FREUD
 view of human nature is basically  judicial branch of personality
deterministic
 According to Freud, our behavior is
determined by irrational forces,
unconscious motivations, and
biological and instinctual drives.
 libido to refer to sexual energy, he
later broadened it to include the
energy of all the life instincts.
 death instincts, which account for
the aggressive drive.
 consciousness is a thin slice of
the total mind.
According to the Freudian
psychoanalytic view, the personality
consists of three systems: the id, the
ego, and the superego.
ID
 original system of personality
 pleasure principle, which is
aimed at reducing tension,
avoiding pain, and gaining
pleasure, the id is illogical,
amoral, and driven to satisfy
instinctual needs.
 spoiled brat of personality
EGO
 has contact with the external world
of reality.
 It is the “executive” that governs,
controls, and regulates the
personality.
 Reality principle, the ego does
realistic and logical thinking and
formulates plans of action for
satisfying needs.
SUPEREGO
 It includes a person’s moral code,
the main concern being whether an
action is good or bad, right or
wrong.
 ideal rather than the real and
strives not for pleasure but for
perfection.
Clinical evidence for postulating the
unconscious includes the following:
 Dreams- which are symbolic
representations of unconscious
needs, wishes, and conflicts
 Slips of the tongue and
forgetting- for example, a
familiar name.
 Posthypnotic suggestions
 Material derived from free-
association techniques
 Material derived from projective
techniques
 Symbolic content of psychotic
symptoms.
PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
 to make the unconscious
motive conscious, for only
then can an individual
exercise choice.
CURE- based on uncovering
the meaning of symptoms, the
causes of behavior, and the
repressed materials that
interfere with healthy
functioning
Anxiety
 feeling of dread that results
from repressed feelings.
THREE KINDS OF ANXIETY
PSYCHOSEXUAL AND
 Reality anxiety is the fear of
PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF
danger from the external
DEVELOPMENT
world, real threat.
 Neurotic anxiety is the fear
that the instincts will get out
of hand and cause the
person to do something for
which she or he will be
punished.
 Moral anxiety is the fear of
one’s own conscience.
When the ego cannot control
anxiety by rational and direct
methods, it relies on indirect
ones— namely, ego-defense
behavior.
Ego-defense mechanisms
 help the individual cope
with anxiety and prevent
the ego from being
overwhelmed.
Defense mechanisms have
two characteristics in
common:
(1) they either deny or distort
reality
(2) they operate on an
unconscious level
STAGES OF
 oral stage, which deals
with the inability to trust
oneself and others,
resulting in the fear of
loving and forming close
relationships and low
self-esteem.
 anal stage, which deals
with the inability to
recognize and express
anger, leading to the
denial of one’s own
power as a person and
the lack of a sense of
autonomy
 phallic stage, which
deals with the inability to
fully accept one’s
sexuality and sexual
feelings, and also to
difficulty in accepting
oneself as a man or
woman
ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL
PERSPECTIVE
 Psychosocial stages refer to
Erikson’s basic psychological and
social tasks, which individuals
need to master at intervals from
infancy through old age.
 According to Erikson, a crisis is
equivalent to a turning point in life
when we have the potential to
move forward or to regress.
Classical Psychoanalysis Vs.
Contemporary Psychoanalysis
Classical psychoanalysis
 grounded on id
psychology, and it holds
that instincts and
intrapsychic conflicts are
the basic factors shaping
personality development.
 analysts typically assume
an anonymous
nonjudgmental stance,
which is sometimes called
the “blank-screen”
approach.
Contemporary Psychoanalysis
 based on ego
psychology, which does
not deny the role of
intrapsychic conflicts but
emphasizes the striving of
the ego for mastery and
competence throughout the
human life span.
GOALS OF PSYCHOANALYTIC
TREATMENT
 increase adaptive functioning,
which involves the reduction of
symptoms and the resolution of
conflict.
 to make the unconscious
conscious and to strengthen the
ego
 Process is not limited to solving
problems and learning new
behaviors. Rather, there is a
deeper probing into the past to
develop the level of self-
understanding that is assumed to
be necessary for a change in
character.
 assisting clients in achieving self-
awareness, honesty, and more
effective personal relationships.
