STOICHIOMETRY

CHM 420
CHAPTER 2 (PART 2)
Subtopic:

2.1 SYMBOLS, FORMULAS & NAMING OF ELEMENTS, MOLECULES & COMPOUNDS

2.2 DEFINITION OF ATOM, ION, MOLECULES & COMPOUNDS
2.3 MOLECULAR & EMPIRICAL FORMULA, MOLECULAR & FORMULA MASS, % COMPOSITION
2.4 EXPERIMENT DETERMINATION OF EMPIRICAL & MOLECULAR FORMULA
2.5 WRITING & BALANCE CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
2.6 STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of chapter 2, students should be able to:

1. Name and write the formula of simple inorganic compounds.

2. Name and write the formula of binary covalent compounds
3. Name and write the formula of simple acids, bases and hydrates.
4. Determine empirical and molecular formula of unknown compounds.
5. Solve stoichiometric problems involving limiting reactants.
ATOM
- smallest unit in an element that can take part in a reaction.
- it can combine with itself or with other atoms to form molecules.
- have subatomic particles which are protons, neutrons and electrons
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

 Mass of neutron is almost same as the mass of a proton.

 A proton which have a positive charge is equal in magnitude to an electron’s negative charge.

 In an atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons so an atom is neutral.

 In an atom, the size of the nucleus is very small compared to the atom, however, most of the mass of the
atom is in the nucleus.
ATOMIC NUMBER, MASS NUMBER, ATOMIC SYMBOL

 Atomic number – no. of proton in atom,

 Denoted by ‘Z’
 Mass number – total no. of proton & neutron in nucleus
 Denoted by ‘A’
 Atomic symbol – the accepted way to denote the atomic number and mass number of an element

• No of neutrons (N) = A-Z

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-an-atom
Problem
How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are present in a 81Br atom?

Solution
From periodic table, atomic mass (Z) of Br = 35
- No. of proton = no. of electron = 35
- No. of neutrons = A-Z
= 81-35
= 46
ISOTOPES
 atoms with same atomic number but different mass number.
 atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
 have similar chemical properties but may have different physical properties.

Hydrogen has three isotopes with special names:

protium, deuterium and tritium.

Carbon has three isotopes: C-12, C-13 and C-14

https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/isotopes-and-atomic-mass
MASS OF AN ATOM

 The mass of an atom depends on the number of electrons, protons and neutrons.

 We cannot weigh a single atom directly, but we can determine mass of one atom relative to
another atom experimentally.
 First we need to assign a value to the mass of one atom of a given element so that it can be used
as a standard.
ATOMIC MASS
 Ratio of the average mass of atoms to one unified atomic mass unit.
 Mass of an atom is usually expressed in atomic mass units (a.m.u) and having unit of ‘u’.
 The modern system of atomic masses, instituted in 1961 is based on 12C (C-12) as a standard.
 1 atomic mass unit (a.m.u) is defined as a mass exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of a C-12 atom .
 C-12 atom = 12.00 amu
 C-12 is the carbon isotope with 6p and 6n, and 1 C-12 atom has been set at 12.00 amu to provide
the standard for measuring the atomic mass of the other elements.
e.g

When 12C and 13C are analysed in a mass spectrometer, the ratio of their
masses is found to be

mass 13C = 1.0836129

mass 12C

 Determine relative atomic mass of 13C

Soln
Mass of 13C = 1.0836129 x 12.00 a.m.u = 13.003355 = 13.00 amu
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

 If you look up the atomic mass of carbon in a periodic table, its value is not 12.00 amu but 12.01 amu.

