YAK PUBLIC SCHOOL o PHYSICS PROJECT FILE Light BepesdentACKNOWLEDGEMENT | would like to express my special thanks to ray Physics teacher as well as our Principal Mam who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project in PHYSICS, which also helped me in doing a lot of Research. | came to know about many new things. This project couldn't have been satisfactorily completed without the support and guidance of MY parents, I would like to thank my parents who helped rae in gathering diverse inforrnation, collecting data and guiding me frora time to time in making this project,CERTIFICATE This is to certify that of class 22th has completed the physics project titled “Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)” in partial fulfillment of curriculum of CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE). This project was carried out in the school laboratory of YAK. publie school, Khopoli during the acaderaic year 2018-2014.INDEX Certificate of Excellence Acknowledgement Aim of project Introduction Theory Apparatus required Procedure followed ObservationAIM OF PROJECT ‘The aim of the project is to demonstrate the underlying principles of electrical conduction under the influence of light. Various applications are possible by evaploying this sirmple principle such as (A) Automatic switching of street lavaps, (b) Intruder’s alarm, (c) Morning wake up alarra, (d) Fire alarm, (e) Light intensity meters, (f) Automatic elevator doors etc. to name a few. tn this project, | have demonstrated the intruder's alarm in a simple manner which is easy to understand. The heart of the project is an LDR or Light DependentINTRODUCTION A photoresistor or light-dependent resistor(LDR) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photoresistor decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits Photoconductivity A. photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light and dark activated switching circuits. These resistors use pure semiconductors like silicon or germanium. When the light falls on the LDR, then the electrons get excited by the incident photons and move from the valence band to the conduction band and therefore the number of charge carriers increases. InTHEORY Alight dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo conductivity is an electro-optical phenomenon in which the material's conductivity is light is absorbed by the material. Modern light resistors ineveased when dependent are made of cade uit trax materials such as lead sulphide, lead selenide, indium antimonide and most commonly cadmium sulphide (CdS) and cadmium selenide.band to the conduction band. Hence when light having enough energy strikes on the device, more and more electrons are excited to the conduction band — which results in large number of charge carriers. The result ; of this process is more and more current starts flowing through the device when the circuit is closed and hence it is said that the resistance of the device has been decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR. This can be clearly seen from the graph. The resistance ofAPPARATUS REQUIRED “The project consists of the following apparatus: 2. Light source (white, ultra-violet and laser) 2.LDR 3.Switching circuit 4.Relay 5. Buzzer ©. Batteries 7.Housing for the abovePROCEDURE FOLLOWED An empty cardboard box was used to mimic a house. An opening was cut on the box to present a door. Behind the door, a light source is placed and in the line of vision of the light source, an LDR is also placed. A circuit is connected to the LDR which switches on a relay when the light bearn is intercepted. A schematic diagram of the set-up is shown below: een)As seen in the above diagram, a light source is positioned behind the door on the right hand side and an LDR is placed in the same line of vision at the opposite end of the door. When the light beam falls on the LDR, it lowers the resistance of the same and this activates the switching transistor circuit. The transistor circuit (described later) is connected to a relay which is in turn. connected to an external buzzer. The relay is a special type of switch which is driven by its magnetic coil. The relay has two positions. In de~ energized condition, position-2 will be active and in energized condition, position-2 will be active. When the circuit is powered, the relay goes to position-1by an opaque object, the LDR stops receiving the incident light and its resistance becomes high This de-energizes the relay and puts it to position-4 and the buzzer starts ringing. Thus, to summarize, we can say that the as long as the light source is on and the LDR is illuminated, the buzzer will not ring. But the moment, the light source is interrupted, the buzzer will start ringing. We can imagine the interruption of the light beam to be caused by an intruder and hence this arrangement can automatically detect any intruder by turning on the buzzer. The buzzer is just one of the devices we have connectedThe same circuit can be rewived to reverse the effect of light. Viz. we can make the buzzer ring whenever, light is present and interestingly this set up can be used as a morning alarm. Circuit Diagram Now, let us understand how the switching takes place when the LDR is illurninated by light: For the automatic switching, we have used the following circuit consisting of Transistors. One of the most common uses for transistors in an electronic circuit is as simple switches. In short, @ ® transistor conducts current across the collector-emitterThe cireuit uses two transistors, connected in series. The base voltage of the first transistor is adjusted carefully through the variable resistor (potentiometer) so that the slightest increase in the base voltage can fire the transistor T+. Thus, when there is no light on the LDR, the transistor remains un-fired. But when light falls on the LDR, the LDR starts conducting and the net base voltage of transistor T2 crosses the threshold voltage, causing T2 to fire. As a consequence, the collector current of T drives transistor 72 and T2 begins to fire. The collector current of T2 is now large enough to energize the relay. The velay gets energized and changes the contact position from 4 to 2. When light is cut off, the base voltage of T1 falls back to less than therelay goes to position-1 where, the buzzer is connected and the buzzer starts ringing The ringing buzzer wards off the intruder and also alerts the neighbors about the intrusion. In addition to the buzzer, one can also connect a high intensity flash light to wam the people in the neighborhood about the intrusion. Needless to say, one has also to install a stealth switch that is known only to the owner so that the owner can disable it for his own entry.OBSERVATION In the set up described, the following observations were made by (a) varying the nature of light source, (b) varying the translucency of the interceptor object. Table of observations S.No Type of Light Source Material Interceptor of | Result White light Opaque Buzzer Rings Transparent Buzzer does not ring. Near ultra- violet Opaque Buzzer Rings Transparent Buzzer doesExtension of scope in future The device was also tested under invisible light using a TV remote control as an infrared light source. The sarne observations were raade as above. This extends the scope of the project to the invisible light sources such as ultraviolet and infrared. The advantage is that; we can dupe the intruder by using invisible light as the light rays will not be visible even in the night. Another interesting application that can be thought of is an automatic ‘people counter that can be used to measure the number of people traversing a certain passage or entrance in an auditorium or theatre. It can also be used as a ‘traffic counter’ in check posts and tollCONCLUSION Based on the observation above, it can be concluded that the LDR based electronic switch can be successfully deployed for the following applications: A.Intruder detection / burglar’s alarm for home uses. 2. Anti-theft alarm for Banks and offices. 3.People Counter at Auditoriums 4.Vehicle counter at traffic check posts. PRECAUTIONSeyes or if the reflected beam is seen through naked eye. It is suggested to wear protective sun-glasses while assembling / positioning the light source. 2. Ultraviolet LED: UV LED with wavelengths between 345 and 400 nm, which emits the least energetic and harmful type of UV light. However, prolonged exposure should be avoided which can damage the skin and eyes B.Buzzer: This device emits high frequency audio sounds that can damage the ears when put close to the ears or heard for prolonged period. 4.The LDR: Should a need arise to destroy the project; care should be taken to dispose off the LDR properly as it contains hareaful chernicals that can darnage