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY
 emerged as a way of shortening
and simplifying the lengthy process
of classical psychoanalysis.
CLASSICAL ANALYST stands outside
the relationship, comments on it, and
offers insight producing interpretations.
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHODYNAMIC
THERAPISTS focus as much on here-
and-now transference as on earlier
reenactment.
Transference is the client’s unconscious
shifting to the analyst of feelings,
attitudes, and fantasies.
Working-Through Process consists of
repetitive and elaborate explorations of
unconscious material and defenses,
Countertransference is viewed as a
phenomenon that occurs when there is
inappropriate affect, when therapists
respond in irrational ways.
SIX BASIC TECHNIQUES OF
PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPY
 Maintaining the analytic
framework- whole range of
procedural and stylistic factors,
such as the analyst’s relative
anonymity, maintaining neutrality
and objectivity, the regularity and
consistency of meetings, starting
and ending the sessions on time.
 Free association- clients are
encouraged to say whatever
comes to mind, regardless of how
painful, silly, trivial, illogical, or
irrelevant it may seem.
 Interpretation- analyst’s pointing
out, explaining, and even teaching
the client the meanings of
behavior.
 Dream analysis- procedure for
uncovering unconscious material
and giving the client insight into
some areas of unresolved
problems
 Analysis of Resistance
 Analysis of Transference
Dreams as the “royal road to the
unconscious”
Dreams have two levels of content:
latent content and manifest
content.
 Latent content consists of
hidden, symbolic, and
unconscious motives.
 Manifest content the
dream as it appears to the
dreamer
Dream Work -process by which the latent
content of a dream is transformed into the
less threatening manifest content
Resistance- anything that works against
the progress of therapy and prevents the
clientfrom producing previously
unconscious material.
JUNG’S PERSPECTIVE ON THE
DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY
Jung’s analytical psychology is an
elaborate explanation of human nature
that combines ideas from history,
mythology, anthropology, and religion.
 He maintained that at midlife we
need to let go of many of the
values and behaviors that
guided the first half of our life and
confront our unconscious.
 our present personality is shaped
both by who and what we have
been and also by what we aspire to
be in the future.
 Achieving individuation—
the harmonious integration of the
conscious and unconscious
aspects of personality is an innate
and primary goal.
 COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS as
“the deepest and least accessible
level of the psyche,” which contains
the accumulation of inherited
experiences of human and pre-
human species.
 ARCHETYPES- images of
universal experiences
contained in the collective
unconscious
ADLER
 we create ourselves
rather than merely being shaped
by our childhood
experiences.
 humans are motivated primarily by
social relatedness rather than
sexual urges
 attempt to view the world from the
client’s subjective frame of
reference, an orientation described
as phenomenological
 SUBJECTIVE REALITY- individual
way in which people perceive their
world
 starts with a consideration of
inferiority feelings, which he
saw as a normal condition of all
people rather than being
considered a sign of weakness or
abnormality.
 emphasized the unity and
indivisibility of the person and
stressed understanding the whole
person in the context of his or her
life
 HOLISTIC CONCEPT implies that
we cannot be understood in parts;
rather, all aspects of ourselves
must be understood in relationship
to the socially embedded contexts
of family.
 We must successfully master three
universal life tasks:
building friendships (social task),
establishing intimacy (love–
marriage task), and contributing to
society (occupational task)
Individual Psychology
 assumes that all human
behavior has a purpose, and
this purposefulness is the
cornerstone of Adler’s theory.
 FICTIONAL FINALISM
imagined life goal that guides a
person’s behavior replaced it
with “guiding self-ideal” and
“goal of perfection”
Lifestyle- our perceptions
regarding self, others, and the
world, includes the connecting
themes and rules of interaction.
Social interest- action line of one’s
community feeling, and it involves
being as concerned
about others as one is about
oneself.
