Chemistry Water Analysis and Treatment

Engineerins

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS ro
Disadvantages of Hard water in due
1 paper industry are to:

(a) Ca and Mg Salts (b) Silica

(c)Oxygeng eo
(d)Soaps (c) One and Two both
Chemicalequivalent of CaCO, is bes dabo0
(a) 50
(d) 1
(6) 100
(e) 0.1
o sn(C)0 lusbr br ge ol
1° Fr is equal to how many ppm
(a) 0.1 ppm (b) 10 ppm (c) 0.7 ppm tadsa
(d) 0.01 ppm ()2 ppm sbiol rufoin
Solubility of CaSO4 in water decreases with
(a) Decrease in temperature b) Rise in temperature
to
(c) Independent temperature (d) Pressure variation
Colloidal conditioning can be done by:
(a) Kerosene (b) Tanning
(c) Agar agar (d) All the above
Sodium Aluminateis
(a) Sealant (b) Coagulant
(c) Rust (d)Anti-foaming agent ooe1 9nis 7
7. Foaming in boilers can be avoided by:

(a) Palm oil b) Castor Oil

(c) Lubrication (d) Softening of water oioi ni

8. Permutit process is known as

(a) lon exchangeprocess (b) Deionization of water

(c) Lime soda process (d) Zeoite process

9 Zeolite process removes hardness

(a) 20 ppm
(c) 045 ppm
till

(b)
(d)
2 ppm
10 ppm
o
10. Objectionable problems in boiler are:

(a) Priming (b) Forming 27208 118 6

(c) Carry over (d) Boiler corrosion
(e) All the above
11. Chloramines are used in drinking water for:

(a) Disinfection (b) Filtration

(C) Sedimentation (d) None of these
12. EDTA method of determination of hardness of water is used: ty1ouoioo or
(a) Temporary hardness (b) All types of hardness
(c) Permanent hardness (d) alkaline hardness only
13. Pure water can be obtained by
(a) Permutit process (b) Demineralization
(c) L-S Process (d) None of these
14 Permanent hardness can be removed by:
(a) Adding Soda (b) Distillation
(c) Boiling (d) Adding Lime-Soda
15. Which of the following methods separates both ionic and non-ionic impurities from water?
(a) Electrodialysis (b) Reverse osmosis
(C) Deionization (d) All the above

55
Ergineering Chemistry Water Analysis and Treatment

16. The process of removing extra common salt from water is called:

(a)Deionization (b) Reverse osmosis

(c) Desalination (d) Disinfection
17 Coagulants help in setting of
(a) Suspended impurities (b)Fine suspended matter only
(C) Colloidal Particles (d) Both b and c
18. Most popular and ideal disinfectant in waterworksis:
(a) Bleaching powder (6) Ozone
(C)Chlorine (d) Lime
19 The exhausting permutit is regenerated by percolating it through a solution of
(a) Calcium chloride (b) Zinc chloride
(c) Magnesium Chloride (d) Sodium chloride
20 Which one of the following dissolved salts in water does not causes hardness.
(a) CaSO (b) Na SO
(c)MgSiO (d)MgCl2
21 Internal treatment of boiler feed water means:
(aTreatingwater during evaporation
(6)Treating water before boiler feeding

(C)Treatingchemically the steamformed

d)Treating after some intenal change in boiler design.
22 Scale formation in boiler causes:
(a) No loss of heat b) Wastageof heat
(C)Increase in Efficiency (d) None of these
23 Disinfection of water removes:
(a)Hardness b) Turbidity
C) Bacteia (d) Odour obe
24. The presence of Nitrate in amount more than 50 ppm leads to disease called: ilosS
(a) Typhoid (d) Gastroenteritis
()Mathenoglobenemia (d) None
25. Sodium Hexa Meta phosphate is used as: eliod ni e
(a) Water softener (b) lon-exchange resin

C) Sulphate (d) Bicarbonate

26. Swimming for long time in soft water makes the skin of finger tips wrinkles. Which one is

responsible for that

(a) Coagulation b)Dialysis
(C) Osmosis (d) Electrodylysis

27 Red Brownishcolour of water is due to presence of dissolved impurities of:otm &Tg

(a) Arsenic b) Iron and Manganese

(c) Sulphate (d) Bicarbonates

28 The presence ofManganese in water causes the growth

of
(a) Mosquitoes (b) Flies
C)Algae (d)Microorganisms.
29 Fe and Mn are removed by:
(a) Filtration (b) Chlorination

(C) Aeration (d) Lime-Soda treatment

30. Some fluorides are
essential or
desirable in potable
water to prevent:
(a) Scale formation b)
Corrosion

(C) Dental cavities (d) Water borne diseases

56
 Chemistry Water Analysis and Treatment
Engineering

Which ion is not there in

naturally occurring zeolite
31
(a) Na (b) A
(C)Si* (d) Ca2
Which is not a cation exchanger?
32
(a) Amberlite (b) Dowex (c) Duoliate
(d) Zeokarb (e) None
water cannot be due to
Alkalinity in
33 OHion only
(a) (b) OH and CO
(c) OH and HCO (d) CO and HCO
is
Calgon
34
(a) NaPO (b) NaCl

35.
(c)(NaPOs%
Potable water treatment
(a) Demineralization
does not involve:
(d) NaH,PO