 The reason for the difference is because most naturally occurring elements have more than one isotope.
AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

 Carbon has 3 isotopes

C-12 C-13 C-14
98.89 % 1.11% negligible
(12.00 amu) (13.00 amu)
Average atomic mass = (98.89% of 12.00 amu) + (1.11% of 13.00 amu)
= 12.01 a.mu.
 Everytime we say atomic mass- we mean average and relative atomic mass.
 Even though natural carbon does not contain a single atom with mass 12.01 amu, for stoichiometric
purposes, we can consider carbon to be composed of only one type of atom with a mass of 12.01
amu.
 To calculate the atomic mass of an element, we need 2 quantities
a) the atomic mass of the isotope of an element
b) the naturally occurring fractional abundances of the isotope

To obtain a weighted average atomic mass, express the contribution of each isotope
to the weight average

Isotope Percent Fractional a.m.u

abundance abundance
Carbon-12 98.892% 0.98892 12.00000
Carbon-13 1.108% 0.01108 13.00335

Contribution of isotope = fractional abundance x mass of isotope

Thus, the contribution of carbon-12 and carbon-13 are

Contribution C-12 = 0.98892 x 12.00000 u = 11.867 u

Contribution C-13 = 0.01108 x 13.00335 u = 0.1441 u

The weight average mass is the sum of these two contributions

Atomic mass of carbon = 11.867 u + 0.1441 u = 12.001 u

This is the value listed in a table of atomic masses. As expected, the atomic mass
of carbon is much closer to 12 u than to 13 u.
MOLAR MASS OF AN ELEMENT AND AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

 Amu scale – very small and not usable.

 In real situations, we deal with macroscopic samples containing enormous numbers of

atoms.
 It is convenient to have a special unit to describe a large number of atoms.

1 dozen = 12
1 gross = 144
 Chemists use mole (mol) to measure big numbers of atoms/molecules.
MOLE

 Mole (mol) – is the amount of a substance that contains as many entities (atoms, molecules, ions)
as there are atoms in 12 g of C-12 atoms.
 12 g C -12 (1 mole) – contains 6.02 x 1023 C-12 atoms.
 1 mole of Na atoms – contains 6.02 x 1023 Na atoms
 1 mole of H2O molecules - contains 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
 1 mole of cars - contains 6.02 x 1023 cars
 1 mole of C-12 atoms – has a mass of 12.00 g contains 6.02 x 1023 C-12 atoms
MOLAR MASS

 is the mass in grams of one mole of a substance.

* Molar mass of C atoms (grams) is numerically equal to atomic mass of C (amu)

MOLECULAR MASS
• sum of the atomic masses of elements (in amu) in a molecule.

E.g. Molecular mass of CH4

1( atomic mass of C) + 4(atomic mass Of H)

1(12.01) + 4(1.008) = 16.04 amu

• Molar mass of a compound is numerically equal to the molecular mass of its molecule
• So molar mass of CH4 is 16.04 g/mol
** use definition of mole, NA and molar mass to write the relationship
 Determining mass & related quantities from the number of
moles of substance
Preliminary calculation involving Atomic, molecular or formula mass
Avogadro’s number, NA
To determine
Number of moles of substance Molar mass (g/mol)
(mol)

multiply

No of grams of substance

Multiply by additional factors to determine

Other quantities, such as volume in mL or L

Determining number of moles and related quantities from the mass
of a substance
Preliminary calculations with Atomic, molecular or formula mass
density, volume, percent
composition, and so on Molar mass (g/mol)
To determine
Mass of substance (g) Factor to convert grams to
moles
(mol/g)

multiply

No of moles of substance

Multiply by NA

Number of atoms, molecules or formula units

 What is the mass in grams of a chlorine atom, Cl?
 Atomic mass Cl = 35.5 amu
 So, molar mass Cl = 35.5 g/mole

- Deviding 35.5g (per mol) by the NA gives the mass of one atom
- Mass of a Cl atom = 35.5 g/mol
6.02 x 10 23

= 5.90 x 10 -23 g
 How many molecules are there in a 3.46 g sample of HCl?

-1 mol HCl = 6.02 x 1023 HCl molecules

DETERMINING CHEMICAL FORMULAS
 When a chemists discovers a new compound, the first question will be “ What is
the formula of this compound”?

To determine this, we began by analyzing the compounds into amounts of the

elements for a given amount of compound, expressed as percent composition.

 Percent composition of compounds –mass percentages of each element in the compound.

 We then determine the formula of the compound from the percent composition.
 Calculate the mass percentage of formaldehyde, CH2O
%C = (12g / 30g) x 100% = 40%
% H = (2 x 1.01 g / 30.0g) x 100% = 6.73 %
% O = ????

How many grams of carbon are there in 83.5 g of formaldehyde, CH2O?

Convert mol of C to gram Mass C in g = 1 mol C x (12 g C / 1 mol C)

= 12 g C

Mass of C in fraction = total mass of C / mass of 1 mol formaldehyde

= 12 g / 30 g
= 0.4
Mass of C = 83.5 g formaldehyde x (0.4 g C / 1 g formaldehyde)
= 33.4 g C
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
 The percent composition of a compound leads directly to the empirical formula.
 Empirical formula (simplest formula) – is the formula of a substance written with the smallest integer
subscripts. Tells us the ratio of atoms of different elements in a compound.

E.g.
Q1. A white powder is analyzed and found to contain 43.64% phosphorus and 56.36 % oxygen.
Determine its empirical formula.
P = 30.97, O = 16.00

Q2. An unknown metal M reacts with sulfur to form a compound with the formula M2S3. If 3.12 g of M
reacts with 2.88g of S, what are the name of M?.
MOLECULAR FORMULA

 Molecular formula (exact formula) – tells us the precise number of atoms of different elements in the
substance.
 Compounds with different molecular formulas can have the same empirical formulas and such substances
will have the same percentage composition
 For example acetylene, C2H2 and benzene, C6H6, both substances have the same empirical formula and the
same percentage composition (92.3% C and 7.7%H by mass).
MOLECULAR FORMULA

 In order to the molecular formula of a substance, two pieces of information are needed:
 the percentage composition, from which the empirical formula can be obtained
 the molecular weight or mass.

 The molecular weight or mass allows us to chose the correct multiple of the empirical formula for the
molecular formula.

Q3. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas for a compound that gives the following analysis (in
mass percent)

71.65% Cl, 24.27% C, 4.07% H

The molar mass is 98.96 g/mol

CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Chemical reactions
– a process in which a substance (or substances) is changed into one or more new substances.
– involves a reorganization of atoms in one or more substances.
Standard way to represent chemical
reactions is by using chemical equations.
CHEMICAL EQUATION
 uses chemical symbols and formulas to show what happens during a chemical reaction.

Methane (CH4) gas burns in air to form CO2 gas and water vapour.

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

reactants products

+ reacts with
→ yields or produces
(g) indicates physical states of reactants and products

Phase labels
solid (aq) aqueous
liquid (g) gas
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MATTER
 matter cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another.

 All chemical equations must follow Law of Conservation of Mass.

 Modification of Law of Conservation of Mass for chemistry – atoms can neither be created nor destroyed. Atoms
can only be rearranged.

This means a chemical equation must be balanced to give relevant information about the
reactants and products.
INTERPRETATION OF A BALANCED EQUATION

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Microscopic level 1 molecule 2 molecules 1 molecule 2 molecules

Macroscopic level 1 mole 2 moles 1 mole 2 moles

2(6.02 x 10 ) 2(6.02 x 10 )
23 23 23 23
6.02 x 10 6.02 x 10
molecules molecules molecules molecules

16.04 g 64.00 g 44.01 g 36.03 g

80.04 g reactants 80.04 g products

Q
2 Mg + O2→ 2 MgO
Balance the equation.
STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS: AMOUNTS OF REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS

 Stoichiometry – quantitative study of reactants and products in a chemical reaction.

 Stoichiometric coefficients in a chemical reaction can be interpreted as number of moles for each
substance so we use moles to calculate the amount of products formed or amount of reactant
needed in the reaction. This approach is called the mole method.
Four types of stoichiometric calculations based on the mole method.

(i)
Moles of Moles of
reactant product

(ii) Mass of Moles of Moles of

reactant reactant product

Mass of Moles of B. Moles ofx P.T Mass of

(iii) reactant reactant product product

(iv) Number of Moles of Moles of Mass of

reactant reactant product product
molecules/ion
s/atoms
SIMPLE STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
LIMITING REACTANT

 Sometimes when a chemist carries out a reaction, the reactants are usually not present in exact stoichiometric
amounts, i.e. in the proportions indicated by the balanced equations.
 This means some reactant will be used up when others will be left over at the end of the reaction. The reactant
that will be used up is the limiting reactant. The reactant that will be left over at the end of the reaction is the
excess reactant.

