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Separation of Variables

SOLUTION
(a)
�� �
=−
�� �
�� ��
=−
� �
�� ��
= −
� �
ln � = − ln � + ln �
ln � + ln � = ln �
ln �� = ln �
�� = �
(b)
�� ��
=
� + 1 ��
� ��
�� =
�+1 �
� �+1−1 �+1 1 1
= = − =1−
�+1 �+1 �+1 �+1 �+1
1 ��
(1 − )�� =
�+1 �
� − ln � + 1 = ln � + ln �
� = ln � + 1 + ln � + ln �
� = ln ��(� + 1)
�� = ��(� + �)

(c)
cos � cos � �� + sin � sin � �� = 0
cos � sin �
�� + =0
sin � cos �
cot � �� + tan � �� = 0
cot � �� + tan � �� = 0

ln sin � − ln cos � = ln �
sin �
ln = ln �
cos �
��� � = �. ��� �

(d)
�� = �( cos ��� + � sin � ��)
�� = �( cos � �� + �� sin � ��
�� − � cos � �� = �� sin � ��
(1 − � cos �) �� = �� sin � ��
(1 − � cos �) �� �� sin � ��
=
�(1 − � cos �) �(1 − � cos �)
�� � sin � ��
=
� 1 − � cos �
�� � sin � ��
=
� 1 − � cos �
ln � = ln (1 − � cos � + ln �
ln � = ln �(1 − � cos �)
� = �(� − � ��� � )
(e)
2�2 − �2 �� = �3 sin � ��
(2�2 − �2 )��
= sin � ��
�3
2�2 �� �2 ��
− 3 = sin � ��
�3 �
��
2�2 �−3 �� − = sin � ��

�−2
2�2 − ln � = − cos � + ln �
−2

− �2 �−2 − ln � =− cos � + ln �
�2
When � = 0, � = � cos � − = ln � + ln �
�2
�2

cos 0− 2
� �2
=� cos � − = ln ��
� �2
�2
�(1−1) cos �− 2
=� � � = ��

�2
cos �− 2
�0 � �
=� =�
� �
1
�=

�2
cos �− 2
� � 1
=
� �
�2
cos �− 2
� = �� �

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