(b) Disinfection
loss o
(c) Coagulation (d) Sedimentation

36.
Which one of the following is a
complexometric titration?

(a)FAS vs
KCr;O (b)FeSO4vs KMnO4 onoissio
(c)Hard
Water vs EDTA (d)Acid vs Base
Chlorine is used in
purification of drinking water:
37.
(a) Sterilization (b) Coagulation
(c) Sedimentation (d) Filtration

38. A sampleof water contains sodium chloride. It is:

(a) Soft water (d) Hard water
(b) None
39.
(c) Moderately
Desalination is the process of
removing E 9(18) 2(08) (2)
(a) Oil b) Common salt

(c) Mineral (d) Hardness from water

40. The Coefficient of thermal of boiler scale is
expansion
(a) Same as that of boiler plate b) Less than that of boiler plate

(c)Higher than that of boiler plate (d) None of these

41. Brackish water mostly contains:

(a) CaCl2 (b) BasO4 b bus

(c) NaCl (d) HC1 obei o1 noiuio
42. Internal treatment of boiler feed water involves:

(a) To precipitate the scale forming substance in the form of sludge

(b) To them
convert into soluble substance

(c) Both a and b

(d) None of a and b
43 Ultra violet rays are used in water treatment for: bbese1o.1
(a) Sterilization b) Coagulation
(c) Sedimentation (d) Filtration
44. Which of the following dissolved salts in water would cause the least hardness in water sample?
(a) 10 ppm of CaSO4 (b) 10 ppm of MgCl2
(c)10ppm of CaSOs (d) 25.5 ppm of Mg(OH)» o ATC im
45. Plumbo Solvencyis a hazard in the transportation of:

(a) Soft water only (b) Hard water only

(c) Both a and b (d) None of these wH nOe

57
 Water Analysis and Treatment
pineerine Chemistry

46 The flow water through the membrane from saline water in the fresh water takes place
of when the

applied pressure on saline water is

(b) Lower than Osmotic Pressure

47
(a) Higher than Osmotie Pressure
(Bqual to Osmotiepressure
Hardness in water is
(d) Zero

expressed in terms of equivalent

Osmoticpressure
of
o biy
(a) CaCly (b) MgClh
()CaCO (d) MgCO
48 13.6
mg Mitre of CaSO is equivalent to how many mg./it. of CaCOy?
10mg /it.
(a) (b) 5 mg./it
()20mg/Mit (d) 2 mg./lit
Calgon is the trade name of
(a) Sodiunm silicate (b) Calcium phosphate
(c) Sodiunm zeolite (d)Sodium hexa meta phosphate
S0 removal of Ca(HC0,)» temporary hardness by Lime-Soda process, which is required ?
Forthe
(a) Lime (b) Soda
()Lime and Soda (d) None of the above
S1 Sterilization of water can be done by using:
(a) Ozone (b) Oxygen
(c) Hydrogen peroxide (d)Caustic potash onoleaug nu bo aoolf
Answer Key
()e ()a (3)b (6)b (4)b (5) d (7)b (8) d 9) d (10)e (11)a (12) b (13) b (14)d
d
5)6 e
(16)c (17) (18)c (19) d (20)b (21) a (22)b (23) c (24)c (25)a (26)c (27) b (28)d
29 d 30) (31)e (32)
d
(3)c (34)c (35) a (36) c (37) a (38)a (39)b (40)b (41)c (42)c
(43)a (44)a (45) a (46)a (47)e (48) a (49) d (50) a (51) a

SOLVED NUMERICAL PROBLEMSliod

s6 toono/lto)
loud ne (o
Problem 1

1.0 gm of CacO,was dissolved HCI and

dilute to 1000ml, 25ml of this solution required 25 ml of EDTA
solution for titration. In another 50ml
titration of hard water sample
required 45 ml of EDTA solution.
SOml of same sample on boiling, cooling and
hard water 20 ml
filtering etc. required of EDTA solution
using Erichrome Black-T as indicator. Calculate Total hardness, Temporary hardness and permanent
hardness of water sample in different units.
Solution:
()Standardizationof EDTA solution-
1Lof standard hard water
ml of SHW- Img of CaCO3
1

25 ml of EDTA -25ml of SHW

- 1.0g of CaCO3 o bos s taloiy slt

Iml 25
of
EDTA=lmg
25 CaCO aeovlob gvolioi albodoW
Iml EDTA solution= mg CaCO3 1

(i)Determination of Total Hardness

50ml.of unknown hard water required 45 ml of EDTA
50 ml HW 45 ml EDTA = onol to0 0)
45X dBo ot()
1
mg. CaCO

58
 Chemistry Water Analysis and Treatment
Engineering

=900mg of CaCO
1000ml (1L) of unknown
Total
Hardness= 900ppm= 90°F=63°CI
Gi) Determination of permanent hardness
hard water sample =x1000
50 M
eeiupo yOD
50 ml of boiled water 20 ml EDTA =
1000 ml of boiled water =X1000 =400 mg
50
Permanent hardness
Temporary hardness
400ppm= 40°F=28°cCI HO Orobyns
(iv) [Total hardness-permanenthardness
900-400 500ppm
Problem2
50 ml of standard hard water containing 1.5 mg of pure CacO, per ml consumed 44 ml of EDTA.
40 ml
of watersampleconsumed 20 ml of same EDTA solution using EBT indicator. Calculate total
hardness or
water samplein ppm, 'Cl and °Fr. at[RGPv 05]
Solution:O
44 ml of EDTA 50mlof 1.5 mg/ml of CaCOg equivalent
I ml of EDTA 50X 1.5 =75/44mgCaCOj equivalent
40ml HW =20ml of EDTA
of
solution =20 X 75/44 mg CaCO, equivalent

