
NLIK UL -- UK an d NLIK u(n)
L -
- u(n)
K·
Proof Let G = G(LI K) and let A be the residue class field of L. We first
show that
Hi(G, A*)= 1 and Hi(G, }.)=O for i=O, -1.
It suffices to prove this for i= -1, since h(G,A*)=h(G,A)=1, since A* and A
are finite G-modules. Now H- 1 (G,A*)=1 by Hilbert's theorem 90. Denoting
the Frobenius automorphism of AIK by q> and the degree [A:K] by f, we
have
*NaA= *{xEAI~t~ X~i=~t~ xqi=O}~qf-l and
since IGA is the image of the map A~ A which has kernel K, so that
*A
*IGA=-=qf- 1. Therefore H-1(G,A)=N AjIGA=O.
*K a
Now Hi(G, UL) = 1 for i = 0, -1 by (1.3) and Chap. II, (2.2). Applying the
exact hexagon Chap. I, (4.1) to the exact sequence
of G-modules, we obtain Hi(G, U2)=H i(G, UL)= 1, since Hi(G, A*)= 1. If n

is a prime element of K, then n is also a prime element of L, so that
uin)~A, 1+ann Hamodpv is a G-homomorphism. Considering the exact
sequence
§ 2. The Local Reciprocity Law 41
of G-modules, we find in the same way as above inductively Hi(G, U{"+I»

= Hi(G, u{n» = 1 since Hi(G,A)=O.
The consequence NL1 KU{") = (u{n»G = U1n) relies on the fact that a prime
element n of K is at the same time a prime element of L. 0
(1.5) Proposition. For the groups K*m and UfF of m-th powers of K* and
UK' mEN, we have
m
(K*: K*m)=m. (UK: UfF)= Imll" */lm(K).
The groups UfF form a basis of open neighborhoods of 1 in K*.
Proof (Case char (K) = 0). Viewing every abelian group A as a trivial G-
module, where G is a cyclic group of order m, we have by the same
arguments as in the proof of (1.3)
h(G, K*)=m·h(G, UK)=m·h(G, p~),
e
n>--1' e=vK(P), hence
p-
h(G U)= (UK: UfF) (p~:mp~)=(p~:p~+VK(m»=qvK(m)=lm1In'
'K */lm(K) ~
and (K*:K*m)=m'(UK: UfF). This proves the index formula.
UfF is open since it contains the open subgroup
(U1n»m= exp (mp~)= exp (p~+vK(m»= u1n+VK(m».
If n is any natural number and m=(UK: U~», then UfF£ u1n), showing that
the UfF form a basis of open neighborhoods of 1. 0
§2. The Local Reciprocity Law

Let k be a local field, k its separable closure and G = G(kl k) its absolute
Galois group. Let k Ik be the maximal unramified extension of k, i.e. the
composite of all finite unramified extensions. k is generated by all roots of
unity of order prime to p= char (<'9 k/Pk). The Galois group G(klk) is to-
pologically generated by the Frobenius automorphism CPkEG(kl k), which is
determined by
a"'k=aqk modPk for all aE<'9".
If Llk is a finite subextension of klk, then the Galois group G(Llk) is cyclic
and is generated by CPLlk=CPkIL. If n=[L:k], then we have a canonical
isomorphism
G(Llk)~71/n71
which sends CfJLlk to 1 modnZ. Passing to projective limits we obtain a

topological isomorphism
which sends CfJk to 1, and a continuous surjective homomorphism

deg: G-'>lL.
Now we proceed as in Chap. II, § 1. If Klk is a finite extension, then the
number fK=fKlk=[Knk:k] is the usual inertia degree. deg induces the
surjective homomorphism
1 _
degK=-deg: GK-,>Z
fK
which determines the maximal unramified extension K = K· k of K. The
element CfJKEG(KIK) which is sent to 1 under the isomorphism G(KIK)~lL
is the usual Frobenius automorphism of KIK since CfJKiI,=CfJ{K, hence
d
a"'K = a"'k == aqk == aqK mo 13k
fK fK
for aE(!)k and therefore also for all aE(!)ii:, because of K = K· k.
We consider the G-module A = k*. If K Ik is a finite extension, then AK

= K*. The usual normalized valuation
v: k* -'> Z ~lL
is henselian with respect to deg in the sense of II, (1.4). Since A satisfies the
class field axiom by (1.3), the pair
(deg: G -'> lL, v: k* -'> lL)
is a class field theory. By Chap. II, (3.2) we obtain the local reciprocity law,'
(2.1) Theorem. For every Galois extension LIK of local fields we have a
canonical isomorphism
We repeat the definition of rLIK' Let O'EG(LIK) and let aEcp(LIK2 be a

Frobenius lift, that is a lift of 0' to the maximal unramified extension L of L
such that deg K(a)ElN, or, equivalently, alii: = CfJ~, nElN. If L is the fixed field
of a and nr is a prime element of L, then
rLIK(O') = NrIK(n r ) mod NL1KL*.
By the inverse of rLIK we obtain the local norm residue symbol
( ,LIK):K*-'>G(LIK)ab
with kernel NL1KL*.
§ 3. Local Class Fields 43
In global class field theory we will have to consider the field 1R. of real
numbers in addition to the p-adic number fields. It has a reciprocity law as
well. Namely, the only proper Galois extension of lR is the field <C of
complex numbers and we define the norm residue symbol
(,<CllR): lR*~G(<CllR)
by
,/- -sgn(a)
(a, <CllR) V -1=V- 1 .
The kernel of ( ,<CI1R.) is the group lR+ of positive real numbers, thus again
the norm group NccllR<C* = {Z·ZIZE<C*}.
§ 3. Local Class Fields
For simplicity we restrict our attention in this paragraph to local fields of

characteristic O.
The reciprocity law gives us a very simple classification of the abelian
extensions of a local field K:

Lf-+%L =NL1KL*
is a 1 -i-correspondence between the finite abelian extensions L of a local
field K and the subgroups % of finite index in K*. Moreover
Proof By Chap. II, (4.2) we have only to show that the subgroups % of
K*, which are open in the norm topology, are precisely the subgroups of
finite index in K*. If % is such an open subgroup, then it is of finite index
since it contains a .norm group NL1KL* which is of finite index by (2.1).
Conversely, let (K*: %) = m be finite. Then %;2 K*m and it suffices to
prove that K*m contains a norm group. For this we use Kummer theory
(see Chap. I, § 5). We may assume that K* contains the group 11m of m-th
roots of unity. Otherwise we set Kl =K(Pm). If Kim contains a norm group
NL11K1Li and if LIK is any finite Galois extension containing L 1 , then
NL1KL* = NK1IK(NLIKl L*) s:; NKdK(NLdKl Li) s:; NKdK(Kim) s:; K*m.
If 11m s:; K, we let L = K (i/K*) be the maximal abelian extension of exponent
m. Then
Hom(G(LIK), I1m)~K*/K*m
by Chap. I, (5.3). Since K*/K*m is finite by (1.5), so is G(LIK). As
K*/NLIKL*~G(LIK) has exponent m, we have K*mS:;NL1KL*, and by the
above isomorphism we obtain #K*/K*m= #G(LIK)= #(K*/NL1KL*),

whence K*m=NL1KL*. o
At the same time we have proved
(3.2) Theorem. If K contains the m-th roots of unity and if L = K (i/K*),

then
Theorem (3.1) is often called the "existence theorem" of local class field
theory, because it says that for every subgroup ff of finite index of K*
there exists a class field, i.e. an abelian extension LIK with NL1KL* = ff.
The subgroups ff £; K* of finite index are automatically open in the
topology of K* given by the valuation (and therefore closed as the comple-
ment of the union of the open co sets a ff =1= ff). In fact, if (K* : ff) = m, then
U; £; ff, and since U; is open by (1.5), so is ff. In particular, every norm
group ffL contains a group Uln). Setting ulO) = UK' we define:
(3.3) Definition. If L I K is a finite abelian extension and if n IS the

smallest number ~O such that Uln)£;NL1KL*, then the ideal
f=p~
is called the conductor of L I K.
(3.4) Proposition. An abelian extension L IK is unramified if and only if

its conductor f = 1.
Proof If LIK is unramified, then UK=NLIKUL£;NLIKL* by (1.4), hence

f=1. Conversely, if f=1, then UK£;NL1KL* andn~ENLIKL* for some n. If
MIK is the unramified extension of degree n, then NM1KM* = UK x (n~)
£;NL1KL*, so M2L, i.e. LIK is unramified. 0
Every open subgroup ff £; K* of finite index contains a group of the

form (nf) x ut), which is also of finite index. Therefore every finite abelian
extension LIK is contained in the class field of some group (nf) x Uln). For
this reason the class fields of these groups are of special interest, and we
shall give an explicit description of them in § 7. In a sense they are anal-
ogues of the cyclotomic extensions of <Qp. In the case K = <Qp we will prove
directly that the class field of the group (P) x Uln ) is precisely the field
<Qp(J-lpn) of pn_th roots of unity. We first note
§ 3. Local Class Fields 45
(3.5) Proposition. Let ( be a primitive pn-th root of unity and let K = <Qp
and L = <Qp«(). Then
(i) LIK is purely ramified of degree pn-l(p_1),
(ii) A= (-1 is a prime element of Land N L1K ( - A)= p.
Proof In the same way as over <Q we see that the cyclotomic polynomial
Xpn_l
¢n(X) Xpn 1 -1 Xpn- l.(p_l) + ... + Xpn-1 + 1
is irreducible over <Qp and is thus the minimal polynomial of (. Hence

[L: KJ = pn-l (p -1) and ¢n(X)= TI
(X - (a). Setting X = 1 we obtain
aEG(LI K)
Since vL(1_(a)=vL(l-() we have vL(l-()= vL(P) ElL. Since vL(P) is the

[L:KJ
ramification index we see that L I K is purely ramified and A = ( - 1 is a
prime element. D
(3.6) Theorem. The norm group of <QpCllpn)l<Qp is the group (p) x U~;.
Proof Let K=<Q p and L=<Qp(,upn). The map PK---+pk, af---> ps-l(p-1)a is
clearly an isomorphism. Since by (1.2) exp: p~ ---+ U~v) is an isomorphism for
v 2:: 1 when p =!= 2 and for v 2:: 2, when p = 2, and since exp takes the map
af---> ps-l(p-1)a into the map Xf--->X PS - 1(p-l) we obtain
(U~1))pn-1(p-l)=u~n) if p=!=2 and (U~2»)2n-2=u~n) if p=2.
This shows that u~n) c:; NL1 KL* when p =!= 2. When p = 2, we notice that
U~2)= U2)u 5 U2)=(U~2)?u5(U~2»)2
since a number which is congruent to 1 mod 4 is congruent to 1 or 5 mod 8.

Hence we have
u~n) = (U~2»)2n - U 52n- 2(U~2»)2n- 1.
1
It is easily verified that 52n-2=NLIK(2+i), whence u~n)C:;NLIKL*, also in the

case p=2. By (3.5) we thus have (p)x u~n)C:;NLIKL*. Since both groups have
index pn-l (P -1) in K* we obtain the equality NL1KL* = (P) x u~n). D
As an immediate consequence we obtain a local version of the famous

theorem of Kronecker-Weber, which says that every finite abelian extension
of <Q is contained in a field of roots of unity.
(3.7) Corollary. Every finite abelian extension LI<Q p is contained in a

field <Qp(O, where ( is some root of unity. In other words:
The maximal abelian extension <Q~b I<Qp is obtained by adjoining all roots
of unity.
Proof We have (pI) x U~~SNLl<QpL* for some f and some n. Hence Lis
contained in the class field M of the group
(pI) x U~~ = «PI) x U<Q) n «p) x U~';!).
By (3.1) M is the composite of the class field of (pI) x U<Qp' which is the
unramified extension of degree f, and the class field <Qp(,upn) of (P) x U~';!.
Hence M is generated by the (pI -1)· pn-th roots of unity. D
From the local Kronecker-Weber theorem one can deduce the classical
Kronecker-Weber theorem as follows.
(3.8) Theorem (Kronecker-Weber). Every finite abelian extension LI<Q is

contained in a field <Q«(), where ( is some root of unity.
Proof Let p be a prime which ramifies in L and let Lp be the completion

at a prime above p. Then Lpl<Qp is abelian, so LpS<Qp(,un) for some np' Let
pep be the exact power of p dividing np and let
pramifies
We claim Ls<Q(,un)' Let M=L(,un). Then MI<Q is abelian, and if p ramifies
in MI<Q then p ramifies in LI<Q. Also, if Mp denotes the completion of M at
a suitable prime above p, then
Mp = Lp(,un) S <Qp(,upep'n') = <Qp(,upep)' <Qp(,un')
with (n',p)=1. Since <Qp(,un,)I<Qp is unramified, the inertia group Ip of Mpl<Qp
is isomorphic to G(<Qp(,upep) I<Qp), which has order cp(pe p), where cp is the
Euler function. Let Is G(M I<Q) be the group generated by all I p with p
ramified. The fixed field of I is then unramified over <Q and hence equal to
<Q, by Minkowski's theorem, so 1= G(MI<Q). On the other hand
# I ::;; TI # I p= TI cp(pe p) = cp(n) = [<Q(,un): <Q].
Hence [M:<Q]::;;[<Q(,un):<Q] and thus M=<Q(,un)' This proves Ls<Q(,un)' 0
§ 4. The Norm Residue Symbol over <Qp

We want to give an explicit description of the norm residue symbol if the
ground field is <Qp. For this we need a lemma on formal power series. Let K
§4. The Norm Residue Symbol Over G;lp 47
be any local field and let K be the completion of the maximal unramified
extension of K. We denote by cp the continuous extension of the Frobenius
automorphism to 1(. We first prove
(4.1) Lemma. For every cE(9k (resp. CEUk) the equation

x'P-x=c (resp.x'P-I=c)
Proof If n is a prime element of K, then n is also a prime element of K,

so that the isomorphisms (1.1),
U~/Uil)~v*
K K -'" ,
are cp-invariant. Let CE Uk and let c = C mod Pk. Since the residue class field
K of K is algebraically closed, the equation x'P = xq = x· c (q = qK) has a
solution =F 0 in K = (9 kip k' i.e.
c=xi-1·al'
For the same reason we have a l =x~-l·az' XzEU~l),
c=(x 1·xz)'P- I · az . Continuing in this way we find
1 U(n-l) U(n)
C=(X I · ... ·Xn)'P- ·an, Xn E k ,anE k·
TI XnE Uk.
00
The limit gives now C= x'P- I with x = The solvability of the

n=l
equation x'P - x = C in (9 k is proved analogously, using the isomorphisms
n~/n~+1 ~-
"'"'K"'"'K =K.
If xE(9k and x'P=x, then for every n"?l we have
(*)
In fact, for n= 1 we have x=a+nb, aE(9j(, bE(9k, where K is again the

maximal unramified extension of K. From x'P = x it follows that
a'P-=amodn, so that a=xI +nc, x I E(9K' cE(9j( and thus x=x I +n(b+c)=
Xl +nYI' YI E(9k· Furthermore, (*) implies Y:= Yn and hence, as above, Yn=
cn+nd n, cnE(9K' dnE(9k, so x=(xn+cnnn)+nn+ldn=xn+l +nn+l yn+l , Xn+ I E(9K'
Yn+IE(9k. We now obtain X= lim x nE(9K since K is complete. 0
n~oo
Now let (X(X), P(X)E(9 k[X] be formal power series with (X (0) = P(O) =0.
We set (aop)(X)=a(p(X)) and we define (X'P(X) to be the power series
obtained from (X (X) by applying cp to the coefficients. If (X(X)=BX + ... ,
BEUk, then let (X-l(X)=B- 1 X + ... E(9k[X] be the unique power series such
that (X«(X-I(X))=X.
(4.2) Definition. A Lubin- Tate polynomial over a local field K is a poly-

nomial of the form
e(X)= xq + n(a q_ 1 Xq-l + ... +a 2X 2)+ nX,
where q=qK' a;E(!;K and n=e'(O) is a prime element of K.
(4.3) Lemma. Let e(X), e(X) be two Lubin- Tate polynomials and let e' (0)
=u·e'(O), UE UK. If [u](X)=uX + ... E(9K[X] is a power series such that
eo[u]=[u]oe,
then there exists a power series 8(X)=8X+ ... E(!;j([X], 8EUj(, with the
properties
r
Proof We construct inductively a sequence of polynomials IXr(X) =
I a vX vE(9R[X] such that for all r?l,
v=l
(*)
with some C r+1 E(9R. For r=l this means u=a'[-l with a 1 =SEUj(. If IXr(X)
has been found, then we set IXr+ I (X) = IXr(X) + ar+ I xr+ 1, where ar+1 = a. 8'+ I
and aE(9R is a solution of the equation a"'-a= -C,+1/(W),+1. Then a~+1
-a,+lu'+1 = -c r+1 ' thus
IX'"r+l (X)-IX r+l ([u] (X» =:0 (c r+l + (a'"r+l -a r+l U,+l»X,+1 =:oOmodX,+2 ,
i.e. IXr+ I satisfies the condition (*) with r replaced by r + 1. The IX, determine
00
a power series IX(X)= I a vX vE(9dX] with IX(X)=:08X modX 2 and IX"'(X)

=IX([U](X». v~1
For every {3(X)=X +b 2X 2 + ... E(9K[X] the power series 8= {3olX satisfies
condition (i) and we determine {3 in such a way that 8 also satisfies
condition (ii). Let n=e'(O) and n=e'(O), so n=un. Setting f=IX"'oeolX- 1 we
have
In fact,
hence f(X)E(9K[X] by (4.1), and f(X)=:08"'·n·8- 1 X=:ounX=:onXmodX 2,

f(X) = 1X"'(e(IX- 1(X)) =:0 IX"'(IX- 1(X)q) =:0 IX"'(IX- "'(xq» =:0 xq mod n. Suppose we
have constructed {3r(X)= I {3vxvE(9K[X] in such a way that b l = 1 and
v~1
(**)
§4. The Norm Residue Symbol Over <Qp 49
e(f3r(X)) =f3r(X)Q =f3r(xQ) =f3r (f (X)) mod 'Tt.

Setting f3r+1(X)=f3r(X)+b r + 1xr+1 with br + 1 _-c r +: 1 E(!)K' then f3r+1 satis-
'Tt-if'
fies condition (**) with r replaced by r + 1 since
e(f3r+ 1 (X))- f3r+ 1 (f(X))=(c r + 1 +(n - nr+ l)b r + 1)Xr + 1 =0 mod xr+2.
00
The f3r determine a power series f3(X)= L b.X'E(!)K[X] with eof3=f3of, so

that 8=f3orx satisfies the condition .=1
(4.4) Theorem. Let a=u.pVp(a)E<Q; and let ( be a primitive pn-th root of

unity. Then
(a, <Qp(OI <Qp)( = (U- "
where (U- 1 means (r with a rational integer r=u- 1 modpn.
Proof Since IN is dense in tl p we may assume that UElN, (u,p)=1. Let K

=<Qp' L=<Qp(O and let o"EG(LIK) be the automorphism defined by
(G = (U- 1.
Since <Qp(OI<Qp is purely r~mi!ied we have G(LIK)~G~LIK) and we consid-

er 0" as an element of G(LIK). Then a=O"'(PLEcP(LIK) is a Frobenius lift
with deg K (a) = 1. The fixed field 1: of a is purely ramified since fII K
= deg K (a) = 1 by Chap. II, (1.3). By continuous extension we view a and cp
= cP L as automorphisms of the completion L of L.
Consider now the Lubin-Tate polynomials
e(X)=(1 +X)P-1 and e(X)=upX +XP
and the polynomial [u](X)=(1 +X)"-1. Then e([u](X))=(1 +X)UP-1
= [u](e(X)). Choose a power series 8(X)E(!)k[X] as in Lemma (4.3). Then ).
= ( - 1 is a prime element of Land
'Tt I = 8().)EL
is a prime element of 1: since [u]()'G)=(1+)'G)U_1=(GU_1=(_1=). and
thus
'Ttf = 8'P().U) = 8([u] ().U)) = 8()') = 'TtI '
i.e. 'TtI E1: by (4.1). We show that

P(X) = en- 1(X)P-1 + uPE71p [X]
is the minimal polynomial of 'Ttl:' where i(X) is defined by eO(X)=X and

ei(X) =e(e i - 1(X)). P(X) is normalized of degree pn-1(p -1) and is irreducible
by the Eisenstein criterion, because e(X):=XPmodp, thus e,,-I(Xy-l:=

Xp" - 1 (p-I) mod p. Finally e"(X) = e,,-I (X). (up + e,,-I (Xy-I) = e,,-I (X)· P(X),
so
P(n r)· e,,-I (n r ) = e"(n r).
Since i(nJ=i(OV))= 8q>i(e i (l.)) = 8q>i((1 +;y _l)=Oq>iWi -I), we have e"(nr)
= 0, e,,-l (nr)=F 0, hence P(n r ) = 0.
Taking into account that N 1. 1K (,-1)=(_l)d p, d=[L:K], we obtain
NrIK(n r )=( -l)d p · u :=u mod NL1KL*,
thus rLIK(0")=umodNL1KL*, i.e. (u,LIK)=(a,LIK)=O", q.e.d. o
§ 5. The Hilbert Symbol
Let K be a local field or K = IR, K = <C. Assume that K contains the group
fl", where n is a natural number prime to the characteristic of K. Then over
K we have Kummer theory on the one hand (see Chap. I, § 5) and class field
theory on the other hand. These theories together produce the following
remarkable phenomenon. Let L = K ('fK*) be the maximal abelian exten-
sion of exponent n. By (3.2) we have
NL1KL* = K*".
So by class field theory we obtain a canonical isomorphism
G(LIK);;;;K*/K*".
On the other hand, Kummer theory gives us a canonical isomorphism
Hom (G(LI K), fl,,);;;; K*/K*/l.
Therefore, the bilinear pairing
produces a non-degenerate bilinear pairing
(~): K*/K*/l x K*/K*/l ---+ fl"

(bilinear in the multiplicative sense). This pairing is called the Hilbert sym-
bol. Its connection with the norm residue symbol is given explicitly by the
(5.1) Proposition. If a, bEK*, then the Hilbert symbol (p

a, b) Ell/l is gi~'ell
by
§ 5. The Hilbert Symbol 51
Proof The image of a under the class field theory isomorphism

K*/K*"~G(LIK) is the norm residue symbol O'=(a,LIK). The image of b
under the Kummer theory isomorphism K*/K*"~Hom(G(LIK),I1I) is the
character Xb: G (L I K) --* 11" given by Xb (T) = T 'Vb/'Vb. By definition of the Hil-
bert symbol
(a~b) = Xb(O') = 0' Vb/Vb,
hence (a, K(Vb)IK)Vb=(a, LIK)Vb= (a/) Vb. D
We list the basic properties of the Hilbert symbol.
(5.2) Proposition
(i) (a.:', b) = (a/). (a/).

(ii) (a, :'b') = (a~b). (a~b').
(iii) (a~b) = 1 ~ a is a norm of the extension K(Vb)IK.
(iv) (a/) = (b~arl.

(v) (a, ;a) = 1 and (a, Ip-a) = 1.
(vi) If (a/) = 1 for all bEK*, then aEK*".
Proof. (i) and (ii) are clear by the definition, and (vi) expresses the non-
degeneracy of the Hilbert symbol. (iii) follows from (5.1) which shows that
(a/) = 1 iff (a, K(Vb)IK)= 1.

