CONTENT

• Abstract

• Introduction

• Experimental research

• Discussion and result

• Conclusion

• Reference
ABSTRACT

• The telescope is a very common observation tool with lots of models and prizes.the first to
discover telescope was Galileo gallilei. It was used in war and navigation.He gave the name
‘perspicillum’ it had been useful for exploration of sky.He developed it further for professional
promotions.In January he had achieved 30 of magnification.In this achievement the instrument
has been called a telescope.
• Helped us to make the first valid measurement of the speed of light. Telescopes have also helped
us understand gravity and other fundamental laws of the physical world. Telescopes have also
helped us understand the light that radiates from the sun and other stars.
 INTRODUCTION

• TELESCOPE

• A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their

emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.
Originally meaning only an optical instrument using lenses,
curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant
objects, the word telescope now refers to a wide range of
instruments capable of detecting different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of
detectors.
FIRST TELESCOPE

The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes

with glass lenses and were invented in the Netherlands at the
beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial
applications and astronomy.

The 100-inch (2.54 m) Hooker reflecting telescope at Mount

Wilson Observatory near Los Angeles, USA, used by
Edwin Hubble to measure galaxy redshifts and discover
the general expansion of the universe
TYPES OF TELESCOPE
• Reflecting Telescope

-✓ Uses lens to form an image

• Refracting telescope

-✓ Uses an arrangement of mirrors

to form image
• Catadioptric Telescope

-✓ Uses lenses and mirrors

KEY TELESCOPE SPECIFICATIONS

• Focal Length (Magnification)

• Focal Ratio (Light Gathering Ability
• Aperture (Size of Objective Lens/Primary Mirror)

REFRACTING TELESCOPE

• The refracting telescope was most likely invented in the

mid-1500’s by Leonard Digges (although Galileo Galilei
is often credited as the inventor of the telescope). Its design is really pretty
 straightforward: A refractor is made of a long optical tube with a convex glass lens at
the main opening. The light enters the telescope through this lens, then exits the
telescope through the eyepiece for viewing.

•
WORKING

• The glass lens “refracts” (or bends) the light so that it reaches a focal point. The size of the lens
(known as the telescope’s “objective”) determines the amount of light the telescope can collect.
(This is also referred to as the telescope’s “aperture”.) The focal length of the telescope, divided
by the focal length of the eyepiece, determines the amount of magnification. The focal length also
determines the field of view. (A shorter focal length provides a wider field of view, measured in

degrees.)
 APPLICATIONS

•
• Refractors come in many varieties – and they can be optimized
for a variety of usage scenarios including astrophotography,
research, and visual astronomy. They are used to examine the
visible-light region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Typical
uses include viewing the Moon, other objects of the solar
system such as
Jupiter and Mars, and double stars
A 200
mm
diameter refracting telescope
at the Poznań Observatory
 REFLECTING TELESCOPE
Reflecting telescopes introduced a new concept – using mirrors as the primary way to gather
light and redirect it to a focal point. Unlike refracting telescopes, reflectors do not utilize a
glass objective lens – instead, a large curved mirror is situated at the base of the telescope.

This primary mirror (whose diameter is the size of the telescope’s aperture) plays the role of bouncing
light rays back towards one or more additional mirrors, until the light eventually exits the telescope
through the eyepiece.

WORKING

• Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to help astronomers see more clearly far away objects in space. A
mirror collect light from objects in space, forming the image. This first mirror which can be very
 wide,reflects the image to another mirror. This smaller mirror reflects the light when eyepiece lens,
which enlarges or magnifies, the image of the object.
• Depending on the type of reflecting telescope, the two mirrors can be a combination of concave,
convex and flat mirrors. The secondary mirror, when flat, is placed at a 45-degree angle.

