PROJECT REPORT

OF
CHEMISTRY
ON
“COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES”

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of requirement for

the completion of class XII by Central Board of
Secondary Education (CBSE)
(Session: 2022-2023)

Submitted By: AYUSHI SHARMA

Roll No.: 09

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MRS.SWATI JAIN

Tagore Academy Public School, Faridabad

Submitted To

Tagore Academy Public School

Sec-3, Faridabad
Haryana, 121004
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that review and compilation work of the

project report entitled COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
is the independent work done by AYUSHI SHARMA
admission no. 6165 of XII-B and is submitted to the
department of chemistry, Tagore Academy Public
School, Faridabad under my supervision and guidance
during the session 2022-2023.

I wish her all success in future endeavors.

Signature Signature
Internal Examiner External Examiner
 Acknowledgement

I would like the opportunity to express my deep sense of

gratitude to all those people without whom this project could
have never been completed. First and foremost I would like to
thank my parents for their inexhaustible source of inspiration.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Mrs. Manorama Arora,
director, Tagore Academy Public School, Faridabad for her
constant guidance and providing a very nice platform to learn.

I would like to thank Mr. Onkar Singh , Principal, Tagore

Academy Public School, Faridabad for her constant
encouragement and moral support, without which I would have
never been able to give my best.

I would also like to thank Mrs. Manju Vashistha ,Vice

Principal, Tagore Academy Public School, Faridabad for her
efforts in providing a well equipped and efficient environment
to learn
I would also like to thank Mrs. Swati Jain Tagore Academy
Public School, Faridabad for her keen interest in the work and
every useful practical knowledge and for their kind
supervision.
Their guidance and supervision was helpful in bringing this
work to conclusion.
AYUSHI SHARMA
 INDEX

• What is colligative property?

• Types of colligative property
• Lowering Vapour Pressure (ΔP) of
solutions.
• Boiling point elevation.
• Freezing point depression
• Osmotic pressure of the solution
 WHAT IS COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY?
In chemistry, colligative properties are properties
of solutions that depend upon the ratio of the number of
solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a
solution, and not on the type of chemical species
present. The number ratio can be related to the various
units
for concentration of solutions. The independence of the
nature of solute particles is exact for ideal solutions, and
approximate for dilute real solutions.
Here we consider only those properties which result
because
of the dissolution of nonvolatile solute in a volatile liquid
solvent. They are independent of the nature of the solute
because they are due essentially to the dilution of the
solvent
by the solute. The word colligative is derived from the
Latin colligatus meaning bound together.
TYPES OF COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY:-
1. Lowering Vapour pressure of solution: Roult’s
law.
2. Elevation in boiling point (ΔT ). B

