Seminar On

DIGITAL PROTECTION OF POWER SYSTEM

WORKING OF IMPEDANCE RELAY

Presented by: Aswathy S Anand (PSC 05)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Government Engineering College Barton Hill

Monday 14th September, 2021

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 IMPEDANCE RELAY

IMPEDANCE RELAY

Impedance relay is a Voltage Restrained Overcurrent Relay

When fault occurs, Impedance is measured between relay location and

point of fault

Relay monitors I through CT and V through PT and operates when

V /I ratio falls below set value

Impedance can be Resistance or Reactance alone or combination of

both

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 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

Torque equation can be written as,

T = K1 I 2 − K2 V 2 − K3 (1)

Where K1 , K2 , K3 are constants, K3 being torque due to spring effect

Neglecting the effect of spring used, which is very small, torque

equation can be written as

T = K1 I 2 − K2 V 2 (2)

For operation of relay, Operating torque should be greater than

restraining torque
K1 I 2 > K2 V 2 (3)

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 OPERATING PRINCIPLE

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

V2 K1
< (4)
I2 K2

Z <K (5)

Where K is constant

The relay is on verge of operation when measured impedance is equal

to a given constant

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 WORKING

WORKING

The relay is designed such that it closes its contact whenever

impedance of protected section fall below set value

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 WORKING

WORKING

Figure: Operating characteristic of Figure: Operating characteristic of

an Impedance relay an Impedance relay on R-X diagram

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 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE RELAY

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE RELAY

INDUCTION TYPE IMPEDANCE RELAY
In normal operating
conditions, balance arm is
horizontal and relay contacts
are open

During fault conditions,

equilibrium drops and relay
contacts get closed

This relay operates

instantaneously for faults
upto a predetermined
distance

Quality of protection is far

better than overcurrent relay
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 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE RELAY

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE RELAY

MICROPROCESSOR BASED IMPEDANCE RELAY

Microprocessor computes line impedance using Irms and Vrms

One technique uses Idc and Vdc for computation

Iac and Vac are rectified using rectifiers to obtain Idc and Vdc

Line impedance is computed and microprocessor issues trip signal if

fault point lies within protected section

In another method microprocessor take voltage and current in half or

one cycle to compute Irms and Vrms

R and X are computed using digital filter techniques

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 CLASSIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE RELAY

CLASSIFICATION OF IMPEDANCE RELAY

MODIFIED IMPEDANCE RELAY
An additional voltage
introduced to supply circuit
of relay

Torque equation of modified

impedance relay is
T = K1 I 2 − K2 (V + IR)2

Greater tolerance for fault

resistance compare to
impedance relay

Not effective or accurate as

Similar to that of impedance Reactance relay
relay but has a shifted
characteristic
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 DPPS SEMINAR

THANK YOU

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