1 Lof HW = 20X75x1,000 mg of CaCO, equivalent

44x40
= 852.27mg of CaCO3
Total = equivalent
Hardness ofwater 852.27ppm °Fr =85.27° Fr °Cl 59.65° Fr

Problem 3
100 ml of a raw water sample on titration with N/50 H2SO4 required 12.4 ml of the acid to

phenolphthalein end point and

15.2ml of the acid to
methyl orange end point. Determine the types and
extent of alkalinity present in water sample. [RGPV 01]
Solution:
100 ml of water upto end- point ooitelod
phenolphthalein

12.4 ml of HSO
NpV =N,V2
NpX 100ml =X 50
12.4ml

12.4m
or Np
50*100ml
Strength of alkalinity upto phenolpthelein end-point in terms of CaCO3 equivalent
=Ni X 50 X 1000 ppm
P- Lx50x1000
l00 50
P=124ppm
100ml of water upto methyl orange endpoint 15.2 ml of

NMVI=NV2
59
 WaleI AHAyali and 1etmen

NMX 100=X152 m
10
100NM
B0,8hength (ntemaof CaCO, equlvalent) MNu X 50 X 1000ppm

M- 501000 M 12ppm
100
Ninee P1/2 M, OT md CO e preset
Alkalinity dueto O 2P M 2X 124152=90ppm
Alkalinity dueto Co2 (M P) 2(152-124) 50ppm

Henee witer snple contalns

Ol Alkalinity =90ppnm, Co Alklinity =50ppm, Total Alkalinity =190150)ppm = 152 ppm
Problem 4
Caleulate the bardnens in terma of CaCO, equivalent, if water sample contains 410 mg of CAA per litrs

MGPVO1,07
Sobtion
Hardness Mass of CaiO4% multiplioation fac

410
410 Chemieal aqof CaCo
Chemleal eqof Caso, J

10x 68
0
30147 ppm

Problem
A sample on analysis gave the following results
water

Ca30mg/l,Mg 18mp/, K
=
19.5 ml1, CO = 11my/1, HC0= 122m/1, Cr355 mg/l ad

SO48 mgl. Caleulate total hardness and Alkalinity

required for softening one litre of this sampleof hard water
present in water sample,AlsoCalculate line sda
(RGPV O1)
Solutiont
Total Hardness= ICa + Mg" +HCO,1

30x18
40 24 1227250ppm
Alkalinity HCO
122 x
100 -100ppm
122

gLime requíred epe [M'Co+HCO,

100
all as CaCO, equivalent)

141810011 14 122x 148 mp

100

148x1
L
Litre

60
 Chemistry Water Analysis and Treatment
Pineenine

106
Soda required -

100 Ca+Mg-HCo, asCaCO, equivalent)

106 30000 100
100 18-122x2
40 +184-122122

-53l
L Litre 53mg.
Problem
6
late the amount of lime (88.39% pure) and Soda of
Calcu (99.2% pure) required to soften 24,000 litres
fora year containing the follo
water perday lowing.
0.42 mg/1.
oco:185
CHCOs1.85 mel. MgCOs: MgsO,:0.90mg/1., Sio 2.32 mg/1, CaSO:0.34 mg/1, MgClh
and NaCI
2.34 me/l.
:
0.76 mgl RGPVO1, 06]

NC
Solution
and SiO do not require lime and soda.
74

im reguired= 100 CaCO+2 x MgCO,+ MgCl, +MgsO,as CaCO, equivalent)

1.85x
100 100 2x0.42x+0.76x+0.90 20
74
1001.85+1.0+0.8+0.75]
100
100
3.256x 24,000x365Lx lkg

10mg 88.3
x 365 x 100
- 3.256x4000 =32.3 kg
10 x88.3
106
Soda requirement CaSO4+
100
MgCl+MgSO, as CaCO, equivalent] mg/l

106
1000.34x+0.76x+0.90
136
xmg/l

= 1.06 X [0.25+0.8+0.751 x 24000x365x 100 =16.848 = 16.85 kg.

10 x99.2
Problem 7
A Zeolite softener was 90% exhausted by removing the hardness completely when 10,000 litres of hard

water sample passed through it. The exhausted zeolite bed required 200 litres of 3% sodium chloride
Calculate the hardness of water sample. [RGPV 07
solutionforits complete regeneration.
Solution:
NaCl contained in 200 L of 3% NaCl solution.
30gm/L X 200L =6000 g NaCl
6000 x50 58.5
=5.128 gm equivalents of CaCO3 90% hardness of 10,000 L of water

= 5,128 gm equivalents of CaCOs

61
 Water Analysis and
Treatment

Engineeringe Chemistry

5128 5138 eiogo al

1L of water 9000
10,000x 90
100
=0.5698 gm equivalents of Ca cO=0.5698 X 1000 mg CaCOj equivalens. ents

Hardnessof water sample

=569.8 ppm

Problem 8 139 ppm, gave the following results for w

rau
as a coagulant at the rate of
Water sample using eSOa.7H,O
water.
and HCO, 732 ppm = Calculate the quantities of lime

320 ppm, Mg=120 ppm, CO= 88 ppm

Ca hard water sample.
and soda required for softening 50,000 litres of
Solution:
74 mg/l
Lime requirement T 100 Mg"+HCOj +CO>+FeSO47H;O]
slevung 0= +88x139x
0.74120x+732x 122 44
=
0.74 [500+600+200+50] mg/l 999 mg/1

Now for 1000 Litres = 999 X 1000 = 999 X 10 mg

= 999 X 50,000 4995 X 10'mg =49950 gm =49.95 kg.