If bEK* and XEK are such that xn-b=!=O, and if ( is a primitive n-th
root of unity, then
/I-I
Let d be the greatest divisor of n such that l = b has a solution in K, and

let n=d·m. The extension K(fJ)IK is cyclic of degree m, and the conjugates
of x - (i fJ are the elements x - (j fJ with j == i mod d. Therefore
d-l
x" - b = TI NK(Plldx - (i fJ),
i=O
showing that xn-b is a norm of K(Vb)IK, so
The choices x=O, b= -a and x=1, b=1-a then give (v). Finally we obtain
(iv) by
a,
(-
b) =(-1) sgna-l.sgnb-l
2 2
P
since (a, JR.(v'b) IJR.) = 1 if b>O and =(_l)sgna if b<O. Here the letter p has
the symbolic meaning of an "infinite prime". 0
We now want to give an explicit description of the Hilbert symbol in the

case where K is a local field (=!= JR., <C) and where n is prime to the residue
characteristic p of K. In this case we speak of the tame Hilbert symbol. Since
Iln<;;'ll q_l<;;.K we have nlq-l. We first prove:
(5.3) Lemma. Let (n, p)= 1 and xEK*. Then K(Vx)IK is unramified
precisely when XE UK' K*".
Proof Let x=u·yn, UEUK, YEK*. Then K(Vx)=K(!0~). Let K'IK be the
splitting field of the polynomial X" - u mod p over the residue class field K
of K, and let K'I K be the unramified extension with residue class field K'.
Then, by Hensel's lemma, xn - u splits over K' in linear factors, so that
K(!V~)<;;'K' is unramified. Conversely, suppose that L=K(Vx) is unramified
over K. Let x=u·n r, UEUK, n a prime element of K. Then vL(Vu.n r )
1 1 (r .
=-vL(nr)=-v K nr)=-EZ, hence nlr, I.e. nrEK*n. D
n n n
We have UK=ll q-l x U~l), so every unit UEUK has a umque decom-
position
u=w(u)· <u)
with W(U)Ellq_l' <U)EU~l) and u=w(u)modp. With this notation we prove:
§ 5. The Hilbert Symbol 53
(5.4) Theorem. If (n,p)=l and a,bEK*, then

a, b) ( a ba )(q-l)/n
(- =W (-1) P- ,
P aP
Proof The function

ba)(q-l)/n
<a,b):=w ( (_1)a p af3
is obviously bilinear (in the multiplicative sense). We may thus assume that
a and b are prime elements: a = n, b = - nu, u a unit. Since obviously
<n, -n)= (n, ;n)=l, we are reduced to the case a=n, b=u. Set y=Vu
and K'=K(y). Then

<n,u)=w(u)(q-l)/n and (n,K'IK)y= (n~u)y.
By (5.3) K'IK is unramified, and by Chap. II (2.6) (n, K'IK) is the Frobenius
automorphism cp = cP K'I K' Therefore
(n~u) = CP: =yq-l =u<q-l)/n=w(u)(q-l)/n=<n, u) modpK'
hence (n~ U) = <n, u) since f.1 q-l is mapped isomorphically onto K* under
In particular, the theorem shows that (in case (n, p) = 1) the Hilbert
symbol
n
(-:;- U)
~
= w(u) n
is independent of the choice of the prime element n, We may therefore set
(~): = (n~ U) for UE UK'
(~) is an n-th root of unity determined by

q-l
~
()
=u-n-modpK'
We call it the Legendre symbol or n-th power residue symbol. Both names are
justified by the
(5.5) Proposition. Let (n, p) = 1 and UE UK' Then
(~) = 1 ¢> U is an n-th power modpK'
Proof Let, E UK be a primitive (q -1)-th root of unity and let m = q -1.

,n
Then is a primitive m-th root of unity and n
It is an important but in general very difficult problem to find such
explicit formulae for the Hilbert symbol (a/) in the case pin. Next we
study the case n = 2 and K = <Qp where we can give a complete answer to
this problem. If aE71 2 , then (_I)a has the meaning
where r is a rational integer == a mod 2.
(5.6) Theorem. Let n = 2. Let a, bE<Q; and write

a= paa', b=pfJb', a', b'E U<Qp'
If p =1= 2, then
In particular (P~P)=(_1)(P-j)/2 and (P~U)= (~) if U is a unit.
If p = 2 and a, bE U<Q2' then
(2~ a) = ( _1)(a 2 -1)/8
a,b) (b,a)
(2 = 2
~.~
=(-1) 2 2.
Proof The assertion in case p =1= 2 is a direct consequence of (5.4) and is

a 2 -1 a-I
left to the reader. So assume p=2. Let lJ(a)=-S- and e(a)=-2-' An
elementary calculation shows that
lJ(a j ·a 2)==IJ(a j)+IJ(a 2) mod2 and e(a j ·a 2)==e(a j)+e(a 2 ) mod2.
Therefore both sides of our equations are multiplicative. It thus suffices to
verify the statements for a set of generators of U<Q,/U~2' Such a set is
{5, -I}. Let us assume this for a moment, and let us write (a, b)= (a~b).
§ 6. Formal Groups 55
We have (-1,x)=1 iff x is a norm from <Q2CV-=i)1<Q2' that is X=y2

+Z2 with y,ZE<Q2. Since 5=4+1 and 2=1+1 we find (-1,2)=(-1,5)=1.
If we had (-1, -1)= 1, then (-1, x)= 1 for all x, so -1 would be a square
in <Qi, which is not the case. Hence (-1, -1) = -1.
We have (2,2)=(2, -1)= 1 and (5,5)=(5, -1)= 1. It remains to de-
termine (2,5). If we had (2,5)= 1 then (2, x)= 1 for all x, so 2 would be a
square in <Qi, which is not the case. Hence (2,5) = -1.
One verifies directly that the values we have just found coincide with
(_l)~(a) and (_1y(a)·e(b), in each case respectively.
It remains to prove that UCQ,/U 22 is generated by {5, -1}. Set U = UCQ2'
u(n)=u~n;. By (1.2), exp:2nZp--+U~n) is an isomorphism for n>1. Since
aH2a gives an isomorphism 22Z 2 --+2 3 Z 2, XHX 2 yields an isomorphism
U(2) --+ U(3). It follows that U(3)= U 2. Since {l, -1,5, - 5} is a set of repre-
sentatives of U jU(3), we see that 5 and -1 generate U jU 2.
H. Bruckner has developed a comprehensive theory for the explicit de-

termination of the Hilbert symbol in the general case (see [14] and also
[52]). From this theory one may deduce the following explicit formula, due
'n
to Artin and Hasse, which we quote without proof. Let be a primitive pn_th
root of unity. We consider the ground field
eP n= <Qp('n)
and we denote by (a, b)n the Hilbert symbol in eP n relative to the pn-th roots
of unity. Write nn = 1- 'n0
(5.7) Theorem (Artin-Hasse). For every aE U~:) we have

(a, 'n)n=,~n(loga)/pn
(nn' a)n =,~ n«~n/"n) loga)/pn,

where T" denotes the trace map from eP n to <Qp.
From these two formulas one can explicitly derive the Hilbert symbol
(a, b)n for any pair a, bEeP:.
§ 6. Formal Groups
The notion of formal group enables us to make a striking analogue of the

theory of cyclotomic extensions over <Qp over any local field K. The usual
roots of unity form the kernel of the map K*-.!4 K*. By modifying and then
generalizing the concept of the multiplicative group of a field one obtains a
new kind of roots of unity, the so called "division points", which also form
the kernel of a certain n-th power map.
(6.1) Definition. A (I-dimensional, commutative) formal group F over a

ring (!j is a formal power series F(X, y)E(!j[X, Y] with the following proper-
ties
(i) F(X,Y)=X+Ymoddeg2
(ii) F(X, Y)=F(Y, X) "commutativity"
(iii) F(X,F(Y,Z»=F(F(X, y),Z) "associativity".
From a formal group one obtains a group in the usual sense by selecting
a domain on which the power series F(X, Y) converges. For example, if {(; is
a complete valuation ring and p is its maximal ideal, then the operation
x+y:=F(x,y), X,YEP
F
defines a new abelian group structure on the set p.
Examples. 1. <IJa(X, y)=X + Y (the additive formal group).

2. <IJm(X, Y) = X + Y + X· Y (the multiplicative formal group). Since X + Y
+X· Y=(I+X)(I+ Y)-1 we have
(x + y) + 1 = (x + 1)· (y + 1).
<G~
So one gets the new operation + from the multiplication by the shift
x~x+l. ([1m
3. If f(X)=a I X+a 2 X 2 + ... E(!j[X] is any power series such that a l is a

unit, then it is easily seen that there exists a unique power series f - I (X)
=a 1 1 X + ... E(9[X] such that f-I(f(X»= f(f-l (X»=X. For each such
power series
F(X, Y)=f-I(f(X)+ f(Y»
is a formal group over (9.
(6.2) Definition. A homomorphism f: F -+ G between two formal groups is

a power series f (X) =a 1 X + a 2 X 2 + ... E(9 [X] such that
f(F(X, Y»=G(f(X),f(y).
The homomorphism f: F -+ G is an isomorphism if a l is a unit, that is, if

there exists a homomorphism g = f -I: G -+ F such that
f (g(x» = g(f(x» =x.
Remark. If a power series f(X) = at X + a 2 X 2 + ... satisfies the first equa-

tion of the definition above but has coefficients in an extension ring (9' of (9,
then we speak of a homomorphism over (9'. The following proposition is
immediate:
§6. Formal Groups 57
(6.3) Proposition. The homomorphisms f: F --+ F of a formal group F over

(!) form a ring End(l) (F) with addition and multiplication defined by
(f + g)(X) = F(f (X), g(X», (f 0 g)(X) = f(g(X».
F
(6.4) Definition. A formal (!)-module is a formal group F over (!) together

with a homomorphism of rings
(!)--+End(l)(F), a 1-+ [ah(X)
such that [a]F(X)=aXmoddeg2.

A homomorphism (over (!)';2{!) of formal {!)-modules is a homomorphism
f: F --+ G (over (!)') of formal groups in the sense of (6.2) such that
f([a]F(X» = [a]G(f(X» for all aE{!).
Now let (!) = {!)K again be the valuation ring of a local field K and let q
=({!)K:PK)' We consider the following special formal {!)K-modules.
(6.5) Definition. A Lubin- Tate module over (!) K for a prime element n of
{!)K is a formal {!)K-module F such that
[nh(X)=Xq mod n.
This definition again reflects the dominating principle of class field

theory that prime elements are associated to Frobenius elements. Namely, if
we reduce the coefficients of any formal (!)-module F mod n, then we obtain
a formal group F(X, Y) over the residu~ class field IFq • The reduction mod n
of [n]F(X) is an endomorphism of F. On the other hand f(X)=xq is
obviously also an endomorphism of P, the Frobenius endomorphism. Hence
F is a Lubin-Tate module if the endomorphism given by the prime element
n reduces to the Frobenius endomorphism.
Example. The formal multiplicative group <G m is a formal Zp-module

with respect to the map
<G m is a Lubin-Tate module for the prime element p since
We next want to give a complete survey over all Lubin-Tate modules. In

generalization of the Lubin-Tate polynomials of (4.2) we consider for a fixed
S8 Chapter III. Local Class Field Theory
prime element n the set Iff" of all power series e(X)E(DK[X] with the
properties
e(X)==nX mod deg 2 and e(X)==Xq mod n,
where q=qK=((DK:PK). The simplest example of such a power series is e(X)

=nX +xq. In the case K=<Q p the most natural example is the polynomial
e(X) = (1 + XV -1. For the classification of the Lubin-Tate modules we need
the following
n
(6.6) Lemma. Let e(X), e(X)EIff" and let L(X 1, ... , Xn)= L aiXi be a
i~ 1
linear form with coefficients aiE(DK. Then there exists a unique power series
F(X 1, ... ,Xn)E(DK[X 1, ... ,Xn] with the properties
F(X 1, ... , Xn) ==L(X 1, ... , Xn) moddeg2
e(F(X l' ... , Xn)) = F(e(X 1)' ... , e(Xn))·
Proof We put X=(X 1, ... ,Xn) and e(X)=(e(X1), ... ,e(Xn)). Let F(X)
L Ev(X)E(DK[X]
00
= be a power series, Ev(X) its homogeneous polynomial

v= 1 r
of degree v and let Fr(X) = L Ev(X). Then, obviously, F(X) will be a
v~ 1
solution of the above problem if F1 (X) = L(X) and
e(Fr(X)) == Fr (e (X)) moddeg(r+ 1) (*)
for each r~1. We determine the polynomials Ev(X) by induction. For v=1
we have to take E1(X)=L(X). Assume we have found Ev(X) for v=l, ... ,r
uniquely in such a way that condition (*) holds. We put Fr+1(X)=Fr(X)
+ Er+ 1 (X) with a homogeneous polynomial Er+ 1 (X) of degree r + 1 which
has yet to be determined. From the equations
e(Fr+ 1 (X)) == e (Fr(X)) + nEr+ 1 (X) mod deg (r + 2)
Fr+ 1 (e(X)) == Fr(e(X)) + nr+ 1 Er+ 1 (X) mod deg(r+ 2)
we see that Er+ 1 (X) has to satisfy the congruence
e(F,(X)) - Fr(e(X))
Er+1 (X)== n r+1 -n moddeg(r+2).
Because of (*) the power series on the right hand side starts with a homo-
geneous polynomial of degree r + 1, and thus we must take Er+ 1 (X) to be
this polynomial. It remains to show that Er+ 1 (X) has integral coefficients.
Since e(X) == e(X) == xq mod nand aq== a mod n for all aE(DK' we obtain
Fr(e(X)) == Fr(Xq) == Fr(X)q == e (Fr(X)) mod n,
i.e. e(Fr(X)) - Fr(e(X)) == 0 mod n, which proves Er+ 1 (X)E(DK [X]. o
§ 6. Formal Groups 59
Let e(X), e(X)E@"" and let

Fe(X, Y)E(I)K[X, Y] and [a]e,e(X)E(I)K[X]
(aE(I)K) be the unique power series satisfying the conditions
F.,(X, Y)=X + Ymoddeg2, e(F.,(X, Y) = F.,(e(X), e(Y»
[a]e,e(X)=aX mod deg 2, e([a]e,e(X» = [a ]e, e(e(X)).
In case e(X)=e(X) we write simply [a]e,e(X)=[a]e(X), We now have
(6.7) Theorem. (i) The Lubin- Tate modules for n are precisely the power
series F.,(X, Y), the formal (l)K-module structure being given by the map
~K ~ End(';)Fe)' af--+ [a]e(X).
(ii) For each aEG K the power series [a]e,e(X) is a homomorphism
[a]e,e: Fe~F.,
of formal (l)K-modules and is an isomorphism if a is a unit.
Proof If F is any Lubin-Tate module, then e(X):=[n]F(X)E@"" and F=F.,

because of e(F(X, Y»=F(e(X), e(Y» and the uniqueness assertion of (6.6).
For the other assertions of the theorem we have to prove the following
formulas.
(1) Fe(X, Y)=Fe(Y, X)
(2) Fe(X,F.,(Y,Z))=F.,(Fe(X, Y),Z)
(3) [a]e,e(Fe(X, Y»=Fe([a]e,e(X), [a]e,e(Y)
(4) [a+b]e,e(X)=Fe([a]e,e(X), [b]e,e(X»
(5) [a.b]e,e(X)=[a]e,e([b]e,e(X»
(6) [n]e(X) = e(X).
(1) and (2) show that Fe is a formal group. (3), (4) and (5) show that
(l)K ~ End(';)Fe)' af--+ [a]e
is a homomorphism of rings, i.e. that Fe is a formal (l)K-module and that
[a]e,e is a homomorphism of formal (l)K-modules from Fe to F.,. (6) shows
finally that F., is a Lubin-Tate module.
The proofs of the formulas all run along the same line. One checks that
both sides of each formula are a solution of one and the same problem of
(6.6) and deduces the equality from the uniqueness assertion. 0
Theorem (6.7) shows that any two Lubin-Tate modules for one prime
element n are isomorphic over (l)K' One can show that two Lubin-Tate
modules associated to two different primes n and if are never isomorphic
over (l)K' The next theorem however shows that they become isomorphic
over (1)[(, where K is the completion of the maximal unramified extension K
of K.
(6.8) Theorem. Let n and if two prime elements of (!iK and let e(X)E@"",
e(X)E@"". Then there exists an isomorphism
8: Fe-+Fe, 8(X)E{!ik[X]
between the Lubin- Tate modules Fe and Fe'
Proof Let if=u·n, UEUK. By Lemma (4.3) there exists a power series
8(X)=eX + ... E{!idX], eEU k, such that
8<P(X)=8([u]e(X)) and 8<P(e(X))=e(8(X)).
(We have formulated Lemma (4.3) only for polynomials e(X), e(X)E@"" but
the proof makes no use of this assumption.) Now consider the power series
F.,8(X, y) = 8(F.,(8- 1 (X), 8- 1 (Y».
Then F.,8(X, Y)=X + Ymoddeg2. Abbreviating Fe(f(X),j(Y)) by F.,0f, we
have
(F:)<P = 8<P 0F.,0 8-<P = 80 [u]e0F.,o [u]; 1 °8- 1 = 80 F.,0 8- 1 = F.,8.
So Fe8=Fe by (6.6), i.e. 8(Fe(X, Y» = Fe(8(X), 8(Y», showing that 8: Fe -+ Fe is

an isomorphism of formal groups. That it is an isomorphism of formal {!iK-
modules is proved in quite the same way. 0
§ 7. Fields of nn-th Division Points

Starting from a formal {!iK-module, one obtains an (!iK-module in the usual
sense by choosing a domain on which the power series converge. For such a
domain we now take the maximal ideal p of the valuation ring i!J of the
algebraic closure K of K. If G(X 1 , ••• ,Xn)E{!iK[X 1 , ••• ,Xn] and Xl' ""XnEP,
then the series G(x 1 , ••• ,xn) converges in the complete field K(x 1 , ••• ,xn) to
an element in p if the constant coefficient of G is zero. We therefore obtain
immediately from the definition of formal {!i-modules (and homomorphisms
between them) the
(7.1) Proposition. Let F be a formal (!iK-module. Then the set p together

with the operations
X + y: = F(x, y) and a. X = [a]F(x),
F
X, yEp, aE{!iK' is an {!iK-module in the usual sense, which we denote by PF'

§ 7. Fields of n"·th Division Points 61
If f: F --+ G is a homomorphism (isomorphism) of formal {9K-modules,

then
f: PF--+PG' X I---+f (x)
is a homomorphism (isomorphism) of {9K-modules.
The operations in PF' and in particular the scalar multiplication a· x

= [a]F(x), must not be mixed up with the ordinary operations of the field.
For the addition +F clearly [ -1h(x) is the inverse element of x.
We now consider a Lubin-Tate module F for a prime element n of {9K'
We define the group of nn-division points by
F(n) = {A.EPFlnn. A = O} = ker ([nn]F)'
This is an {9K-submodule of PF and, since it is annihilated by nn{9K' it is an
{9K/nn{9K-module.
(7.2) Proposition. F(n) is a free {9K/nn{9K-module of rank 1.
Proof An isomorphism f: F --+ G of Lubin-Tate modules clearly induces

isomorphisms f: PF --+ PG and f: F(n) --+ G(n) of {9K-modules. Since all Lubin-
Tate modules for n are isomorphic by (6.7), we may assume that F=F",
where e(X) = xq + nX = [n]F(X), Then F(n) consists of the qn roots of the
iterated polynomial en(X)=(eo ... oe)(X)=[nn]F(X), which is easily seen to
be separable, by induction over n. If AnEF(n),- F(n -1), then
{9K --+ F(n), a 1---+ a· An
is a homomorphism of {9K-modules with kernel nn{9K' It induces an injective
homomorphism {9K/nn{9K --+ F(n), which is an isomorphism since both sides
have order qn. 0
(7.3) Corollary. We have canonical isomorphisms

{9K/nn{9K --+ End(!lK(F(n)) and UK/ut) --+ Aut(!lK (F(n))
given by al---+ [a]F'
Proof The left map is an isomorphism, since {9K/nn{9K~F(n) by (7.2) and

End(!lK({9K/nn{9K) = {9K/n n{9K' The right map is obtained by taking the group
of units of these rings. 0
Given a Lubin-Tate module F for the prime element n we now define

the field of nn-division points by
As F(n)<;;F(n+ 1), we obtain a chain of fields
U1 Ln·
00
K <;; L1 <;; L2 <;; ... <;; L" =

n~
We also call these fields Lubin- Tate extensions. They depend only on the
prime element n, not on the Lubin-Tate module F for n. For if G is another
Lubin-Tate module for n, then by (6.7) there is an isomorphism f: F ..... G,
fE(DK[X], and therefore G(n)= f(F(n»<;;K(F(n», and hence K(G(n))
=K(F(n» by symmetry. If F is the Lubin-Tate module Fe associated to the
Lubin-Tate polynomial e(X)E@"" (see (4.2», then e(X) = [n]F(X), and Ln IK is
the splitting field of the n-th iterate
en(X) = (eo ... 0 e)(X) = [nn]F(X).
Example. If (DK='lL p and F is the Lubin-Tate module <G m , then

en(X) = [pn]q;JX) =(1 + xyn_l.
So <Gm(n) consists of the elements A= (-1, where ( runs through the pn-th
roots of unity. Therefore Ln I K is the cyclotomic extension <Qp(J.lpn) I<Qp. The
following theorem shows the complete analogy of the general Lubin-Tate
extensions with the cyclotomic extensions.
(7.4) Theorem. LnlK is a purely ramified abelian extension of degree

qn -1 (q -1) with Galois group
G(LnIK)~Aut{l)K(F(n»~ UK/U~),
i.e. for every uEG(LnIK) there is a unique class u mod U1n), UE UK' such that
A" = [U]F(A) for AEF(n).
Moreover, let F be the Lubin-Tate module associated to a Lubin-Tate poly-
nomial e(X)E@"" and let AnEF(n)'-F(n-1). Then An is a prime element of L n,
i.e. Ln=K(An), and
4>n(X) = e::~~i) xqn-1.(q-1) + ... + nE(DK[X]
is its minimal polynomial. In particular NLnIK ( -An)=n.
Proof If F is the Lubin-Tate module associated to the polynomial

e(X) = xq +n(a q_ 1Xq-1 + ... +a 2X 2)+ nX,
then
en (X)
,/,. (X)= en-1(X)
'l'n
en- 1(X)q-1+ n (a q-1 en- 1(X)q-2+ ... +a 2 en- 1(X»+n
is an Eisenstein polynomial of degree qn-1(q_1). Clearly, if AnE

F(n)'- F(n -1), then ;"n is a root of this Eisenstein polynomial, so An is a
§ 7. Fields of n"-th Division Points 63
prime element of the purely ramified extension K(An)IK of degree qn-l (q -1).
Every O'E G(LnIK) induces an automorphism of F(n). We thus obtain a
homomorphism
G(Ln IK) ~ AutlDK(F(n» ~ uK/u{n),
*
which is injective, since Ln is generated by F(n), and surjective, since
*G(LnIK)~ [K(An):Kl =qn-l'(q -1)= UK/U{"). This proves the theorem. 0
We obtain the following explicit formula for the norm residue symbol of
the Lubin-Tate extensions LnIK, generalizing formula (4.4) for the cyclo-
tomic extensions.
(7.5) Theorem. If Ln IK is the field of nn-division points and a =

u.nvK(a)EK*, UEUK, then
(a, LnIK)A= [U-1]F(A), AEF(n).
Proof The proof is the same as that of (4.4). Let O'EG(LnIK) be the
automorphism such that
k'=[U-I]F(A), AEF(n).
Let O'E(p(I n IK) be a Frobenius lift of 0' of degree deg K (O') = 1. We view 0' as
an automorphism of the completion In = Ln' K of Ln. Let L be the fixed
field of 0'. Since f.1:IK = deg K_(O') = 1, L I K is pur~ly ~amified and has ~egr~e
qn-l.(q_1), because LnK=K and L=L.K=L n, so [L:K]=[Ln:K]
= [Ln:K].
Now let eE<S',<, eE<S'", where n=u'n, and let F=F;,. By (4.3) there exists a
power series 8(X)=eX + ... E(9j([X], eEUj(, such that
8'P=8 o [U]F and 8'Poe=e o8, (CP=CPK)'
Let )'nEF(n)'-.F(n-1). Then An is a prime element of Ln and
n r =8(An)E(9Ln
is a prime element of L since
n~ = 8'P(A~) = 8'1'([ u- I ]F(A n» = 8(An) = n r .
Since ei (8 (An)) = 8'Pi (e i (An)) = 0 for i = nand =!= 0 for i = n -1, we see that
nrEFe(n) '-. F,,(n -1). Therefore L = K (n r ) is the field of nn-division points, and
NrIK ( -nr)=n=u·n by (7.4). Since n=NLnIK ( -An)ENLnIKL~ we obtain
rLnIK(O')=NrIK( -nr)=n=u modNLnIKL~,
hence (a, Ln IK) = (nVK(a), Ln IK)· (u, Ln IK) = (u, Ln IK) = 0', q.e.d. o
(7.6) Corollary. The field Ln I K of nn-division points is the class field of
the group (n) x u{n)~K*.
Proof Let a=u·nvK(a)EK*. Then

aENLnIKL~~(a, Ln\K)= 1 ~ [U- 1JF(A)=A for all AEF(n)~
[ u- 1JF =id F(n) ~u-1EWn)~aE(n)
K
X U<n)
K ,
For the maximal abelian extension Kab\K we obtain the following gener-
alization of the local Kronecker-Weber theorem (3.7).
(7.7) Corollary. The maximal abelian extension of K is the composite

Kab=K.L",
U Ln of the fields Ln of nn-division points.