Community feeling embodies the
feeling of being connected to all of
humanity
KEY CONCEPTS: BIRTH ORDER
AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIPS
Oldest Child
 receives a good deal of attention
 dependable and hardworking and
strives to keep ahead.
 reasserts her position by becoming
a model child
Second Child of Only Two
 shares the attention with another
child
 were in training to surpass the
older brother or sister.

Middle Child
 feels squeezed out.
 child may become convinced of
the unfairness of life and feel
cheated
 assume a “poor me” attitude
and can become a problem
child.
 switchboard and the
peacemaker
Youngest Child
 baby of the family and tends to be
the most pampered one.
 tend to go their own way, often
developing in ways
no others in the family have
attempted and may outshine
everyone.
Only Child
 may not learn to share or
cooperate with other children.
 Problem of her own.
AIM OF THERAPY
To develop the client’s sense of belonging
and to assist in the adoption of behaviors
and processes characterized by
community feeling and social interest.
Encouragement is the most powerful
method available for changing a
person’s beliefs, for it helps clients build
self-confidence and stimulates
courage.
Private Logic concepts about self, others,
and life that constitutes the philosophy on
which an individual’s lifestyle is based.
THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES AND
PROCEDURES
Phase 1: Establish the Relationship
 focus on making person-to-person
contact with clients rather than
starting with “the problem.
 works to understand the client’s
identity and experience of the
world.
Phase 2: Assessing the Individual’s
Psychological Dynamics
 get a deeper understanding of an
individual’s lifestyle.
 understanding the client’s
identity and how that identity
relates to the world at large.
 This assessment phase
proceeds from two interview forms:
the subjective inteview and the
objective interview.
 Subjective Interview, the
counselor helps the client tell his or
her life story as completely as
possible.
 Objective Interview seeks to
discover information about how
problems in the client’s life began,
medical history.
 Family Constellation- exploration
of the client’s family constellation,
including the client’s evaluation of
conditions that prevailed in the
family when the person was a
young child, birth order.
 Early Recollections- series of
small mysteries that can be woven
together into a tapestry that leads
to an understanding of how we
view ourselves
  Integration and Summary-
integrated summaries of the data
are developed. Different
summaries are prepared for
different clients, but common ones
are a narrative summary of the
person’s subjective experience and
life story
Phase 3: Encourage Self-
Understanding and Insight
 interpret the findings of the
assessment as an avenue for
promoting self-understanding and
insight.
 Self-understanding is only
possible when hidden purposes
and goals of behavior are made
conscious.
 Disclosure and well-timed
interpretations are techniques that
facilitate the process of gaining
insight.
Phase 4: Reorientation and
Reeducation
 putting insights into practice.
 focuses on helping clients discover
a new and more functional
perspective.
 clients can choose to adopt a new
style of life based on the insights
they gained in the earlier phases of
therapy.
 Reorientation- involves shifting
rules of interaction, process, and
motivation.
Encouragement Process
 most distinctive Adlerian
procedure, and it is central to
all phases of counseling and
therapy.
 a process of increasing the
courage needed for a
person to face difficulties in life.
Change and the Search for New
Possibilities
 clients make decisions and modify
their goals.
 act as if they were the people they
want to be.
Making a Difference
 seek to make a difference in the
lives of their clients. That difference
may be manifested by a change in
behavior or attitude or perception.
Application to Group Counseling
 Group provides a social context in
which members can develop a
sense of community and social-
relatedness.
 Sharing of early recollections
increases group cohesiveness
 Action-oriented strategies for
behavior change are implemented
to help group members work
together to challenge erroneous
beliefs about self, life and
others.
 Employs a time-limited framework
Limitations of the Adlerian Therapy
 Adler spent most of his time
teaching his theory as opposed to
systematically
documenting it Hence, some
consider
 Adlerian theory simplistic
 Many of Adler’s theoretical
constructs (i.e. lifestyle) are difficult
to measure and require empirical
testing.