Importance of limiting reactant

 The amount of product formed is determined by the limiting reactant.
STOCHIOMETRY INVOLVING LIMITING REACTANT

Given:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

a) What mass of H2O can be produced by 4.00 g of H2 reacting with 16.0 g of O2 ?

b) What mass of excess reactant is left after the reaction ?
REACTION YIELD
 The amount of limiting reactant present at the start of the reaction allows us to calculate the theoretical yields
of reaction
 Theoretical yield (calculated yield) of a reaction is the amount of product that would result if all the limiting
reacted. It is the maximum obtained yield predicted by the balanced equation
 To determine how efficient a given reaction is, a chemist often use percent yield (% yield)
 Percent yield – describe proportion of actual yield to theoretical yield
 Actual yield (experimental yield) – amount of product actually obtained from a reaction

 % yield = actual yield x 100%

theoretical yield

 % yield may range from a fraction of 1% to 100%.

 Chemists strive to maximize % yield in a reaction

 TEST 1
Mac 2022
Q2 (b)
 TEST 1
Mac 2022
Q2 (c)
 TEST 1
Mar 2021
Q2 (a)
a) Calculate the number of hydrogen (H) atoms are in 75.3 g of isopropanol (C3H8O). Given the atomic mass
of C is 12.0 amu, H is 1 amu and O is 16 amu.
(3 marks)
 TEST 1
Mar 2021
Q2 (b)
b) Copper (I) sulfide reacts with O2 upon heating to give copper metal and sulfur dioxide,
i- Write a balanced chemical equation for the above reaction. (1m)
ii- Calculate the mass of copper metal that can be obtained from 500 g of copper (I) sulfide. (2m)
 TEST 1
Mar 2021
Q2 (c)
c) The mass percent composition of an organic compound is given as 62.58% C, 9.63% H and 27.79 % O.
Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
(5 marks)
 TEST 1
Mar 2021
Q2 (d)
d) The following equation representing the reaction of manganese chloride with hydrochloric acid:
MnO2 (s) + 4HCl (aq) = MnCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g) + 2H2O (l)

i- If 0.86 mole of MnO2 and 48.2 g of HCl react, identify which reagent is the limiting reactant. [Cl= 35.5 amu]. (3m)
ii- Explain why that actual yield of a reaction is smaller than the theoretical yield. (1m)
 TEST 1
Oct 2020
Q2 (a)
a) How many grams of NaCl contains the same number of molecules as in 6.00 g of Na2S?
(3 marks)
 TEST 1
Oct 2020
Q2 (b)
b) A 1.525 g sample of a compound between sulfur and oxygen was prepared by burning 0.7625 g of sulfur in
the air. What is the empirical formula for the compound formed?
(2 marks)
 TEST 1
Oct 2020
Q2 (c)
c) In a chemical reaction, 25.0 g of aluminium and 25.0 g of sulfuric acid react to form aluminium sulfate and
hydrogen gas.
i- Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction. (2m)
ii- Calculate the number of moles of aluminium sulfate produced from each reactant. (3m)
iii- Identify the limiting reactant. (1m)
iv- Calculate the mass (in grams) of aluminium sulfate can be produced from this reaction. (2m)
v- Determine the actual yield of aluminium sulfate if the percent yield of aluminium sulfate produced is 85%. (2m)
Final Question
Jan 2020
Q1 (c)
ii- Determine the amount of CO2 can be produced (1 mark)
 p ( )
iii- Calculate the mass of excess reagent left at the end of reaction
(2 marks)
Final Question
Jun 2019
Q1 (b)(ii)
Final Question
Dec 2018
Q1 (e)
Final Question
Jun 2018
Q1 (d)
Final Question
Jan 2018
Q1 (b)
Final Question
Jan 2018
Q1 (c)
Final Question
July 2017
Q1 (b)
Final Question
Dec 2016
Q1 (e)