00
where L" is the union

n= 1
Proof Let LIK be any finite abelian extension. Then nf ENL1KL* for
some f Since NL1KL* is open and since the utI form a basis of open
neighborhoods of 1EK*, we have (nf) x UIn)~NLIKL* for some n. Therefore,
L is contained in the class field of the group (nf) x U~) = ((nf) x UK)) n
((n) x U~»)), which is the composite KfL n, K f being the unramified extension
of degree f.
§ 8. Higher Ramification Groups
(8.1) Definition. Let LIK be a finite extension of local fields with Galois
group G=G(LIK). For each real number S:2: -1 we define the s-th
ramification group of L IK by
Gs=Gs(LIK)={aEGlvdaG -a):2:s+1 for all aE(DL}.
Clearly, Go is the inertia group of L IK and G -1 = G. There always exists

an element xE(DL such that (DL = (DK [xJ, (cf. [46J, Chap. III, § 6, Prop. 12). For
example, if LIK is purely ramified, then any prime element of (DL is such an
element x. If aEG, then the number
iL1K(a) = vL(xG- x)
does not depend on the choice of the generator x and we may write
Gs = {aEG IiL1K (a):2: s + 1}.
Since iLIK('t"ac1)=iLIK(a), the Gs are normal subgroups of G and for the
quotients we have
§ 8. Higher Ramification Groups 65
(8.2) Proposition. For any integer i~O the map

G;/G;+ I --+ Uf)/u2+1), 0"1--+ n~-I,
is an injective homomorphism, which does not depend on the prime element n L
of L. In particular, G I is the p-sylow subgroup of Go, where p is the residue
characteristic of K.
We leave the elementary proof to the reader. For the Lubin-Tate exten-
sions we have the following precise information on the ramification groups.
(8.3) Proposition. If LnlK is the field of nn-division points of a Lubin-

Tate module F for n, then
G;(Lnl K) = G(LnILk) for qk-I ~ i ~qk_1.
Proof By (7.4) and (7.5) the norm residue symbol gives an isomorphism
UK/Uik) --+ G(LkIK) for each k, so that G(LnILk) = (Uik), LnIK). We thus have
to show that
G;(LnIK) = (Uik), Lnl K) for qk-I ~ i ~qk_1.
Let O"EG I (LnIK) and let 0" =(u-l, LnIK). Then necessarily UE Uil), since
( ,LnIK): UK/Ui")~ G(LnI K ) maps the p-sylow group Uil)/Ui") of UK/Ui")
onto the p-sylow group GI(LnIK) of G(LnIK). Let u=l+Bnm , BEUK. Let
A.EF(n)-.... F(n -1). Then A. is a prime element of Ln and we have by (7.5)
A.a = [U]F(A.) = F(A., [Bnmh(A.)).
If m~n, then 0"= 1, hence vLJA.a -.1)= 00. If m<n, then A.n_m=[nmh(A.) is a
prime element of L n_ m and thus also [Bnmh(A.) = [Bh(A. n_ m). Since LnlLn_m
is purely ramified of degree qm we may write [Bnm]F(A.) = BoA.qm, BoEULn .
From F(X, O)=X, F(O, Y)= Y it follows that F(X, Y)=X + Y +XYG(X, Y)
with G(X, Y)E(!)K[X, Y]. Hence
A. a - A. =F(A., BoA.qm) - A. = BoA.qm + aA.qm + 1, aE (!)Ln ,
and therefore
if m<n
if m~n.
Let qk-l~i~qk_1. If UEUt), then m~k, i.e. iLnIK(0")~qk~i+1, hence

O"EG;(LnIK). This shows that (ut), LnIK)£ G;(LnIK). Conversely, if
O"EG;(Ln K) and 0"=1=1, then iL IK(O")=qm>i~qk-l, i.e. m~k. So uEUt),
showing that G;(LnIK)£(Ut), LJK). 0
We now want to study the behavior of the ramification groups when we

pass from LIK to a Galois sub extension ElK. The numbers iL1K(0") behave
as follows.
(8.4) Proposition. If e' = eLI L' is the ramification index of L I£, then
iL'IK(a') =,.e1 L
"IL'~'"
iL1K(a),
Proof For a' = 1 both sides are equal to 00, Suppose a' =F 1 and let (9L
=(9K[X] and (9L,=(9K[Y]. By definition
e'· iL'!K(a')=vL(y'" -y), iL1da)=vL(x" -x).
We choose a fixed aEG=G(LIK) such that alL'=a', The other elements of

G with image a' in G'=G(£IK) are then of the form Ta, TEH=G(LI£). It
thus suffices to prove that the elements
a= y" -y and b= TI (xt" -x)
tEH
generate the same ideal in (9L'

Let f (X)E(9L' [X] be the minimal polynomial of x over £. Then f (X)
TI TI
= (X _xt) and f"(X) = (X _xt,,). Since all coefficients of f"(X)-f(X)
td ~H
are divisible by y"-y, we see that a=y"-y divides f"(x)-f(x)=f"(x)=

±b. To prove that b divides a we write y as a polynomial in x with
coefficients in (9K' y = g(x), Since x is a root of the polynomial g(X)
-YE(9L.[X], we have
g(X) - y= f(X)·h(X), h(X)E(9L.[X].
Applying a to the coefficients of both sides and then substituting X = x, we
obtain y-y"=f"(x)·h"(x), whence b divides a. 0
If £IK is a Galois sub extension of LIK, then the projection

G(LIK) --+ G(£IK) maps the ramification groups Gs(LIK) onto the ramifi-
cation groups Gt (£ IK). However the numeration changes. This change of
numeration is described by the function '1LIK: [ -1, <Xl) --+ [ -1, <Xl),
where (Go: Gx) means (G x: Go) if x::;; 0, Explicitely, we have for 0< m::;; s
::;;m+1,
The function '1LIK can be expressed by the numbers iL1K(a) as follows.
(8.5) Proposition''1LIK(S)=~ L min {iL1K(a), s+ 1}-1.

go "EG
§ 8. Higher Ramification Groups 67
Proof Let (J be the function on the right hand side. It is continuous and
piecewise linear, and (J(O) = 1] LIK(O) = O. If m? -1 is an integer and m < s
<m+l, then
(J'(s)=~ *{aEG 1 i LIK (a)?m+2}=( 1 ) 1]~IK(S),

go GO:G m + 1
whence (J=1]LIK' o
(8.6) Theorem (Herbrand). Let L K be a finite Galois extension with
1
Galois group G, L 1 K a Galois subextension with Galois group G' and let H
= G(L IL). Then
Proof For each a' EG' we choose a pre-image aEG with maximal value
iLIK(a), and we show that
iL'IK(a')-l =1]LIL,(i LIK (a)-1). (*)
Let m=iLIK(a). If TEH is contained in H m _ 1 , then iLIK(T)?m, so iLlK(Ta)?m,
hence iLIK(Ta)=m, If T is not in H m _ 1 , then iLIK(T)<m and iLldTa)=iLIK(T).
So in both cases we have iLIK(Ta)=min {iLIK(T), m}. Applying (8.4) we obtain
1
iL'IK(a') =,.
e
I
tEH
min {iLIK(T), m}.
Since iLIK(T)=iLldT) and e'=eLIL'= *H o' (8.5) gives the formula (*). From
this formula we now get
a' EG s HI H =- iLIK(a) -1 ? s =-1] LIL' (iLIK(a) -1)?1] LIL'(S)
=- iL, IK(a') -1 ?1] LIL'(S) =- a' EG;, t = 1] LIL'(S), q.e,d.
We now define the function tjJ LI K: [ -1, CXJ) -+ [ -1, CD) to be the inverse
function of 1]LIK' and we define the upper numbering of the ramification
groups by
The functions 1] LIK and tjJ LIK have the following transitivity property.
(8.7) Proposition. If L 1 K is a Galois subextension of L 1 K, then

1]LIK=1]L'IK°1]LIL' and tjJLIK=tjJLIL,otjJL'IK'
Proof For the ramification indices of the extensions LIK, LIK, LIL we
have eLIK=eL'IK'eLIL" From (8.6) we obtain GsIHs=(GIH)" t=1]LIL'(S), so
-*
1
eLIK
1
Gs=-*(GIH)/· - * Hs'
eL'IK eLIL'
1
This equation is equivalent with
1J~lds) = 1J~' IK(t)'1J~lds) =(1J L' IKo1J LIL')'(S),
Since 1JLIK(O) = (1JL'IKo1JLIL')(O) it follows that 1JLIK=1JL'IK o1JLIL" and from this
the formula for t/! follows. 0
The advantage of the upper numbering of the ramification groups lies in

the fact that it does not change when we pass to subextensions.
(8.8) Theorem. If ElK is a Galois subextension of L IK, and if G

=G(LIK), G'=G(EIK), H=G(LIE), then
Gt·H/H=G't.
Proof Setting S=t/!L'lK(t) and applying (8.6) and (8.7) we obtain

Gt . H/H = Gl/ILIK(t)' H/H = G~LIL'("'LIK(t)) = G~LIL'("'LIL'(S)) = G: = GIt • 0
Having introduced the ramification groups Gt(LIK) for all real numbers
t~ -1, we may ask for which numbers they actually change. We call these
numbers the jumps of the filtration {G t(LIK)L;o,_l of G(LIK). Thus t is a
jump if for all e > ° Gt(LI K) =l= Gt+£(LIK).
(8.9) Theorem (Hasse-Art). Let L IK be a finite abelian extension. Then

the jumps of the filtration {G t(LIK)}t;o,_l of G(LIK) are integers.
Proof We may assume that LIK is purely ramified, for if LOIK is the
maximal unramified subextension of LIK, then Gt(LILO)= Gt(LIK) for t>
-1, since t/!LoIK(S)=S, whence t/!LIK(S) =t/!LILO(t/!LOIK(S)) =t/!LILO(S). If LIK is
purely ramified and if n L is a prime element of L, then n=NL1K(n L) is a
prime element of K and we have (n) x U}r) C;; NL1KL* for sufficiently large m.
Therefore L is contained in the class field of (n) x u~m), which by (7.6) is the
field Lm of nm-division points of a Lubin-Tate module for n. If t is a jump of
{Gt(LIK)}, then by (8.8) t is a jump of {Gt(LmIK)}. Hence, we may assume
°
that L=Lm. Since by (8.3) the jumps of {Gs(LmIK)} are the numbers qn_1,
n=O, ... ,m-1 (q=2 is an exeption: is not a jump), we see by an elemen-
tary calculation that the jumps of {Gt(LmIK)} are 1JLm IK(qn-1)=n,
n=O, ... ,m-l. 0
We now prove the main theorem of the higher ramification theory.

§9. The Wei! Group 69
(8.10) Theorem. If L IK is a finite abelian extension, then the norm

residue symbol
( ,LIK): K* --+ G(LIK)
maps the group Uit) onto the n-th ramification group Gn(LIK), n;;:::O.
Proof As above, we immediately reduce to the case of a Lubin-Tate

extension: If LOIK is the maximal unramified subextension of LIK, then
Gn(LIK)=Gn(LILO), and on the other hand by Chap. II, (2.7) and (1.4)
(Ui~, LILO) = (NL01K ui~, LIK)=(u~n), LIK),
so that we may replace LIK by LILo. Embedding the purely ramified
extension LIK into the field LmlK of nm-division points, (8.8) and Chap. II,
(2.7) shows that we may assume L=Lm. By (7.6) and (8.3) the norm residue
symbol maps the group u~n) onto the group
G(LmILn)=G;(LmI K) for qn-l~i~qn_l.
Since 1JLrnIK(qn -1) = n, we obtain (u~n), LmIK) = Gqn _ 1 (LmIK) = Gn(LmIK). D
§9. The Weil Group
Let K be a local field, K IK its separable closure and K IK its maximal

unramified subextension. We consider the discrete subgroup (CPK)
={cpi:lnEZ} of G(KIK) and we define:
(9.1) Definition. The Weil group of K is the pre-image WK' of (CPK)

s;; G(KIK) under the projection G(KIK) --+ G(KIK).
We thus have an exact sequence

- degK
1 --+ I (K IK) ----+ WK ------+ Z --+ 0,
where I(KIK) is the inertia group of KIK. For the maximal abelian factor
group W: b of WK we have the
(9.2) Theorem. Let KablK be the maximal abelian extension of K. The

norm residue symbol yields an isomorphism
( ,KabIK): K*~ W:b.
Proof If LIK is a finite subextension of K ab , then

( ,LIK): K* --+ G(LIK)
maps the group UK onto the inertia group I (L IK). Passing to the projective
limit, we see that ( ,KabIK) maps UK onto a dense subgroup of I(KabIK).
Since UK is compact we have (UK' KabIK)=I(KabIK). Now the commutative
exact diagram
VK
1-- UK K* - - - 7L - - 0
---->
1< ,KabIK) . 1< , KablK) I
degK
1 - - I(KahIK)--_ W;h_---> 7L - - 0
shows that the map ( ,Kab IK): K* --+ W;b is surjective. Its kernel is the
intersection n
NLIKL*, where L runs through all finite subextensions of
L
KabiK. Since all groups (n{) x Uin), f, nElN, occur among the NLIKL* by (3.1),
we have
injective. L
nNLIKL* <;; n
f, n
(nf) x Uin) = {l}. Hence ( ,KabIK): K* --+ W;b is also
0
The isomorphism W;b ~ K* has a particularly simple description if we

use the theory of infinite extensions developed in Chap. II, § 5. If K is an
algebraic extension (possibly of infinite degree) of a local field k then we set
K X
=lim K'!'
<--- '
Ki
where Ki Ik runs through the finite subextensions of K Ik. If K Ik is of finite
n
degree, then K x = K*. The norm topology on K* is hausdorff since
L
NLIKL* = {I} as we have just seen. The kernel UK of vK: K* --+ 7L is
compact in the norm topology, since on UK the norm topology coincides
with the p-adic topology: the open subgroups of UK are precisely the
subgroups of finite index in both topologies. Therefore we may apply the
results of Chap. II, § 5.
For every field K Ik with finite inertia degree fK' i.e. with finite residue
class field, we have the henselian valuation
vK : K x --+ 7L <;;Z,
and the surjective homomorphism deg K : GK --+ Z, and the pair (degK , vK ) is a
class field theory. In particular
(9.3) Theorem. If K Ik is an algebraic extension (of possibly infinite

degree) with finite residue class field and if LIK is a finite Galois extension,
then we have a canonical isomorphism
rLIK : G(LIK)ab~ K x /NLIKe.
For any field Klk with finite residue class field we define the Weil group
~ in the same way as above and obtain an exact sequence
_ degK
1 --+ I (K IK) ~ WK -------> 7L --+ O.
§9. The Wei! Group 71
We set
Frob (KI K) = {aE WKI deg K (a)EIN}.
If 1: is the fixed field of aEFrob(KIK), then fI is finite, KI1: is unramified
with Galois group G(K 11:)~Z, and a is the Frobenius automorphism CfJI of
KI1:o The exact sequence above shows that
WK=Frob(KIK) tJ Frob(KIK)-l tJ I(KIK) (disjoint union),
and that every TEI(KIK) can be written as a product T=CfJ1oCfJZ 1 ,
CfJl' CfJ2EFrob(KIK). Applying the results of Chap. II, §5, and the proof of
(9.2) which holds for infinite fields K as well as for finite ones, we get
(9.4) Theorem. For every extension Klk with finite residue class field we
have a canonical isomorphism
which is determined by
rK(a) = NI1K (1t I ),
where aEFrob(KIK), 1: is the fixed field of a, and 1tI E1: x a prime element.
Chapter IV. Global Class Field Theory
§ 1. Algebraic Number Fields

Let K be an algebraic number field, i.e. a finite extension of CQ. A prime p
of K is a class of equivalent valuations of K. We distinguish between the
finite and the infinite primes. The finite primes belong to the prime ideals of
K, for which we use the same notation p. The infinite primes fall into two
classes, the real and the complex ones. The real primes are in 1-1-
correspondence with the different imbeddings of K into lR, and the complex
primes are in I-I-correspondence with the pairs of conjugate non-real
imbeddings of K into <C. We write p,.f'oo ifp is finite and ploo ifp is infinite,
and we set S ro = {p I 00 }.
If p¢:Sro' then v" denotes the corresponding valuation of K normalized
by v,,(K*)=71. To each prime we associate the absolute value I I" in the
following way.
1. If p¢:Sro and if q,,=91(p) is the cardinality of the residue class field of p,
then lal,,=q;v,,(a) for aEK*.
2. If p is real infinite and I: K -+ lR is the corresponding imbedding, then
lal,,=llal for aEK.
3. If p is complex infinite and if I: K -+ <C is one of the associated imbed-
dings, then lal,,= Ilal 2 for aEK.
Having normalized the absolute values in this way then lal" = I for
almost all p, aEK*, and we have the product formula
TI lal,,= 1.
"
By J K we denote the group of ideals of K and by PK the group of
principal ideals. The factorgroup JK/PK is the ideal class group of K.
(1.1) Theorem. The ideal class group JK/PK is finite. Its order hK is the
class number of K.
Let S be a finite set of primes of K containing Sro' Then

KS={aEK*lv,,(a)=O for all p¢:S}
is called the group of S-units of K. In particular, KSoo is the group of units
in the ring {!)K of integers of K. We have the generalized Dirichlet's unit
theorem:
(1.2) Theorem. Let S = {p l' ... , p J. The map

I: K S -+ JRs, lex) = (log Ixlp1, ... , log IxipJ
is a homomorphism, whose image is an (s - 1)-dimensional lattice in lR sand
whose kernel is the group of roots of unity in K. In particular, K S is a finitely
generated group of rank s-1.
For each prime p we consider the completion Kp of K with respect to

Ip. If Pif=Soo' then Kp is a p-adic number field. p is real infinite or complex
infinite if and only if Kp = lR or Kp = <r respectively. We set
_ {group of units of Kp
Up - Kp* 1'f pES oo .
We have introduced the unit groups Up also for the infinite primes so that
later we will not always have to distinguish between the finite and the
infinite primes.
Now let LIK be a finite extension of algebraic number fields. We denote

the primes of L by Il3 and we write Il3lp if Il3 lies over the prime p of K. In
this case the completion L'll of L at Il3 contains the completion Kp of K at
p. The situation is pictured in the diagram
L------L'll
I
K _________ Kp
I
This diagram is basic for all the coming considerations since we will build
up the global theory from the local one by passing from the extension L IK
to the local extensions L'lll Kp. If Il3 runs through all primes of L lying above
p, then we have the equation
I [L'll: KpJ = [L: K].
'llip
Let (J: L -+ (J L be an isomorphism. (J associates to each prime Il3 of L a
prime (J1l3 of (JL, given by the valuation l(Jxl"'ll=lxl'll' and we have an
induced isomorphism
(J: L'll-+((JL),,'ll'
Namely, if IX= ll3-lim lXi with a sequence lXiEL, then the sequence (JlXiE(J L
converges in (J L,,'ll' and the isomorphism is obtained by
IX = ll3-lim lXi ~ (J IX = (J ll3-lim (JlX i •
If (J: L -+ (J L is a K-isomorphism, i.e. if (J maps K identically onto itself,
then clearly (J: L'll-+ ((J L),,'ll is a Kp-isomorphism.
Let now L IK be a Galois extension and let
74 Chapter IV. Global Class Field Theory
be the decomposition group of 'l3 over K. Each O"EG'll induces a Kp-

automorphism
0": L'll~L'll'
namely the continuous extension of the automorphism of L to L'll' In this
way we obtain a canonical isomorphism
G'll~ G(L'llIKp).
We identify the two groups by this isomorphism, and in the sequel we write
simply G'll=G(L'llIKp)~G(LIK). If LIK is abelian, then G'll does not depend
on the choice of the prime 'l3 above p and we write G'll=G p •
Let S be a finite set of primes of K containing Sro and let s= #S. Let S
denote the set of primes of the extension field L lying ab~ve the primes in S.
We call the S-units in L simply S-units and we write I! = I!. We conclude
this paragraph with the computation of the Herbrand quotient of I! in case
that L IK is a cyclic extension.
(1.3) Theorem. If L I K is cyclic of degree n with Galois group G, then
h(G, Ls)=-1 TI np '

n PES
where np is the order oj the decomposition group Gp ~ G above p.
For the proof of this theorem we need a lemma. For each 'l3ES we select
a symbol e'll and we let
E S = ~ IRe'll (s= #S)
'llES
be the s-dimensional real vector space having {e'lll 'l3 ES} as basis. We let G
=G(LIK) act on E S by
O"e'll = ea'll for O"EG.
By a lattice in E S we mean a free abelian subgroup of rank s, such that a 71.-
basis of this subgroup is also an IR-basis of E S •
(1.4) Lemma. Let M be a lattice in E S which is invariant under G (i.e.

0" M ~ M for all O"E G). Then there exists a sublattice M' of finite index in M
which has a 71.-basis {Y'llI'l3ES} such that
Proof We take the sup norm I I on E S with respect to the coordinates

relative to the basis {e'll}' Since M is a lattice there exists a number b such
that for each XEE', there exists some YEM such that
Ix-YI<b.
For each PES let ~oES be a fixed prime of Labove p. Take tEIR large
positive, and find some z'lloEM such that
Ite'llo - z'llol <b.
For ~Ip let
The sum is taken over all aEG such that a~o =~. We contend that the
family {Y'lll ~ES} is a basis for a sublattice M' satisfying our requirements.
In fact, for rEG we have
ry'll= L raz'llo= L pZ'llo=Yt'll'
"'llo='ll P'llo =t'll
so that we must only show that the vectors Y'll are linearly independent over
IR. Suppose that
If not all c'll =0, we may assume that IC'llI:::; 1 for all ~, and c'll = 1 for
some ~. Let
z'llo = te'llo + b'llo
with a vector b'llo such that Ib'llol <b. Then
Y'll= L aZ'llo=t L e,,'llo +b~,

"'llo='ll "'llo='ll
where Ib~1 ~n·b, and n= #G. Hence
Y'll=tm'lle'll+b~
ifm'll= #{aEGla~o=~}. Thus we obtain
0= L c'llY'll=t L c'llm'lle'll+b',
'll 'll
where Ib'l ~ s· n· b. Looking at that ~ such that c'll = 1, we see that if twas
selected sufficiently large then we have a contradiction thus proving the
lemma. D
Proof of Theorem (1.3). We consider the map

I: I! -+ E S ,
I(x)= L log Ixl'lle'll'
'llES
whose image is an (s -I)-dimensional lattice and whose kernel is finite by
(1.2). 1 is a G-homomorphism since, for aEG, we have
I(ax)= L log laxl'lle'll= L log Ixl,,-llllae,,-IIll=a(L log Ixl,,-lllle,,-ljJl)=al(x).

'll III 'll
Let eo = L elp' Then eo and I(JJ) generate an s-dimensional lattice M in ES.

IpES
Since lle o is G-isomorphic to ll, we deduce from the exact sequence
0--+ II eo --+ M --+ Mill eo --+ 0 and from Mill eo ';;(,1(JJ) the equations
h(G, JJ) = h(G, I (Ls» = h(G, ll)-l. h(G, M) =~ h(G, M).

n
We now choose a sublattice M' r;;M of finite index as in Lemma (1.4). Then
M' = c:B c:B llylp= c:B M~

"ES Ipl" "ES
and
M~ = c:B II Yip = c:B (J(ll ylpo) = Mg" (ll ylpo)'
Ipl" <rEGIG"
We obtain by Chap. I, (3.3)

sl ,1 ,1
h(G,~)=-h(G,M)=- TI h(G,M,,)=- TI h(G",llylpo)=-1 TI h(G",ll)
n n "ES n "ES n "ES
1
and hence h(G, JJ)=- n". TI o
n "ES
§ 2. Ideles and Idele Classes
In place of the ideals of a field, we will now study the ideles, a concept
originated by C. Chevalley. Originally ideles were known as ideal elements.
This was abbreviated by id. el., giving rise to today's name idele.
The notion of idele is related to that of ideal, or better said, of divisor.
Its essential usefulness lies in the fact that ideles are suited for reducing
questions in global number theory to analogous questions in local number
theory. Thus many definitions and theorems of class field theory "in the
large" will come via this local-global principle from class field theory "in
the small", developed in Chap. III.
Let K be an algebraic number field. An adele a of K is a family a = (a,,)
of elements a"EK", where p runs over all primes of K, and for which a" is
integral in K" for almost all p. The ade1es form a ring, denoted by
AK=DK",
"
where addition and multiplication is defined componentwise. An idele is
simply a unit in this ring. Thus an idele is a family a = (a,,) of elements
a"EK: for which a" is a unit in K" for almost all p. We obtain the ideles
also by the following
(2.1) Definition. Let S be a finite set of primes of the field K. The group
I~ = TI K: x TI U" r;; TI K:
"ES ,,¢s "
is called the group of S-ideles of K. The union

IK =U IS
S
K c- TIK*1"
where S runs through all finite sets of primes of K, is called the idele group
of K.
If a=(ap)EIK' then the numbers apEKp are the local components of a.