APPLICATIONS

• telescopes are used for astronomy and in many non-

astronomical instruments, including: theodolites (including
transits), spotting scopes, monocular, binoculars, camera
lenses, and spyglasses
• Almost all of the major telescopes used in astronomy
research are reflectors. Reflecting telescopes come in many
design variations and may employ extra optical elements to
improve image quality or place the image in a mechanically
advantageous position. Since reflecting telescopes use
 mirrors, the design is sometimes referred to as a “catoptric” telescope. Reflecting
telescopes range is size – from a backyard telescope to the Hubble telescope in earth orbit.
Meade 114EQ-AR Equatorial Reflector Telescope
CATADIOPTRIC TELESCOPE

• Catadioptric systems may be defined as optical systems that

make use of lenses and mirrors for the formation of images. In
other words, an optical system is one in which reflection and
refraction occurs. Catadioptric systems are a combination of
dioptric (lenses) and catoptric (mirrors) systems
• Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes, also known as SCTs, are by
far the most common type of catadioptric telescopes and for
good reason. Schmidt-Cassegrain’s are highly popular with
both beginners and advanced amateur astronomers alike for
their versatility, compact design, and great optics.A
 catadioptric telescope design incorporates the best features of both the refractor and
the reflector—i.e., it has both reflective and refractive optics.

WORKING

The Schmidt telescope has a spherically shaped primary mirror. Since parallel light rays
that are reflected by the centre of a spherical mirror are focused farther away than those
reflected from the outer regions, Schmidt introduced a thin lens (called the correcting plate)
at the radius of curvature of the primary mirror. Since this correcting plate is very thin, it
introduces little chromatic aberration.
The catadioptric lenses used in cameras are called reflex or mirror
lenses. Photographic catadioptric lenses incorporate the cassegrain
concept for their design; this reduces the length of the optical
assembly by a large extent. These photographic lenses come with
some inherent drawbacks, such as inability to use an adjustable
diaphragm, and fixed F-number of lenses.

Applications of Catadioptric Systems

Catadioptric systems are used in the following applications:

Focussing systems, such as headlamps, lighthouses, and search lights

Telephoto lenses
Optical telescopes
Microscopes
RESULT : REFLECTORS VS
REFRACTORS
1 .Price and affordability
2 .Maintenance and Use
3 . Size and portability
4 . Optical performance and clarity
5 . Deep sky visual astronomy
6 . Travelling
Reflectors Mirrors are less expensive for larger
aperture sizes .For smaller telescope,
refractors still offer good value
Refractors Reflectors require more maintenance of
their internal components.
Reflectors Large reflectors are more compact than
refractors of similar aperture size.
Either if high quality Stunning images with either a high quality
achromatic or upochromatic refracting
lens or reflector with one or more true
parabolic mirrors and high quality
manufacturing
Reflectors Large reflectors make it possible for the
average astronomer to view distant
galaxies ,nebulae and star clusters
Refractors Can’t beat 70 - 100 mm travelling refractor
OTHER TYPES
Optical Telescope:

An optical telescope gathers and focuses light mainly from the visible
part of the electromagnetic spectrum (although some work in the infrared
and ultraviolet). Optical telescopes increase the apparent angular size of
distant objects as well as their apparent brightness. In order for the image
to be observed, photographed, studied, and sent to a computer, telescopes
work by employing one or more curved optical elements, usually made
from glass lenses and/or mirrors, to gather light and other electromagnetic
radiation to bring that light or radiation to a focal point
Radio Telescopes:
 Radio telescopes are directional radio antennas used for radio astronomy. The dishes are
sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than the
wavelength being observed. Multi-element Radio telescopes are constructed from pairs
or larger groups of these dishes to synthesize large ‘virtual’ apertures that are similar in
size to the separation between the telescopes; this process is known as
aperture synthesis.
Radio telescopes are also used to collect microwave radiation, which is
used to collect radiation when any visible light is obstructed or faint, such
as from quasars. Some radio telescopes are used by programs such as
SETI and the Arecibo Observatory to search for extra-terrestrial life.
Xray Telescope

An X-ray telescope (XRT) is a telescope that is designed to observe

remote objects in the X-ray spectrum. In order to get above the Earth’s
atmosphere, which is opaque to X-rays, X-ray telescopes must be
mounted on high altitude rockets, balloons or artificial satellites.
International X-ray Observatory concept
The basic elements of the telescope are the optics (focusing or collimating), that collects the
radiation entering the telescope, and the detector, on which the radiation is collected and
measured. A variety of different designs and technologies have been used for these
elements.
CONCLUSION

Telescope, device used to form magnified images of

distant objects. The telescope is undoubtedly the most
important investigative tool in astronomy. It provides a
means of collecting and analysing radiation from celestial
objects, even those in the far reaches of the universe.