+=
For 50,000Litres

106
[Ca+Mg"-HCO+ FeSO4.7H20 as CaCO3 equivalent]
Soda requirement
100

=106 320x100120x-732x 139x 795 mg/L

40 24
amieshvp100
For 50,000L of raw water =795 X 50000 L= 795 X 50 X 10 mg
39750 X 10 mg= 39.75 kg
3.08821 T.O-8.0-2S01 00.1
Problem 9
a zeolite softener. The
The hardness of 100000 litres of water sample was completely removed by
exhausted softener required 500 Litres of sodium chloride solution, containing 110 g/litre of sodium
chloride for regeneration. Calculate hardness of water in different units.
dguos bozzsq algmee
Solution:
X 500 L.Tegn s9lquoo an 1ot to
NaCl contained in 500L of NaCI Solution =110gm/1
= 55000 gm of NaCl =55000 X icigoo /Dn7
58.5
=47008.54 gm equivalentCaCO3 of

1, 00,000L of water 47008.54 gm equivalent of CaCO

TO1Lofwaterombod 4.7008X10
100000
mg/1upo 10
Hardness of water =470.08 ppm =47F=32.9°C
1ppm =0.1°F= 0.07°CI
470.08ppm 47°F= 32.9°CI
62
 Chemistry Water Analysis and Treatment
Engineering

10
Problem
230 ppm. After the
50 ml of samplecontains840 ppm of DO after 5 days. The DO value becomes
has been diluted to 80 ml. Calculate thhe BOD of sample. [RGPV 06]
sample
Solution:
BOD =DO-DO;] X factor
Dilution
=(DO}-D0) mlof sample after dilution
ml of samplebefore dilution
am oigoong red
=(840-230)X
S0
=976 ppm
00
11
Problem
a of
A 25 ml of sewage Water sample was refluxed with 10 ml of 0.25 N KCrO7 Solution in presence
and
ute H,SOs,AgaSO4
dilute
HgsOs. The unreacted dichromate required 6.5 ml of 0.1 N ferrous ammonium
10 ml
ulphate. of the same K,Cr207 solution and 25 ml of distilled water, under the same conditions as
thesample, required 27 ml of distilled water, under the same conditions as the sample,required 27 ml of
oLNferrous ammonium sulphate
Solution:
Vb

N
27ml
=6.5 ml
=0.1 Normal
o
Calculate the COD of sewage water sample.

l Oc zaanbnd ssnoduso non on

oiufo qu sbam
i oror
to
gaise
viilooonsr

Ve 25 ml
ooloegusbam a COD =V,-V,xNx8/V,x1000 mg /1 uloe

COD 27-6.5)x 0.1x8 x1000

Problem 12
=
25x 25

1000 656ppm
ob e2abysi
itobezasT

250ml of a sample water requires 4.5 ml

Na2SO, for complete neutralization using methyl orange
of 0.1

as indicator. Another 250 ml of the

sample was boiled with exactly 50 ml of 0.1 N Alkali
of water
mixtures. After filtering off the precipitation, the filtrate was made
upto exactly 250 ml. 50
ml of this
made up sample solution requires 8.5 ml of 0.1 N HSO4 for complete neutralization Calculate the

Carbonate, non-carbonate
Solution:
& total hardness of water sample.
El ldo
)In the absence of OH
alkalinity the CO hardness was determined by against strong acid
titration

using methyl orange

indicator. Thus titration upto methyl orange end point indicated the CO3 hardness
or carbonate alkalinity.
end point =4.3 ml
okrs
N HzS04qg at220busd
250ml of water upto methyl orange of 0.1
anitsts
250 ml X NM =4.5 ml x 0.1 N OD60to noitslooisD-toaloe
NM =4.5x0=1.8 X10N
250
Now,
Strength of CO hardness upto methyl orange end point in terms of CaCO3 equivalent
M=NMX 50 X 1000 ppm =90 ppmm
SoCO, hardness in terms of CaCO equivalent =90 ppm Jano8o0

63
Engineering Chemistry

(i)For estimation of non-carbonates

hardness, Cl'

excess of a mixture
and sO4° of Ca
of NazCO3 NaOH &
& Mg
(Known as
Water Analysis and

are precipitated
y . [reatment

oiling
alkalinity mixture
the
water sample with a known or

soda reagent.)
The involved reactions are
Ca+CO CaCO,
Mg+20H Mg(OH),
and the unused
off alkali mixture is back titrated against standard acid
Then precipitates are filtered
Ca & Mg are present, they are converted into equivalent amon
Note that even if the bicarbonates of of

Na-COs
Ca(HCO,),+2NaOHCaCO, +Na,CO, +2H,0
+
Mg(HCO,), +4NaOH >Mg(OH), +2Na,CO, 2H,0

consumed by the carbonate hardness present. However in practice the carbono

Thus no alkali is nate
of alkali
hardness is removed by boiling prior to the addition mixture.