The essential components of a are the a p which are non-units. However by
carrying along the "inessential" components, that is, the units at almost all
primes, we can imbed the multiplicative group K* canonically into the idele
group I K of K: If XE K*, then (x)EI K is the idele whose p-th component is
(x)p=xEK:. For this, we must realize that for almost all primes p, x is a
unit in Kp. We will always regard K* embedded in this way in I K, and thus
we consider K* to be a subgroup of I K' The ideles from K* are known as
principal ideles of K. The group
is the group of S-units of K.
(2.2) Definition. The factor group

CK=IK/K*
is called the idele class group of K.
The central role played by the multiplicative group K* in local class

field theory is taken over by the idele class group C K in global class field
theory. The connection between ideles and ideal classes of a global field K
is seen in
(2.3) Proposition. Let S 00 be the set of all infinite primes. Then canoni-
cally
where JK and PK denotes the group of ideals and of principal ideals of K,

respectively.
Proof If a=(a p) is an idele of K, then apEUp, that is vp(ap)=O for almost

all finite primes p of K. We therefore have a canonical surjective homomor-
phism
IK-+JK, a=(a p)-+ TI pvp(a p ).
1'./'00
The kernel of this homomorphism consists of precisely those ideles a for

which vp(ap)=O, that is, apEUp, for all P{CO, and is thus the group I:;r. This
gives us the isomorphism I K/liw ~JK. Furthermore we have obviously

li~·K*/I~fl~PK
whence the isomorphism IK/liw.K*~JK/PK.
In contrast to the ideal class group JK/PK, the idele class group C K
= I K/K* is not finite. However the finiteness of the ideal class group is
reflected in the important fact that all idele classes in CK can be represented
by S-ideles IY.Eli with a fixed finite set S of primes. This is the statement of
the following theorem.
(2.4) Theorem. IK=Ii·K*, and thus CK=Ii·K*/K*, when S is any

sufficiently large finite set of primes.
Proof Since the ideal class group JK/PK is finite, we can choose finitely
many ideals 01' ... , 0h which together represent every class in JK/PK. These
ideals are composed of only finitely many prime ideals, PI' ... , Pt. If S is any
finite set of primes containing all infinite primes of K and also the primes
PI' ... , PI' then IK=Ii·K*.
In order to see this, we call upon the isomorphism IK/lioo~JK from (2.3).
If IY.E I K' then the associated ideal 0= TI
pvp(a p) belongs to a class 0i PK, so °
p-r oc
=Oi'(X), where (x) is the principal ideal coming from xEK*. The idele IY.'=
lY.·x- 1 is sent via the homomorphism IK-+JK to the ideal 0i= pvp(a p). TI
p-r x
Since the prime ideal factors of 0i are contained in the set S, we see that
vp(IY.~)=O, i.e. IY.~EUp, for all p~S. Thus 1Y.'=IY.·X-1Eli, so IY.EtJe·K*. 0
The idele group I K is a topological group in a natural way. A basis of

neighborhoods of 1ElK is given by the sets
TI
PES
WI' x TI Up C;; I
p¢S
K'
when S runs over the finite sets of primes of K contammg the infinite
primes and WI' C;; K:
runs over a basis of neighborhoods of 1E Since K:.
TI Up is compact, we see that every neighborhood of 1 EI K contains a
p¢S
neighborhood TI WI' x TI U,,' whose closure is compact, so I K is a locally
PES p¢S
compact topological group.
(2.5) Proposition. K* is a discrete and therefore closed subgroup of I K.
Proof It suffices to prove that 1EI K has a neighborhood containing no

principal ide Ie other than 1. Such a neighborhood is
U={IY.EI K !ilY.,,-li p <l for pES,ilY."i p =l for p~S},
where S is the set of infinite primes. In fact, if there were a principal idele
XEU, x 9= 1, then we would obtain the contradiction
1=11lx-1Ip= 11lx-1Ip' 11lx-1Ip<11lx-1Ip:s;11 max {Ixlp, 1}=1. 0

p PES p"S p¢S p¢S
Since K* is closed in I K, the ide Ie class group CK=IK/K* becomes a

topological hausdorff group which again is locally compact. Consider the
continuous homomorphism
II:IK->IR.+, ct=(ctp)f-+lctl=11lctplp
p
and let I~ be its kernel. Since lal = 1 for a principal idele aEK* we obtain a
homomorphism I I: C K -> IR.+ with kernel
C~=I~/K*.
The subgroup C~ of C K plays a role similar to the group of units Vp
={xEK:llxl p=1} in the multiplicative group of a local field Kp. The
decomposition K* ~ Vp x 7l corresponds to
Proof Let p be an infinite prime and let R+ £ Kp be the group of

positive real numbers in Kp. Let rK be the image of the injection R+ -> CK ,
which associates to aER+ the class ofthe idele [a] =( ... ,1,1,1, a, 1, 1, 1, ... ). Then
l[a]1 = lal p and r K is mapped isomorphically onto IR.+, whence the proposition.
We now want to show that the group C~ is compact, analogous to the unit
group in the local case. For this we need the following
(2.7) Lemma. For every prime p of K let ppEIK:lp be given such that
(i) Pp = 1 for almost all p,
(ii) 11 Pp ~M, where L1 is the discriminant of K.
p
Then there is an xEK* such that Ixlp~pp for all p.
Proof We set Pp = In:Pl p for p{ 00, where npEKp is a prime element.

Because of (i) ep = 0 for almost all p and we may consider the ideal 0 =
11 pep, which has the absolute norm
p,(oo
91(0)= 11 91(pep)=( 11 pp)-l.
p,(oo p,(oo
Let a 1 , ••• ,an be an integral basis of 0 and let Yl, ... ,Yn:K-dC be the
complex imbeddings of K and t\ the infinite prime corresponding to Yi.
Consider the linear forms
n
L i (X 1 , ••• , xn) = I X k yJa k ), i = 1, ... , n.
k=l
If Yi is real, then we set I'.i=L i, Pi=P Pi • In the other case, if Yi and Yj' i<j,
are complex conjugate, we set Li=I'.i +v-=1 I'.j, so L j = Ii =I'.i -V-=1 I'.j,
and Pi= Pj=V p p j2. If r is the number of complex primes, then
Idet(I'.l' ... ,I'.n)I=I(_2P)' det(L 1, ... ,L n)I=;,91(O)·VfAT
1 1 n
= 2' (TI p p)-l VfAT =s; 2' TI Pp = TI Pi·
p,(oo ploo i= 1
Now Minkowski's theorem on linear forms (cf. [30], § 17) yields an integral
vector Y/ = (m 1 , ••• , mn)Ezn, such that lI'.i(Y/)1 =s; Pi' i = 1, ... , n, hence ILi(Y/)1 =s; PPi
or ILi(Y/)1 =s;~ according to whether Vi is real or complex. Setting x
=m 1 a 1 + ... +mnanEo we obtain Ixlp=S;pp for the finite primes by the con-
struction of 0 and for the infinite primes because of IYi(X)1 = ILi(Y/)I. D
(2.8) Theorem. The group C~ is compact.
Proof Consider the set % = TI %p in I K' where

p
%p= {aEK: 11/VfAT =S;lalp=S;VfAT} ~K:.

Since %p is compact, so is % nI~, because I~ is closed in I K. Therefore it
suffices to show that %nI~ maps surjectively onto C~=I~/K*, i.e. that for
each idele aEI~ there is an xEK* such that xa- 1Ef. For this we fix an
infinite prime q and set
pq=VfAT ·Iaqlq and pp=laplp for V*q.

Then TI Pp =VfAT since aEI~. Lemma (2.7) yields an xEK* such that
p
Ixlp=S;pp, so that Ix.a;1Ip=S;1=s;v8T for V*q and Ix.a;llq=S;VfAT. By the

product formula
TI Ix· a;llp= TI Ix· a;llp ·Ix· a; llq= 1

p p*q
we obtain further
Ix· a; ll q=(TI Ix· a;llp)-l ~ 1 ~ l/VfAT,
p*q
Ix·a;llp~ TI Ix·a;;:llp,=lx·a;ll;l~l/VfAT for V*q,
p' *q
hence l/M::;lx'(J(;lll'::;M for all 1', i.e. X·(J(-lE.Jf: This proves the
theorem. D
§ 3. Galois Extensions
We will now investigate the situation that arises when going from the field
K to an extension field L. Let L IK be a finite extension of algebraic
number fields. The idele group I K of K is imbedded in the idele group I L of
L: each idele (J(=«(J(I')EI K is associated with the idele (J('=«(J(~)EIL whose
components are
(J(~=(J(I'EK;~L*\Il for '1311'.
In this manner we obtain an injective homomorphism
IK~IL'
Via this imbedding we will regard I K as a subgroup of I L' Thus an idele

(J(=((J(\Il)EI L belongs to the group IK precisely when the components (J(\Illie in
KI' ('1311'), and, additionally, when two primes '13 and '13' of L lie over the
same prime l' of K, the corresponding components are equal: (J(\Il=(J(\Il,EK;.
An isomorphism a: L ~ a L induces an isomorphism
a:IL~I(JL
in the following canonical way. For each prime '13 of L, a induces an

isomorphism a: L\Il~«(JL)(J\Il' For an idele (J(EI L we declare a(J(EI(JL to be the
idele with the components
(a (J()(J\Il= a (J(\IlE (a L)(J\Il'
If L IK is a Galois extension with Galois group G = G(L IK), then each aEG
gives rise to an automorphism a: I L ~ I L> and thus I L becomes a G-module.
(3.1) Proposition If LIK is a Galois extension with group G, then
I~=IK'
Proof Let '13 be a prime of Labove l' and let G'l3=G(L'l3iKI') be its
decomposition group. Let (J(EIK~IL' If aEG, then a: L'l3~L(J\Il is a KI'-
isomorphism, hence.
(a(J()(JIp=a(J(\Il=(J(Ip=(J((J1p
and therefore a(J(=(J(, i.e. (J(EI~. Conversely, if (J(=«(J(\Il)EI~, then
(a(J()(JIp=a(J(\Il=(J((J\Il
for all aEG. In particular, if a is in the decomposition group G'l3=G(L'l3iKI')'

then a'13= '13 and a(J(\Il=(J(\Il' hence (J('l3EK;. If aEG is arbitrary, then
0": L'll--+LeI'll induces the identity on Kp, hence ar:'ll=O"ar:'ll=ar:eI'll for any two
primes '13, 0"'13 above p, whence ar:EI K· 0
For an arbitrary finite (not necessarily Galois) extension we have the

norm map
which is defined as follows. Let M IK be the normal closure of L IK and let

G=G(MIK) and H=G(MIL). Then IL is the fixed module of 1M under H
and
NL1dar:)=TIO"ar: for ar:EIv
where 0" runs over a system of representatives of G/H. Clearly for every I:EG
we have I: NLIK(ar:) = NL1K(ar:), hence NL1K(ar:)EI K'
(3.2) Proposition. If LIK is a finite extension and ar:EIv then the local
components of NLIK(ar:)EIK are given by
NL1dar:)p= TI NL'llIK (ar:'ll)'

'llip p
Proof Let MIK be the normal closure of LIK and let G=G(MIK) and
H = G(MIL). For each prime p of K let ,00 be a fixed prime of M above p
and let '13 0 =,00 IL be the prime of L lying under ,00' Let Goo
= G(M 001 Kp) £; G and let O"i run through a set of representatives of the
double cosets HI:G oo ' i.e.
Then '13i=,QiIL = (O"i,Qo)IL runs through the primes of Labove p. For every i
let I:ij run through a set of right representatives of the co sets of GoonHeIi in
Goo' where H eI i=O"i- 1HO"i' Then
Goo=tJ(GoonHeIi)l:ij and G=tJHO"il:ij=tJl:i-/O"i-1H,

.i i,j i,}
and Goo n HeIi is the decomposition group of ,00 over O"i- 1L.
Now let ar:EI v considered as an idele of M. Then
NLIK(ar:)p=NLIK(ar:)oo= TI (l: ij 1 0"i- 1 ar:)00

i,j
= n
l,j
I:ij 1 (O"i-1 ar:)00= TI N(eI i- 1 L)00IK p((O"i- 1ar:)00»'
l
The isomorphism O"i: O"i- 1L --+ L induces a Kp-isomorphism O"i: (O"i 1 L)oo --+
LOi = L'lli which sends (0" i- 1 ar: )00 to ar: Oi = ar:'lli . We therefore obtain
o
If LIK is a Galois extension with group G, then the structure of the G-

module I L is easily described. For every prime p of K we set
It = TI L~ and Uf = TI U<p.
<PIp <PIp
Since the automorphisms aEG permute the primes of Labove p, It and Uf
are G-modules and we have in the obvious sense the decomposition
IL = [lIt.
p
Let IlJ be a selected prime of Labove p and let G<p=G(L<pIKp)~G be its

decomposition group. If a runs through a set of representatives of GIG<p,
then allJ runs through the different primes of Labove p and
It = TI L!<p= TI a(L~),
(J (J
Uf= TI U,,<p= TI a(U<p).
(J (J
We thus obtain the
(3.3) Proposition. It and Uf are the induced G-modules

It = Mg<P(L~), Uf = Mg<P(U<p).
If S is a finite set of primes of K, then we set Ii = Ii, where S denotes

the set of primes of L lying above the primes in S. We then have a
decomposition of G-modules
Ii = TI It x TI Ufo
PES p¢S
(3.4) Proposition. If S contains all irifinite and all ramified primes, then
for i=O, 1
Hi(G, Ii) ~ c::B Hi(G<p, L~) and Hi(G, I L)~c::B Hi(G<p, L~),
PES p
where IlJ stands for a single prime of L lying above p.
Proof From the decomposition Ii = c::B It EB V, V= TI Uf we obtain for

i = 0, 1 an isomorphism PES p¢S
Hi(G, Ii) = c::B Hi(G, It) EBHi(G, V)
PES
and an injection Hi(G, V) ~ TI Hi(G, Ui). By (3.3) and Chap. I, (3.3) we have
p¢S
isomorphisms Hi(G,It)~Hi(G<p,L~) and Hi(G, UD~Hi(G<p, U<p). Ifp¢S, then
L<pIKp is unramified and we have Hi(G'P' U'P)= 1 by Chap. III, (1.4), whence
the first isomorphism of the proposition. The second one is an immediate
consequence:
Hi(G,IL)=lim Hi(G,Ii)~lim c::B Hi(G<p,L~)=c::BHi(G<p,L~). 0
7 7 PES P
(3.5) Remark. Proposition (3.4) shows that
IK/NLIKIL=(f)K:/NL'llIK
p p
L\;,
where ~ is a selected prime of Labove p. We see in particular, that an idele

rtEI K is the norm of an idele of L if and only if every local component rtp is
the norm of an element of L\;; in other words, an idele is globally a norm if
and only if it is a norm everywhere locally.
From the proposition follows also, by Hilbert's theorem 90,
Hl(G, IL)=Hl(G, Ii) = {I}.
Having studied the action of the Galois groups on the ide Ie groups we
now deduce the consequences for the idele class groups.
(3.6) Proposition. If L I K is a finite extension, then the injection I k ~ I L

induces an injection of the idele class groups
C K --+ CL> rtK*HrtL*.
Proof The injection I K~ I L clearly maps K* into L* and thus induces a

homomorphism I K/K* --+ I L/L*. For the injectivity we have to show that
I Kn L* = K*. Let M IK be a finite Galois extension with Galois group G
containing L. Then I K s:::: I L s:::: 1M and
I KnL* s::::IKnM* s::::(JKnM*)G=IKnM*G=I Kn K* =K*. 0
The proposition shows, that the ideles behave differently than the ideals.
An ideal of K can well become a principal ideal in an extension field L
without being it in K.
With the imbedding C K--+ CL> C K becomes a subgroup of C L. Thus an
element rt·L*EC L (rtEI L) lies in C K precisely, when the class rtL* has a
representative rtf belonging to I K s:::: I L'
(3.7) Proposition. If LIK is Galois and G=G(LIK), then C L is canoni-

cally a G-module, and Cr= C K.
Proof The G-module I L contains L* as a G-submodule, so that every

(JEG induces an automorphism
and we obtain an exact sequence

1 --+ L* --+ IL --+ CL --+ 1
of G-modules. By Chap. I, (3.1) and Hilbert's theorem 90 (see Chap. I, (5.1))

this sequence yields an exact sequence
1 -> (L*)G -> IZ -> CZ -> Hl (G, L*) = 1,
and since (L*)G=K* and IZ=I K we see that CZ= C K. D
If LIK is a finite extension, then the norm map NL1K : IL ->IK maps
principal ideles aEL* into principal ideles NL1K(a)EK*. It thus induces a
homomorphism
NL1K : C L -> C K, rx.L*I:->NL1K(rx)·K*.
If M 2 L 2 K are two extensions of K, then
NMIK=NLIKoNMIL'
At the center of global class field theory stands the norm residue group
HO(G, C L)= CK/NLIKCL
of a Galois extension LIK with Galois group G = G(LIK). We conclude this
paragraph with. the computation of the Herbrand quotient h(G, C L) of the
G-module CL in case of a cyclic extension.
(3.8) Theorem. Let LIK be a cyclic extension of degree n with Galois

group G = G (L IK). Then
#HO(G, C L)
h(G, CL)= #Hl(G, C L) =n.
In particular (CK:NLIKCL)?n.
Proof Let I L= Ii .L*, where S is a finite set of primes of K containing all

infinite primes and all primes which ramify in L. Such a set exists by (2.4).
From the exact sequence
1 -> I! -------> ti -------> Ii· L* / L* = C L -> 1
we obtain
h(G, C L) = h(G, Ii)· h(G, LS)-l.
We compute h(G, Ii). By (3.4) we have Hi(G,Ii)~ TI Hi(G'll' L~) for i =0,
PES
-l. By Hilbert's theorem 90, H- 1 (G'll' L~) = 1 and by local class field theory
#HO(G'll,L~)=(K::NL'llIKpL~)= #G'll=n p , thus h(G,Ii)= np' Since on TI
1 PES
the other hand h(G,LS )=-. TI
np by (1.3) we obtain h(G, CL)=n. 0
n PES
(3.9) Corollary. If L IK is cyclic of prime power degree n = pV, then

infinitely many primes of K do not split in L.
Proof Let us assume that the set S of non-split primes is finite. Let M IK
be the unique subextension of LIK of prime degree p. For every prime p¢:S
the decomposition group Gp of L IK is distinct from G (L IK), hence
Gps;G(LIM). Therefore every p¢:S is totally decomposed in M. We will
conclude from this that NMIK C M = C K' which contradicts (3.8).
Let aEI K. By the approximation theorem there exists some aE K* such
that ap.a- 1 is contained in the open subgroup NM'llIKpM~ of K: for all
pES. For p¢:S, ap.a- 1 is automatically in NM'llIKpM; since M'll=Kp. Hence
by the remark (3.5) a·a- 1 is the norm of an idele p of M, i.e. a=NM1KP·aE
NM1KIM·K*. This shows that the class of a is contained in NM1KC M,
i.e. CK=NMIKCM. D
§ 4. Kummer Extensions
Assume that the number field K contains the n-th roots of unity, where n is
a fixed prime power. We next want to explicit ely compute the norm group
NL1KC L of a Kummer extension LIK with Galois group
G(L IK) ~ (Z/nZ)'.
We choose a finite set S of primes of K containing the infinite primes, the
prime dividing n and the primes which ramify in L, such that I K= Ii· K*.
We set s= #S.
(4.1) Proposition, We have s~r, and there exists a set T of s-r primes of
K not contained in S such that
where A is the kernel of the map K S -+ TI K:/K:n.

pET
Proof We first show that L=K(-f,1) with A =L*nnK s. By Chap. I, (5.2)

L=K(VD), where D=L*nnK*. If xED, then Kp(vlx)IKp is unramified for
all P¢:S, so by Chap. III, (5.3) we may write x=u p· Y;, UpEUp, YpEK:. Setting
Yp=l for PES, we obtain an idele Y=(Y p) which we may write as y=a'z,
aEIi, zEK*. Now x.z-n=up.a;EUp for all p¢:S, so that x'z-nElinK*
=K s, hence x·z-nEA. This proves D=A·K*n, whence L=K(-f,1).
The field N = K (y!i(S) contains L because As; K S • By Kummer theory we
have
Since K S is finitely generated of rank s -1 and contains J.i.n' we see that

KS/(KSt is a free Z/nZ-module of rank s, and therefore also G(NIK). Since
G(NIK)/G(NIL)=G(LIK)~(Z/nZ)' is a free Z/nZ-module of rank r, we
§ 4. Kummer Extensions 87
have r~s, and G(NIL) is a free Z/nZ-module of rank s -r. Let 0'1' ... , O's~r
be a Z/nZ-basis of G(NIL) and let Ni be the fixed field of O'i' i = 1, ... , s -r.
n Ni· For each i=l, ... ,s-r we choose a prime ~i of N; that
s~r
Then L=
i= 1
does not split in N such that the primes PI' '",Ps~r of K lying under
~I'''''~s~r are pairwise distinct and do not lie in S. By (3.9) this is
possible. We maintain that the set T={PI' ""Ps~r} has the desired property.
Ni is the decomposition field of NIK of the unique prime ~; of N above
~i' i = 1, ... , s - r. In fact, this decomposition field Zi is contained in N i , since
~i does not split in N. On the other hand, Pi is unramified in N, since by
Chap. III, (5.3) it is unramified in every extension K(Vu), uEK s. The decom-
position group G(NIZJ2G(NINJ is thus cyclic and must be of order n,
since every element of G(NIK) has an order dividing n, hence Ni=Zi'
n N;, we see, that L IK is the maximal subextension of N IK
s~r
Since L =
i= 1
in which the primes PI' ... , Ps~r are totally decomposed. Therefore, if xEK s,
then
XEL1 -= K('j/;;)~L -= Kv,(Vx)=K v,' i=l, ... ,s-r, -= xEK::, i=l, ... ,s-r,
TI K:.IK::.
s~r
showing that L1 is the kernel of the map K S --+ 0

i~ 1
(4.2) Theorem. Let T be a set of primes as in proposition (4.1) and let

C K(S, T) = I K(S, T)· K* / K*, where
IK(S, T)= TI K:nx TI K: x TI Uv'
VES VET V¢SuT
Then
NL1K C L'2 CK(S, T) and (C K: CK(S, T))=[L:K].
If, in particular, LIK is cyclic, then NL1KC L = CK(S, T).
Remark. It will follow from (6.5) that the equality NLIK C L = C K(S, T)
holds also in the general case.
For the proof of the theorem we need the following
Proof The inclusion (KSUT)n~IK(S' T) is trivial. Let YEIK(S, T)nK* and

let M = K ('j/Y). To prove that M = K it suffices by (3.8) to show that C K
=NM1KC M. For this let [a]ECK=Ii·K*/K* and let aEIi be a repre-
sentative of the class [a]. The map
KS --+ TI Uv/u;
VET
is surjective. Namely, if Ll is its kernel, then by (4.1)

nS
#G(LIK)
and this is also the order of the product since # U"IU; = n ·Inl; 1 = n by
Chap. III, (1.5). We thus find an element xEK s with (X,,=x·u;, U"EU", for
pE T. The idele (x' = (X. x- 1 belongs to the same class as (X and we show that
(x' ENMIKI M' By (3.5) we need only to show that every component (X~ is a
norm from M\IlIK". For PES this is true since YEK:n so that M\Il=K". For
pET it is true since (X~=u; is an n-th power. For piSuT it is true since
(X~ is a unit and M\IlIK" is unramified by Chap. III, (5.3). This proves
CK=NMIKCM' i.e. M=K and thus YEK*nnIdS, T)S(KSuT)n, whence the
equality IK(S, T)nK* =(KSuT)n. 0
Proof of Theorem (4.2). The equality (C K: CdS, T))=[L:K] is obtained

from the exact sequence
1 _d~u T n K* II K(S, T) n K* --+ I~u Til K(S, T) --+ I~U T. K* II K(S, T)· K* --+ 1.
Since I~u T. K* = I K' the order of the right group is
(I~uT·K*:IK(S, T)·K*)=(IKIK*:IdS, T)·K*IK*)=(C K: CK(S, T)).
The order of the left group is
(I~UT nK*:IK(S, T)nK*)=(KSuT:(KSuT)")=n2s-r,
since #SuT=2s-r and PncKSuT. The order of the group in the middle is
n 2
(I~uT:IK(S, T))= TI (K::K: n)= TI _=n 2s . TI Inl;l =n 2s
"ES "ES Inl" "
using Chap. III, (1.5). We therefore obtain
n 2s
(C K: CK(S, T))= 2s_r=n r=[L:K].
n
Next we prove that CK(S, T)sNL1KC L. Let (xEIK(S, T). To show that
(xENL1KI L we have by (3.5) only to check that every component (x" is a norm
from L\IlIK". For PES this is true since (X"EK: n is an n-th power and is thus
a norm from K,,(!V1G) (see Chap. III, (3.2)), hence a fortiori from L\Il =
K,,( ~). For pET it is true since by (4.1) Ll SK: n, so that L\Il=K". For
piS u T it is true since (x" is a unit and L\Il = K" (~) is unramified over K"
by Chap. III, (5.3). We therefore obtain IK(S,T)SNLIKIv whence
CK(S, T)SNL1KC L·
If L IK is cyclic, i.e. r = 1, then by (3.8)
[L: K] $;(C K: NLIK C L)$;(C K: CK(S, T))= [L: K],
hence N L1K CL = C K(S, T). o
§ 5. The Class Field Axiom

(5.1) Theorem (Global class field axiom). If LIK is a cyclic extension of
algebraic number fields, then
[L- K] for i=O.
#Hi(G(LIK), C L)= { 1 .
for i=-1.
Proof By (3.8) the Herbrand quotient

. #HO(G(LIK), C L )
h(G(LIK), CL)= #H-i(G(LIK), CL) [L:K].
It therefore suffices to show that H- i (G(LIK), CL)=H i (G(LIK), CL)=1. We

prove this by induction on the degree n = [L: K], writing Hi (L IK)
=Hi(G(LIK), C L) for short. Let MIK be a sub extension of LIK of prime
degree p. If p<n, then by assumption H i (MIK)={l} and H i (LIM)={l},
and from the exact sequence (see Chap. I, (3.2))
Hi(MIK)~Hi(LIK)~Hl(LIM)
it follows that Hi (L IK) = 1. If p = n, then we set K' = K (/1) and I; = L(/1).