3. Depression in freezing point (ΔTf ).

4. Osmosis.
 Lowering Vapour Pressure (ΔP)
of solutions
Roult’s law:-
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent, the
vapour pressure of the solution decreases.
According to Roult’s Law, the vapour pressure of a
solvent
(P1) in a solution containing a non-volatile solute is
given
by
According to Raoult's Law,
Vapour pressure of the pure solvent = P1°
11
Vapour pressure of the solvent in solution = P1
P1 = x1P1°
ΔP1 = P1° - P1
= P1° - x1P1°
= P1° (1 - x1)
In a binary solution, 1 - x1 = x2
ΔP1 = P1° x2
ΔP1/P1° = (P1° - P1)/P1° = x2
The lowering of vapour pressure relative to the vapour
pressure of pure solvent is called relative lowering of
vapour pressure.
ΔP1/P1° → Relative lowering of Vapour pressure
Thus, the relative lowering in vapour pressure depends
only on the concentration of solute particles and is
independent of their identity.
If the solution contains more than one non-volatile
solute,
then the relative lowering in vapour pressure of a
solvent is
12
equal to the sum of the mole fractions of all the
non-volatile solutes.
If n1 and n2 are respectively the number of moles of the
solvent and solute in a binary solution, then the relative
lowering in the vapour pressure of the solvent,
(P1° - P1)/P1° = x1 + x2 + x3 + ... + xn
if n1 and n2 are the number of moles of the solvent and
solute,
(P1° - P1)/P1° = n2/(n1+n2)
For dilute solutions n2 << n1
(P1° - P1)/P1° = n2/n1
n1 = W1/M1 , n2 = W2/M2
(P1° - P1)/P1° = (W2xM1)/(W1xM2)
W1 = Mass of solvent
W2 = Mass of solute
M1 = Molar mass of solvent
M2 = Molar mass of solute
 Boiling point elevation (ΔTB )
The exact relation between the boiling point of the
solution
and the mole fraction of the solvent is rather
complicated,
but for dilute solutions the elevation of the boiling
point is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of
the
solute:
OR ΔTb = Kb.Cm
Kb = Ebullioscopy constant, which is 0.512°C
kg/mol
for the boiling point of water.
The vapour pressure of a liquid increases with an
increase in
temperature. When vapour pressure of the liquid
becomes
equal to the atmospheric pressure (or) external
pressure,
then liquid starts boiling. The temperature at which
the
vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the
external
pressure is known as its boiling point.
14
At any temperature, the vapour pressure of a
solution
containing a non-volatile solute is less than that of
the pure
solvent.
The temperatures at which the vapour pressure of
the
solvent and the solution become equal to the
atmospheric
pressure are Tb0 and Tb.
Tb-Tb0 =ΔTb
Thus, it can be seen that the boiling point of a
solution is
greater than the boiling point of the pure solvent.
The boiling point of a solvent changes as the
concentration
of the solute in the solution changes, but it does
not depend
on the identity of the solute particles.
The elevation of the boiling point depends upon
the
concentration of the solute in the solution and is
directly
proportional to molality (m) of the solute in the
solution.
ΔTb = Tb - Tb°
Tb > Tb °
ΔTb ∝ Concentration of solute
ΔTb ∝ m (Molarity)
ΔTb = Kb m
Kb = Boiling point elevation constant or molal
elevation
constant or ebullioscopic constant
15
Molal elevation constant is defined as the
elevation in the
boiling point when 1mole of a solute is dissolved
in
1kilogram of a solvent.
If w2 grams of a solute with M2 molar mass is
dissolved in
w1gram of a solvent, then molality (m) of the
solution is,
m = (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)
ΔTb = Kb (W2x1000)/(W1xM2)
 Depression in freezing point
The freezing point of a substance is defined as the
temperature at which its solid phase is in dynamic
equilibrium with its liquid phase. At the freezing
point, the
vapour pressure of the substance in its liquid phase
is the
same as the vapour pressure of the substance in its
solid
phase.
16
When a non-volatile solute is added to a solvent,
the
freezing point of the solution gets lowered.
According to Roult’s law, the vapour pressure of a
solution
containing a non-volatile solute is lower than that
of the
pure solvent. Thus freezing point of a solvent
decreases
when a non-volatile solute is added to it.
The depression in freezing point depends upon the
concentration of the solution. For dilute solutions,
depression in the freezing point is directly
proportional to
molality (m).
Thus, ΔTf =Kf m
Where
Kf =freezing point depression constant (or) molal
depression constant (or) cryoscopic constant.
Molal depression constant Kf can be defined as the
depression in freezing point when 1mole of solute
dissolved
in 1kg of solvent. The unit for Kf is kelvin
kilogram /mole.
As Kf depends upon the nature of the solvent, its
value is
different for different solvents.
The values of Kf can be calculated from this
expression
Kf = (R x M1 x Tf
2)/(1000 x ΔfusH)
R = Gas constant
17
M1= Molar mass of the solvent
Tf = Freezing point of the pure solvent
ΔfusH = Enthalpy for the fusion of the solvent
If w2 grams of a solute with molar mass M2 is
dissolved in
w1 grams of a solvent, then molality m of the
solution is
given by W2 multiplied by 1,000 divided by w1
multiplied
by M2
Substituting this value of molality in the freezing
point
depression equation, we get depression in freezing
point
Molarity , m = (W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)
ΔTf = Kf m
ΔTf = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xM2)
M2 = = (Kf x W2 x 1000)/(W1xΔTf)
Thus, the molar mass of a non-ionic solute can be
calculated
by using the depression in freezing point.
 Osmosis
Membranes which allows only solvent particles
but not
solute particles of solution is called semi-
permeable
membranes (or) SPM. These membranes can be of
natural
origin (or) synthetic origin.
18
Vegetable membranes, membranes found under
the shell
of an egg are examples of natural membranes and
cellophane is an example of synthetic membrane.
Thus 'Osmosis' can be defined as the spontaneous
flow of
solvent through a semi-permeable membrane from
a pure
solvent to a solution or from a dilute solution to a
concentrated solution.
It is important to note that osmosis drives solvent
molecules through a semi-permeable membrane
from low
solute concentrations to high solute concentrations.
Osmosis ends when the solute concentration
becomes
equal on either side of the membrane and
equilibrium is
attained.
The flow of solvent molecules from low
concentration to
high concentration can be stopped by applying
some extra
pressure on the high concentration side. The
minimum
pressure required to do so is known as the osmotic
pressure
of the solution.
19
Thus, osmotic pressure π of a solution is defined as
the
excess pressure that must be applied to a solution
to
prevent osmosis from taking place.
Osmotic pressure does not depend on the identity
of the
solute, but on its concentration.
Osmotic pressure for dilute solutions is
proportional to
molarity of the solution at a given temperature(T).
π ∝ C (at given T)
π=CRT
R = Gas constant
C = n2/V
π = n2RT / V
If W2 grams of solute of molar mass M2 is present
in the
solution,
n2 = W2/M2
20
π = W2RT / M2V
M2 = W2RT / πV
This is widely used to determine the molar masses
of
polymers and macromolecules, especially
biomolecules, as
they are generally unstable at higher temperatures
and
decompose before their boiling point is reached.
If the solutions have the same concentrations (C1
= C2),
then π1= π2.
 bibliography
This project file is made by taking
reference from class XII CHEMISTRY
NCERT Book.

The help of the following site is also taken.

https:// mycbseguide.com