Assuming there is no non carbonate hardness.

the normality of this made up solution

But given 50 ml ofmade up

As 50 ml of 0.l

50ml x0.1N
250m
solution requires 8.5 ml of 0.1

8.5mlx0.1N
. =
=
N alkali mixture

0.02 N..
was made

NH,SO, Normalityof the made up solution

0.017 N..
upto

.(b)

...c)
250 ml, so

50ml
Thus reduction in normality b-c
0.02-0.017= 003 N
We know that, CO3 hardness does not consume any alkali mixture, any consumption of the alkali

(Corresponded to 0.003 N) must be due to the non-carbonate hardness.

Hence normality with respect to none carbonates hardness =0.003 N
G) Non carbonate hardness (in terms of CaCO3 equivalent) .003 X 50 X 1000 50 ppm = =
(i) =
Total hardness of water sample arbonate Hardness+ Non-corbonate hardness
0+150 = 40ppm
Problem 13
ThreesamplesA, B, C were analyzed for their salt contents.
(1) Sample A foundto contain 168 mg MgCO3/litre
(2) Sample B found to contain 820 mg Ca(NO3)2& 2 mg of silica titer
(3) Sample C found to contain 20 g of KNO3& 2gof calcium carbonate/500 ml
Determine hardness in ppm & grains/gallon
Solution Calculation of CaCO3, equivalent

SampleConstituent Multiplication factor|CaCO3 equivalent

A MgCO=168 mg/L 100
ov =168x 100
34 84
200 mg/l1
B Ca(Nos)2=820mg/L 100
164
820x00
164
=500 mg/

64
 Water Analysis and Treatment
Chemistry
Bngimeering

C CaCO=2g/500 mg/L 100

400x00
100
100
=4,000mg/L
Hardnessof sample A 200mg/lor 200 ppm
Hardnessof sample BB = 500mg/lor 500 ppm
Hardnessof sample C 4000mg/l or 4000ppm

Now I ppm =0.07° Cl =0.07 grain/gallon

Hardness of sample A= 200 X 0.07 14 g/g

Hardnessof sample
B =500 X 0.07= 35 g/g
Hardness of sample C= 4000 X 0.07 280e/g

14
Problem on analysis gives following data:
A water sample
CaSso =
272 ppm, MgSO =
120 ppm, H2SO4= 49 ppm and SiO2 4 ppm. Calculate =
MgClh= 95 ppm, water. If the
of (95% pure) lime and (97%% pure) soda needed for treating 1 million liters of
the amount
(9
of lime& soda are Rs. 40 &
Rs.2000 per 100kg each respectivelr Calculate the total cost
of
costs
for treating I million of water?
ehemical used liters

Solution: betpos
Impurityiebozom CaCOj equivalent
100
MgClL 95x=100
95 mg /
100
CaSO 200 mg/1
272 136

MgSO 120x900
120x 120 100 mg/1

H,SO 49x
100
=50mg /l
98
SO2 Ignored

for softening of the water

Amount of 95% pure lime requirement 1 million litres

MgCl,+MgSO, +H,s0,]x Purity factor xkg for10°Litre 00102M

100
100 10
14[100+100+50]xX
100 10
=194.74kg

Cost of
the lime required at the rate of Rs.40/100kg.

194.74x4-77.90 Rs.
100
97% pure soda needed for million litre of the water
Similarly, amount of
1

100+ 50lx00 10
10000+200+ 10 barkopey

65
 Water Analysisand
Treatme

Engineering Chemistry
100 105
106 200 +100 50x 97
X
10
100
100 CaSO4 CaSO4 Purity Kg for
CaSO4
CaCl derived
derived factor 10L
Derived from MgSO4 from HaSO4
From MgClh
during lime during
lime treatment
during treatment
treatment

491.75257x2000= Rs.9835.05
100
the chemicals needed for softening 1million litres of water:
.Totalcos tof

=Rs.(77.90+Rs.9835.05)
=Rs. 9912.95
Problem 15
in grains/gallon.
A water on analysis gave the following constituents
sample,
=9.5 CaSO4 =
3.4 0
MgCl
CaCOs 5.0ofa Mg(HCO)2 =7.3ufrog 00S.a50h e c bo
MgSO =6.0 SiO2 2.4
Calculate the cost of the chemicals required for softening 20,000 gallons of water if the impurities of lime
&Soda are 95% and 90% respectively. The cost per 100 pounds each of lime soda is Rs. 28 & Rs. 96
respectively.
Solution

Salt CaCO3 equivalent

MgCl
9.5 9.5x 00 =10 gPE
95
100
CaSO4 3.4 3.4x =2.5 gpg
136

CaCO 5.0 5.0x00 5.0gpg

100 0
Mg (HCO)2 =7.3
= 6.0
7.3x
100
146
100
=5.0gpg 02g- 0
MgSO4 6.0x 5.0gpE
120 oe00
SiO2 =2.4 ignored

Lime is required for = [Temporary Calcium Hardness+(2 X Temporary magnesium hardness

permanent magnesium hardness)]
=5+(2X 5)+10+ 5 =30 gpg
Cost of 95% pure lime required for softening 20,000
gallons at the rate of Rs. 28 per 100 Ibs.
100 28
14x30 X 20,000 x
100 7000 95 100
Lime required gallons 1bs=7000 purity cost per
Per gallon Treated factor
grains 100 bs
= Rs 18.69

66
 sto Water Analysis and Treatment
Chemistry
Engineering

(Ca permanent hardness + Me permanent hardness

for which generated
imilarly, Soda required
alent quantity of Ca permanenthardness during lime treatment)
cquiva
2.5+(10+5) 17.5 gpg =
of90%% soda for
treating 20,000 gallon at rate oflRs. 96 per 100 1bs.