I;IK' is then a cyclic Kummer extension, hence by (4.2), #HO(I;IK')
= [I;:K'], i.e. H i (I;IK')= 1. Since [K':K]:5:p -1 <p we have moreover
H i (K'IK)= 1, so that the exact sequence
H i (K'IK) ~ H i (I;IK) ~ H i (I;IK')
gives Hi (I; IK) = {1}. From this Hi (L IK) = {1} follows, because of the exact
sequence 1 ~ Hi(LIK) ~ H i (I;IK). 0
As an immediate consequence we obtain from Theorem (5.1) the famous

Hasse norm theorem.
(5.2) Corollary. If LIK is a cyclic extension, then an element xEK* is a

norm from LIK if and only if it is a norm everywhere locally, i.e. a norm
from every completion L'llIK" (~Ip)·
Proof Let G=G(LIK) and G,,=G(L'llIK,,). The exact sequence

1 ~ L* ~ I L ~ C L ~ 1 of G-modules yields by Chap. I, (4.1) an exact sequence
H- i (G, CJ~HO(G,L*)~HO(G,IJ.
By (5.1) H- i (G, CJ={l} and by (3.4) HO(G,IL)=(j)HO(G",L~). Therefore

the homomorphism "
K*/NL1KL* ~ (j)K:/NLmIK L~.
" '" "
is injective, and this is the assertion of the corollary. o
We remark that Hasse's norm theorem is very strongly restricted to

cyclic extensions. Clearly, by (3.5) an element xEK*, which is everywhere
locally a norm, is always the norm of an idele IX of L, but in general not of a
principal idele of L, even in case of abelian extensions.
§ 6. The Global Reciprocity Law

For every abelian extension LIK of finite algebraic number fields we may
define the homomorphism
[ ,LIK]: IK~G(LIK)
by
[IX, LIK] = TI (lXl" Ll'lKl')'
P
where the norm residue symbols (lXp, Ll'lKl') are given by local class field
theory. Note that almost all factors in the product are equal to 1, since
almost all extensions Ll' IKl' are unramified and almost all IXl' are units.
(6.1) Proposition. If LIK and .LIK' are two abelian extensions such that
K <::; K'
and L <::; E, then we have the commutative diagram
I K, [,L'IK']) G(.LIK')
NK'IK 1 1
IK [,LIK]) G(LIK).
Proof If IX = (1X<.p) ElK' is an idele of K', then by Chap. II, (2.7)

(1X<.p, .L<.pIK~)ILl' =(N K\jJIKl'(IX<.p), Ll'IKp), (~Ip)·
Using (3.2) we obtain
[NK'IK(IX), LIK] = n (NK'llIKl'(IX<.p), Ll'lKp)

TIp (NK'IK(IX)l" Ll'lKl')= TIp <.pIp
= TI (1X<.p, E<.pIK~)IL = [IX, £IK']IL' 0
<.p
If L IK is an abelian extension of infinite degree, then we define the

homomorphism
by the restrictions [ , L IK] IL' : = [ , ElK], where ElK runs over the finite
subextensions of LIK. In other words, if IXEI K, then, by (6.1), the elements
[IX,EIK]EG(EIK) form an element in the projective limit lim G(EIK) and
~
[IX, L IK] is this element after the identification G(LIK) = lim G(EIK). The
~
equality L'
[IX, LI K] = TI (lXp, Lp IKp)
l'
§6. The Global Reciprocity Law 91
remains valid in the sense, that the infinite product on the right side
converges to [ex, LIK] in the topological group G(LIK). In fact, the sets
S L' = {p I(exl' , I:I' IKI')=t= 1} are finite, so that we may consider the elements
ex£,= Il (exl" LI'IKI')EG(LIK).
I'ESv
Now, if [ex, LIK]- G(LIN) is a basic open neighborhood of [ex, LIK], (i.e.
NIK a finite subextension of LIK), then
(J L,E[ex, LIK]· G(LI N)
for all I: "2 N, since
(JL,IN= Il (exl" NI'l KI') = [ex, NIK] = [ex, LIK]IN'

I'
This proves that [ex, LIK] is the only accumulation point of the family {(Jd.
It is clear that proposition (6.1) remains valid also for infinite extensions,
L and I: of the finite number fields K and K'.
Over the field <Q it is known that there is precisely one i-extension. This
unique extension is described by
(6.2) Proposition. Let QI<Q be the field which is generated by all roots of
unity and let T be the torsion subgroup of G(QI<Q), (i.e. the group of all
elements of finite order). Then the fixed field <Q 1<Q of T is a i-extension.
U <Q(lln)ICQ, we have canonically

00
Proof Since Q=
n= 1
G(Q I<Q) = lim G(<Q(lln) 1<Q) = lim (71/n71)* =i*.

~ ~
n n
Now i = Il71 p and 7l; ~71p x 7l/(p -1)71 for p *2 and 7l! ~71z x 7l/271,
hence p
G(QI<Q)~i*~ixT, where T= Il71/(p-l)71x71/271.

P"Z
This shows that the torsion subgroup T of G(QI<Q) is isomorphic to the
torsion subgroup of T. Since the latter contains (f) 7l/(p-1)71E871/271 we
P"Z
see, that the closure t of T is isomorphic to T. Therefore, if <Q is the fixed
field of T, then G(<QI<Q)=G(QI<Q)/t~i. 0
An alternative description of the i-extension <Q 1<Q is obtained as fol-

lows. For each prime number p let Qpl<Q be the field obtained by adjoining all
roots of unity of p-power order. Then
G(Qpl<Q)=lim G(<Q (llpv)I<Q) = lim (71/p v 71)*=71;,
~ ~
n
and Z;~ZpxZ/(p-1)Z for p=l=2 and Z!=Z2xZ/2Z. Taking the fixed

field of the torsion subgroup of GSQfl<Q) (which is isomorphic to Z/(p-1)Z
or Z/2Z) we obtain an extension <Q(p I<Q with Galois group
G(<Q(P)I<Q)~Zp
(the "cyclotomic Zp-extension" of <Q). Now <Q is the composite <Q = f1 <Q(p).
p
We choose a fixed isomorphism G(<Q I<Q)~Z and obtain a continuous

surjective homomorphism
of the absolute Galois group G<Q=G(~I<Q) of <Q. We now proceed as in

Chap. II, § 1, taking k=<Q as the ground field. If KI<Q is a finite extension,
then we set fK = [K n <Q : <Q] and obtain a surjective homomorphism
1 ~
deg K= fK deg: GK->Z
which determines the Z-extension K = K . <Q of K. K IK is called the cyclo-

tomic Z-extension. Again we denote by <fJK the element of G(KIK) which is
mapped to lEZ under the isomorphism G(KIKl~Z, and by <fJLIK the
restriction <fJKlv if LIK is a finite subextension of KIK. The automorphism
<fJLIK however must not be mixed up with the Frobenius automorphism
associated to a prime ideal of L (see § 8).
For the G<Q-module A we take the union of the idele class groups C K of
the finite extensions KI<Q, so that AK= C K. We define the homomorphism
vK:IK->Z
to be the composite of
IK [.KIKJ) G(KIK) __de_g_K --+) Z.
(6.3) Proposition. For every principal idele aEK* we have

[a, KIK] = 1.
Proof Since ~NKI<Q(a),<QI<Q]=[a,KIK]liQ by (6.1), we may assume that K

= <Q, and since <Q is contained in the field of all roots of unity, it suffices to
prove that
[a, <Q(()I<Q] = f1 (a, <Qp(()I<Qp) = 1
p
for aE<Q*, where ( is a root of unity of prime power order 1m. Let vp be the
ordinary p-adic valuation of <Q and let (/ = 1/. rill/). Then by Chap. II, (3.4),
Chap. III, § 2 and (4.4) we have

for p*l, 00
for p=l
for p= 00.
Therefore
[a, <Q (()I<Q] (= (TI (a, <Qp«()I<Qp))( = (a
p
with IY.= TI np=sgn(a) TI pv (a)u- =sgn(a)· TI pV p (a)·a- 1 = 1.

p 1
o
p p*',oo p* 00
By this proposition VK : I K -> 7L induces a homomorphism

V K :C K ->7L
and we show
(6.4) Proposition. The map VK: C K-> 7L is surjective and is a henselian

valuation with respect to deg K.
Proof We first show that VK is surjective. If LIK is a finite sub extension

of K IK, then the map
[,LIK]=TI( ,LpIKp):IK->G(LIK)
p
is surjective. In fact, since ( ,Lp IKp): K: -> G(Lp IKp) is surjective, [I K' L IK]
contains all decomposition groups G(Lp IKp). Therefore, all primes p of K
are totally decomposed in the fixed field M of [I K' L IK], which implies M
= K by (3.9), hence [I K' L I K] = G(L I K). From this it follows that
[IK' KIK]=[C K, KIK] is dense in G(KIK). On the other hand we have C K
= C~ x IR+ by (2.6), and [IR+, KIK] = {I}. In fact, if xEIR+, then [x, KIK]IL
= [x, L IK] = 1 for every finite subextension L IK of K IK, since we may
write x=y" with YEIR+ and n=[L:K], so that [x,LIK]=[y,LIK]"=1.
Since C~ is compact by (2.8), [C K, KIK]=[C~, KIK] is dense and closed
in G(KIK), hence equal to G(KIK). Therefore vK=deg Ko [ ,KIK] is sur-
jective.
Considering the definition Chap. II, (1.4) of henselian valuation, con-
dition (i) is satisfied since V K (C K )=7L. By (6.1) condition (ii) is also satisfied,
since for every finite extension L IK
Recalling that the idele class groups C K satisfy the class field axiom by
(5.1), we see that the pair
(de&Q: G<Q->7L, v<Q: C<Q->7L)
is a class field theory. If KI<Q is a finite extension, then by (6.1) the

homomorphism V K= deg Ko [ ,KIK]: cK-dL defined above satisfies
1 ~ 1
vK= fK deg o[ ,<QI<Q]oNK1<Q= fK v<Q0NK1<Q
and is thus precisely the map which is induced by the henselian valuation v<Q
in the sense of the abstract theory of Chap. II, § 1.
We now have Artin's global reciprocity law.
(6.5) Theorem. For every Galois extension LIK of finite algebraic number
fields we have a canonical isomorphism
rL1K : G(LIK)Qb~ CK/NLIKCL'
The inverse of rL1K yields the surjective homomorphism

( ,LIK): CK ~ G(LIK)Qb
with kernel NL IKCv the global norm residue symbol. We view ( ,L IK) at the
same time as a homomorphism I K~ G(L IK)Qb of the idele group I K'
For every prime p of K we have the canonical injection
[ ]:K:~CK'
which associates to each apEK: the class of the idele
Cap] =( ... ,1,1,1, ap' 1, 1, 1, ... ).
The following proposition shows the compatibility of local and global class
field theory.
(6.6) Proposition. If LIK is an abelian extension and p a prime of K, then

the diagram
is commutative.
Proof We first remark that the two maps (, KIK), [ ,KIK]:

I K ~ G(K I K) coincide, since by Chap. II, (3.4)
deg Ko ( ,KIK)=vK=degKo [ ,KIK].
Hence, if LIK is a subextension of KIK, and ex = (exp)EIK' then
(ex, LI K) = [ex, LI K] = TI (exp, Lp iKp).

l'
In particular, if a"EK:, then ([a,,], LIK)=(a", L"IK,,) showing the proposi-

tion for the subextensions of K IK.
For the general case let O"E G(L" IK,,). A moment's reflection shows that
we may choose a lift a of 0" to L":=L,,.L, such that the restriction aiR is a
natural power of <fJK' i.e. that aiL is a Frobenius lift of o"EG(LIK). Let l: be
the fixed field o~ aIL and let l:" = K".l: its completion. Then 0" is the image
of a under G(L"Il:")->G(L,,IK,,). Setting M=l:·L, then MIl: is a sub-
extension of i'1l: since i'=L, and we obtain a diagram
in which the horizontal maps are the reciprocity maps. In this diagram the
top and the bottom is commutative by Chap. II, (2.7). The side diagrams are
commutative for trivial reasons and the diagram at the back is commutative
by what we have seen above, since MIl: is a subextension of i'1l:. Recalling
that 0" is in the image of G(M" Il:,,) -> G(L" IK,,) we conclude that the front
diagram is commutative, thus proving the proposition. 0
(6.7) Corollary. If LIK is an abelian extension and a=(ap)EIK' then
(a, LIK)= TI (a", L"IK,,).

"
In particular, if aEK* is a principal idele, then we have the product formula
Proof. Since I K is topologically generated by ideles of the form a = [a,,],

a" E K:,it suffices to show the first formula for these ideles. But this is
directly the assertion of (6.6):
([a,,], LIK)=(a", L"IK,,)= TI ([a,,], LqIKq).

q
The product formula follows because (a, LIK) depends only on the idele
class a mod K*. 0
Identifying K: with its image in CK under the map a,,1---> [a,,], and
writing for short N =NL1K and N" =NL"IK" we obtain
(6.8) Corollary. For every finite abelian extension L I K we have

NCL(lK:=N"L~.
Proof If x"EN"L~, then by (6.6) ([x"],LIK)=(x",L,,IK,,)=I, so that the

class of [x,,] is contained in NCL> whence N"L~£NCL' Conversely, let
fiE N C L (l K:. Then fi is represented by a norm idele rx = N [3, [3 ElL> and also
by an idele [x,,], x"EK:, so that [x,,]-a=N[3 with an aEK*. Passing to
components, we see that a is a norm from LqlKq for every q9=p. From the
product formula (6.7) it follows that a must also be a norm from L"IK", so
that [x"]EN,,L~, showing the inclusion NCL(lK*£N"L~. 0
§ 7. Global Class Fields
Let K be a finite algebraic number field. In the idele class group C K we

consider the natural topology from the valuations of the completions K" of K.

LH~=NLIKCL
is a 1 - I-correspondence between the finite abelian extensions L I K and the
closed subgroups of finite index in C K. Moreover
If L IK is associated to the subgroup JV of C K' then L is called the class field

of JV.
Proof By Chap. II, (4.2) we have only to show that the subgroups JV of
C K which are open in the norm topology are precisely the closed subgroups
of finite index in the natural topology. If JV is open in the norm topology,
then it contains a group NLIK CL and is therefore of finite index since
(CK:NLIKCL)= [L:K] by (6.5). JV is also closed in the natural topology since
NL1KC L is. Namely, the map NL1K : C L ..... C K is obviously continuous and we
have C K= C~ x r K, C L = C2 x r L with r K, rL~IR.+. The injection IR.+ ..... C K
which we used in the proof of (2.6) is also a group of representatives of
C L/c2, so we may assume that rK=rL. Then
NL1KC L =NL1K C 2 x NLIKrK=NLIKC2 x r;=NL1KC2 x r K.

Since C2 is compact by (2.8), NL1K C2 is closed in C K' Since r K is also closed
in C K, so is NL1KC L.
Conversely, let JV be closed of finite index 11 in C K in the natural
topology. We have to show that JV is open in the norm topology, i.e. that
JV contains a norm group NL1KC L. We may assume, that the index n is a
§ 7. Global Class Fields 97
prime power. Namely, if n=p~' ... p;r and if .AI;~ CK is the group of index
nr
pt which contains %, then % = .AI;, and if the .AI; are open in the norm
topology, so is %. ;= 1
Now let J be the pre-image of % under the projection IK-4 C K. Then J
is open in I K since % is open in CK (in the natural topology). Therefore J
contains a group
Ui=TI{1}xTIUp,
PES p¢S
where S is a sufficiently large finite set of primes of K. We take S large

enough as to contain the infinite primes, the primes dividing n and having
the property IK=I~.K*. Since (/K:J)=n, J contains also the group K:n TI
x TI{1}, hence the group PES
p¢S
IK(S) =TI K:n xTI Up.

PES p¢S
Therefore, it suffices to show CK(S)=IK(S)·K*/K*~% contains a norm

group. If K contains the n-th roots of unity, then CdS)=NLIKCL with L
=K(~) by the remark following theorem (4.2). If K does not contain the
n-th roots of unity, then we adjoin them and obtain a field K'I K. Let S' be
the set of primes of K' lying above S. If S was chosen large enough, then I K'
=Ii,·K'* and CK,(S')=NL'IK'C L, with E=K'eVK's'). Using (3.2), we have
obviously, NK'IK(IK,(S/))~IK(S), so
NL'IK CL,=NK'IK(NL'lK' Cd=NK'IK(CK'(S/))~ CdS),

proving the theorem. o
The above theorem is often called the "existence theorem" of global class
field theory, since its essential assertion is that for every closed subgroup %
of finite index of CK there exists an abelian extension LIK with NL1KC L
= %. In order to obtain a clearer survey over the lattice of abelian exten-
sions of K, we define a cycle m of K as a formal product
m=TIpnp
p
of prime powers, such that np;;::: 0 and np = 0 for almost all p; for the infinite
primes we admit only the exponents np = 0 and 1. We set
Unp=
p
j
the ~ou! of np-th .principal uni~ of K, Upo = Up' when ptoo,
IR+ _ K p' when p 1S real and np-1
IR * =K!, when p is real and np =0
<C* =K:, when p is complex.
For IXpEK: we set
For a finite prime p and np::::O: 1 this means the usual congruence, for a real
prime p and np = 1 it means the positivity IX" > 0, and for the case that p IS
real and np =0 or that p is complex it means no restriction.
TI
If m = pnp is a cycle, then for every idele IX = (lXp) E I K we set
p
IX == 1 mod m ¢> IXp == 1 mod pnp for all p
and we consider the groups
I';l = {IXEI KIIX == 1 mod m} = TI U;P.

p
(7.2) Definition. The group

C';l=I';l' K*/K* ~ C K
is called the congruence subgroup mod m of C K' The factor group C K/ C';l is
called the ray class group mod m.
In the special case m=l, we have I';l= TI K:x TI Up=I~oo, where Soo
is the set of infinite primes. Hence by (2.3) pi 00 P-l'oo
CK/Cic=I K/I~oc. K* =JK/PK.

So the ray class group mod 1 is canonically isomorphic to the ideal class
group.
(7.3) Theorem. The norm groups of C K are precisely the subgroups con-
taining a congruence subgroup C';l.
Proof C';l is open in C K since I';l = TI U;p is open in I K and the index
p
(C K: C';l)=( C K: CicH Cic: C';l) =h·(Iic· K*: I';l' K*)~h·(Iic:I';l) =h· TI (Up: U;p)
p
is finite. So C';l is closed of finite index and is hence a norm group by (7.1).
Conversely, let .ff be a norm group of C K' i.e. a closed subgroup of
finite index. Then ff is open in C K' so that the preimage J of ff in I K is
open. J contains therefore a subset of type
W= TI Wp x TI UP'
PES p¢s
where S is a finite set of primes of K and Wp is an open neighborhood of

lEK:. If p is finite, then we may take Wp= U;P, since the groups U;p~K:
form a basis of neighborhoods of 1 EK:. If p is infinite, then the open set Wp
generates either the entire group K:
or IR+ in the real case. Therefore the
subgroup of J, generated by W is of the form I';l, so that ff contains the
congruence subgroup C';l. D
The class field Km IK of the congruence subgroup C~ is called the ray

class field mod m. Its Galois group is isomorphic to the ray class group,
G(KmIK)~ CK/C~,
By (7.1) and (7.3) every abelian extension is contained in a ray class field.
We have
since C~:;2 cf So the ray class fields give us a good survey over the lattice
of abelian extensions of K.
Of particular interest is the ray class field mod 1. It is called the Hilbert
class field of K. Since C K/ Ci is isomorphic to the ideal class group J K/PK of
K, we have
In particular, the degree [Kl: K] is the class number hK of K.
(7.4) Definition. Let LIK be an abelian extension and let %L =NL1KC L.

The conductor f of LIK (or of %L) is the g.c.d. of all cycles m such that
L<::;:K m (i.e. C~<::;:%L)'
So KflK is the smallest ray class field containing LIK. For an arbitrary
cycle m it is however not true in general that m is the conductor of K m IK.
In Chap. III. (3.3) we have defined the conductor fv of the p-adic extensions
LplKv' if p is finite. If p is infinite, we set fv=p or fv=l according to
wether Lv =l= Kv or Lv = Kv'
(7.5) Proposition If f is the conductor of the abelian extension L IK and if

fv is the conductor of the local extension LvlKv (see Chap. III, (3.3»), then
Proof We have to show the following equivalence. Let %=NL1KC L and

let m = TI p"v a cycle of K. Then
v
v
Now by (6.8) we obtain
C~<::;:%¢>(a==lmodm=aE%) for aEI K

¢>(a v == 1 modp"v = [av]E% nK: =NvL~)
¢> (avE U;v = avENvL~)¢> U;P <::;: NpL~ ¢>fplp"p. 0
Calling an infinite prime p ramified if L" =1= K" we obtain by Chap. III,
(3.4).
(7.6) Corollary. Let L IK be an abelian extension. A prime p of K is

ramified in L if and only if plf.
The Hilbert class field K 1 I K is the maximal unramified abelian extension
of K.
The ray class fields Kin of K may be understood as analogues of the

fields of roots of unity over <Q because of the following
(7.7) Theorem. Let m be a natural number, Pw the infinite prime of <Q and
let m be the cycle nt=m·pw' Then the ray class field modnt of <Q is the
field
of m-th roots of unity.
Proof Let m = TI p"p. Then I~ = TI U;P x lR +. Let m = m' . p"p. Then

P=FP= P=FPoo
U;P is certainly contained in the norm group of the unramified extension
<Qp(,um,)I<Qp and also in the norm group of <Qp(,upnp)l<Qp by Chap. III, (3.6),
hence in the norm group of the composite <Qp(,um)l<Qp' Therefore, by (3.5),
every idele in I;;; is the norm of an idele of <Q(,um)' This shows that
C;;; <:; N C<Q(I'~)'
On the other hand we have
(C<Q: C~) = (C<Q: q). (q: C~') = (It· <Q*: I;;;. <Q*)
= (It: I~)/(It n <Q*: I~t n<Q*).
Now I~= TI UpxlR* and I~= TI U;pxlR+, so I~n<Q*={l, -I} and
P=FP'Xl p=l=pcn
I~n<Q*={1}. We thus obtain
(C<Q:q')=~ TI (Up:U;p).(lR*:lR+)= TI cp(p"p)=cp(m),
p:F-PCX) P=FPrx;
where cp is the Euler function. Therefore

(C<Q: C;;;) = [<Q (,urn): <QJ = (C<Q: N C<Q(I'~»)'
whence C~ = N C<Q(I'~l' thus proving the theorem. o
By the above theorem we obtain another proof of the theorem of
Kronecker-Weber (see Chap. III, (3.8)) that every abelian extension LI<Q is
contained in a field <Q (,urn) of roots of unity.
As a further application of the existence theorem (7.1) we compute the
Galois group of the maximal abelian p-extension of K, which is unramified
outside {pip}.
(7.8) Theorem. Let MplK be the maximal abelian p-extension which is

unramified outside {pip} and let HIK be the maximal unramified, subexten-
sion. We then have an exact sequence
1--+ G(MpIH) --+ G(MpIK) --+ ~tK(P) --+ 1,
where ~tK(P) is the p-part of the ideal class group, and a canonical isomor-
phism
G(MpIH)~TI Up1/(TI Up1)nE,
pip pip
where E is the closure of the (diagonally imbedded) group E of global units in
TI Up.
pip
Proof Let Up = TI Up and U [pI = TI TI Up and 1 00 = TI K:. Then Ii =

pip appil ploo
Up xU [pI x 100. The homomorphism
( ,MpIK): lK --+ G(MpIK)
is surjective, since its image is dense by (6.5) and closed, since C K =I K /K*
= C~ x IR+ by (2.6) and C~ is compact by (2.8). From (6.8) follows, that an
abelian extension LIK is unramified at the primes I'll, if and only if NLIKC L
contains the ideles [up], UpEUp. Therefore the kernel of ( ,MpIK) is the
smallest closed subgroup of I K containing K* and U[p]' 1 00 , such that the
factor group is a pro-p-group, whence
where the bar denotes the closure in the idele topology. We have the
inclusions
- K P [pI ·I OO ·K*=>TT
I K =>11·K*=U·u' - v[p] ·I ·K* . OO
The first factor group is the ideal class group of K and its p-part is
isomorphic to the Galois group of HIK. The second factor group is equal
to
Ik·K*/U[p].I OO .K* = Up/(Upn qp].I OO .K*).
Therefore we obtain an exact sequence
1--+ G(MpIH) --+ G(MpIK) --+ ~tK(P) --+ 1

and an isomorphism
G(MplH)~p-part of Up/Upn qp]'IOO ·K*).
We now show that Up n U[P]' 1 00 • K* = E. Let U; be the group of units in Up

which are == 1 mod pn. Then the groups U;· U[P]' 100 • K* form a fundamental
system of neighborhoods of qp]' l K*, and their intersection is the closure
Cfv •
U[pj"]W, K*. Now it is easily seen that

U;· U[pj"F ·K* n Up= U;.E,
hence Upn U[PJ'P: ·K* =E. We thus obtain

"""'"' - _
G(MpIH)=p-part of Up/E- Up/(Up nE).
1 1 -
o
Since TI Up! is a Zp-module (of rank [K:<QJ), the group
pip
E(p):=EnTI Up!
pip
is also a Zp-module. Let
rp(E) = rank zp E(p)
be its rank. The above theorem yields the equality
For the "p-adic unit rank" rp(E) we have the following important
(7.9) Leopoldt Conjecture. rp(E) = r1 + r2 -1, where r1 is the number of real

primes and r2 the number of complex primes of K, hence
rank zp G(Mp IK)=r 2 + 1.
The Leopoldt conjecture has been proven by A. Brumer for abelian

extensions K I<Q (cf. [13J) but there is no proof in the general case.
§ 8. The Ideal-Theoretic Formulation of Class Field Theory
Up to this point, the concept of an idele has molded the formulation of

almost all the results we have derived concerning global class field theory.
We have seen that the idele-theoretic language has extraordinary theoretical
and technical advantages which fully justify the leading role it has played in
our discussions. However, having come to a certain conclusion, we will now
retrieve the classical, purely ideal-theoretic results as they appear in, say,
Hasse's Zahlbericht [23].
In the idele-theoretic formulation of the reciprocity law, the abelian
extensions L IK are associated in a one-to-one fashion to the norm groups
NLIKCLt;; C K . The situation in the ideal-theoretic version is similar, although
the outward appearance is not quite as simple. Here too we associate
abelian extensions L IK to certain norm groups in the ideal group J K of K.
The norm residue symbol ( , LI K): C K -+ G(LI K) must be replaced by a
symbol which associates ideals to elements of the Galois group G(LIK).
Now, as opposed to the norm residue symbol whose domain of definition
consists of all ideles, we typically cannot define a symbol for all ideals. In
fact, the ideals with ramification in their prime factorization must be ex-
cluded. This is accomplished by choosing a (sufficiently large) cycle of
declaration m which contains all ramified prime ideals. We then consider
only ideals prime to m. This may be interpreted field-theoretically as choos-
ing the imbedding of the abelian extension L IK into the ray class field
mod m in which (by § 7) only prime factors of m are ramified. This process -
namely the choice of a sufficiently large cycle of declaration m for a given
abelian extension L IK, the transition to the ideals prime to m, and the
imbedding of LIK in the ray class field mod m - is the hallmark of the
ideal-theoretic formulation of the reciprocity law. We are now ready to turn
to the more precise description of how this works in what follows.
Let K be an algebraic number field and let again J K and PK be the ideal
group and the group of principal ideals of K respectively. Since the field K
is fixed once and for all in this paragraph, we write J, P, i, C in place of J K ,
PK , i K, CK •
Let m= TI p"p be a cycle. We denote by
p
Jm the group of all ideals prime to m, and by
pm the group of all principal ideals (a)EP with a == 1 mod p"p for all p 1m.
The congruence a == 1 mod p"p is meant in the sense of § 7. The group pm

is called the ray mod m, and the group ;m/p m is called the (ideal-theoretic)
ray class group modm. For m=l we have j'H=J and pm=p, so the ray
class group mod 1 is the usual ideal class group. In the case K = <Q and m
=m· Poo' mEJN, we have canonically
;m/pm ~(71/m71)*.
Namely, each ideal (a) in Jm has two generators, a and -a. Mapping the
positive generator to its residue class modm, we obtain a surjective homo-
morphism ;m --> (71/m71)*, the kernel of which consist of all ideals (a) such
that the positive generator is == 1 mod m, and these are precisely the ideals
(a) with a == 1 mod p"p for pi m.
The connection of the idele-theoretic language and the ideal-theoretic
language is given by
(8.1) Proposition. The homomorphism

K: i---->J,
induces an isomorphism
Proof We have Cjcm=ljlm·K*. Let
l<m>={iXE/liXp=lfor all plm}.
Then 1=I<m>·/m·K*. Namely, if iXE/, then by the approximation theorem

there exists an element aEK* such that iXp·a== 1 modpnp for plm. We write
iXp·a={3p·Yp with
{3p=l for plm and {31'=iX1'a for p,1tm,
Y1'=iX1'·a for plm and Y1'=l for p,1tm.
Then ({3p)E/<m> and (y1')El m, hence iX=({31')(y 1' )·a- 1 E/<m>./ m.K*. We now
have
and the homomorphism K: I -+ J induces a surjective homomorphism
I<m> -+Jmjpm, iXf-> K(iX) mod pm,
the kernel of which is 1m. K* (ll<m> since from K(iX) = TI

pv1'(a1' )= (a)
= TI
pv1'(a)Epm follows iX1'a- 1 == 1 mod p"1' for all p. 1',(00 0
1',(00
Let L IK be an abelian extension, p an unramified prime ideal of K and

'l3 a prime ideal of Labove p. The decomposition group G(L'1liK1')<:;G(LIK)
is then generated by the Frobenius automorphism
where n1' is a prime element of K1" As an automorphism of L, ({J1' is

uniquely determined by the congruence
({J1'a == aq mod 'l3 for all integers a of L,

where q is the cardinality of the residue class field. We set
Now let m be a cycle of K such that L is contained in the ray class field
mod m. Such a cycle is called a cycle of declaration for LIK. Since, by (7.6),
every prime ideal p,1tm is unramified in L, we obtain a canonical homomor-
phism
given by
(L~K) is called the Artin symbol. If V is a prime ideal and n" a prime
element of K", then, clearly,
LIK) =([n,,], LIK).
(-p-
The following theorem gives the link between the idele-theoretic and the
ideal-theoretic version of Artin's reciprocity law.
(8.2) Theorem. Let L IK be an abelian extension and let m be a cycle of

declaration of L IK. Then the Artin symbol induces a surjective homomorphism
with kernel Hm/pm, where H m = NL1KJ']:. pm, J']: being the group of ideals of L
prime to m.
Moreover we have an exact commutative diagram
1---NL1K C L- - - - - + . CK (,LIK). G(LIK)---l
1Km 1
Km (LIK) lid
1--- Hm/pm • Jm/pm_~_-+. G(LIK)---1.
Proof The isomorphism Km: C K/ Cr;" ~ Jm / pm yields a commutative dia-

gram
( L'I7)
" ,n • G(LIK)
lid
f • G(LIK)
and we show that f is given by the Artin symbol. As in the proof of (8.1)
we see that every class of CK/Cr;" is represented by an idele in lit>
= {IXEIKIIX" = 1 for plm}. This implies, that the group CK/Cr;" is generated by
the classes of the ideles en,,], where p is a prime ideal not dividing m and n"
is a prime element of K". Now, if CECK/Cr;" is the class of en,,], then Km(C)
=p mod pm and
f(Km(c»=(c, LIK)=([n p ], LI K)= (L~K).
This proves that f: r/pm--+G(LIK) is induced by the Artin symbol
LIK)
(- - : Jm --+ G(L IK) an d'IS surjective.
..
It remains to prove that the image of NL1KC L under Km: CK--+Jm/pm is

the group Hm/pm. Setting lim> = {IXEILIIX'll= 1 for ~Im} we have again IL
= lim> . I']:· L*, and therefore
NLIK C L/c m-N
K- LIK I L ·K*/Im·K*-N
K - LIK I<m>·Im.K*/Im.K*
L K K .
The isomorphism
Km: CK/C';.=Iit>·I';..K*/I';..K*~ J;/PKm
associates to the class of aEI~t> the class of the ideal K(a)= TI pVV(~V)EJ;.
V./'OO
The elements of NLIK CL/ C';. are the classes represented by the norm ideles
NLIKIim> in I~m>. They are therefore mapped precisely onto the classes of
the norm ideals NL1KJ;: in J;, whence Km(NLIKCdC';.)=NLIKJ;:·P;'/P/t D
LIK)
(8.3) Corollary. The Artin symbol (- - , aEJm, depends only on the class
a mod pm and yields an isomorphism a
The group Hm=NL1KJ;:·pm is called the "ideal group declared mod m"
corresponding to LIK. From (7.1) it follows that the map L~ H m yields a
1 -I-correspondence between the subextensions of the ray class field mod m
and the subgroups of Jm containing pm. The following theorem shows that
the way in which an unramified prime ideal p splits in L can be read
directly from the ideal group H m which determines L.
(8.4) Theorem (Prime decomposition law). Let LIK be an abelian exten-

sion of degree n and let p be an unramified prime ideal. Let m be a cycle of
declaration of LIK not divisible by p (e.g., the conductor) and let H m be the
corresponding ideal group.
If f is the order of p mod H m in the ideal class group Jm / H m, i.e. the
smallest number such that
then p splits in L into a product
n
of r =7 different prime ideals ~1' ... , ~r of degree f over p.
Proof Let p = ~1 •...• ~r be the prime decomposition of p in L. Since p

is unramified, the ~i are distinct and of equal degree f This degree is the
order of the decomposition group of ~i over K, hence the order of the
Frobenius <fJ v = (L~K). Because of the isomorphism Jm/Hm~G(LIK), this
order is the order of p mod H m in Jm / H m, proving the theorem. D
The theorem shows in particular that the prime ideals which are totally
decomposed are precisely the prime ideals contained in the ideal group Hm.
Since the Hilbert class field K11 K, i.e. the ray class field mod 1, belongs to
the group P ~ J of principal ideals, we thus obtain the
(8.5) Corollary. The prime ideals of K which are totally decomposed in

the Hilbert class field are precisely the principal prime ideals.
It is easy to see that the Hilbert class field of K is characterized by this

property. We shall see later the most interesting fact that an arbitrary (not
necessarily abelian) Galois extension L IK is completely determined by the
set P(LIK) of all prime ideals which are totally decomposed in L.
The Hilbert class field has another most remarkable property, namely:
(8.6) Theorem (Principal ideal theorem). Every ideal a of K becomes a

principal ideal in the Hilbert class field.
Proof Let K 11K be the Hilbert class field of K and let K 21 K 1 be the
Hilbert class field of K l ' We have to show that the canonical homomor-
phism
JKIPK -JK,IPK1
is trivial. By Chap. II, (3.3) we have a commutative diagram
JK,IPK1 ~ CK,ICt ~G(K2IK1)
I Ii rVer
JKIPK ~ CKICi ~ G(K 1IK),
where i is induced by the inclusion CK~ CK . It therefore suffices to show
that the Verlagerung
is the trivial homomorphism. Since by (7.6) K11K is the maximal unramified

abelian extension of K, it is the maximal abelian subextension of K 21 K, so
that G(K2IK1) is the commutator subgroup of G(K2IK). We are thus
reduced to prove the following purely group-theoretic result.
(8.7) Theorem. If G is a finitely generated group whose commutator

subgroup G' is of finite index, then
Ver: GIG' - G'IG"
is the trivial homomorphism.
For this theorem we give a proof due to E. Witt [55]. In the group ring
Z[G]=O~: nuulnuEZ} we consider the "augmentation ideal" I G , which, by
UEG
definition, is the kernel of the ring homomorphism
a a
For each subgroup H of G we have lH~IG and {-r-llrEH, r=l=l} is a 7l-

basis of lHo We first prove the following lemma, which is of a general
interest, in that it yields an additive interpretation of the Verlagerungo
(8.8) Lemma. For any subgroup H of G of finite index we have a

commutative diagram
where the isomorphisms b are induced by aHba=a-l and the homomor-

phism S is given by
S(x modl~)=x. I
p modIG·l H,
pER
R being any set of left representatives of G/H, lER.
Proof We first show that the homomorphism

H/H' ~ (IH+lGolH)/IGolH' (*)
induced by r--+br=r-l has an inverseo The elements pobr, rEH, r=l=l,
pER, form a 7l-basis of lH+lGolU- Namely, from
pbr=br+ bpo br
it follows that they generate I H+ I GO I H' and if 0="
~
np,t opbr =
p, ,
Inp"(pr-p)=Inp,,pr-I(Inp,,)p, then np,,=O, since the por,p are

p. t p, t P t
pairwise distinct. Mapping po br to r mod H', we obtain a homomorphism

lH +IGolH --+ H/H',
which maps b(por')obr=pob(r'r)-pobr'-pobr onto r'ror'-lr-1=1 modH',
and thus induces an inverse of (*)0 Setting H = G we obtain the isomorphism
G/G' ~ lG/l~o
The Verlagerung is obtained by
Ver(amodG')= TI apmodH',
pER
where apEH is defined by ap=p'a p, p'ER. Therefore Ver induces the

homomorphism
given by S(bO'mod1~)= L bO'pmod1

pER
G ·1 H . From O'p=p'O'p the identity
bp + (bO')p = bO' p+ bp' + bp'· bO' p

follows. Since p' runs through R if p does, this implies
S(bO'mod1~)== L bO'p== L (bO')p=bO' L pmod1 G ·1 H • 0

pER pER pER
Proof of Theorem (8.7). Replacing G by GIG", we may assume that

G" = {l}, so that G' is abelian. Let R be a set of left representatives of
GIG', and let 0'1' ... ,0'. be a set of generators of G. Mapping
ei=(O, ... ,0,1,0, ... , O)EZ· to O'i' we have an exact sequence
o->Z"~ Z" -> GIG' -> 1,

where f is given by an n x n-matrix (m ik ) with det (m ik ) = (G: G'). Therefore
n
TIO'7"k"k=l with 'kEG'.

i= 1
From the formulas b(xy)=bx+by+bxby, b(x- 1 )= -(bx)x- 1 we find by

iteration
with Pik == mik mod I G' since the 'k are products of commutators of the O'i and
0',-1. Regarding (f1,k) as a matrix in the commutative group ring
Z[GIG'J ~Z[GJ/Z[GJ ·I G ,
it makes sense to form the determinant p=det(Pik)EZ[GIG']. If (A k ) is the

adjoint matrix of (Pik)' then
(bO'j)' P = L (bO';)PikAkj == 0 mod I G' Z [GJ· I G'

"k
hence (bO')·p==Omod1G·Z[Gl1G,=IG1G' for all 0'. From this
P == L p mod Z [GJ . I G'

pER
follows. Namely, setting P= L npp, p=pmodG', we have for all aEGIG'
ap= L npap= L npp,

p p
showing that the np are all equal, i.e. p==m L pmodZ[GJ·1 G, and since
pER
p==det(m,k) ==(G: G')==m·(G: G') mod1G
we have m = 1. Applying Lemma (8.8) we see that the Verlagerung is the

trivial homomorphism, since
S(c5O"modI~)=c5O". L p=(c5O").J1=OmodI G ·I G ,· o
peR
A problem closely related to the principal ideal theorem, and first raised
by Ph. Furtwangler, is the class field tower problem. The question is whether
the class field tower
K=Ko~Kl~K2~K3~'"
(K i + 1 the Hilbert class field of KJ stops after finitely many steps. A positive
answer to this question would have the following interesting consequence. If
Ki = Ki+ 1 for sufficiently large i, then Ki has class number 1, i.e. every
number field K would be contained in a canonical solvable finite extension
field in which all ideals are principal. This problem resisted a solution for a
long time. It was answered negatively by E.S. Golod and I.R. Safarevic in
1964, i.e. there are in fact infinite class field towers (cf. [22], [15]).
§ 9. The Reciprocity Law of Power Residues
Let n be a natural number and K an algebraic number field containing the

group J1 n of n-th roots of unity. In Chap. III, § 5 we defined the Hilbert
symbol
by
Letting p run through all primes of K, we obtain the product formula:
(9.1) Theorem. If a, bEK*, then
1] (a~b) = 1.
Proof By (6.7) we have
[1] (a/)] Vb= 1] (a, Kp(Vb)IKp)Vb=(a, K(Vb)IK)Vb=Vb,

whence the theorem.
In Chap. III we defined the power residue symbol

§ 9. The Reciprocity Law of Power Residues 111
where p is a prime ideal of K prime to n, aE U" and n a prime element of

K". We have seen that this definition does not depend on the choice of the
prime element n, and that
(~ ) == 1 mod p ¢> a == IXn mod p,
and more generally

q-l
~ ==a-n-modp,
()
q=91(p).
(9.2) Definition. For any ideal b = TI p v" of K prime to n and any

""rn
number a, prime to b, we define the n-th power residue symbol by
(-a)b = TI (a)V"
-P .
",(n
Clearly, the power residue symbol (~) is multiplicative in both argu-

ments. If b is a principal ideal (b), then we simply write (~) = (~). We now
prove the general reciprocity law of n-th power residues.
(9.3) Theorem. If a, bEK* are prime to each other and to n, then
(-.- l (a, b)
a Ib)-l =TI-
b) ~a P . "In.oo
Proof. For p{b·n· 00 we have
because a=u'nv,,(a) for a prime element n of K", and because (U~b)=l,

since u, bE U", and by the same reason
(a~b)=l
1" - if p{a·b·n· 00.
From (9.2) we therefore obtain
(~). (~)-1 = TI (~)V"(b). TI (~)-v,,(a) = TI (~)V,,(b). (~)-v,,(a)

b a "I(b) P "I(a) P "I(a'b) P P
=TI (-a)V,,(b) .-
(b)-v,,(a)
=TI (b-'a) =TI-'
(a b)
o
",(n'oo P P ",(n'oo P "In'oo P
Applying the above theorem to the case K = <Q and n = 2 and using the
explicit formulas Chap. III, (5.6) for the Hilbert symbol ( a, for p = 2 (and pb)
p = Cf)) we obtain the celebrated
(9.4) Theorem (Gauss' Reciprocity Law). Let K =<Q, n = 2, and let a and
b be coprime non-negative odd integers. Then
(~ ). (~b) =(-1)-2-'-2- a-1 b-1
and furthermore
-1) ~ (y;=(-1)8.
(T=(-1)2, 2) ~
For the last equality one needs once again the product formula:
(~) = n (P, 2)Vp(b) = n 2) = (2, b). (2, b) =( _1(;1.

(b,
b p'* 2, 0Ci P p'* 2, 0Ci P 2 Cf)
The Gauss reciprocity law on quadratic residues was the historical

starting point of the long development of class field theory. The search for
similar laws for the higher power residues (i.e. n > 2) has long dominated
number theory. It was the study of this problem which led Kummer to his
pioneering invention of ideal theory. On the basis of this work it slowly
became evident that the true explanation of the classical reciprocity laws
was the theory of the norm residue symbol, which found its general culmi-
nation in Artin's reciprocity law. The above reciprocity law (9.3) of arbitrary
power residues is now a simple and special consequence of Artin's law. But
it is still not the final answer to the original question, in that it remains to
explicitly compute the Hilbert symbols (a~b) for pin' 00. However, it seems
to me that the work of Bruckner [14], already mentioned in Chap. III, § 5,
gives a far-reaching and very general answer to this problem (see also [52]).
Chapter V. Zeta Functions and L-Series
§ 1. The Riemann Zeta Function
"The zeta function knows everything about the number field. We just have
to prevail on it to tell us" (G. Harder). These words briefly express one of
the most remarkable phenomena in number theory, namely, that many of
the inner arithmetic properties of an algebraic number field are concealed in
a single complex analytic function, the zeta function. The basic prototype of
such a function is the Riemann zeta function
co 1
(s)= I s'
n=1 n
More generally, we will have to consider the "Dirichlet series"
a:n
co
I
n=1
where {an} is a sequence of complex numbers, and s is a complex variable.

About these series we prove two basic lemmas.
a
L -;- converges for some s=so, then
co
(1.1) Lemma. If the Dirichlet series
n=1 n
it converges for any s with Re (s» Re (so) uniformly on any compact subset of
this region.
Moreover, it converges uniformly and absolutely on the half plane
Re(s)~ Re (so) + 1 + D for any D>0.
n ak
Proof Let Pn(s)= I k S ' Then for m<n we have
k=1
114 Chapter V. Zeta Functions and L-Series
The absolute value of
is easily estimated. If 6> 0 and Re (8) ~ Re(8 0 ) + 6, then we conclude that

n
I ~~ is uniformly small if Is - sol is bounded, whence the first assertion
k~m+l
of the lemma.
For the second assertion we note that there exists a constant C such
that lanl~C·n"o, (Jo=Re(so), since ~ is a zero sequence. Now for all
nSo
Re(s)~(Jo+1+6 we have
an I <15J. _1_ < ~

In S -n"o nl+b-n l + b '
i.e. the series I I:~ I is dominated by the convergent series CI n/+ b ' 0
The abscissa of convergence of the Dirichlet series

n
is the smallest I
n~ 1
a~
real number (J 0 such that the series converges for Re (s) > (J o' Lemma (1.1)
shows that the series represents an analytic function in this half plane, but
does not converge for any 8 with Re(s)<(Jo'
(1.2) Lemma. Assume that there exist numbers C and (J 1 > 0 such that
la l + ... +anl ~ Cn"!
a
I
cc
for all n. Then the abscissa of convergence of ~ is ~ (J 1 .
n~l n
If 6>0 and Re(s)=(J~(Jl +6, then
IAk kf x~:ll ~ kf X"~~+l'

k
C
k
Taking the second sum from k = m + 1 to 00, we find
I n
I
al (1
k~ ~c b+(
1)
+l)b +Clsi I
00
kl+b
1
k~m+l n m k~m+l
thus proving the lemma. o

§ 1. The Riemann Zeta Function 115
We now prove the basic properties of the Riemann zeta function.
1
Ls
00
(1.3) Theorem. (i) The series ((s) = has the abscissa of convergence
n n~1
1. It converges uniformly and absolutely in the region Re (s) ~ 1 + 0 for every
0>0.
(ii) ((s) has an analytic continuation to Re(s»O except for a simple pole at
s = 1 with residue 1.
(iii) For Re (s) > 1 we have
1
((s) = TI --p1
p
-s (Euler identity)
the product being taken over all prime numbers p.
Proof Let 0> O. Then for (j" = Re (s) ~ 1 + 0 we have
I~sl=:a~n/+d'
showing that the series
This proves (i). n
L 1-;1
is dominated by the convergent series L
n
/H·
For the analytic continuation we use the series
The partial sums of the coefficients are equal to 0 or 1 and are therefore
bounded. Lemma (1.2) shows that the abscissa of convergence of (2(S) is 0,
i.e. (2 (s) is analytic for Re (s) > O. But for Re (s) > 1 we have
2
2 ((s)+(2(s)=((s),
8
i.e. ((s)= 1- ~1-S (2 (s), showing the meromorphic continuation to Re(s) >0.
To show that ((s) has no poles for s *1, we consider the series
1 1 1 r-1 1
(r(s)=p+ 2s + ... + (r-1)S +7+ (r+ 1)S + ...
with r = 2,3, .... Then just as for r = 2, we see that the partial sums of the
coefficients of (r(s) are bounded by r, and Lemma (1.2) shows that (r(s) is
analytic for Re (s) > O. Furthermore we get
1
((s)=1 1_s(r(s).
-r
Therefore, if s *1 is a pole of ((s), then r1- = 1 for all r, which is impossible.

s
Next we show that ((s) has a pole of order 1 at s= 1 with residue 1. For
real s> 1 we have
n+ 1
J dx <~<
n
r dx hence
N
J-x'< I
dx N 1Jdx
-<1+ - ,
N
x' n' J x" n= 1 n' x'

n n-1 1 1
and therefore
J-:o:::;((s):O:::;l+ J-dxx'= 1 +s-l1- ,
00 00
- 1- = dx
s-l x'
1 1
whence lim (s-l)((s)=l as desired .