96co)34 0o
required
.:Cost woM
10017. 20,000 X 100
100 7000 90 100
Soda required gallons lb 7000 purity
1 cost per

Per gallon treated factor 100 1bls

grains
=Rs. 56.653

16
ge (000.0 EC)
Problem
Theanalytical report
ofa raw water sample is follows Tldo
mg/L CaClh-55.9 mg/L
MgC-47.5
CasOa-406 mg/L Turbidity- 120 mg/L
to be sufficient to remove the entire
10mg/L alum dose was found turbidity of water sample.Calculate
of the dry sediment in a lime soda of water. Alum
softening plant for 20,000
litres
the total weight

contains
7% Al.
Solution-

MgClh+Ca(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 +CaClh

58
95 111
of
Bimosb od oasnbd toum gid
CaCl+Na;CO3 CaCO +2NaCl
111 100
S8 mg O001
95 mg of MgClh yields of Mg (OH)»
47.5 mg of MgClh yields
=8x47.5 mg =29 mg of Mg(OH2
95
on treatment with
Again 95 mg of MgClh will produce 111 mg of CaCl, which gives 100 mg of CaCO,
soda. guiliod odo bon A
29mg of MgCh will produce =29x mg of CaCO, =30.526mg of CaCOs ohulo
CaClh +Na,CO, CaCO,+ 2NaCI ATC to poueribbast
(2)
111 100 tao otow b1ud bsbante 3o m 00cnevio
111 mg of CaClh yields
100 mg of CaCO3
o
ATC3ho ha 30wo

55.5 mg of CaCl2 yields 100x55.me of CaCO, =50 mg of CaCO3

(3) CaSO4 +Na,COg > CaCOg+

111

NazSO4
10 2onbnd lotoT To roitsluole
OxH osl oIm 02
(0)

136 100
136 mg of CaSO4 gives 100 mg of CaCO3
4.08 mg of CaSO4 gives
_4.08 x100 408 3 0001X20.2
loLa 000
mg of CaCO3
136 136
120 mg/L onbus oro
Turbidity
(4)
ohoodelole(
(5) A hydrolysed AI(OH)3
WH Doli
.
(From Alum)
27
100 mg of alum contains
78
7 mg of Al"

67
Engineering Chemistry Water Analysis and
Treatmen

7x10
10 mg of alum contain =
0.7 mg ofAl
100
(Since it

Now 27 mg of A
is
giventhat

Dry sediment obtained from

alum contains 7% Al and the alum dose used

(from alum) gives 78 mg of Al (OH)

ofthe 1 litre water sample

=° 27
is 10 mg/l)

=2.222 mg of
Al(OH)D

=(la+1b)+(2)+(3)+ (4) +(5)

=(29+30.526+50+3+120+2.222)mg =234-748mg
Total weight
of dry sediment obtained from
softening 20,000 litres of the water sample
=(234.748 X 20,000)mg =4.69496kg

Problem 17
The hardness of 1000 litres of water sample was The zeolite had
completely removed by
the zeolite.
30 litres of NaCl solution containing 1,500 mg/l of NaCi for regeneration. Calculate the hardnessS
required
of the watersample. [RGPV 06
Solution:
30 litres of NaCI Solution contains 1.5 X 30g =45g of NaCl
45X 8of CaCOs equivalent hardness

This much hardness may be deemed to be present in 1000 litres of water sample

Hardness of watersample =45xxmg/L 38.46 ppm

Problem 18
0.5 g of CaCO3 was
H079
dissolved in HCl and the
solution made upto 500 ml with distilled water. 50 ml of the
solution required 48 ml of EDTA solution for titration. 50 ml of hard water
sample required 15ml of
EDTA and after boiling and filtering required 10 ml of EDTA solution. Calculate the hardness.

[RGPV 06]
Solution:
Standardization of EDTA Solution
Given 500 ml of standard hard water contain 0.5g or 500 mg CaCO3
1 ml of standard hard water contains 1 mg CaCO3
Now 48 ml of EDTA 001 2blarcsOsD lo g
solution= 50ml of SHW = X 50 mg
1 of CaCO, equivalent

1ml of EDTA solution

=1Xmg of CaCO3 equivalent 0
(i) Calculation of Total hardness of water
50 ml of hard H2O =15 ml EDTA 02,0/ g0Ds0 09aC020
001
=15 X mg of CaCO, equivalent 15.625 mg of CaCO3 equivalent

1000ml of hard water 15.625x1000312.5mg/L of CaCOs equivalen

001:80
50
Total Hardness = 312.5 ppm
(i)Calculation of non-carbonate hardness

50 ml boiled HW =10 ml EDTA solution

=10x48 mg of CacO3 equivalent

68
 Water Analysis and Treatment
Chemistry
ngineering
=10.417mg of CaC0,
equivalent
HW 10.417x1000
ml boiled
1000 50 mg of CaCO, equivalent 208.3 mg of CaCO; equivalent

nate hardness 208.3

mg/L =208.3 ppm
Non-Carbonate
arbonate Hardness
=(312.5-208.3)=104.2
Hence ppm

19
Problem M
alate the COD of the effluent
sample when 25 cm of an effluent required 8.3 cm' of 0.001
Calcu

CrO from oxidati [Give Molecularmass of M KCr07 =294] RGPV 05]