• ~1+0
We finally prove the Euler identity
1
((s)=TI-
1 _.' Re(s»1.
p -p
For every prime number p we have the absolutely converging series
1 1 1
--1 = 1 + p' + p2. + ....
1--
p'
Multiplying these series for all prime numbers P1' ... , Pr :o:::;N, we obtain
1 00 1 ~I ~
TI 1 _ P-. = k"
p~N
I
... ,kr=O
(k'
P1 ... Prkr ). n n'
L...
where I' is the sum over all natural numbers which are divisible only by
1
I' I
00
the prime numbers :o:::;N. Comparing the series with ((s)= s' we
obtain n=l n
TI
1P5N
_1 _.-((S)I<
1 P n>N n
L I!.I-+o as N-+oo,
remembering that ~ !. converges absolutely for Re (s) > 1. This proves the
Euler identity. n=1 n 0
We mention without proof that the zeta function ((s) actually has a
meromorphic continuation to the whole complex plane and satisfies a
functional equation which combines the argument s with l-s. Namely, if
r(s) is the ordinary gamma function, then the function
~(s)=n-s!2 r(~) ((s)
is merom orphic in the entire s-plane, holomorphic except for simple poles at
s = 0 and s = 1, and satisfies the equation
~(s)=~(l-s).
From the Euler identity we see that ((s)=4=O for Re(s) > 1. Using the func-
tional equation, we obtain that the zeros of ((s) for Re(s)<O are precisely
the poles of the function r(t), i.e. are the numbers s= -2, -4, -6, ....
These are called the trivial zeros of ((s). Thus the other zeros must lie in the
"critical strip" O~Re(s)~ 1, and for these we have the celebrated
Riemann Hypothesis. If s is a non-trivial zero of ((s), then
Re(s)=!.
§ 2. The Dedekind Zeta Function
We generalize the Riemann zeta function as follows. Let K be a fixed

algebraic number field. For every ideal 0 of the ring (!)K of integers of K we
denote by 91(0)= # (!)K/O the absolute norm of o.
(2.1) Definition. The Dedekind zeta function of K is defined by
where 0 runs over all integral ideals of K.
The Dedekind zeta function has properties similar to the Riemann zeta
function ((s)=(<Q(s):
1
(2.2) Theorem. (i) The series (K(S) = ~ 91(o)S has the abscissa of con-
vergence 1. It converges uniformly and absolutely in the region Re(s)~ 1 +15
for every 15 > O.
1
(ii) (K(S) has an analytic continuation to Re(s) > 1 = N' N = [K: CQJ, except
for a simple pole at s = 1 with residue
2" (2n)'2 . R
lim (s-1)(K(s)=K·h, with K=---==--
s~1+0 m·VTDT .
Here h is the class number of K, r1 is the number of the real and r2 the
number of complex places of K, R is the regulator, m the number of roots of
unity in K and D the discriminant.
(iii) For Re(s» 1 we have the Euler identity

1
(K(S) = IJ 1-91(p)-S'
where the product is taken over all prime ideals of K.
Proof Consider the product

1
E(s)= IJ 1-91(p)-S
Taking logarithms we formally obtain

1
10gE(s)= ~ ~ n91(p)ns
If 91(p)=pfp, then we have LfpsN=[K:<Q]. Therefore, for Re(s)=O"> 1

pip
the above sum is dominated by
N
L -=N·log((O")
p,n npna
and is thus absolutely and uniformly convergent for Re(s)~ 1 +<5, as in the
case of (<I,) = (. Taking the exponential function and multiplying out the
product we find
exp (~(~n91~p)ns))=IJ1-~(P)'=IJ (1+91~P)'+91(~?s+.")

1
= ~ 91(0)' = (K(S).
This shows that the series

1
L _1_s
a91(0)
converges uniformly for Re (s) ~ 1 + <5 and
is equal to IJ 1-91(p)-s'
We now prove the assertion (ii). For every class Sl in the ideal class
group JK/PK we define the partial zeta function
1
((s,Sl)= L ~(
aE.I\ ~l 0
)S'
o running over the integral ideals in R Then

(K(S) = L ((s, Sl) .
.l\EJK/PK
If we write
" an
((s,Sl)=L..s,
n n
then obviously, An=a 1 + ... +an is equal to the number j(Sl, n) of integral
ideals in Sl with 91(o)Sn. Now the number of integral ideals in Sl of norm
91( a):::; t is computed in Minkowski's theory by
j(~, t)=Kt+O(t l - l/N ), where K= y

2rt ·(2n)'2.R
.
miDI
We now consider the function
b
L
00
f(s)=((s,~)-K((s)= ~.
n=l n
We have bl + ... +bn=An-Kn=O(nl-l/N), hence
Ib l + ... +bnl:::; C·n l - l/N .
Therefore, by Lemma (1.2), f(s) is analytic for Re (s) > 1-~. As ((s) is
N
analytic for Re(s»O except for a simple pole at s= 1 with residue 1, we
obtain that ((~,s)=K((s)+f(s) is analytic for Re(s»l-~ except for a
simple pole at s = 1 with residue K, and this proves (ii). N 0
Remark. The formula

lim (s-lKK(s)= 2rt .(2n)'2. R . h
s~l+O mYIDI
for the residue of the Dedekind zeta function (K(S) at s = 1 is called the
analytic class number formula and is of great importance. If we know the
prime ideals p of a field K sufficiently well (more precisely, if we know the
decomposition law of the rational primes in K), then by the Euler identity
1] 1
(K(S)= 1-91(p)-S and the class number formula we may deduce an
explicit formula for the class number h of K.
But the class number formula has also a far reaching theoretical mean-
ing, in that there are many analogues and generalizations in other areas of
number theory. For ex empie, in Iwasawa theory, the complex function (K(S)
is replaced by a p-adic function, the so called Leopoldt zeta function, and it
is conjectured that there is a p-adic analogue of the above formula, where
the complex regulator R is replaced by a p-adic determinant of global units.
A higher dimensional analogue, also highly conjectural, can be seen in
the famous conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer. Here the Dedekind
zeta function is replaced by a zeta function which is associated to an elliptic
curve E and the class number formula is replaced by a similar formula
which would give us deep information on the rational solutions of the
diophantine equations defining elliptic curves.
We finally mention that the Dedekind zeta function has a meromorphic
continuation to the whole complex plane and satisfies a functional equation.
Namely, setting
the function
~K(S) = G1 (s)"· Gz (S)'2. (K(S)
is meromorphic in the entire s-plane, holomorphic except for simple poles at
s = 0 and s = 1, and satisfies the functional equation
~K(S)= IDI!-s~K(1- s),
where D is the discriminant of K.
§ 3. The Dirichlet L-Series
In this section we introduce a further generalization of the zeta functions.

Let G be a finite abelian group. A character of G is a homomorphism of G
into the multiplicative group of roots of unity in <C. If X is a character, then
if X =1= 1
L X(X)={~G
XEG tr if x= 1.
If X= 1 this is clear. If X =1= 1, then for some YEG we have X(y) =1= 1 and the
assertion follows from
L X(x) = L X(x· y) = X(y) L X(x).
XEG XEG XEG
(3.1) Definition. Let m be a cycle of K and let X be a character of the

ray class group J';./pKm mod m (see Chap. IV, § 8). Then we define the Dirich-
let L-series of X by
where we have set X(a)=O if (a, m)=I= 1.
For m = 1 and X = 1 we obtain the Dedekind zeta function (K(S)

= L _1_. Another important specialization is obtained when we take K
a 91(a)'
=<Q and m=m·poo. Then J:/Pt~(71/m71)*, so X is a character of (71/m71)*.
In this case we obtain the classical Dirichlet L-series
x(n)
L1 -. '
00
Lm(s, X)=
n~ n
where we have set x(n) = 0 if (n, m)=!= 1.
The general L-series Lm(s, X) converges absolutely and uniformly in the
same manner as the Dedekind zeta functions (K(S) and we see in the same
way as before that
1
Lm(s,X)= TI () for Re(s»1.
p,(m 1-~
91(p)'
§ 4. The Artin L-Series 121
But in contrast to the Dedekind zeta function, the L-series Lm(s, X) is

analytic at s = 1 if X=1= 1.
(3.2) Theorem. If X=1= 1, then the L-series Lm(s, X) is convergent for

1
Re(s) > 1- N' N = [K:<QJ, and is an analytic function in that half plane.
Proof For every class REJ';/PKm we consider the partial zeta function
1
((s,R)= ~ ~( )S;
QE.It ;I~ a
collecting terms we have

Lm(s, X)= L X(R) ((s, R).
.It
Writing again
a
L
00
((s,R)= ~,
n=l n
then An=a1+ ... +an is the number of ideals a in R with 91(a)::;n. On the
1
other hand for this number one gets Km-n+O(n1-N) by slightly modifying
Minkowski's theory for the ideal classes of JK/PK (cf. [38J Chap. VI, § 3,
Th. 3). Therefore, writing
and using LX(R)=O for x=1= 1, we obtain

.It
l-.!. l-.!.
b1 + ... +b n = L X(R)Km-n+O(n N)=O(n N) .
.It
Therefore, by Lemma (1.2), the series Lm(s, X) converges for Re (s) > 1 -~ and
is an analytic function in that half plane. N 0
We finally mention without proof that the L-series Lm(s, X) has an analyt-
ic continuation on the entire complex plane for X=1= 1 and satisfies a func-
tional equation of the same type as the Dedekind zeta function (cf. [23J, I,
§ 9, Th. 1.5).
§ 4_ The Artin L-Series
The L-series which we have considered so far are associated to a fixed

algebraic number field K_ We now introduce a new kind of L-series, the
Artin L-series, which are associated to Galois extensions and which, prin-
cipally, are defined in a completely different way from the Dirichlet L-series.
The definition of the Artin L-series uses the representation theory of finite
groups, of which we recall the basic facts (cf. [49]).
A representation of a finite group G is an operation of G on a finite
dimensional complex vector space V, i.e. a homomorphism
p: G-GL(V).
The degree of p is the dimension of V. The representation (p, V) is irreduc-
ible if the G-module V contains no proper G-submodule. Two represen-
tations (p, V) and (p', V') are called equivalent if the G-modules V and V' are
isomorphic. Every representation (p, V) decomposes into a direct sum V
= V1 EB ... EB V. of irreducible representations. If an irreducible representation
(Pa.' t;,) is equivalent with precisely ra. representations in this decomposition,
then we call ra. the multiplicity of p", in p and we write
p~ L ra.pa.
where Pa. runs through the non-equivalent irreducible representations of G.
The character X of a representation (p, V) is the function
X: G-<C, X(CT)=tracep(CT),
which depends only on the conjugacy classes <CT) of G. The main result of
the theory is:
Two representations are equivalent if and only if their characters are
equal. If p~Lra.pa.' then
where Xa. is the character of the irreducible representation Pa.' For these
irreducible characters we have the relations
if P
L Xa.(CT)XfJ(CT-l)={~G
UEG tr if
rJ. =l=
rJ.= p,
if <CT) =l= <r)
L X",(CT)' Xa.(r) = fO # G if <CT)=<r).
", l#<CT)
Here Xa. denotes the complex conjugate character of X and <CT) the con-
jugacy class of CT. The character X which is identically 1 is called the
principal character.
If H is a subgroup of G and p: H -GL(V) a representation of H, then
the induced G-module M~ (V) (see Chap. I, § 3) is a representation ind (p) of
G. If ljJ is the character of p, then the character of ind(p) is denoted by XI/!'
It is given by
where T runs over a set of right representatives for the cosets of H in G, and
where we set t/I(TUC1)=0 whenever TUC I ¢:H.
Now let LI K be a Galois extension with group G and let (p, V) be a

representation of G. We denote the action of uEG on VE V simply by uv in
place of p(u)v. Let p be a prime ideal of K and let 'l3lp a prime ideal of L
lying above p. Let G'll be the decomposition group and T'll the inertia group of
'l31 p. Then the factor group G'll/T'll is generated by the Frobenius automor-
phism CfJ'll' CfJ'll is an endomorphism of the fixed module VT'll. The character-
istic polynomial
det(l- CfJ 'llt; VT'll)
depends only on the prime p and not on the choice of the prime 'l3 above p:
another choice 'l3' 1p gives an endomorphism conjugate to CfJ'll' since the
decomposition groups G'll' and G'll' the inertia groups T'll' and T'll and the
Frobenius automorphisms CfJ'll' and CfJ'll are simultaneously conjugate. More-
over, the determinant depends only on the character X of p, since two
representations with the same character are equivalent. We therefore can
make the
(4.1) Definition. Let L 1K be a Galois extension with group G and let

(p, V) be a representation of G with character X. Then the Artin L-series of p
or X is defined by
1
2(s,x,LIK)=TI
p
d et(l- CfJ'll m( p )-s., VT'll)'
For every <5>0 the Artin L-series converges absolutely and uniformly on
the half plane Re(s)zl +<5. Namely, in the factorization
d
det(l-CfJ'llm(p)-S; V)= TI (l-Gim(p)-S)
i~l
the Gi are roots of unity since CfJ'll is of finite order.

The principal signification of the Artin L-series has to be seen in fact
that they are associated to not necessarily abelian Galois groups in contrast
to the Dirichlet series, which are associated to representations only of
abelian groups. The Artin L-series have the following functorial behaviour
(4.2) Theorem. (i) For the principal character X= 1 we obtain the Dedekind
zeta function
2(s, 1, LIK)= (K(S).
(ii) If I..',:2 L:2 K is a bigger Galois extension, then
2(s, X, I..',IK)=2(s, x, LIK),
viewing the character X of G(LIK) as a character of G(I..',IK).
(iii) If XI'XZ are two characters of G(LIK), then

2'(s, Xl + XZ, LI K) = 2'(s, Xl' LI K)· 2'(s, XZ, LI K).
(iv) If M is an intermediate field, K sMsL, lj; a character of G(LIM) and XtjI
the induced character of G(L I K), then
2'(s, XtjI' LIK)=2'(s, lj;, LIM).
Proof (i) If p: G --+ G L(<C) is the trivial representation p(a) == 1, then

det(1-CP'll91(p)-S; <C) = 1-91(p)-S, i.e. 2'(s, 1, LIK)=(K(S).
(ii) Let 'P' I'P Ip, 'P' a prime of Land 'P a prime of L. G (L IK) acts on the
G(L IK)-module V over the projection G(L IK) --+ G(L IK) which induces ho-
momorphisms
G'll' --+ G'll' T'll' --+ T'll' G'll-/T'll' --+ G'll/T'll
of decomposition and inertia groups. The last one maps the Frobenius CP'll'
of 'P'lp onto the Frobenius CP'll of 'PIt"), so that (cp'll" VT'll') = (cp'll' VT'll), i.e,
det (1- CP'll' t; VT'll') = det (1- CP'll t; VT'll).
(iii) If (p I' VI)' (Pz, Vz ) are representations of G(LI K) with characters XI' xz,
then the direct sum (p I (fJ P Z' VI (fJ Vz ) is a representation with character
Xl+X z and
det (1 - CP'll t; VI (fJ Vz ) = det (1 - CP'll t; VI)' det (1 - CP'll t; Vz)·
(iv) Let G=G(LIK) and H=G(LIM). Let ql' ... ,qr be the different primes
of M lying above p. For each i = 1, , .. , r let 'Pi be a prime of L lying above
qi' Let Gi and T; be the decomposition group and the inertia group of 'Pi
over p. Then Hi = Gi n Hand T;' = T; n H is the decomposition and the
inertia group of 'Pi over qi' The degree of qi over P is h = (G i : Hi T;), i.e.
91(qJ = 91(p )j,.
We choose elements TiEG such that 'Pi='Pl'. Then Gi=Ti1Gl'i and T;
='i- 1 Tl 'i' Let cpEG I be an element which is mapped onto the Frobenius
CP'lllEGt/TI . Then CPi='ilcp'iEGi is mapped onto the Frobenius CP'll,EG;/T;
and the image of cpr' in H;/T;' is the Frobenius of 'Pi over qi'
Now let p: H --+ G L(W) be a representation of H with character lj;. Then
XtjI is the character of the induced representation ind (p) of G on V = M{t (W).
We have obviously to show that
r
det (1 - cP t; VTl) = TI det (1- cp{'tj,; WTi).

;= 1
We reduce this problem to the case G 1=G, i.e. r=1. Conjugation by 'i
yields
and h=(G I :(G 1 n'iHTi-1). Tl)' For each i we choose a system of left repre-
sentatives 'ij of G1 mod G1 n'iH'i-l. Then it is readily checked that {a ij ,;}
is a system of left representatives of G mod H. Therefore we have

V =(±) (Ji/Ci w.
i. j
Setting V;=(±)(Ji/'CiW we obtain a decomposition V=(±) V; of V as a G1 -

j i
module, so that r
det (1- cp t; VTl) = IT det (1- cp t; V;Tl).
i= 1
Therefore it suffices to prove
det(1-cpt; V;Tl)=det(1-cplitli; ('C i WflmiHtcl).
We simplify notations and replace G1 by G, T1 by T, GIn 'r i H 'r i- 1 by H, J;
by f=(G:HT), V; by V and 'riW by W. Then again V=M:!(W), i.e. we are
reduced to the case r = 1, G1 = G.
We may further assume that T= 1. Namely, setting G=G/T,
H=H/TnH we have V T =Mg(WTnH). In fact, a function f: G-+ W in V is
invariant under T precisely when f(x-r) = f(x) for all 'rE T, i.e. when it is
constant on the left (and therefore also on the right) cosets of G mod T, i.e.
when it is a function on G. It then has automatically values in W TnH since
'rf(x)= f(n)= f(x) for 'rETnH.
Assume now that T = 1. Then G is generated by cp, f = (G: H) and hence
1-1
V= (±) cpiW.
i=O
Let A be the matrix of cpl with respect to a basis WI'"'' W d of W. If E

denotes the (d x d)-unit matrix, then
is the matrix of cp with respect to the basis {cpiW). We now obtain the
desired result
-tE
det(1-cpt; V)=det ( :
o
-tA o
The last equality is obtained by multiplying the first row with t and adding
it to the second, then multiplying the second row with t and adding it to the
third, etc. D
(4.3) Corollary. Let Xl be the character of G(LI K) induced by the prin-

cipal character l/I = 1 of {1} ~ G (X 1 is the character of the regular representa-
tion of G), and let
be its decomposition into the irreducible characters Xa.' Then

(L(S)=(K(S)' TI 2(s, Xa.' LIKY··
x.* 1
This formula is an immediate consequence of (4.2) if we remember that

the principal character Xa. = 1 occurs in Xl with multiplicity ra. = 1. The
starting point of Artin's analytical investigations was the question whether
the quotient ~:~:~ is a holomorphic function on the entire complex plane.
Corollary (4.3) shows that this would follow from the famous
Artin conjecture. For every irreducible character X =\= 1 the Artin L-series
2 (s, X, L IK) has an analytic continuation to the entire complex plane.
It is known that 2(s, X, LIK) has a merom orphic continuation to the

complex plane and satisfies a functional equation which we are now going
to describe.
We consider an enlarged L-function of the form
A(s, X) = A(Xy/2 . y(s, X)2(s, X, LIK)
where A(X) is a constant and y(s, X) a function composed of r-functions in
the following way. Put y(s) = n- s/ 2r(s/2). Then we set
y(s, X)= TI Yl'(s, X)
1'100
where
if p is complex
if p is real.
The numbers n, n;, n; have the following meaning. Let X be the character
of the representation (p, V). Then n = dim V. If p is real, then the de-
composition group Gill of a prime ~ above p is generated by an element
w of order 1 or 2, and n;
is the dimension of the eigenspace V ± belonging
to the eigenvalue ± 1 of w.
The constant A(X) is defined by the formula
A(X) = IDKI" 91 (f(X)),
where DK is the discriminant of KICQ and f(X) the "Artin conductor". It is
defined as the ideal
f(x) = p"l'(x), TI
I',/'oo
where
Gi being the i-th ramification group of LIJlI K" and gi its order. Now the
functional equation of the Artin L-series is given by
A(s, x)= W(X)A(l-s, i),

for some constant W(X) of absolute value 1 (the so called Artin root num-
ber). For a proof of this important fact we refer the reader to J. Martinet
[21].
We give another formula for the Artin L-series which shows explicitly its
pure dependence on the character x. Consider all elements of GIJl which are
mapped onto the Frobenius CPIJl under the map GIJl-> GIJl/TIJl. Choose one
fixed element cP of this sort. Then the others are the elements in the coset
cpTIJl. For every m~l we form the "mean values"
where e = *TIJl is the ramification index of p in L.

(4.4) Proposition. For Re (s) > 1 we have
Proof Considt:r the exact sequence 0 --> v T --> V --> v/v T --> 0, T= TIJl. pep)
is equal to p(cplJl) on V T and is zero on V/V T since p(P)V=NT(CPV)EVT.
Therefore
det(l- p(p)t; V)=det(l- p(cplJl)t; V T),
whence the first equality. The second relies on the following general fact. If
rx is any endomorphism of a finite dimensional vector space V, then we have
the identity of formal power series
tm
logdet(l-rxt)-l= I trace (rx m)_.
00
(*)
m~l m
If V has dimension 1 and rx acts as multiplication by a, the formula is
simply the identity
amtm
log(l-at)= - I - .
00
m~l m
The general formula is the sum of dim V such identities, as may be seen by
choosing a basis of V relative to which the matrix of rx is triangular. We
apply this to rx=p(p). We have rxm=p(pm). Namely, the endomorphism J
1
=- I peT) is obviously an idempotent, i.e. J 2 =J, and commutes with
e tETIJl
p(cp). Therefore
p(13m)= p(cpm).j = p(cp)m·r=(p(cp)·j)m= p(13t.
The proposition now follows from (*) and
trace (am) = trace (p(13m)) = X(13m). o
§ 5. The Equality of Dirichlet L-Series and Artin L-Series
Up until now class field theory has not appeared in the analytic develop-
ments in this chapter. We have introduced the Dirichlet L-series on the one
hand, associated to characters of the ideal class groups, and the Artin L-
series on the other hand, associated to characters of a Galois group G(LIK).
The link between these two types of analytic functions is now given by the
reciprocity law, when we restrict ourselves to abelian extensions LIK.
(5.1) Theorem. Let LIK be an abelian extension. Let m be a cycle of

declaration of L IK and let
(LIK): r/Hm--=--+ G(LIK)
be the class field theoretical isomorphism given by the Artin symbol ( LIK)
(see Chap. IV, (8.2)).
If X=l=l is an irreducible character of G(LIK), also viewed as a character
of jm/H m, then the corresponding Dirichlet and Artin-L-series are equal:
Lm(s, X) = !f (s, X, L IK).
Proof Let Lx be the fixed field of the kernel of X and let H; be the ideal
group in jm corresponding to the subextension Lx IK. Passing to the isomor-
phism
we may view X as a character of these two groups having the same L-series
as above. For the Dirichlet L-series this is obvious and for the Artin L-series it
follows from (4.2), (ii). We thus may assume that L=Lx. Moreover, we may
assume that m is the conductor f of LIK, since jm/Hm~jf/Hf.
Let us distinguish between the character X of G(LIK) and the character
X=Xo (LIK) of jm/Hm. We use the representations
Lm(s,X)= n _()
1
and !f (s,x,LIK)=n
1
( ).
p-tm 1-~ p 1-~
91 (13)S 91 (13)S
By Chap. IV, (7.6) p is ramified if and only if plm. For such a ramified
prime we have
1 1
X(p)=- L x(a,)=- x(a) L X(,)=O,
e rETI.\l e rET\ll
where aEG\ll is a fixed element which is mapped onto <(JI.\lEG\ll/T\ll' since X is
a non-trivial character on the inertia group T\ll of ~ Ip. Hence in the Artin
L-series we may omit the factors for plm. If p.1'm, then p is unramified and
X(p)= x(<{J\ll) = X((L~K) ) = X(p).