Solution
1000 cm (or ml) of 0.001 M KCr,O, =6 X 8 X 0.001 g of O2
M
8.3cm of 0.001 KCr,O,=
X8x0.001 x8.3
1000
or 1000cm (or 1 L) of effluent contains

6x8x0.001x8.3x1000
1000x 25
g of O
O2
6x8x0.001x8.3
g of O2
25
6x8x0.001x8.3x1000 = 15.94
mg of O2 mg of O2
25
Hence COD of effluent sample = 15.94 mg/L or 15.94 ppm

Problem 20
100ml of waste water containing (920 ppm dissolved oxygen)was diluted with 100 ml of distilled H,O &
bottle at 20°C for 5 days. The oxygen content of the to be 260
kept in a resulting water then found ppm.
Calculate BOD of the sample. RGPV 06]
Solution:
BOD =[Original-final] dissolved X Dilution
=[920-260]ppm X (200m/ O100ml) =1.320
content factor

ppm

Problem 21
25ml of sample of
COD
analysis was reacted with 15 ml of 0.25 N potassium dichromate solutions and
after the reaction; the unreacted dichromate required 18 ml 0.1 N-FAS. What is COD of sample?
Solution:
Difference in volume of FAS required in the blank (distilled water) and the sample
=(30- 18) ml =12 ml
Now 1000ml of IN-FAS contains =8 gof oxygen
8x12x0.1
Or 12 ml of 0.1 N-FAS contains gof oxygen
1000
8x12x0.1
25ml of HS04 Sample consists of = gof oxygen
1000

Or 1000 ml of water sample consists of = 8x12x0.1x1000of oxygen =0.384 g of oxygen

1000x 25
=384 mg of oxygen
Or Hence COD of sample 384 mg/L =384 ppm

69
 Water Analysis and
Treatme
Engineering Chemistry

,
Unsolved Problemsm

different units having

avingfollo..
hardness of water sample in
Temporary and permanent
following
1. Calculate the

analysis.
Ca(HCO,)% 162 mg/
-
Mg(HCO,)>-73mg/l
MgCl2-95 mg/1
CaSO4-136 mg/l
NaCl 100 mg/l
CaClh-111 mg/l Permanent Hardness mg/ F,21°C 300
Hardness-150 mg/1, 15°F,10.5cl on
[Ans.Temporary 100 ml of sample, titration with N/50
to phenolphthalein. However
2. Water sampleis not alkaline
as indicator. What are the tn
the end point, using methyl orange ypes
HCl requires 16.9 ml of acid obtained
in the sample.
and amount of alkalinity present
[Ans.HCO, type of alkalinity Present=169 ppm
and methyl orange. 100 ml of water sample
3. Water sample is alkaline to both phenolphthalein
end point then a few drops of met
acid with N/50 HCL to phenolphthalein
titration requires 4.7 ml the yellow colour of the solution i
added to some solution and the titration further continues, Just
orange is
of 10.5 ml of acid solution. Elucidate type of alkalinity present.
turmed red after addition another - 152 ppm: -
[Ans. Alkalinity-94ppm,HC0s Alkaliníty 58ppmTotal Alkalinity
CO Permanent Hardness-300 mg/l 30°F,21°C

4. Calculate the amount of lime required

for softening 50,000 litres of hard water containing CaCO = 2
ppm, MgC0= 144 ppm, CaClh=
11l ppm, MgClh=95 ppm NajSO4=15 ppm, Fe2O3=25 ppm
[Ans.Lime=17.311 kg.]
and soda required to soften 10,000 of water the following
5. Calculate the lime litres hard having analysis
Ca-250 pm as CaCOy, Mg 100 ppm as CaCO,
and HCO, 300 ppm asCaCO
TAns. Lime-2.59 kg.Soda-0.53kg.]
6. 5 g CaCO, was dissolved in HCl and the solution made upto 1 litre with distlled water. 50 ml of the
solution required 98 ml of EDTA solution for titration. 50 ml of hard water sample required 30 ml of
EDTA and after boiling and filtering required 15 ml of EDTA solution. Calculate the hardness.
[Ans.Total Hardnes-1530.6ppm Permanent Hardness-170 ppm Temporary Hardness- 780.6 ppm
What is the BOD of water containing 1.0 g of benzene per 10 litres. The reaction of benzene with
7.
oxygen is
CoH()+7.502(aa) -> 6 COz(aa)+3 HO
[Ans.3.02 mg/]
8. Calculate the COD
of
the effluent sample
when 50 m of an effluent require 16.6 m of .ool M K,Cr;0
foroxidation. [Given molecular mass of K2Cr;O=2941
[Ans.0.0159 ppm]
in river water 6.2 mg/litre.Before reaction, the concentration of
9.The BOD of water acertain is
O in the

river is
8.9x 10 g/litre. What is the concentration of Oz in water when equilibrium is reached with the
BOD? [Ans.2.7 x 10 g/lit]
to both
phenolphthalein as well as methyl orange, 200 ml of water sample on
10. Water sampleisalkaline
with N/50 9.4 the to phenolphthalein end point. When a few
titration HCI required ml. of acid drops of
same solution and the titration further continued, the yellow
are the colour of the
methyl orange added to
solution just turned red after addition of another 21 ml. of the acid solution. Elucidate on the type and
extent of alkalinity present in the water in ppm
[Ans.
CO Alkalinity-94ppm, HC0j Alkalinity - 58ppm, Total Alkalinity - 152 ppm;
Permanent Hardness 300 mg/l
30°F,21°CI)]
11, The hardness of 10000 litres ofsample of water was completely removed by zeolite softener. The
zeolite softener required 60 lit. of NaCl solution containing 1.5
kg/litre of NaCl for regeneration.
Calculate the hardness of sample of water.
[Ans:7.69 Kg] RGPV June 2007

70
 Chemistry Water Analysis and Treatment
Sewern
lime and soda required the
aleulatethe quanties of for sottening 50,000 itres of water, containing
salts per litre
following 8 mg: Mg(HCO1)= 7.5 mg
HCO))=
C(HC mg. MgSO4= 12.0mg.
CasOy=13.6
MgCh-
2.0mg.
MEmlofstandard hard
Ans:L= 1.36 kg S=1.17 Kg1
water containing I
mg. of
pure CaCO per ml.consumed 25 ml. of the same
tion.
solution
Using eriochromethe total hardness of water
EDTA sample in ppmn
[Ans: 500 mg/]
of
14.
How many grams MgCOs dissolved per litre
gives 84 pm of hardness?
[Ans0.7056 gms]
Cslealate thelime and soda needed for
softening 100000 litres of water containing the folowin

MgS
SO 12.00 mg/lit, Mg(HCO); : 14.6 mg/lit., CaCl: 22.2
mg/lit.and NaCl: 5.85 mg/lit.
Ans: L=2.48 Kg.,S 3.18 Kg.] RGPV Jan - Feb2007 =

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
Write short notes on: (RGPV 01
1
Complexometric titration b.
Application of coagulation in water purification.
Phosphate conditioning of boiler feed water.
are the various source of water? What
What is the quality of water obtained from each of these
sources? (RGPV 01]
What do you mean by soft and hard water? What are the causes of hardness of water?
[RGPV 01]
4 What are the various units of
measuring hardness? Give inter relationship between various units
for hardness. Or (RGPV 01]
Define hardness of water. What are its units? RGPV 02,06]
Give chemical reaction involved in lime-soda
process of softening hardware [RGPV 02]
Discuss chemistry involved in zeolites
process of softening hardware. [RGPV 01, 04]
Discuss about zeolites and their use for water softening. [RGPV 03]
How is water deionised by ion exchangeprocess? [MITS 03]
9 What are natural and synthetic zeolites? Give chemical reaction involved in zeolite process of
softening hard water? [RGPV 2002,2003]
and
10.
Write formulae name if substances which impart temporary and permanent hardness of water
Give chemical reaction involved in softening hard water of lime soda process? [RGPV 03]
11. is calgon? How permanent hardness can be removed Give reactions.
What by calgon process? its

[RGPV 01]
12. Discuss the phenomenon of corrosion in a boiler.
(RGPV 01]
13 the phosphate and carbonate conditioning of
Explain boiler feed water. Why carbonate
is not used for
conditioning high pressure boilers? [RGPV 03]
14. the chemical reactions and methods used for the analysis of any two of
Discuss briefly the
following parameters in water.

1.Hardness 2. Dissolved Oxygen 3. Chlorides [RGPV 03

15.
How does the formation of sludge and scale affect boiler performance? [RGPV 05]
What is meant by 'Phosphate Conditioning of water?
16.
[RGPV 05]
17. What is boiler corrosion? RGPV 06
18.
What of scale formation in the boiler?
are the disadvantages [RGPV 06]
19 At what stage and for which purpose hydrazine is added to high pressure boiler water? [RGPV 01]
20. What is Scale?How is it formed? RGPV 01,02]
Describe Scaleand Sludge formation in boiler and its prevention.
21.
[RGPV 02,07]

71
 Water Analysis and
Treatme
Engineering Chemistry

MITS 200s
22 How is water sterilized by chlorine?
RGPV 2002
23 Name the three substances for sterilization of water.
in water treatment.
GPV 2001
24. Explain the function of bleaching powder
in water. [RGPV 01,02
25. Write a short note on applications of coagulant for purification of water
process T.
26. Describe with the help of neat labeled diagram Ion-exchange
a RGPV
05
27. Write short notes on
Over (b) Lime-sodaprocess (Chemical
reaction only) RGPV 04
(a) Carry
28. Write a short note on the following- Guru Ghasidas
of boiler feed water.
RGPV 02,07, 20031
1. Phosphate conditioning
[RGPV 02
2.

What
lon exchange resins and their uses?
is break point chlorination?
OH [RGPV 2000, 02, 03,07

RGPV 03
30. Write intermal of boiler feed water?
conditioning
31. Calculate hardness of water by using EDTA. buffer is used why?
of hardness of water by EDTA
method NH,OH-NH,CI
In the determination
[RGPV 011
RGPV 01
32 Write short note on complexometric titration
of determining hardness of
EDTA method
33 Give reaction involved in complexometric
chemical RGPV 04,04, 05
water.
[RGPV 01,07
Explain the terms BOD and COD. 01,RGPV07
35. Write short note on BOD? [Guru Ghasidas 02, Jiwaji
and carbonate ions?
36. How can you determine the alkalinity
of water samplecontaining hydroxide
[RGPV 02)
demand. (RGPV 06]
37. Describe the significance and determination of Biological oxygen
of residual chlorine. [RGPV 04
38. Discuss briefly the method used for the analysis

72