This proves the theorem. o
The significance of the above theorem lies in the hope that it may be the
germ of a generalization of class field theory to non-abelian Galois exten-
sions. From the equality of the Dirichlet and the Artin L-series one can, in
a sense, retrieve the reciprocity law and, in particular, the decomposition
law of the primes. Namely, from this equality one deduces that the Euler
factors in the product representations of the two L-series are equal, from
which one gets a correspondence between the Frobenius automorphisms
and the prime ideals. By this correspondence one can reconstruct the
reciprocity isomorphism.
Now, the Artin L-series are defined for representations of arbitrary (non-
abelian) Galois groups. Working in the idelic language one can on the other
hand interpret the characters of the ideal class groups Jm/Hm as repre-
sentations of the idele group of K, which one may write as I K = GL1 (A K ),
AK being the ring of adeles of K. Now, replacing GL 1 (A K ) by GL.(A K ) one
obtains also on the other side a non-abelian group. It is possible to as-
sociate L-series to certain representations of GL. (A K)' the "modular repre-
sentations", which can be viewed as analogues of the (abelian) Dirichlet L-
series. The question now is whether one can establish a correspondence
between the modular representations of GL.(A K ) and the Artin repre-
sentations of non-abelian Galois groups G(LIK), such that the correspond-
ing L-series are equal. A correspondence of this kind would yield prime
decomposition laws in non-abelian Galois extensions LIK and could be
interpreted as a generalization of class field theory to the non-abelian case.
This program is at the forefront of modern research, and is called the
"Langlands Philosophy". For an introduction to the ideas of this theory we
refer the reader to [43].
§ 6. Density Theorems
Dirichlet's prime number theorem says that in any "arithmetic progression"

a,a+m, a+2m, a+3m, ... ,
a, mEN, (a, m)= 1, there are infinitely many prime numbers. We now apply
the results of the preceding paragraphs to obtain a far-reaching generaliza-
tion of this theorem.
(6.1) Definition. If M is a set of primes of the number field K, then we

speak of the limit
2::_1_
peM 91(p)'
d(M)= lim
s~l +0 1
~ 91(p)'
as the Dirichlet density of M, if it exists.
TI
From the product representation (K(S)= (1_91(p)-S)-1 we get as in §2
for Re(s»1, I'
1 1 1
log (ds)= p~ m91(pt s ~ 91(p)' + p,~;:o,2 m91(pts'
The last sum obviously represents a function which is analytic at s = 1.
Writing f ~ g if the functions f(s) and g(s) differ by a function analytic at
s = 1, we thus have
log(K(s)~ I
I'
ffi(1 )S ~'I
~t P deg(p)~ 1 ~t
ffi(1 )S'
P
since the sum I 91(1 )S taken over the prime ideals p of degree ~ 2 over
degp;:o,2 P h
<Q is analytic at s= 1. By (2.2) we have furthermore (K(S)~_K_, hence
s-1
1 1
~91(p)'~logs_1'
Therefore, we may write the Dirichlet density also in the form
I_1_
d(M)= lim peM91(p)S
s~l + 0 1
log--
s-1
1
Because of the convergence of the sum ~ 91(p)' over all pnme ideals of
degree> 1, the definition of the Dirichlet density depends only on the prime
ideals in M of the first degree. Omitting or adding finitely many prime
ideals also does not affect the existence and the value of the Dirichlet
density. One also define the "probabilistic" (or "natural") density
<5(M) = lim *{pEMI91(p)sn}.

n~oo * {pl91(p)sn}
It is a simple exercise to show that if c5(M) exists, then also the Dirichlet
density exists and the two densities are equal. The converse is not always
true (see [47], p.26). We now prove the general Dirichlet density theorem.
(6.2) Theorem. Let m be a cycle of K and let Hm be an ideal group with

J m:2 Hm:2 pm of index hm= (J m: Hm).
If 5\0 is a class in Jm/H m, then the set P(5\o) of prime ideals in 5\0 has the
density
For the proof we need the following
(6.3) Lemma. If X is a non-trivial character of Jm/p m, then for the

Dirichlet L-series Lm(s, X) we have
Lm(1, x)=I= O.
Proof Let LIK be the ray class field mod m. i.e. G(LIK)~r/pm. In-
terpreting X as a character of the group G(LIK), then by (5.1) Lm(s, X)
coincides with the Artin L-series 2(s, X, LIK). Now by (5.1)
(L(S) = (K(S)' TI 2(s, X, L IK).

X*l
Since (L(S) and 'ds) both have a simple pole at s = 1, and since the
functions 2(s, X, L I K) = Lm(s, X) are analytic at s = 1 for X9= 1 by (3.2), the
product TI
2(s, X, L IK) has neither a pole nor a zero at s = 1, whence
x*l
2(1, X, L IK)=I=O for X9= 1. D
Proof of (6.2). As for the Dedekind zeta function, for every character X
of the group cm=Jm/H m we have the relation
Multiplying this relation by X(5\0 1) and summing over all X we get

1
log(K(s)+ L X(5\ol)logLm(s,X)~ L
x* 1 .REcm
LX(5\·5\ o l)L ffi( )s·
X l'E.R :It P
Since L m (1,x)=I=O for X9=1, logLm(s,X) is analytic at s=1. Using the relation
if 5\ 9= 5\0
if 5\=5\0'
we get
whence the theorem. D
The theorem shows in particular that the density of the primes in a class
of JmjHm is the same for each class, so the primes are equidistributed over
the classes. Taking K=<Q, m=m·poo and Hm = pm, then rjHm~(71jm71)*
(see Chap. IV, § 8), and we obtain the classical Dirichlet prime number
theorem mentioned above in its sharp form, saying that the prime numbers
in the arithmetic progression
a, a+m, a+2m, a+3m, ... ; (a,m)=1,
have density _1_= 1(1f(71jm71)*.

</J(m)
We now want to prove another density theorem which has particular

importance since it concerns an arbitrary (not necessarily abelian) Galois
extension LIK. For each lJEG(LIK) we consider the set
PL1K(lJ)
of all unramified primes p of K such that there exists a prime '-P Ip of L with
= (LIK)
lJ '-P'
where (L~K) is the Frobenius automorphism <Pill of '-P over K. It is clear
that the set PL1dlJ) depends only on the conjugacy class (lJ) of lJ in G(LIK)
and that PLIK(lJ)nPLIK(r)=0 if (lJ)=1=(r). The question is, what is the
density of the set PL1K(lJ)? The answer is given by Tchebotarev's density
theorem:
(6.4) Theorem. Let LIK be a Galois extension with group G. Then for
each lJE G the set PL1K(lJ) has a density and this density is
#(lJ)
d(PLIK(lJ))=~.
Proof Suppose first that G is generated by lJ. Let m be the conductor of

LIK. Then LIK is the class field of an ideal group H m,Jm2H m2pm. Let
5t.EJ m jH m be the class associated to lJ under the isomorphism
given by the Artin symbol pH (L~K). Then PL1K(o") consists of precisely

those prime ideals p lying in the class R Therefore, by Dirichlet's density
theorem (6.2), PL1K(u) has density
1 1 *(u)
d(PL1K(U»=h m = *G=#"G·
In the general case let 1: be the fixed field of u. If f is the order of u, then
d(PL1I(u» =71 by what we have just seen. Let P(u)
-
be the set of primes ~ of
L with ~lpEPLIK(U) and (L~K)=u. Then P(u) is in bijection with the set
P{II(U) of those primes q in nII(U) with 1: q =K p , qlp. Since the other primes
in Pw(u) are either ramified or have degree > lover <Q, we may omit them
and obtain
d(P{II(U» =d(PL1I(u» =7·
Now consider the surjective map
p: P{II(U)-+PL1K(u), q-+Knq.
Since P{II(U) ~ P(u), for each p E PL1K(u) we find
p-l (p) ~ {~E P(u)1 ~Ip} ~Z(u)/G'll'
where Z(u)={rEGlru=ur} is the centralizer of u and G'll = (u) is the decom-
position group of ~ over K. Therefore
o
The Tchebotarev density theorem has quite a number of surpnsmg
consequences which we shall now derive. If Sand T are any sets of primes
of K, then we write
S~T,
if S is contained in T up to a finite number of elements, and S ~ T, if S ~ T
and T~S.
Let L IK be a finite extension of algebraic number fields. Then we denote
by P(L IK) the set of all unramified primes p of K which in L have a prime
divisor ~ of degree one over K. Thus, if LIK is Galois, then P(LIK)
consists of all primes which split completely in L. In the general case
let N IK be any normal extension containing L. Let G = G(N IK) and
H=G(NIL). Then
P(LIK)= l.:.J PN1K(u) (disjoint union).
<(f>nH*~
In fact, a prime p of K which is unramified in N is contained in P(LIK) if

and only if in the conjugacy class (u) of u= (N~:) ~ any prime of N
above 1:1, there is one element which is contained in H, i.e. if and only if
1:1EPNIK(O') for a O'EG with <0')nH=F0.
(6.5) Corollary. If L IK is an extension of degree n, then the set peL IK)

1
has a density d(P(LIK»~-. Moreover
n
d(P(LIK»=~n ~ LIK is Galois.
Proof Let N IK be a Galois extension containing L. Let G = G(N IK) and

H = G(NIL). Then
By theorem (6.4) we thus get
d(P(LIK»= I *<0') = _1_*( l:J <0'».

(u>nH*f!J *G *G (u>nH*f/J
Since H ~ l:J <0') we have

(u>nH*f/J
*H
d(P(LIK»~ *G =~.1
L IK is Galois if and only if H is normal in G and this is precisely the case
when <O')~H whenever <0')nH=F0, i.e. precisely when H= l:) <0').
From this follows the second assertion. (u>nH*f/J 0
(6.6) Corollary. If L IK is a finite extension in which almost all primes of

K split completely, then L = K.
Proof Let NIK be the normal closure of LIK, i.e. the smallest Galois
extension containing L. Then a prime 1:1 of K splits completely in L if and
only if it splits completely in N. Thus under the assumption we have by
(6.5)
1
1 =d(P(NIK»= [N:K]'
whence [N:K] = 1, N =L=K. o
(6.7) Corollary. An extension LIK is Galois if and only if every prime in
P(LIK) is totally decomposed in L.
Proof Again let NIK be the normal closure of LIK. Then P(NIK)
consists of precisely those primes 1:1 which split completely in L. So if
P(LIK)=P(NIK), then by (6.5)
[N~KJ d(P(NIK))=d(P(LIK))~[L~KJ'
i.e. [N:KJ:<::;;[L:KJ, so L=N is Galois. The converse is trivial. o
(6.8) Corollary (M. Bauer). If LIK is Galois and MIK is an arbitrary
finite extension, then
P(LIK)2P(MIK) <0;> Lr:;;.M.
Proof If L r:;;. M, then trivially P(M IK) r:;;. P(L IK). So let conversely
P(LIK)2P(MIK). Let NIK be a Galois extension containing Land M. Let
G=G(NIK), H=G(NIL) and H'=G(NIM). Then
P(MIK)~ U PNIK(eJ)S;P(LIK)~ U PN1K(eJ).
(a)nW*qJ (a)nH*qJ
Let eJEH'. Since PN1K(eJ) is infinite by (6.4) there must be a pEPN1K(eJ) such
that pEPN1K(T) for some TEG with <T) nH =t.0. But then eJ is conjugate to T,
and since H is normal in G, we have <eJ) = (r;) r:;;. H. Therefore, every element
eJ of H' is trivial on L, so that the fixed field M of H' contains L. 0
(6.9) Corollary. A Galois extension LIK is uniquely determined by the set

P(LIK) of primes splitting completely in L.
This beautiful result is a first answer to a program suggested by Kron-

ecker, namely, to characterize the extensions of K with all its algebraic and
arithmetic properties solely by sets of primes, "in ahnlicher Weise, wie nach
dem Cauchyschen Satze eine Funktion durch ihre Randwerte bestimmt ist".
The result raises the question how to characterize the sets of primes P(L IK)
purely in terms of the ground field K. For the abelian extensions class field
theory gives a satisfactory answer in that it determines P(L IK) as the set
of primes lying in an ideal group H m with a cycle of declaration m. For
example, if L IK is the Hilbert class field, then P(L IK) consists of precisely
the principal prime ideals, and if K = <Q and L = <Q (Pm), then P(L IK) consists
of precisely the primes p == 1 mod m.
In case of non-abelian extensions L IK a characterization of the sets
P(LIK) is not known. However for particular extensions one is able to
characterize the primes in P(LIK) by the arithmetic behaviour of the
coefficients of modular forms. The problem of giving a description of the
sets P(LI K) is nowadays part of a program, which was mentioned already
in § 5, the "Langlands philosophy".
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Index
abscissa of convergence 114 - density theorem 131

absolute galois group 1 Dirichlet's unit theorem 72
absolute value 37,72 Dirichlet series 113
adeles 76 - L-series 120
Artin conductor 126 division points 61
Artin conjecture 126 double co sets 26
Artin L-series 123
Artin symbol 105,128 equidistribution 132
Euler identity 115, 118
Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer, conjecture of 119 existence theorem, global 97
- local 44
character 120,122 exp, p-adic 38
- principal 122
class field axiom 28,37,39
fixed module 8
- global 89
formal group 56
- local 39
- additive 56
class fields 30, 31
- multiplicative 56, 57
- global 96
formal {I)-module 57
- Hilbert 99
- homomorphism of 57
- local 43, 63
Frobenius 19
- ray 99
Frobenius automorphism 1,7,41
class field theory 18, 28
Frobenius endomorphism 57
- general 18,28
Frobenius lift 20
- global 72, 94
functional equation 116,119,121,127
- local 37,43
- over IR 43
class field tower problem 110 gamma function 116
class number 72 G-homomorphism 8
class number formula 119 G-module 8
cocycle 9 - induced 10,83
conductor 44,99,126 - trivial 8
congruence subgroup 98 group, profinite 4
critical strip 117 - procyclic 6
crossed homomorphism 9
cycle 97,120,128 Hasse norm theorem 89
cycle of declaration 103, 104 Hasse-Arf, theorem of 68
cyclotomic extensions 46 henselian valuation 20, 93
Herbrand quotient 12
decomposition group 74 - multiplicativityof 13
decomposition law of primes 106 hexagon,exact 12
deg 18 Hilbert class field 99,107
density, Dirichlet 130 "Hilbert 90" 14
- "probabilistic", "natural" 130 Hilbert symbol 50
directed set 4 - explicit 54, 55
Dirichlet, prime number theorem 129 - tame 52,53
140 Index
ideal class group 72, 78 prime decomposition law 106

idele class group 77 prime element 21, 37
idele group 77 principal ideal theorem 107
ideles 76, 77 procyclic group 6
- principal 77 product formula of absolute values 72
inertia degree 19,33 - of norm residue symbols 95
inertia group 64 pro finite group 4
infinite extensions 32 - completion 8
infinite galois theory 1 projective limit 4
- main theorem of 3 projective system 4
Iwasawa theory 119 Priifer ring 6
Kronecker-Weber, theorem of 45,46,64 ramification groups 64

Krull topology 2 - upper numbering of 67
Kummer theory 14,15 - jumps of 68
- extension 15,86 ray 103
ray class group 98,103
Langlands philosophy 129,135 - class field 99
lattice 73,74 reciprocity map 22
Legendre symbol 53 reciprocity law, Artin's global 94
Leopoldt conjecture 102 - Gauss 112
local components of ideles 77,82 - general 28
local field 7, 37 - local 42
log, p-adic 38 - of n-th power residues 111
L-series 120 representation 122
- Dirichlet 120 Riemann hypothesis 117
- Artin 123
Lubin-Tate extension 62, 65 S-ideles 77
Lubin-Tate module 57 S-units 72
Lubin-Tate polynomial 48 symbol 105
- Artin 105
maximal abelian p-extension 100 - Hilbert 50
- norm residue 29,42,43,46,49,94
norm 9,82
norm group 9 Tchebotarev's density theorem 132
norm residue group 9,85 trace 9
norm residue symbol 29,
- explicit 49 units 37
- global 94 - principal 37
- local 42 universal norms 31
- over<Qp 46
- over IR 43 valuation 37
norm theorem, Hasse 89 - ring 37
norm topology 31 Verlagerung 26
p-adic integers 6 Wei I group 69

p-adic number field 37
p-adic unit rank 102 Zeta function, Dedekind 117
Pontrjagin dual 7 - Leopoldt 119
power residue symbol 53,110,111 - partial 118
prime 72 - Riemann 113
- complex 72 7l 6
- finite 72 7l-extension 19,91
- infinite 72 - cyclotomic 92
- real 72 7L p-extension, cyclotomic 92
Gmndlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften
A Series o/Comprehensive Studies in Mathematics
A Selection
190. Faith: Algebra: Rings, Modules, and Categories I

191. Faith: Algebra II, Ring Theory
192. Mal'cev: Algebraic Systems
193. P6lya/Szego: Problems and Theorems in Analysis I
194. Igusa: Theta Functions
195. Berberian: Baer*-Rings
196. AthreyalNey: Branching Processes
197. Benz: Vorlesungen tiber Geometrie der Algebren
198. Gaal: Linear Analysis and Representation Theory
199. Nitsche: Vorlesungen tiber Minimalflachen
200. Dold: Lectures on Algebraic Topology
201. Beck: Continuous Flows in the Plane
202. Schmetterer: Introduction to Mathematical Statistics
203. Schoeneberg: Elliptic Modular Functions
204. Popov: Hyperstability of Control Systems
205. Nikol'skiI: Approximation of Functions of Several Variables and Imbedding
Theorems
206. Andre: Homologie des Algebres Comrnutatives
207. Donoghue: Monotone Matrix Functions and Analytic Continuation
208. Lacey: The Isometric Theory of Classical Banach Spaces
209. Ringel: Map Color Theorem
210. GihmanlSkorohod: The Theory of Stochastic Processes I
211. Comfort/Negrepontis: The Theory of Ultrafilters
212. Switzer: Algebraic Topology - Homotopy and Homology
215. Schaefer: Banach Lattices and Positive Operators
217. Stenstrom: Rings of Quotients
218. GihmanlSkorohod: The Theory of Stochastic Processes II
219. DuvantlLions: Inequalities in Mechanics and Physics
220. Kirillov: Elements of the Theory of Representations
221. Mumford: Algebraic Geometry I: Complex Projective Varieties
222. Lang: Introduction to Modular Forms
223. Bergh/Lofstrom: Interpolation Spaces. An Introduction
224. Gilbarg/Trudinger: Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of Second Order
225. Schtitte: Proof Theory
226. Karoubi: K-Theory. An Introduction
227. Grauert/Remmert: Theorie der Steinschen Raume
228. Segal/Kunze: Integrals and Operators
229. Hasse: Number Theory
230. Klingenberg: Lectures on Closed Geodesics
231. Lang: Elliptic Curves: Diophantine Analysis
232. Gihman/Skorohod: The Theory of Stochastic Processes III
233. StroocklVaradhan: Multidimensional Diffusion Processes
234. Aigner: Combinatorial Theory
235. DynkinlYushkevich: Controlled Markov Processes
236. GrauertlRemmert: Theory of Stein Spaces
237. Kothe: Topological Vector Spaces II
238. Graham/McGehee: Essays in Commutative Harmonic Analysis
239. Elliott: Probabilistic Number Theory I
240. Elliott: Probabilistic Number Theory II
241. Rudin: Function Theory in the Unit Ball ofcn
242. Huppert/Blackburn: Finite Groups II
243. Huppert/Blackburn: Finite Groups III
244. Kubert/Lang: Modular Units
245. Cornfeld/FominiSinai: Ergodic Theory
246. NaimarkiStern: Theory of Group Representations
247. Suzuki: Group Theory I
248. Suzuki: Group Theory II
249. Chung: Lectures from Markov Processes to Brownian Motion
250. Arnold: Geometrical Methods in the Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations
251. Chow/Hale: Methods of Bifurcation Theory
252. Aubin: Nonlinear Analysis on Manifolds. Monge-Ampere Equations
253. Dwork: Lectures onp-adic Differential Equations
254. Freitag: Siegelsche Modulfunktionen
255. Lang: Complex Multiplication
256. Hiirmander: The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators I
257. Hiirmander: The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators II
258. Smoller: Shock Waves and Reaction-Diffusion Equations
259. Duren: Univalent Functions
260. Freidlin/Wentzell: Random Perturbations of Dynamical Systems
261. Bosch/Glintzer/Remmert: Non Archimedian Analysis - A Systematic Approach to
Rigid Geometry
262. Doob: Classical Potential Theory and Its Probabilistic Counterpart
263. Krasnosel'skiI/Zabreiko: Geometrical Methods of Nonlinear Analysis
264. AubiniCellina: Differential Inclusions
265. Grauert/Remmert: Coherent Analytic Sheaves
266. de Rham: Differentiable Manifolds
267. Arbarello/ComalbaiGriffiths/Harris: Geometry of Algebraic Curves, Vol. I
268. Arbarello/CornalbaiGriffiths/Harris: Geometry of Algebraic Curves, Vol. II
269. Schapira: Microdifferential Systems in the Complex Domain
270. Scharlau: Quadratic and Hermitian Forms
271. Ellis: Entropy, Large Deviations, and Statistical Mechanics
272. Elliott: Arithmetic Functions and Integer Products
274. Hiirmander: The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators III
275. Hiirmander: The Analysis of Linear Partial Differential Operators IV
276. Liggett: Interacting Particle Systems
277. Fulton/Lang: Riemann-Roch Algebra
278. Barr/Wells: Toposes, Triples and Theories
279. Bishop/Bridges: Constructive Analysis
281. Chandrasekharan: Elliptic Functions
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

(Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 280) Jürgen Neukirch (Auth.) - Class Field Theory-Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (1986)

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(Grundlehren Der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 280) Jürgen Neukirch (Auth.) - Class Field Theory-Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (1986)

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Grundlehren der

mathematischen Wissenschaften 280

Class Field Theory

Mathematics Subject Classification (1980): 12-XX

ISBN-13: 978-3-642-82467-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-82465-4

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.

Class field theory, which is so immediately compelling in its main assertions,

Regensburg, October 1985 Jiirgen Neukirch

Chapter I. Group and Field Theoretic Foundations 1

Chapter II. General Class Field Theory 18

Chapter III. Local Class Field Theory 37

§ 1. Algebraic Number Fields 72

Chapter V. Zeta Functions and L-Series 113

§ 1. Infinite Galois Theory

Every field k comes accompanied by a canonical Galois extension: the

x"'=x P for all xEIFp.

If IFpm S IFpn, then min, i.e. an == am mod m, and hence

t/J nIlPpm = cpanllPpm = cpamllPpm = t/J m'

phism t/J ofIFp=

The main theorem of Galois theory is now corrected by the consideration

as a basis of neighborhoods of (J, where K I k runs through all finite Galois

(1.1) Proposition. If Q I k is a (finite or infinite) Galois extension, then the

ML'IL = {TI (J KE TI G(K Ik)1 (JelL = (J[J.

It is then clear that

showing that MUlL and hence h(G) is closed.

The main theorem of infinite Galois theory can now be formulated as

(1.2) Theorem. Let .0 1k be a (finite or infinite) Galois extension. Then the

Proof Each open subgroup of G(.olk) is also closed, since it is the

(2.1) Definition. A profinite group is a topological group G which is

{G i , /;j Ii,jE I, i =:;j}

The projective limit

of the projective system is defined as the set (group, ring, etc.)

G= U1 aiE TI Gil /;/a) = a i if i =:;j}.

(2.2) Proposition. If G is a profinite group and if N runs through the open

Conversely, if {G;, /;) is a projective system of finite groups G;, then

is an isomorphism and a homeomorphism. f is injective, since the kernel of

continuous. Since G is compact, the image of f is closed in lim G;. On the

is an isomorphism and a homeomorphism.

compact topological group. The normal subgroups UsnG, where Us = TI G;

is the ring of p-adic integers.

by the chinese remainder theorem. Passing to projective limits we obtain a

(5) Let A be an abelian torsion group. Its Pontrjagin dual

where Ai runs through the finite subgroups of A, and therefore

X(A) = lim X(AJ

with X(AJ finite. For example, if A=<Q/7l= U ~7l/7l, then X(~7l/7l)~7l/n7l

is called the profinite completion of G. For example, Z =lim 7ljn71

Let G be a group with the identity 1. A G-module is an abelian group A on

is continuous, where we consider A topologized with the discrete topology.

for all aEG and aEA. If we simply speak of homomorphisms between G-

If G is a finite group, then every G-module A contains the norm group

view towards dealing chiefly with multiplicative G-modules, we have de-

HO(G, A)=A G/NG A

(3.1) Proposition. If 0 -+ A ~ B -4 C -+ 0 is an exact sequence of G-mod-

is a crossed homomorphism and we associate with CE CG the class bc

If g is a subgroup of G, then clearly every G-module A is also a g-

(3.2) Proposition. If g is a normal subgroup of G and A a G-module, then

Proof The left map is defined by associating to a crossed homomor-

To every g-module B we associate in a canonical way a G-module

where (J runs over a system of left representatives of Gig. If g={1}, then we

(3.3) Proposition. If g is a subgroup of the finite group G and B a g-

We show that NGA is mapped isomorphically onto NgB. Let

h(l)= I ((Jf)(l) =I f(T)= I Tb=N.b.

Case i = 1. By definition of Z! (G, A) and MJ(B), Z! (G, A) consists of all

§ 4. The Herbrand Quotient.

A= A G. IGA= NGA· *NGA,

The subgroup Ll/Knr;; Ll'/Kn belongs to the subgroup Hom(G(LIK)/H, Itn: