UDC

NATIONAL STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
中华人民共和国国家标准

P GB 50040-1996

Code for Design of Dynamic Machine

Foundation

动力机器基础设计规范

Issued on: July 22, 1996 Implemented on: January 1, 1997

Jointly issued by the State Bureau of Technology Supervision (SBTS) and the
Ministry of Construction (MOC) of the People’s Republic of
China
 NATIONAL STANDARD
OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
中华人民共和国国家标准

Code for Design of Dynamic Machine

Foundation

动力机器基础设计规范

GB 50040-96

Prepared by: Ministry of Machinery Industry of the People’s Republic of China

Approved by: Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China
Implemented on: January 1, 1997

i
 Notice on Issuance of National Standard

“Code for Design of Dynamic Machine Foundation”

Jianbiao No. [1996] 428

As required by the document from the State Planning Commission Ji Zong No.2390 [1987], the
“Code for Design of Dynamic Machine Foundation” by the Ministry of Machinery Industry in
conjunction with relevant departments concerned has been jointly reviewed by relevant departments. It
is hereby approved that “Code for Design of Dynamic Machine Foundation” GB50040-96 be
implemented as of Jan.1, 1997 as a mandatory national standard. The original national standard “Code
for Design of Dynamic Machine Foundation” GBJ40-79 shall become obsolete at the same time.
This specification shall be governed by the Ministry of Machinery Industry and interpreted in
detailed by the Design Institute of the Ministry of Machinery Industry, and its publication and the
Standard Quota Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction shall organize distribution.

Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China

July 22, 1996

ii
 Contents

1 General Provisions...................................................................................................................................1
2. Terminology and Signs...........................................................................................................................1
2.1 Terminology................................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Signs................................................................................................................................................ 2
3 Basic Design Requirements.................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 General Requirements................................................................................................................. 5
3.2 Calculation rules for earth foundation and machine foundation........................................ 6
3.3 Dynamic characteristic parameters of earth foundation...................................................... 8
4 Piston Compressor Foundation...........................................................................................................17
4.1 General Specification................................................................................................................. 17
4.2 Structural Requirements..............................................................................................................17
4.3 Kinetic Calculation.....................................................................................................................18
4.4 Joint Foundation.........................................................................................................................25
4.5 Simplified Calculation............................................................................................................... 26
5 Turbine Unit & Motor Foundations................................................................................................... 27
5.1 General Provisions......................................................................................................................27
5.2 Kinetic Calculations for Frame Type Foundation................................................................28
5.3 Load Bearing Capacity Calculation for Frame Type Foundation.....................................30
5.4 Design of Low Speed Motor Foundation................................................................................34
6 Foundation of Turbine Compressor................................................................................................... 37
6.1 General......................................................................................................................................... 37
6.2 Structure requirements..............................................................................................................37
6.3 Dynamic force calculation.........................................................................................................38
6.4 Calculation of bearing capacity of frame foundation.......................................................... 39
7 Crusher and Mill Foundation..............................................................................................................40
7.1 Crusher foundation.................................................................................................................... 40
7.2 Mill foundation............................................................................................................................42
8 Impact Machine Foundation............................................................................................................... 43
8.1 Hammer foundation...................................................................................................................43
8.2 Drop hammer foundation..........................................................................................................50
9 Foundation of Hot Die Forging Press.................................................................................................54
9.1 General......................................................................................................................................... 54
9.2 Structural requirements............................................................................................................55
9.3 Dynamic force calculation.........................................................................................................55
10 Foundation for Metal-cutting Machine........................................................................................... 58
Appendix A Influence of the vibration of low frequency and impact machines on the building
structure 62

iii
Appendix B Design of Anchor Pile (Rod) Foundation....................................................................... 64
Appendix C Dynamic Force Calculation of Frame Foundation...................................................... 65
Appendix D Strength Calculation and Structure of Positive cone Shell Hammer Foundations70
Appendix E Calculation of Ground Vibration Weakening............................................................... 74
Appendix F Calculation of Dynamic Coefficient with Damp ηmax of Press Foundation..............76
Appendix G Terminology of This Code................................................................................................ 81

iv
1 General Provisions

1.0.1 This specification has been formulated for the purpose to implement the state policy of
technical economy to ensure engineering quality by selecting reasonable kinetic parameters
and foundation form, thus making technology advanced, economic, safe and fit for purpose.
1.0.2 This specification applies for foundation design of various dynamic machines,
namely:
(1) Piston compressor
(2) Steam turbine unit and motor
(3) Turbine compressor
(4) Crusher and grinder
(5) Impact machine (forging hammer and drop hammer)
(6) Hot dye forging press
(7) Metal-cutting lathe
This specification does not apply to foundation design of dynamic machine on building
floors.
1.0.3 In addition to this specification, foundation design shall also meet other currently
applicable state standards and codes.

2. Terminology and Signs

2.1 Terminology
2.1.1 Foundation set
The entire dynamic machine foundation with all machines, aux. equipment and
backfill on top.
2.1.2 Equivalent Load
Static load equivalent to dynamic load exerted on the original vibration system,
adopted to facilitate analysis.
2.1.3 Frame Type Foundation
Foundation formed by connecting top layer beams/plates and columns and bottom plates.
2.1.4 Wall Type Foundation
Foundation formed by connecting top plates, walls and bottom plates.
2.1.5 Rigidity of Subsoil
The ability of foundation to resist deform, value equals to the ratio of force/torque
exerted on foundation with line/angle deform caused thereby.

1
2.2 Signs
2.2.1 Action and action effect
Pz — Vertical interference force on machine
Px — Horizontal interference force on machine
P — Average designed static pressure on foundation bottom surface
Mφ — Rotary interference torque on machine
Mψ — Twisting interference torque on machine
Az — Vertical vibration line displacement at center of gravity of foundation set
Ax — Horizontal vibration line displacement at center of gravity of foundation set or
that of foundation member
Aφ — Rotary vibration angle displacement of foundation
Aψ — Twisting vibration angle displacement of foundation
Axφ — Horizontal vibration line displacement of foundation top plane control point
under the eccentric action by horizontal interference force Px, torque Mφ and
vertical interference force Pz
Axψ — Vertical vibration line displacement of foundation top plane control point under
the eccentric action by horizontal interference force P x, torque Mφ and vertical
interference force P z
ω — Circular frequency of interference force on machine
ωnz — Intrinsic vertical circular frequency of foundation set
ωnx — Intrinsic horizontal circular frequency of foundation set
ωnφ — Intrinsic rotary circular frequency of foundation set
ωnψ — Intrinsic twisting circular frequency of foundation set
ωn1 — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency for horizontal rotary coupled
vibration type I
ωn2 — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency for horizontal rotary coupled
vibration type II
a — Foundation vibration acceleration
V — Foundation vibration speed

2
2.2.2 Calculation Indices
Cz — Natural foundation compressive rigidity coefficient
Cφ — Natural foundation flexural rigidity coefficient
Cx — Natural foundation shear rigidity coefficient
Cψ — Natural foundation torsion rigidity coefficient
Cpz — Equivalent compressive rigidity coefficient of pile tip earth
Cpτ — Equivalent shear rigidity coefficient of earth layers around pile
Kz — Natural foundation compressive rigidity
Kφ — Natural foundation flexural rigidity
Kx — Natural foundation shear rigidity
Kψ — Natural foundation torsion rigidity
Kpz — Pile foundation compressive rigidity
Kpφ — Pile foundation flexural rigidity
Kpx — Pile foundation shear rigidity
Kpψ — Pile foundation torsion rigidity
ξz — Natural foundation vertical damping ratio
ξxφ1 — Natural foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration type I
ξxφ2 — Natural foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration type II
ξψ — Natural foundation twisting damping ratio
ξpz — Pile foundation vertical damping ratio
ξpxφ1 — Pile foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration type I
ξpxφ2 — Pile foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration type II
ξpφ — Pile foundation twisting damping ratio
fk — standard load bearing capacity for earth foundation
f — Designed load bearing capacity for earth foundation
[A] — Allowed vibration linear displacement for foundation
[V] — Allowed vibration speed for foundation
[a] — Allowed vibration acceleration for foundation
m — Mass of foundation set

3
2.2.3 Geometric parameters
A — Foundation bottom area
Ap — Pile cross section
I — Moment of inertia about axis through center of form of foundation bottom plane
J — Moment of inertia of foundation set about axis of center of gravity

Iz — Polar moment of inertia about axis through center of form of foundation bottom
plane
Jz — Polar moment of inertia of foundation set about axis of center of gravity
h1 — Distance of center of gravity of foundation set to top plane of foundation
h2 — Distance of center of gravity of foundation set to bottom plane of foundation
2.2.4 Calculation Coefficients and others
αf — Dynamic reduction coefficient of earth foundation load bearing capacity
αz — Increase coefficient of earth foundation compressive rigidity by foundation
burying depth action
αxφ — Increase coefficient of earth foundation shear, flexural and torsion rigidity by
foundation burying depth action
βz — Increase coefficient of vertical damping ratio by foundation burying depth
action
βxφ — Increase coefficient of damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration by
foundation burying depth action
βb — Foundation burying depth ratio

4
3 Basic Design Requirements

3.1 General Requirements

3.1.1 Following information should be available at time of foundation design:
1) type of machine, rotation speed, power rating, size and outline/dimensions
drawing
2) weight of machine and position of center of gravity
3) outline drawing of machine pedestal, aux. equipment, piping location;
dimensions of pit, ditch and holes; thickness of grouting, positions of anchor
bolts and embedded parts, etc.
4) interference force and torque on machine and their directions
5) positions of foundation and foundation drawing of neighboring buildings
6) geological survey information and earth foundation kinetic testing information of
construction site.
3.1.2 Dynamic machine foundation should be separated from building foundation, upper
structure and concrete ground surface.
3.1.3 When major vibration of machine exists due to connection with piping, vibration
isolating measures shall be taken where piping contacts building.
3.1.4 When vibration of machine foundation adversely affects nearby personnel,
precision equipment, instrumentation, factory production or buildings, vibration isolating
measures shall be taken. The effect of vibration of low frequency machine and impact
machine on plant house structure should meet Appendix A of this specification.
3.1.5 Dynamic machine foundation design must not create detrimental uneven
subsidence.
3.1.6 When dynamic machine foundation and neighboring building foundation are on
natural foundation, their burying depths can be at different elevations provided
construction requirements can be met and backfill for this difference is well compacted.
3.1.7 When dynamic machine foundation sits on fairly integral rock, pile foundation can
be adopted with the exception of dynamic foundation for forging hammers and drop
hammers. In this case, foundation design shall meet Appendix B of this specification.
3.1.8 The distance between pedestal rim and foundation rim is preferably not less than
100mm. With the exception of forging hammer foundation, secondary grouting of
thickness not less than 25 mm shall be provided beforehand under the machine pedestal.
This should be fill-compacted by slight expansion concrete and combined with concrete
foundation surface.
3.1.9 Design of foot bolts shall meet following rules:
1) Burying depth of hooked foot bolts shall be not less than 20 times the bolt

5
 diameter and burying depth of foot bolts with anchor plate not less than 15 times
bolt diameter
2) Distance from foot bolt axis to foundation rim shall be not less than 4 times bolt
diameter and distance from edge of preset hole to foundation rim not less than
100 mm. These are mandatory requirements and should be met with using
extraordinary measures when necessary.
3) Net depth of concrete below embedded foot bolt shall be not less than 50mm,
and when it is in a preset hole, not less than 100 mm.
3.1.10 Dynamic machine foundation shall adopt integral or assembled integral concrete
structure.
3.1.11 Concrete strength grade of dynamic machine foundation shall not be less than
C15, in case of large block type and wall type foundation designed to structural
requirements or not subject to direct impact, concrete grade can be C10.
3.1.12 Reinforcing bars used for dynamic machine foundation shall be grade I or II and
not cold rolled. Portions subject to comparatively heavy impact shall use hot rolled
deformed bars. Welding not suggested for connecting bars.
3.1.13 Permanent subsidence monitoring point shall be arranged on the foundation of
important or subsidence restricted foundation and noted on design drawings. Periodic
measurements shall be made during foundation construction, machine installation and
operation. Measurement results shall be duly recorded.
3.1.14 Center of gravity of foundation set shall be on the same vertical line as center of
form of foundation bottom plane. Ratio of deviation distance between the two centers and
length of foundation side in the orientation of the deviation shall not exceed following
limits:
(1) Steam turbine units and motor: 3%
(2) Other machine with exception of metal-cutting lathe:
When standard earth foundation load bearing capacity fk≤150kPa 3%
When standard earth foundation load bearing capacity fk>150kPa 5%.
3.1.15 When foundation for large or important machine or forging hammer 1t or above
is built on soft earth foundation, artificial earth foundation should be used.
3.1.16 Load for calculation for design shall be as follows;
1) static calculation shall adopt designed load value;
2) dynamic calculation shall adopt standard load value.
3.2 Calculation rules for earth foundation and machine foundation
3.2.1 Average designed static pressure on earth foundation under machine foundation
bottom surface shall meet:
p ≤ αf f (3.2.1)

6
 Where — Average designed static pressure on earth foundation under machine
p foundation bottom surface (kPa)
αf — Dynamic reduction coefficient of earth foundation load bearing
capacity
f — Designed earth foundation load bearing capacity(kPa)
3.2.2 Dynamic reduction coefficient of earth foundation load bearing capacity αf shall
be:
(1) 0.8 for rotary machine
(2) as per following formulae for forging hammer:

1
αf = α (3.2.2)
1β g

Where: α — Vibration acceleration of foundation (m/s2)

β — Dynamic subsidence effect coefficient for foundation earth
(3) 1.0 for other machines.
3.2.3 Type of foundation earth as per Table 3.2.3.
Table 3.2.3 Type of foundation earth

Earth Description Standard load bearing capacity of foundation earth f k (kPa) Class
Gravel earth fk >500 I
Clay fk >250 I
Gravel earth 300<f k≤500 II
Silt earth, sand earth 250<f k≤400 II
Clay 180<f k≤250 II
Gravel earth 180<f k≤300 III
Silt earth, sand earth 160<f k≤250 III
Clay 130<f k≤180 III
Silt earth, sand earth 120<f k≤160 IV

Clay 80<f k ≤130 IV

3.2.4 Dynamic subsidence effect coefficient for foundation earthβshall be:

(1) as per Table 3.2.4 for natural earth foundation:
Table 3.2.4 Dynamic subsidence effect coefficient for foundation earth, β

Type of foundation earth β

Class I earth 1.0
Class II earth 1.3
Class III earth 2.0
Class IV earth 3.0

7
 (2) selected according to type of pile tip earth for pile foundation.
3.2.5 Static pressure on foundation bottom surface can be calculated per following
loads:
(1) weight of foundation and weight of back fill on foundation
(2) weight of machine and other loads transferred onto the foundation.
3.2.6 Max. vibration line displacement, speed or acceleration shall be calculated for
different types of machines as per relevant sections of this specification and the
amplitudes shall be:
Af ≤ [A] (3.2.6-1)
Vf ≤ [V] (3.2.6-2)
αf ≤ [α] (3.2.6-3)
Where: Af — Calculated max. vibration line displacement of foundation (m)
Vf — Calculated max. vibration speed of foundation (m/s)
αf — Calculated max. vibration acceleration of foundation (m/s 2)
[A] — Allowed vibration line displacement of foundation (m) can be
determined according to relevant sections of this specification
[V] — Allowed vibration speed of foundation (m/s) can be determined
according to relevant sections of this specification
[α] — Allowed vibration acceleration of foundation (m/s 2) can be determined
according to relevant sections of this specification
3.3 Dynamic characteristic parameters of earth foundation
(I) Natural foundation

3.3.1 Basic dynamic characteristic parameters of natural earth foundation can be

determined by site experiment, method of which as per current state standard “testing
specification for kinetic characteristics of earth foundations”. If experiment is not feasible and
experience is available, follow with 3.3.2-3.3.11 of this specification.
3.3.2 Compressive rigidity coefficient of natural earth foundation can be determined as
follows:
(1) when bottom area of foundation is 20m2 or above, as per Table 3.3.2
(2) when the area is less than 20m2, multiply values in the table with bottom area
correction coefficient βx:
3
20
r  (3.3.2)
A

Where: βr — bottom area correction coefficient

A — Bottom area (m2)

8
 Table 3.3.2 Compressive rigidity coefficient of natural earth foundation C z (kN/m 3)

Standard load bearing capacity of earth foundation

Earth description
f k (kPa)
Clay Silt earth Sand earth

300 66000 59000 52000

250 55000 49000 44000

200 45000 40000 36000

150 35000 31000 28000

100 25000 22000 18000

80 18000 16000

3.3.3 For earth foundation consisted of different layers of earth, effect depth for
foundation earth hd shall be:
(1) for square foundation:
hd = 2d (3.3.3-1)
Where: hd — Effect depth (m)
d — Length of square foundation side (m)
(2) for foundations of other shape:

hd = 2 A (3.3.3-2)
3.3.4 Within range of depths of foundation earth affected by machine foundation,
compressive rigidity coefficient of foundation earth consisted of different layers (Figure
3.3.4) can be calculated as follows:

2/ 3
Cz  (3.3.3-3)
 
n
1  1 1 
 C  2hi 1  2hi 

i 1 zi 1  1
 hd hd 
 

Where: Czi — compressive rigidity coefficient of the ith layer earth (kN/m3)
hi — Depth from machine foundation to the ith layer earth bottom (m)
hi-1 — Depth from machine foundation to the (i-1) th layer earth bottom (m)

9
 Figure 3.3.4 Layered Foundation Earth

3.3.5 For natural earth foundation, its flexural, shear and torsion rigidity coefficients
can be calculated as per:
Cφ = 2.15Cz (3.3.5-1)
Cx = 0.70Cz (3.3.5-2)
Cψ = 1.05Cz (3.3.5-3)
Where — Natural foundation flexural rigidity coefficient (kN/m3)
Cφ
Cx — Natural foundation shear rigidity coefficient (kN/m3)
Cψ — Natural foundation torsion rigidity coefficient (kN/m3)
3.3.6 For natural earth foundation, its flexural, shear and torsion rigidity can be
calculated as per:
Kz = CzA (3.3.6-1)
Kφ = CφI (3.3.6-2)
Kx = CxA (3.3.6-3)
Kψ = CψIz (3.3.6-4)
Where — Natural foundation compressive rigidity (kN/m)
Kz
Kφ — Natural foundation flexural rigidity (kNm)
Kx — Natural foundation shear rigidity (kN/m)
Kψ — Natural foundation torsion rigidity (kNm)
I — Moment of inertia about axis of center of form of foundation bottom
plane (m4)
Iz — Polar moment of inertia about axis of center of form of foundation bottom
plane (m4)
3.3.7 When foundation is buried, standard load bearing capacity of earth foundation is
less than 350 kPa and density ratio of surrounding backfill with foundation earth is not

10
less than 0.85, compressive rigidity can be multiplied by increase coefficient αz, shear and
torsion rigidity can be multiplied by increase coefficient αxφ. These can be calculated as
per:
αz = (1+0.4δb)2 (3.3.7-1)
αxφ = (1+1.2δb)2 (3.3.7-2)
ht
δb = (3.3.7-3)
A

Where: αz — Increase coefficient of earth foundation compressive rigidity by machine

foundation burying depth effect
αxψ — Increase coefficient of earth foundation shear, flexural and torsion
rigidity by machine foundation burying depth effect
δb — Burying depth ratio of foundation; when larger than 0.6, should be taken
as 0.6
ht — Foundation burying depth (m)
3.3.8 When foundation connects rigid ground surface, earth foundation shear, flexural
and torsion rigidity can be multiplied by increase coefficient α1, which is 1.0-1.4 (1.4 for
soft earth foundation and appropriate lower values for other earth foundations).
3.3.9 Calculation of natural foundation damping ratio shall be as follows:
3.3.9.1 Vertical damping ratio
(1) clay:
0.16
z  (3.3.9-1)
m

m
m (3.3.9-2)
p A A

(2) silt earth, sand earth:

0.11
z  (3.3.9-3)
m

Where ξz — Natural foundation vertical damping ratio

m — Foundation set mass ratio
m — Mass of foundation set (t)
p — Density of foundation earth (t/m3)
3.3.9.2 Horizontal rotary damping ratio and twisting damping ratio can be calculated as
follows:
ξxφ1 = 0.5ξz (3.3.9-4)
ξxφ2 = ξxφ1 (3.3.9-5)
ξφ=ξxφ1 (3.3.9-6)

11
Where ξxφ1 — Natural foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration
type I
ξxφ2 — Natural foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration type II

ξφ — Natural foundation twisting damping ratio

3.3.10 Damping ratio of natural foundation for buried machine foundation shall be that
for surface foundation multiplied by increase coefficients βz ( of vertical damping ratio)
and βxφ (of horizontal rotary and twisting damping ratio) by burying depth effect,
calculated as follows:
βz = 1+δb (3.3.10-1)
βxφ = 1+2δb (3.3.10-2)
Where: βz — Increase coefficient of vertical damping ratio by foundation burying
depth effect
βxφ — Increase coefficient of horizontal rotary or twisting damping ratio by
foundation burying depth effect
3.3.11 When calculating vibration displacement of large block machine foundation on
natural earth foundation according to earth foundation kinetic parameters determined
according to 3.3.2-3.3.10, with the exception of foundation for impact and hot dye
forging press, the calculated vertical vibration line displacement shall be multiplied by
reduction coefficient 0.7 and horizontal vibration line displacement by 0.85.

(II) Pile foundation

3.3.12 Basic kinetic parameters of pile foundation can be site-tested, method of which to
current state standard “Testing specification for earth foundation kinetic characteristics”.
When site experiment is not feasible and experience is available, determine them
according to 3.3.13-3.3.22.
3.3.13 Compressive rigidity of prefab pile or hammered-in grouted pile can be
calculated as per:
Kpz = npkpz (3.3.13-1)

Kpz =  C p Ap  C pz Ap (3.3.13-2)

Where: — Compressive rigidity of pile foundation (kN/m)

Kpz
kpz — Compressive rigidity of single pile (kN/m)
np — Number of piles
Cpz — Equivalent shear rigidity coefficient of each layer of earth around pile
(kN/m 3)
Apτ — Surface area around pile of each layer of earth (m2)

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 Cpτ — Equivalent compressive rigidity coefficient of pile tip earth (kN/m3)
Ap — Cross sectional area of pile (m2)
3.3.14 When pile spacing is 4-5 times the diameter or side length of pile cross section,
equivalent shear rigidity coefficient Cpτ of layers of earth around pile can be taken as per
Table 3.3.14.
Table 3.3.14 Equivalent Shear Rigidity Coefficient of Earth Around Pile Cpτ (KN/m 3)

Earth description Status of earth C pτ

Sludge Saturated 6000 to 7000

Sludge earth Natural water content 45% to 50% 8000

Clay, silt earth Soft moldable 7000 to 10000

Moldable 10000 to 15000

Hard moldable 10000 to 25000

Silt sand, fine sand Slightly dense to middle dense 10000 to 15000

Middle sand, coarse sand, gravel sand Slightly dense to middle dense 20000 to 25000

Round gravel, pebble Slightly dense 15000 to 20000

Middle dense 20000 to 30000

3.1.15 When pile spacing is 4 to 5 times the diameter or side length of pile cross section,
equivalent shear rigidity coefficient Cpz of layers of pile tip earth can be taken as per Table
3.3.15.
3.3.16 Flexural rigidity of pile foundation of prefab pile or hammered-in grouted pile
can be calculated as per:
n
K p  k pz   i2 (3.3.16)
i 1

Kpφ — Flexural rigidity of pile foundation (kNm)

i — Distance from axis of the ith pile to geometric rotary axis of foundation
bottom plane (m)

13
 Table 3.3.15 Equivalent Shear Rigidity Coefficient of Pile Tip Earth Cpz (KN/m 3)

Earth description Status of earth Pile tip burying depth C pz

Clay earth, silt earth Soft moldable 10 to 20 500000 to 800000

Moldable 20 to 30 80000 to 1300000

Hard moldable 20 to 30 1300000 to 1600000

Silt sand, fine sand Middle dense, dense 20 to 30 100000 to 1300000

Middle sand, coarse sand, gravel sand Middle dense 7 to 15 100000 to 1300000

Round gravel, pebble Dense 7 to 15 1300000 to 2000000

Shale Middle weathered 1500000 to 2000000

3.3.17 Shear and torsion rigidity of pile foundation of prefab pile or hammered-in
grouted pile can be taken as per:
(1) 1.4 times of those of natural foundation
(2) when foundation burying depth effect and rigid surface effect are taken into
consideration, pile foundation shear rigidity is:
K’px = Kx (0.4+ αxφα1) (3.3.17-1)
K’px — Pile foundation shear rigidity when foundation burying depth effect and
rigid surface effect are taken into consideration (kN/m)
(3) when foundation burying depth effect and rigid surface effect are taken into
consideration, pile foundation torsion rigidity is:
K’pψ = Kψ (0.4+ αxφα1) (3.3.17-2)
K’pψ — Pile foundation torsion rigidity when foundation burying depth effect
and rigid surface effect are taken into consideration (kN/m)
(4) when top bearing pile is used or standard earth foundation load bearing capacity
of earth layers above pile Jk is greater than or equal to 200kPa, shear and torsion
rigidity of pile foundation shall not be greater than corresponding natural
foundation values.
3.3.18 Shear rigidity of inclined pile shall be as follows:
(1) 1.6 times natural foundation value when inclination is greater than 1:6 and spacing
is 4-5 times the diameter or side length of pile cross section
(2) when foundation burying depth effect and rigid surface effect are taken into
consideration, as per:
K’px = Kx (0.6+ αxφα1) (3.3.18)
3.3.19 When calculating intrinsic frequency and vibration line displacement, horizontal
and vertical total mass and total moment of inertia of foundation set shall be as per:

14
 msz = m+mo (3.3.19-1)
msx = m+0.4mo (3.3.19-2)
mo = ltbp 3.3.19-3)

0.4m0
J’ = J(1+ ) (3.3.19-4)
m

0.4m0
J’z = Jz(1+ ) (3.3.19-5)
m

Where: — Pile foundation total vertical mass (t)

msz
msx — Pile foundation total horizontal rotary mass (t)
m0 — Vertical vibration equivalent mass of pile and earth between piles that
participates the vibration (t)
lt — Converted length of pile (m)
b Foundation bottom width (m)
d Foundation bottom length (m)
J’ Foundation set total moment of inertia through axis of center of gravity
(t. m2)
J’z Foundation set total polar moment of inertia through axis of center of
gravity (t. m2)
J Foundation set moment of inertia through axis of center of gravity (t. m2)
Jz Foundation set moment of inertia through axis of center of gravity (t. m2)
3.3.20 Pile converted length shall be as per Table 3.3.20.
Table 3.3.20 Pile Converted Length l t

Pile depth in earth (m) Pile converted length (m)

Smaller or equal to 10 1.8

Greater or equal to 15 2.4

Note: When pile depth is between 10 and 15 m, find lt using interpolation method.

3.3.21 Calculation of damping ratio for prefab and hammered-in grouted pile
foundation.
3.3.21.1 Pile vertical damping ratio can be calculated as follows:
(1) when pile foundation supporting base is on clay, as per:
0.2
 pz  (3.3.21-1)
m

(2) when pile foundation supporting base is on sand earth or silt earth, as per:
0.14
 pz  (3.3.21-2)
m

15
 (3) for top bearing pile, as per:
0.10
 pz  (3.3.21-3)
m

(4) when pile foundation supporting base does not contact earth foundation, vertical
damping ratio can take the value of top bearing pile.
3.3.21.2 Pile foundation horizontal rotary and twisting damping ratio can be calculated
as per:
ξpxφ1=0.5ξpz (3.3.21-4)
ξpxφ2=ξpxφ1 (3.3.21-5)
ξpψ=ξpxφ1 (3.3.21-6)

Where: ξpz — Vertical damping ratio of pile foundation

ξpxφ1 — Pile foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration
type I
ξpxφ2 — Pile foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration
type II
ξpψ — Rotary damping ratio of pile foundation
3.3.22 When calculating pile foundation damping ratio, increase effect of damping ratio
by supporting base burying depth can be taken into consideration. Increased pile
foundation vertical and horizontal rotary & twisting damping ratio can be calculated as
follows.
(1) friction pile:
ξ’pz = ξpz (1+0.8δ ) (3.3.22-1)
ξ’pxφ1 = ξpxφ1 (1+0.6δ ) (3.3.22-2)
ξ’pxφ2 = ξpxφ1 (3.3.22-3)
ξ’pψ = ξpxφ1 (3.3.22-4)
(2) bearing pile:
ξ’pz = ξpz (1+δ ) (3.3.22-5)
ξ’pxφ1 = ξpxφ1 (1+1.4δ ) (3.3.22-6)
ξ’pxφ2 = ξpxφ1 (3.3.22-7)
ξ’pψ = ξpxφ1 (3.3.22-8)
Where: — Pile foundation vertical damping ratio increased by supporting base
ξ’pz burying depth effect
ξ’pxφ1 — Pile foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration
type I increased by supporting base burying depth effect
ξ’pxφ2 — Pile foundation damping ratio for horizontal rotary coupled vibration
type II increased by supporting base burying depth effect

16
4 Piston Compressor Foundation

4.1 General Specification

4.1.1 When designing piston compressor foundation, the following information must be
available from manufacturer in addition to those specified by 3.3.1 of this specification:
(1) 1st and 2nd harmonic vertical interference force P’z, P”z and horizontal interference
force P’x, P”x; 1st and 2nd harmonic rotary interference torque M’θ, M” θ and
twisting interference torque M’ψ, M”ψ.
(2) positions of points subjected to interference force
(3) distance between centerline of compressor crankshaft and foundation top plane
4.1.2 Large block concrete structure shall be adopted and this is to be wall type
foundation when the machine is at 2nd floor elevation of plant house.
4.2 Structural Requirements
4.2.1 For wall type foundation consisting of bottom plate, walls in length and breadth
and top plate, connections between members must ensure integral rigidity of the
foundation. Sizes of members shall be as follows:
4.2.1.1 top plate thickness should be calculated, but not less than 150mm
4.2.1.2 length of top plate overhanging arms should be not longer than 2000mm
4.2.1.3 thickness of walls directly below machine body should be not less than 500mm
4.2.1.4 thickness of wall directly below cylinders should be not less than 400mm
4.2.1.5 thickness of bottom plate should be not less than 600mm
4.2.1.6 length of bottom plate overhanging arms can be decided as per following rules:
(1) not greater than bottom plate thickness for plain concrete bottom plate
(2) not greater than 2.5 times plate thickness for reinforced bottom plate subject to
vertical vibration, and not greater than 3 times plate thickness that subject to
horizontal vibration
4.2.2 Reinforcing bar configuration for foundation shall meet the following:
4.2.2.1 Large block foundation of volume 20-40m3 shall use bar mesh of 10 mm dia.
and 200mm spacing in top surface.
4.2.2.2 Large block foundation of volume greater than 40m3 shall use bar mesh of
10-14mm dia. and 200-300mm grating spacing in its sides, top and bottom surface.
4.2.2.3 Bar mesh for wall type foundation shall be configured along wall surface.
Diameter of vertical bars should be 12-16mm and horizontal bars 14-16mm. Grating
spacing should be 200-300mm. Bars in upper beams and plate shall be determined
according to strength calculation. Additional bars shall be arranged at connection between
wall and bottom plate or upper beams & plate.

17
4.2.2.4 Bar configuration in bottom plate overhanging arms shall be determined
according to strength calculation and should be vertical.
4.2.2.5 When size of opening or cut is greater than 600mm, bars of 12mm or above
should be arranged around them with 200mm spacing or less.
4.3 Kinetic Calculation
4.3.1 Directions and positions of interference forces and torque on foundation shall be
determined for the purpose of kinetic calculations (Figure 4.3.1).
4.3.2 Max. vibration line displacement max. vibration speed of top surface shall both be
can controlled to limit foundation vibration. Max. vibration line displacement of top
surface control point shall not exceed 0.20mm and max. vibration speed shall not exceed
6.3 mm/s.
Allowed foundation vibration values for super flat compressor of exhaust pressure
greater than 100 Mpa shall be according to specification.
4.3.3 The vertical vibration line displacement and intrinsic circular frequency of
foundation set under vertical interference force through its center of gravity can be
calculated as follows:
Pz 1
A2  · (4.3.3-1)
K2  2
2
( 1  2 )2  4 2z 2
 nz  nz

K2
 nz  (4.3.3-2)
m

m + mf + mm + ms (4.3.3-3)
Where: Az — Vertical vibration line displacement at center of gravity of foundation set
(m)
Pz — Vertical interference force on machine (kN)
ωnz — Intrinsic vertical circular force of foundation (rad/s)
mf — Mass of foundation (t)
mm — Mass of compressor and auxiliary equipment on foundation (t)
ms — Mass of backfill on foundation (t)
ω — Circular frequency of interference force on machine (rad/s)

18
 Compressor
crankshaft
Compressor crankshaft

Figure 4.3.1 Interference Force and Interference Force Torque

(a) Plane; (b) Front vertical plane; (c) side vertical plane
Note: point o is center of gravity of foundation set, i.e. coordinate origin, c is point of interference force action.

4.3.4 Foundation set horizontal twisting line displacement under eccentric action by
twisting interference force Mψ and horizontal interference force Px along y axis ( Figure
4.3.4) can be calculated by:

Figure 4.3.4 Foundation Set Twisting Vibration

( M  Px e y )ly
Ax  (4.3.4-1)
2 2
K ( 1  2 )2  4 2 2
 n  n

19
 ( M  Px e y )lx
A y  (4.3.4-2)
2 2
K ( 1  2 )2  4 2 2
 n  n

K
ωnψ= (4.3.4-3)
Jz

Where: — Horizontal vibration line displacement of foundation top surface control

Axψ point along x axis due to twisting vibration (m)
Ayψ — Horizontal vibration line displacement of foundation top surface control
point along y axis due to twisting vibration (m)
Mψ — Twisting interference torque on machine (kN m)
Px — Horizontal interference force on machine (kN)
ey — Eccentric distance along y axis of machine under horizontal interference
(m)
ly — Horizontal distance along y axis from foundation top surface control
point to twisting axis (m)
lx — Horizontal distance along x axis from foundation top surface control
point to twisting axis (m)
Jz — Polar moment of inertia of foundation set through its axis of center of
gravity (t m2)
ωnψ — Intrinsic twisting vibration circular of foundation set (rad/s)
4.3.5 Vertical and horizontal vibration displacements of foundation set top surface
control point for rotary coupled vibration along y axis and for horizontal vibration along x
axis under vertical interference force Pz and horizontal interference force Pk (Figure 4.3.5)
can be calculated as per:
Azφp = (Aφ1+Aφ2)lx (4.3.5-1)
Axφp = Aφ1(ρφ1+h1) + Aφ2(h1+ρφ2) (4.3.5-2)

(4.3.5-3)

M 2 1
A 2 p  · (4.3.5-4)
J y  m 2 2 ) 2n 2 2 2
( 1  2 )2  4 2x 2 2
 n 2  n 2

1 2 4mh22 4 
 2n 1  (  nx   2n )  (  2nx   2n )2   nx  (4.3.5-5)
2 Jy 
 

20
 1 2 4mh22 4 
 2n 2  (  nx   2n )  (  2nx   2n )2   nx  (4.3.5-6)
2 Jy 
 

Kx
 2nx = (4.3.5-7)
m

K  K x h22
 2n  (4.3.5-8)
Jy

Mφ1 = Px(h1+h0+Pφ1)+Pzex (4.3.5-9)

Mφ2 = Px(h1+h0-pφ2)+Pzex (4.3.5-10)
 2nx h2
ρφ1= (4.3.5-11)
 2nx  2n 1

 2nx h2
ρφ2= (4.3.5-12)
 2n 2   2nx

Kφ = CφIy (4.3.5-13)
Azφp — Vertical vibration line displacement of foundation top surface control
point due to rotary coupled vibration in x direction horizontal around y
axis (m)
Axφp — X direction horizontal vibration line displacement of foundation top
surface control point due to rotary coupled vibration in x direction
horizontal around y axis (m)
Aφ1p — Rotary angular displacement of foundation set for x-φ direction coupled
vibration type I (rad)
Aφ2p — Rotary angular displacement of foundation set for x-φ direction coupled
vibration type II (rad)
ρφ1 — Distance between foundation set center of gravity and rotation center of
x-φ direction coupled vibration type I (m)
ρφ2 — Distance between foundation set center of gravity and rotation center of
x-φ direction coupled vibration type II (m)
Mφ1 — Total interference torque through rotation center of x-φ direction coupled
vibration type I Qφ1 and vertical to rotational plane ZOX axis (kN. m)
Mφ2 — Total interference torque through rotation center of x-φ direction coupled
vibration type II Qφ1 and vertical to rotational plane ZOX axis (kN m)
ωnφ1 — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency for coupled vibration type I in
x-φ direction (rad/s)
ωnφ2 — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency for coupled vibration type II
in x-φ direction (rad/s)
ωnx — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency for horizontal x direction

21
 (rad)
ωnφ — Foundation set intrinsic rotational circular frequency for rotation around
y axis (rad)
h2 — Distance from foundation set center of gravity to bottom plane (m)
Kφ — Foundation set flexural rigidity around y axis (kN m)
Jy — Moment of inertia of foundation set about y axis through its center of
gravity (t m2)
Iy — Foundation moment of inertia about y axis through geographic center of
foundation bottom plane (m4)
ex — Eccentric distance of vertical interference force Pz along x axis (m)
h1 — Distance from foundation set center of gravity to top plane (m)
h0 — Distance from line of action of interference force to foundation top plane
(m)
ξxφ1 — Foundation set damping ratio for coupled vibration type I in x-φ
direction
ξxφ2 — Foundation set damping ratio for coupled vibration type II in x-φ
direction

Z-axis Z-axis

X-axis X-axis

Figure 4.3.5 Foundation Set Coupled Vibration Types Along X-axis Horizontal and About Y-axis Rotary

(a) Type I (b) Type II

4.3.6 Vertical and horizontal line displacements of foundation set coupled vibration y
direction horizontal and about x axis rotary (Figure 4.3.6), caused by eccentric torque
action in y direction by rotary torque Mθ and vertical interference force Pz, can be
calculated as per:
Azθ = (Aθ1 + Aθ2)ly (4.3.6-1)

22
 Ayθ = Aθ1(ρθ1 + h1) + Aθ2(h1-ρθ2) (4.3.6-2)

M 1 1
A 1  · (4.3.6-3)
( J x  m21 ) n2 1  2
2
(1  2 ) 2  4 y 1 2
 1  n 2

(4.3.6-4)

 
1 2 4mh22 4 
 2n 1  (  ny   2n )  (  2ny   2n )   ny (4.3.6-5)
2 Jx 
 

 
1 2 4mh22 4 
 2n 2  (  ny   2n )  (  2ny   2n )   ny (4.3.6-6)
2 Jx 
 

 2ny   2nx (4.3.6-7)

K  K x h22
 2n = (4.3.6-8)
Jx

Mθ1 = Mθ + Pzey (4.3.6-9)

Mθ2 = Mθ + Pzey (4.3.6-10)
 2ny h2
1  (4.3.6-11)
 2ny   2n 1

 2ny h2
 2  (4.3.6-12)
 n 2   2ny
2

Kθ = CφIx (4.3.6-13)
Where: Azθ — Vertical line displacement of foundation top control point due to coupled
vibration y direction horizontal and about x axis rotary (m)
Axz — Y direction horizontal line displacement of foundation top control point
due to coupled vibration y direction horizontal and about x axis rotary
(m)
Aθ1 — Foundation top rotary angular displacement due to coupled vibration
type I in y-θ direction (rad)
Aθ2 — Foundation top rotary angular displacement due to coupled vibration
type II in y-θ direction (rad)
ρθ1 — Distance between foundation set rotation center for coupled vibration

23
 type I in y-θ direction and foundation set center of gravity (m)
ρθ2 — Distance between foundation set rotation center for coupled vibration
type II in y-θ direction and foundation set center of gravity (m)
ωnθ1 — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency for coupled vibration type I in
y-θ direction (rad/s)
ωnθ2 — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency for coupled vibration type II
in y-θ direction (rad/s)
ωny — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency in y direction horizontal
(rad/s)
ωnθ — Foundation set intrinsic circular frequency about x axis rotary (rad/s)
Jx — Foundation set moment of inertia about x axis through center of gravity
(t m2)
Mθ1 — Total interference torque about axis through rotation center Oθ1 of
coupled vibration type I in y-θ direction and perpendicular to axis of
rotary plane ZOY (kNm)
Mθ2 — Total interference torque about axis through rotation center Oθ2 of
coupled vibration type II in y-θ direction and perpendicular to axis of
rotary plane ZOY (kNm)
Kθ — Foundation set flexural rigidity about x axis (kNm)
Ix — Foundation set moment of inertia about axis x through center of form of
bottom plane (m4)
ey — Eccentric distance along y axis of vertical interference force Pz on
machine (m)
Mθ — Interference torque on machine about x axis (kNm)

Figure 4.3.6 Foundation Set Vibration Types for Coupled Vibration Along Y-axis Horizontal and About
X-axis Rotary

(a) Type I; (b) Type II

24
4.3.7 Total vibration displacement A and total vibration speed V of foundation top
surface control point in each direction along x, y and z axes can be calculated as per:

n n
A  (  A' j )2  (  A'' k )2 (4.3.7-1)
j 1 k 1

n n
V  (  ' A' j )2  (  '' A'' k )2 (4.3.7-2)
j 1 k 1

ω‘ = 0.105n (4.3.7-3)
ω“ = 0.210n (4.3.7-4)
Where: A’j — Vibration line displacement of foundation top surface control point under jth
first harmonic interference force or torque on machine (m)
A”k — Vibration line displacement of foundation top surface control point under kth
second harmonic interference force or torque on machine (m)
A — Total vibration line displacement of foundation top surface control point
(m)
V — Total vibration speed of foundation top surface control point (m/s)
ω‘ — First harmonic interference force and interference torque circular frequency
of machine (rad/s)
ω“ — Second harmonic interference force and interference torque circular
frequency of machine (rad/s)
n — Operating rotation speed of machine (r/min)
4.4 Joint Foundation
4.4.1 When foundations of 2 or 3 compressors of the same type sit on the same bottom
plate to form a joint foundation (Figure 4.4.1) and the following conditions are met, this
joint foundation can be regarded as a rigid foundation for the purpose of kinetic
calculation:
4.4.1.1 Thickness of joint foundation bottom plate shall meet the rigidity limits set out
in Table 4.4.1.
4.4.1.2 Intrinsic circular frequency of the joint foundation shall meet the following:

for vertical type: ω ≤ 1.3 ω nz (4.4.1-1)

for horizontal serial and parallel type: ω ≤ 1.3 ω nls (4.4.1-2)

Where: — Vertical intrinsic circular frequency of single machine foundation

divided from the joint foundation (rad/s)
ω nz

25
 — Intrinsic circular frequency for horizontal rotary coupled vibration type I
ω nls
of single machine foundation divided from the joint foundation (rad/s)

Table 4.4.1 Rigidity Limit Values h d/L 1 for Various Joint Types When Joint Foundation Bottom Plate
is on Earth Foundation of Different Rigidity Coefficients

Type of Joint Foundation Earth foundation compressive rigidity coefficient C z (kN/m 3 )

18000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Vertical 0.236 0.242 0.268 0.288 0.303 0.31l 0.323 0.330

Horizontal Serial 0.198 0.201 0.222 0.238 0.251 0.262 0.270 0.278

Horizontal Parallel 0.175 0.177 0.186 0.192 0.196 0.198 0.199 0.200

Figure 4.4.1 Type of Joint Foundation

(a) vertical; (b) horizontal serial; (c) horizontal parallel

4.4.1.3 Bottom plate thickness of the joint foundation shall be not less than 600mm and
the ratio of this thickness with the total height shall be:
hd
 0.15 (4.4.1-3)
Ho

Where: hd — Joint foundation bottom plate thickness (m)

Ho — Total height of joint foundation (m)
4.4.2 When carrying out kinetic calculations of joint foundation as a rigid foundation,
section 4.3 of this specification shall be followed and vibration line displacements in each
direction shall be calculated for first and second harmonic interference force and torque
on each machine. The total vibration line displacement of joint foundation top surface
displacement shall be square root of the sum of square vibration line displacements of
each machine under action of interference force and torque.
4.5 Simplified Calculation

4.5.1 Kinetic calculations can be omitted for foundations for all types of compressors of
power rating less than 80kW, with the exception of upright compressor, and for
foundation of symmetric balance type compressors of power rating less than 500kW,
provided that foundation mass is greater than 5 times compressor mass and that average
designed static pressure on foundation bottom plane is less than half the value of designed

26
earth foundation load bearing capacity.
4.5.2 For large block foundation where operating floor is at bottom floor of plant house,
calculation of foundation top surface horizontal vibration line displacement under
horizontal interference force can be simplified as follows:
Px Px H h 2
Axo  1.2(  h ) 2 nls 2 (4.5.2-1)
Kx K  nls  

Hh=h0+h1+h2

 nls   nx (4.5.2-2)

Where Axφo — foundation top surface horizontal vibration line displacement under horizontal
interference force (m)
Hh — Distance from interference force action line to foundation bottom plane (m)
λ— Frequency ratio
4.5.3 Frequency ratio can be taken as per Table 4.5.3.
Table 4.5.3 Frequency Ratio, λ

L/h 1.5 2.0 3.0

λ 0.7 0.8 0.9
Note: L is the side length of bottom plane along horizontal interference force action.

5 Turbine Unit & Motor Foundations

5.1 General Provisions

5.1.1 This chapter applies to foundation design for turbine units (turbine generator,
turbine blower) and motor (phase modulation motor, etc.) of rotation speed 3000r/min or
less.
5.1.2 When designing the same, following information shall be available from machine
manufacturer in addition to those specified by 3.1.1 of this specification:
(1) distribution of deadweight of machine and rotor
(2) interference force distribution and rated torque when machine is rotating
(3) loads on coolers, oil tanks, other auxiliary equipment and piping
(4) short circuit torque, condenser vacuum suction, cylinder temperature expansion force
and erection loads
(5) critical rotation speed of machine shafting
(6) position of thermal piping and temperature values of outer surface of their insulation.
5.1.3 Reinforced concrete frame structure or pre-stressed concrete structure should be

27
used.
5.1.4 When wall type or large block foundation is adopted for motors, kinetic
calculations and structure shall be according to chapter 4 of this specification.
5.1.5 Deformation seams shall be arranged around frame type foundation top to separate
it from other structures. Intermediate platform should be separated from foundation main
structure and when connection is unavoidable, vibration-isolating measures shall be taken
at the connection.
5.1.6 Multi-scheme analysis shall be carried out for frame type foundation of turbine
unit according to multi spatial degree of freedom mechanic model, so as to determine
reasonable frame type and sizes. Structure type shall be selected according to following
rules:
(1) Top plate should have sufficient quality and rigidity. Static flexibility of crossbeams
shall be near to each other, outline of top plate and distribution of forces that it is
subjected to shall be simple to avoid eccentric loads.
(2) Column rigidity shall be suitably reduced given that strength and stability
requirements are met, but its length/radius ratio shall be not greater than 14.
(3) Bottom plate shall have sufficient rigidity and this shall be determined in conjunction
with comprehensive rigidity analysis of earth foundation.
5.1.7 Bottom plate of frame type foundation can be well type, beam/plate type or flat
plate type. Thickness of flat plate foundation bottom plate or beam height of well type or
beam/plate type foundation can be taken as 1/15-1/16 of foundation bottom plate length,
according to earth foundation conditions, and shall be not less than side length of column
cross section.
5.1.8 Anchor pile (rod) foundation can be adopted when foundation is built on rock
foundation and meet the specification of Appendix B.
5.1.9 For foundation earth of high and medium compressibility, measures shall be taken
to reinforce earth foundation rigidity and machine foundation rigidity and to reduce
uneven subsidence of foundation.
5.1.10 Shoulder platform of foundation top plate shall be of solid belly and its overhanging
protruding length shall be not greater than 1.5m. Height of overhanging arm cross section at
its connection with support shall be not less than 0.75 times overhanging length.
5.2 Kinetic Calculations for Frame Type Foundation
(Machine operating speed at 1000-3000r/min)
5.2.1 Kinetic calculations for frame type foundation shall be based on vibration line
displacement control. When calculating vibration line displacement, Appendix C shall be
followed to adopt the method of spatial system of multiple degrees of freedom. Generally,
only vertical vibration line displacement of interference force action point needs to be
calculated.
5.2.2 Interference force values provided by manufacturer shall be used for vibration line

28
displacement calculation. When this is not available, allowed line displacement values
shall be taken from Table 5.2.2.

Table 5.2.2 Interference Forces and Allowed Vibration Line Displacements

Machine operating speed (r/min) 3000 1500

Interference force on ith point when Vertical, horizontal 0.20Wgi 0.16 Wgi
calculating line displacement Pgi (kN)
Vertical 0.10 Wgi 0.08 Wgi

Allowed vibration line displacement (mm) 0.02 0.04

Note: (1) Values shown are for normal operation of machines.

(2) Wgi is rotor gravity acting on the ith point of foundation (kN), usually the rotor gravity concentrated on middle
point of beam or top of column.

5.2.3 When calculating vibration line displacement, line displacement value at operating
rotating speed should be taken as the maximum vibration line displacement within
operating speed ±25%.
5.2.4 Calculated vibration line displacement for speed less than 75% of operating speed
shall be less than 1.5 times allowed vibration displacement.
5.2.5 For the purpose of vibration line displacement calculation, interference force for any
rotating speed shall be calculated as per:

no 2
Poi  Pgi ( ) (5.2.5)
n

Where: Poi — Interference force for any rotating speed (kN)

no — Any rotating speed (r/min)
5.2.6 When frame type foundation is calculated for vibration as a multiple degrees of
freedom spatial system, earth foundation can be regarded as rigid when machine operating
speed is 3000r/min and elastic when the speed is less than that.
5.2.7 When there are m interference forces, vibration line displacement of the ith mass point
can be calculated as per:
m
Ai   ( Aik )2 (5.2.7)
k 1

Where: Ai — Vibration line displacement of the ith mass point (m)

Aik — Vibration line displacement of the ith mass point caused by the kth
interference force (m)
5.2.8 When foundation is a space frame consisting of horizontal frame sand vertical beams,
it can be simplified into horizontal plane frame. It is calculated by dual degrees of freedom
according to Appendix C.

29
5.2.9 Kinetic calculations can be exempted for turbine generator frame type foundation
formed by traverse frame and longitudinal beams provided that operating speed of the TG is
3000r/min and its power rating is 12.5 MW or less and that following conditions are met:
(1) for intermediate frame and longitudinal beam: Wi≥6Wgi
(2) for side beam: Wi≥10Wgi
Note: Wi is the total gravity concentrated on beam middle point or top of column (kN).

5.3 Load Bearing Capacity Calculation for Frame Type Foundation

(Operating speed at 1000-3000r/min)
5.3.1 Values of load item coefficients for load bearing capacity calculations shall be as
per Table 5.3.1.
Table 5.3.1 Load Item Coefficients

Type of Load Load Description Item Coefficient

Permanent Load Deadweights of foundation, machine and other equipment installed on the 1.2
foundation; weight of backfill on foundation; cylinder extension force; condenser
vacuum suction; action produced by temperature difference

Variable Load Dynamic load (or equivalent load)，top plate live load 1.4

Occasional Load Short circuit torque 1.0

Earthquake Load Earthquake action 1.3

5.3.2 Foundation member dynamic internal forces can directly calculated as those of a
multiple degrees of freedom spatial system.
5.3.3 Values of interference forces for calculating dynamic internal forces can be taken
as 4 times those for vibration line displacement calculation. Effect of material fatigue
shall also be taken into consideration in the form of a fatigue effect coefficient. For
reinforced concrete structure, this coefficient can be taken as 2.0.
5.3.4 When the foundation is a spatial frame formed by traverse frame and longitudinal
beams, simplified calculation of member internal dynamic force can be adopted using
equivalent loads.
Vertical equivalent load can be considered as concentrated load and horizontal equivalent
load as concentrated load on axes of longitudinal and traverse beams.
5.3.5 When internal dynamic force is calculated according to equivalent loads, this shall
be carried out according to foundation basic vibration types and high vibration types
respectively, and the larger value shall be taken as the controlled value.
5.3.6 When internal dynamic force is calculated according to basic vibration types of
foundation, equivalent loads can be calculated as per following rules:
(1) vertical equivalent load on the ith point on traverse frame can be calculated as per

30
following formula and shall be not less than 4 times rotor weight:
 n1
N zi  8 Pgi ( )2 max (5.3.6-1)


(2) total horizontal equivalent load can be calculated as per following formula and shall be
attributed according to rigidity and not less than total rotor weight:

(5.3.6-2)

 Wgi (5.3.6-3)
Ny  y
Wt
 K fyj
Where: Nzi — Vertical equivalent load on the ith point on traverse frame (kN)
ωnl — Intrinsic vertical circular frequency for vibration type I of traverse frame
(rad/s), can be calculated as per (c.2.2-1) in Appendix C
ηmax — Maximum dynamic coefficient, can be taken as 8
Nx — Total horizontal equivalent load on traverse frame (kN)
Ny — Total horizontal equivalent load on longitudinal frame (kN)
Wt — Total permanent load on foundation top plate (kN), including top plate
deadweight, equipment weight and half of column weight
Kfxj — Horizontal rigidity of the jth traverse frame of foundation (kN/m)
Kfyj — Horizontal rigidity of the jth longitudinal frame of foundation (kN/m)
ξx — Traverse calculating coefficient (m)
ξy — Longitudinal calculating coefficient (m)
(3) For turbine unit of 3000r/min operating speed, when kinetic calculation is omitted,
vertical equivalent load can be taken as per Table 5.3.6-1 and total horizontal equivalent load
as per Table 5.3.6-2.
Table 5.3.6-1 Vertical Equivalent Load

Unit Power W (MW) W≤25 25<W≤125

Nzi 10Wgi 6Wgi

Table 5.3.6-2 Horizontal Equivalent Load

Unit Power W (MW) W≤25 25<W≤125

Nx Ny 2∑Wgi ∑Wgi

(4) Simplified calculation drawings shall be as per 5.3.6-1 and 5.3.6-2 respectively.

31
 Figure 5.3.6-1 Traverse Frame

(a) vertical equivalent load action; (b) horizontal equivalent load action

K fyj
N y1  N y
 K fyj
K fyj
N yj  N y
 K fyj

Figure 5.3.6-2 Longitudinal Frame

5.3.7 Traverse and longitudinal calculating coefficients can taken as per Table 5.3.7
Table 5.3.7 Calculating Coefficients
Longitudinal calculating
Machine operating speed Traverse calculating
coefficient ζy
(r/min) coefficient ζx

3000 12.8 x 10-4 6.4 x 10-4

1500 40.0 x 10-4 20.0 x 10-4

5.3.8 When high type vibration of foundation is considered, equivalent loads and simplified
calculation drawings shall be as per Figure 5.3.8-1 and 5.3.8-2 for the purpose of internal
dynamic force calculation of traverse and longitudinal beams of the top plate.
Table 5.3.8 Equivalent Loads with High Type Vibration Considered

Direction Vertical Traverse Longitudinal

Load (kN) Nzi =0.8Wci Nxi =0.8Wci Nyi =0.4Wci

Note: Wci is deadweight of members and weight of machine they support (evenly distributed or concentrated).

32
 Figure 5.3.8-1 Traverse Beams

Figure 5.3.8-2 Longitudinal Beams

Note: Lf is column spacing, Lb is traverse beam spacing

5.3.9 When internal dynamic force is calculated according to spatial system of multiple
degrees of freedom, the maximum internal dynamic force in the range of 1.25 times machine
operating speed shall be taken as the control value.
5.3.10 Internal dynamic force of the ith mass particle under the action of m interference
forces can be calculated as per:

m
Si   ( Sik )2 (5.3.10)
k 1

Where: Si — Internal dynamic force of mass particle i (kN)

Sik — Internal dynamic force on mass particle i by the kth interference force (kN)

5.3.11 Stress produced by temperature difference on the two sides of a member shall be
taken into consideration for traverse and longitudinal beams of the foundation top plate so
that additional temperature reinforcing bars of 0.1% on each side shall be added. For turbine
generator of unit power 100MW and above, this percentage shall be raised to 0.15% for the
longitudinal beams beside high pressure and middle pressure cylinders.
When foundation longitudinal frame length is greater or equal to 40 m, temperature stress of
longitudinal frame shall be calculated. When information is not available, calculated
temperature difference of top plate and column foot can be taken as 20 ℃.
5.3.12 Live load during equipment installation shall be taken into consideration for top plate
load bearing capacity calculation. This can be taken as 20-30 kPa to workmanship
requirements.
5.3.13 Dynamic coefficient of short circuit torque can be taken as 2.0.
5.3.14 Foundation load bearing capacity calculation shall be according to following load
combination and the larger value shall be taken as the control value.
(1) Basic combination can be that of permanent loads and dynamic loads (or equivalent
loads); each dynamic load is only considered in single direction, combination coefficient

33
thereof can be taken as 1.0.
(2) Accidental combination can be that of permanent loads, dynamic loads and short circuit
torque, dynamic load combination coefficient can be taken as 0.25, short circuit torque
combination coefficient can be taken as 1.0.
(3) Earthquake action combination can be that of permanent loads, dynamic loads and
earthquake action. Dynamic load combination coefficient can be taken as 0.25 and earthquake
action combination coefficient can be taken as 1.0.
5.4 Design of Low Speed Motor Foundation
(Machine speed at 1000r/min or less)
5.4.1 Interference force, allowed vibration line displacement and equivalent loads for
kinetic calculation of low speed motor foundation can be taken as per Table 5.4.1.

34
 Table 5.4.1 Interference Force, Allowed Vibration Line Displacement and Equivalent Loads

Machine operating speed (r/min) <500 500-750 >750

Interference force for traverse vibration line displacement calculation Px (kN) 0.10Wg 0.15W g 0.20W g

Allowed vibration line displacement A (mm) 0.16 0.12 0.08

Equivalent load (kN) Vertical, N zi 4W gi 8W gi

Horizontal, N xi 4W gi 2W gi

Note: Equivalent loads in Table 5.4.1 already include material fatigue effect coefficient 2.0. W g is weight of rotor (kN).

5.4.2 For frame type motor foundation, only traverse horizontal vibration line
displacement has to be calculated for top plate vibration control point, the value can be
calculated as per following formulae:

Axψ = Ax + Aψlψ (5.4.2-1)

Px 1
Ax  · (5.4.2-2)
K sx  2
2
( 1  2 )2 
x 64 2x

M 1
A  · (5.4.2-3)
K s  22
( 1  2 )2 
 64 2

1
K sx  (5.4.2-4)
1 h42 1
 
K x K  K fxj

K s   K fxj loj2 (5.4.2-5)

K sx
x  (5.4.2-6)
me

K s
  (5.4.2-7)
Jw

m 12 E c I bj 1  6 j
 K fxj   h 3j
(
2  3 j
) (5.4.2-8)
j 1

h j I bj
j (5.4.2-9)
l j I cj

J w  0.1me ld2 (5.4.2-10)

Px
M  l (5.4.2-11)
2

Where: — Traverse horizontal vibration line displacement of frame type motor

35
 Axψ foundation top plate control point (m)
Ax — Traverse horizontal vibration line displacement of top plate center of
gravity (m)
Aψ — Twisting vibration angular displacement of top plate (rad)
Ksx — Total traverse horizontal rigidity of foundation and its earth foundation
(kN/m)
Ksψ — Total twisting rigidity of foundation and its earth foundation (kN/m)
ωx — Intrinsic horizontal traverse circular frequency of top plate (r/min)
ωψ — Intrinsic twisting circular frequency of top plate (r/min)
loj — Distance from j traverse frame plane to top plate center of gravity (m)
th

h4 — Distance from foundation bottom plate bottom plane to top plate top plane
(m)
Kfxj — Horizontal rigidity of j traverse frame (kN/m)
th

δj — Dimensionless coefficient
lψ — Horizontal distance from foundation top plate center of gravity to vibration
control point (m)
Ibj — Cross section moment of inertia of the j traverse frame traverse beam (m )
th 4

Icj — Cross section moment of inertia of the j traverse frame column (m )

th 4

hj — Calculated height of the j traverse frame column (m)

th

lj — Calculated span of the j traverse frame traverse bean (m); can be taken as
th

0.9 times column centerline spacing

Jw — Moment of inertia of converted mass ms about vertical axis through top
plate center of gravity (t. m2)
ld — Length of top plate (m)
me — Converted mass of foundation set, including all machines, foundation top
plate and 30% of column mass (t)
Ee — Concrete elastic modulus (kPa)
5.4.3 When large block or wall type foundation is adopted, kinetic calculation and
structural requirements can follow section 4 of this specification.
5.4.4 Vibration calculation can be omitted for phase modulation motor foundation of 15
MV. A or less, provided that its operation level is at indoor ground level and wall type
foundation is used.
5.4.5 Top plate structural reinforcing bar configuration can be as per following rules:
(1) see Figure 5.4.5 for bar configuration on side surface of top plate beams, checking
computation for plane flexural stress produced by dynamic loads and temperature
difference can be exempted.
(2) Cross sectional area of upper structure bars Ag2 shall be not less than 0.1% bhhn
(3) Cross sectional area of lower structure bars Ag1 shall be not less than 0.1% bh
(4) Diameter of bars shall be not less than 16mm. Spacing should be 150-250 mm.

36
5.4.6 Load bearing capacity calculation of foundation structural members can follow
rules in section 5.3 of this specification.

Figure 5.4.5 Structural Bars on Beam Sides

6 Foundation of Turbine Compressor

6.1 General
6.1.1 This chapter applies to the design of foundations for centrifugal turbine compressor
with the speed exceeding 3000 r/min.
6.1.2 Information specified in 5.1.2 of this code shall be obtained for designing of turbine
compressor foundation.
6.1.3 Reinforced concrete frame structure should be adopted for turbine compressor
foundation preferably. If block or wall foundation is used, the dynamic force calculation and
structure may be adopted according to the specifications in Chapter 4 of this code.
6.1.4 Earthquake resistance checking calculation may be omitted for construction of frame
foundation in areas where the protected earthquake intensity is 8 or below.

6.2 Structure requirements

6.2.1 The dimensions of frame foundation shall conform to the following specifications:
6.2.1.1 Rectangular flat plates should be used as foundation base irons. The thickness of the
plates may be 1/10~1/12 of the length of the irons and no less than 800 mm.
6.2.1.2 The cross-section of the column should be rectangle. The min. width should be
1/10~1/12 of the net height of the column and no less than 450mm.
6.2.1.3 The thickness of the upper irons of the foundation should not be less than 1/4 of its
net span or less than 800 mm.
6.2.2 The reinforcement of the frame foundation shall conform to the following
specifications:
6.2.2.1 Reinforcing mat shall be installed on the irons from the peripheral to the top and the

37
bottom. The diameter of the rebar shall be 14~16mm, the spacing interval 200~250 mm. The
diameter of the rebar shall be 16~20mm if pile foundation is adopted.
6.2.2.2 The reinforcement of the column shall be calculated. Vertical rebars shall be
installed along the peripheral of the cross-section diagonally. The diameter should not be less
than 18mm.
6.2.2.3 Reinforcing mat should l be installed on the upper irons from the peripheral to the
top and the bottom. The diameter of the rebar shall be 14~16mm, the spacing interval
200~250 mm. With the width of the column, the reinforcement shall be calculated according
to the longitudinal and lateral frame beam.
6.2.2.4 The peripheral along the open pores or holes whose diameter or length of side
exceeds 300 mm shall be reinforced. The diameter of the rebar should be 14~18mm, the
spacing interval 200 mm.

6.3 Dynamic force calculation

6.3.1 If the disturbing force generated by the rotors of the turbine compressor is less than 15
kN, the dimension of the foundation conforms to the specifications in 6.2.1 of this code, and
there are no special foundation vibration requirements for the equipment and the production,
dynamic force calculation may be omitted.
6.3.2 The value of disturbing force and the action spots of the turbine compressor
foundation shall be provided by the manufacturer. If the information is not available, the
following specifications shall be followed:
6.3.2.1 The disturbing force of the machine may be calculated by the following formula:

n 3/ 2
Pz  0.25Wg ( ) (6.3.2-1)
3000

Px = Pz (6.3.2-2)
Py = 0.5Px (6.3.2-3)
Where: Px — Lateral disturbing force of machine lateral to the foundation (kN);
Py — Longitudinal disturbing force of machine lateral to the foundation (kN);
Wg — Dead weight of machine rotor (kN).
6.3.2.2 The action spots of disturbing force shall be determined according to the actual
distribution situation of the dead weight of the machine rotors.
6.3.2.3 If the turbine compressor is driven by the motor, vertical and horizontal disturbing
force generated by the motor may be taken as specified in 5.2.2 of this code.
6.3.2.4 If there is gearbox between the turbine compressor and the driving motor,
deadweight of the gears the speed of which is the same with that of the gearbox shall be
included in rotor weight Wg.
6.3.3 The dynamic force calculation for turbine compressor frame foundation should be
carried out with multiple-degree-of-freedom space mechanical model. Working speed ± 20%
shall be taken for sweep calculation. 0.0625 may be taken as concrete structure damping ratio.

38
Static elastic ratio value may be taken as elastic ratio.
6.3.4 If the foundation bears m disturbing forces of different frequency, vibration speed Vik
generated on the checking point i by each disturbing force shall be calculated. The max.
vibration speed V may be calculated by the following formula:

m
V Vik2 (6.3.4)
k 1

Where: Vik — vibration speed (m/s) generated by the disturbing force of the machine to
the checking point i .
6.3.5 The max. vibration speed of the control point on the upper iron of the turbine
compressor shall be less than 5.0 mm/s.

6.4 Calculation of bearing capacity of frame foundation

6.4.1 Calculation of bearing capacity may be omitted if the frame foundation conforms to
the following conditions:
(1) The net span of upper iron is no more than 4.0m;
(2) The deadweight of the machine on each framework is no more than 150kN;
(3) The structure of the foundation conforms to the relevant specifications in 6.2 of this
code. The cross-section of the column of the frame is no less than 600mm×600mm. The
general reinforcement rate for vertical rebars in the column is no less than 1%. The
reinforcement rate of the upper and lower main rebars in the beam of the frame shall be
0.5%~1.0%, and there shall be no less than 5 Grade II rebars with the diameter of 25mm.
(4) The strength grade of the concrete should be C25.
6.4.2 Each load coefficient except earthquake in 5.3.1 of this code shall be taken for the
calculation of bearing capacity for turbine compressor foundation. The combination of loads
may be adopted according to the specifications in 5.3.14 of this code.
6.4.3 Load information relevant to machines and equipment shall be provided by the
manufacturer of the machine. If the information is not available, the following specifications
may be followed:
(1) Maintenance load standard on the upper iron is 10kPa, the working load 2kPa;
(2) Standard value of vacuum suction of condenser may be calculated with the following
formula:
Pa=100At (6.4.3)
Where: Pa — Standard value of vacuum suction of condenser (kN)
At — Cross-section area of the connection between the condenser and the turbine.
(m2)
6.4.4 The equivalent load of disturbing force of the turbine compressor acts on the
foundation as concentrated load forward and backward. The value may be obtained according

39
to the following specifications:
(1) Vertical equivalent load:

n
N z  5Wg (6.4.4)
3000

Where: Nz — Vertical equivalent load (kN)

(2) 1/4 and 1/8 of the vertical equivalent load may be taken as lateral and longitudinal
equivalent load respectively, acting on the axis of the lateral and longitudinal beam.
(3) For foundation parts that do not bear the deadweight of the rotor, 1/2 of the
deadweight of the parts may be taken as the vertical and horizontal equivalent load. 1/4 of
the deadweight of the parts may be taken as the longitudinal equivalent load.

7 Crusher and Mill Foundation

7.1 Crusher foundation

7.1.1 This section applies to design of foundations for gyratory, jaw, cone, hammer and
impact crusher.
7.1.2 Apart from the relevant information specified in 3.1.1 of this code, the following
information shall be provided by the manufacturer of the machine for the design of crusher
foundation:
(1) Mutual alignment and driving mode of the crusher and the motor;
(2) Action position of the disturbing force of the crusher.
7.1.3 Reinforced concrete structure may be used for the foundation. The form may be block,
wall or frame type.
7.1.4 The dimensions of each part of the wall foundation shall conform to the following
specifications:
7.1.4.1 The thickness of the upper iron of the foundation should be no less than 600mm, and
no less than 1/6 of the span of the upper iron.
7.1.4.2 The jib length of the upper iron should not exceed 1500mm.
7.1.4.3 The thickness of the lengthwise wall should not be less than 400mm. The
height-thickness ratio should not exceed 6.
7.1.4.4 The thickness of the cross wall should not be less than 500mm. The height-thickness
ratio should not exceed 4.
7.1.4.5 The thickness of the base iron of the foundation should not be less than 600mm, and
should not be less than the thickness of the wall.
7.1.4.6 The jib length of the base iron of the foundation should not exceed 2.5 times the
thickness of the base iron.

40
 Note: lengthwise wall refers to wall parallel to the disturbing force of the crusher, while cross wall refers to wall vertical to
the disturbing force of the crusher.

7.1.5 Flat irons with the thickness no less than 600mm should be used for the base iron of
the frame foundation.
7.1.6 Two or three crushers may be placed on the same foundation to form a joint one. The
thickness of the base iron shall not be less than 800mm.
7.1.7 Anchor pile (rod) foundation may be used if the foundation is built on rock ground and
conforms to the specifications in B.0.1 of Appendix B.
7.1.8 Only vibration linear displacement generated under the horizontal disturbing force
may be calculated for dynamic force calculation of the foundation. The following
specifications shall be followed:
(1) The specifications in 4.3.3, 4.3.5 and 4.3.7 of this code shall be followed for the
dynamic force calculation of block and wall foundations.
(2) The specifications in 5.4.2 of this code shall be followed for the dynamic force
calculation of frame foundations. Torsional vibration may not be calculated.
(3) Dynamic force calculation may be omitted for block anchor pile foundations.
(4) In the dynamic force calculation of joint foundations, sum of absolute value of the
disturbing force of the two machines shall be taken as the disturbing force. Formula
specified in 4.3.3, 4.3.5 and 4.3.7 of this code may be used to calculate. The vibration linear
displacement obtained should be multiplied by 0.75, the reduction coefficient.
7.1.9 Table 7.1.9 may be taken for allowed horizontal vibration linear displacement of the
top of the crusher foundation.
Table 7.1.9 Allowed Horizontal Vibration Linear Displacement of the Top of the Crusher Foundation

Machine speed n Allowed horizontal vibration line displacement

(r/min) (mm)

n≤300 0.25

300<n≤750 0.20

n>750 0.15

7.1.10 For the bearing capacity calculation of the crusher foundation, its load shall include
deadweight of parts and machines, 4 times the disturbing force of hammer or impact crusher,
or 3 times the disturbing force of other types of crushers.
7.1.11 The reinforcement of crusher foundation shall follow the following specifications:
(1) Specifications in 4.2.2 of this code may be followed for reinforcement of block and
wall foundations.
(2) Reinforcement of frame foundations shall be determined by calculation.

41
7.2 Mill foundation
7.2.1 This section applies to the design of foundations for cylinder mill, ball mill and
autogenous tumbling mill for materials at normal temperature.
7.2.2 For designing of mill foundation, relevant information specified in 3.1.1 of this code
shall be obtained. In addition, the following information shall be provided by the
manufacturer of the machine:
(1) Mutual alignment and driving mode of mill, motor and speed reducer.
(2) Total weight of milling body in the mill.
(3) The distance between the central line of the mill cylinder and the surface of the
foundation.
7.2.3 Reinforced concrete structure should be adopted for mill foundation. The form may be
block, wall or box type.
7.2.4 Independent foundation may be adopted for the grinding head and end of the cylinder
mill. For ball mill or autogenous tumbling mill, if it is built on uniform soil, and the standard
value of the bearing capacity of the ground exceeds 250kPa, independent foundation may be
adopted.
7.2.5 Dynamic force calculation may be omitted for wall and block type foundations.
7.2.6 For the calculation of static pressure on foundation base, the load calculation shall
conform to the specifications in 3.2.5 of this code. In addition, directional horizontal
equivalent load at the central line of each end bearing of the mill (Figure 7.2.6) shall be taken
into consideration. Its value may be calculated by the following formula:
Px = 0.15Wr (7.2.6)
Where: Px — directional horizontal equivalent load at the central line of each end bearing
of the mill (kN)
Wr — Total weight of milling body in the mill (kN)
Direction of rotation

Figure 7.2.6 Directional Horizontal Equivalent Load

7.2.7 The specifications in 4.2.2 of this code shall be followed for reinforcement of the
foundation.

42
8 Impact Machine Foundation

8.1 Hammer foundation

8.1.1 This section applies to foundation designing of hammers, the nominal mass of the
drop part being no more than 16t.
8.1.2 For designing of hammer foundation, information specified in 3.1.1 of this code shall
be obtained. In addition, the following information shall be provided by the machine
manufacturer:
(1) Nominal mass and actual weight of the drop part.
(2) Weights of anvil stand and hammer carrier.
(3) Height of anvil stand, base dimension, and the relative elevation of the anvil stand top
to the ground of the workshop.
(4) Base dimension of the hammer carrier, and the form, diameter, length and position of
the foundation bolts.
(5) Max. speed or stroke of the drop part, inner diameter of the cylinder, max. inlet pressure
or max. impact energy.
(6) Center-of-gravity position of the carrier for overhanging hammer.
8.1.3 The following specifications should be followed for the form of hammer foundation:
8.1.3.1 Integral block foundation of trapezoid or step type may be adopted for hammer
foundations without vibration isolation. Positive cone shell foundation may also be used for
hammer of 5t or below. The strength calculation and structure requirements of its shell part
shall conform to the specifications in Appendix D of this code.
8.1.3.2 There are two forms of vibration isolation hammer foundations. One is anvil stand
vibration isolation hammer foundation with the vibration isolator placed under the anvil stand.
The other is foundation vibration isolation hammer foundation with the vibration isolator
placed under the foundation.
8.1.3.3 Anvil block vibration isolation hammer foundation or artificial foundation should be
used if the soil of the foundation is Grade IV or the outline dimensions of the hammer
foundation is limited.
8.1.4 Reinforced concrete structure should be used for hammer foundation. The strength of
concrete for block foundation should not be lower than C15. That for positive cone shell
foundation should not be lower than C20.
8.1.5 The materials of anvil stand cushion shall conform to the following specifications:
8.1.5.1 Grade I wood of uniform material and high corrosion resistance may be selected for
the wooden cushion made of square-edged timber or glued square-edged timber. The wood
should be dried and preservative-treated. The tree species shall be selected according to the
specifications of Wood Structure Design Code, the state standard in execution.
8.1.5.2 The materials of wood cushions shall conform to the following specifications:

43
 (1) TB20 and TB17 may be used for traverse cushions. For hammer not exceeding 1t,
TB15, TC17 and TC15 may also be used.
(2) TB15, TC17 and TC15 may be used for vertical cushions.
(3) TB20 and TB17 may be used for traverse cushions under vertical ones.
(4) The absolute water content of the surface of the wood should not exceed 25% when
square-edged wood is used, and should not exceed 15% when glued square-edged wood is
used.
8.1.5.3 Rubber cushion may be used for hammer not exceeding 5 t. Rubber cushion may be
made of normal transportation rubber belt or normal rubber pad. The rubber content should
not be lower than 40%. The Shore hardness should be 65 Hs. The selection of rubber and
materials shall conform to the following specifications:
(1) Chloroprene rubber, natural rubber or 3-polybutadiene rubber should be used.
(2) Heat-resisting rubber belt (pad) should be selected if the working time of the hammer
exceeds 16h in one day.
(3) The mechanical property of the transportation rubber belt shall conform to the
specifications of state standard Transportation Rubber Belt. The mechanical property of the
normal rubber pad should conform to the specifications of the state standard in execution,
Property of Industrial Sulfurized Rubber Pad.
8.1.6 The laying mode of the cushion under the anvil stand shall conform to the following
specifications:
(1) If the wood cushions are traverse and multi-layered, the upper and the lower layer shall
be overlapped in a cross. For the top laying on the shorter edge of the base of the anvil
stand, the thickness of each wood cushion should not be less than 150mm. The
square-edged wood shall be tightened with bolts. The interval of the bolts shall be 0.5~1.0
m, and the diameter of the bolt should be selected from Table8.1.6.
(2) If the wood cushions are vertical. A 100~150mm thick wood cushion should be laid in
traverse at the bottom of the pit of the anvil stand. Then square-edged wood is built along
the sides of the pit. The top face is planed. For hammers below 0.5t, traverse cushion may
be omitted.
(3) The rubber pads are composed of one layer or several layers of transportation belts or
boards. The upper and the lower layer shall be overlapped along the pads with straight
joints. The pit of the anvil stand shall be laid with pads wall-to-wall.
Table 8.1.6 Diameter of Bolts for Traverse Cushion

Thickness of each wood cushion (mm) Diameter of bolts (mm)

150 20

200 24

250 30

300 35

44
 (4) For anvil stand vibration isolation hammer foundation, elastic vibration isolator with
high damp may be used to replace the cushion.
8.1.7 The min. thickness of the foundation part under the anvil stand cushion shall conform
to the specifications in Table8.1.7.
Table 8.1.7 Min. Thickness of the Foundation Part under the Anvil stand Cushion

Nominal mass of the drop part (t) Min. thickness (mm)

≤0.25 600

≤0.75 800

1 1000

2 1200

3 Die hammer 1500

Flat-die hammer 1750

5 2000

10 2750

16 3500

8.1.8 There shall be no construction joint within 1.5m under the anvil stand cushion of
hammer foundations. The upper surface of the foundation under the anvil stand cushion shall
be leveled once. Never make leveling blanket. The levelness shall not exceed 1‰ under wood
cushion and 0.5‰ under rubber pads.
8.1.9 The reinforcement of the foundation shall conform to the following specifications:
8.1.9.1 Horizontal reinforcing mat shall be placed on the top of the foundation under the
anvil stand cushion. The diameter of the rebar should be 10~16 mm. The interval between the
rebars should be 100~150 mm. Grade II steel rebars shall be adopted. The length through the
inner wall of the pit should not be less than 50 times the diameter of the rebar, usually
extending to the outer edge of the foundation. Refer to Table 8.1.9 for number of layers of
reinforcing mat. The vertical interval between each reinforcing mat should be 100~200 mm.
The mats should be placed according to the principle of Tight on the Top and Sparse at the
Bottom. The thickness of the concrete protection layer of the top reinforcing mat should be
30~35 mm.
Table 8.1.9 Number of layers of reinforcing mat
Nominal mass of drop part (t) ≤1 2~3 5~10 16

Number of layers of reinforcing mat 2 3 4 5

8.1.9.2 Vertical reinforcing mat shall be placed around the pit of the anvil stand. The
interval between the mats should be 100~250 mm. If the hammer is below 5 t, the diameter of
the rebar should be 12~16 mm. If the hammer is no less than 5 t, the diameter should be
16~20 mm. The vertical rebars should be extended to the bottom of the foundation.

45
8.1.9.3 Horizontal reinforcing mat shall be placed on the bottom of the foundation. The
interval between rebars should be 100~250 mm. If the hammer is below 5 t, the diameter of
the rebar should be 12~18 mm. If the hammer is no less than 5 t, the diameter should be
18~22 mm.
8.1.9.4 Reinforcing mats with the rebar diameter of 12~16 mm and interval of 150~250 mm
shall be placed on the foundation and the top of the foundation steps, external sides of the pit
of the anvil stand, and sides of foundations for hammer no less than 2 t.
8.1.9.5 One layer of horizontal reinforcing mat with the rebar diameter of 12~16mm and
interval of 400 mm shall be placed on the foundation part under the anvil stand cushion for
hammers no less than 5t vertically. The interval shall be about 800 mm.
8.1.10 Bituminous flax shall be filled and compacted in the gaps between the anvil pit and
the anvil stand and the cushion. Bitumen shall be filled within 50~100mm of the top of the
gaps.
8.1.11 The net distance between the hammer foundation and the building foundation should
not be less than 500mm. If there are several hammers of 10t and above in one building, the
distance between each centerline of the hammer foundation should not be less than 30m.
8.1.12 Allowed vibration linear displacement and allowed vibration acceleration of the
hammer foundation shall conform to the following specifications at the same time. The
following specification shall be adopted:
(1) Table 8.1.12 shall be adopted for foundations of 2~5t hammer
(2) Values in Table 8.1.12 may be multiplied with 1.15 for foundations of hammers less
than 2t.
(3) Values in Table 8.1.12 may be multiplied with 0.80 for foundations of hammers above
5t.
Table 8.1.12 Allowed Vibration Linear Displacement and Allowed Vibration Acceleration of the Hammer
Foundation
Groups of soil Allowed vibration linear displacement (mm) Allowed vibration acceleration (m/s 2)

Group I 0.8~1.20 0.85g~1.3g

Group II 0.65~0.80 0.65g~0.85g

Group III 0.40~0.65 0.45g~0.65`

Group IV <0.40 <0.45g

8.1.13 The following specifications shall be followed in determining the allowed vibration
linear displacement and the allowed vibration acceleration:
8.1.13.1 Relatively small values in Table 8.1.12 shall be adopted for allowed vibration
linear displacement and allowed vibration acceleration for clay soil with relatively large pores,
unconsolidated rock soil, sandy soil a bit dense or very wet to saturation, especially fine, silty
sand and clay soil from soft to plastic.
8.1.13.2 Allowed vibration values for collapsible loose soil and expansive soil may be
selected from Table 8.1.12 according to the corresponding group of soils after relevant

46
measures are taken.
8.1.13.3 Allowed vibration values shall be selected according to relatively worse soil if the
hammer foundation and the building column foundation are located in different soil.
8.1.13.4 If the hammer foundation and the building foundation are both pile foundations,
allowed vibration values may be selected according to the soil at the tip of the pile.
8.1.14 The top vertical vibration line displacement, natural circular frequency and vibration
acceleration of hammer foundation without vibration isolation may be calculated with the
following formula:

 eVoWo
Az  k A (8.1.14-1)
K zW

2 K2 g
 nz  k  2 (8.1.14-2)
W

  A2 2nz (8.1.14-3)

Where: α — Vibration acceleration of foundation (m/s2)

kA — Vibration linear displacement adjustment coefficient
kλ — Frequency adjustment coefficient
W — Total weight (kN) of foundation, anvil stand, hammer carrier and backfill
soil of foundation. Total weight of soil in the shell shall also be included for
positive cone shell foundation. If it is pile foundation, equivalent weight of
piles and soil between piles participating in the vibration, which may be
converted according to the specifications in 3.3.19 of this procedure shall be
included.
Wo — Actual weight of the drop part (kN)
ψe — Impact resilience effluence coefficient
Vo — Max. speed of the drop part (m/s)
8.1.15 The values of vibration linear displacement adjustment coefficient and frequency
adjustment coefficient may be taken according to the following specifications:
(1) For natural foundations except rock, 0.6 may be taken as vibration linear displacement
adjustment coefficient and 1.6 as frequency adjustment coefficient.
(2) For pile foundations, 1.0 may be taken as vibration linear displacement adjustment
coefficient kA and frequency adjustment coefficient.
8.1.16 Values of impact resilience effluence coefficient ψe may be taken according to the
following specifications:
(1) For die hammers, 0.5s/m1/2 may be taken if steel products are forged, and 0.35 s/m1/2
may be taken if nonferrous products are forged.

47
 (2) For flat-die hammers, 0.4 s/m1/2 may be taken.
8.1.17 Max. speed of the drop part of hammer Vo may be determined by the following:
8.1.17.1 Free-falling single-acting hammer may be calculated with the following formula:

Vo  0.9 2 gH (8.1.17-1)

8.1.17.2 Double-acing hammer may be calculated with the following formula:

Po Ao  Wo
Vo  0.65 2 gH (8.1.17-2)
Wo

8.1.1.7.3 Hammer impact energy may be calculated with the following formula:
2.2 g
Vo  (8.1.17-3)
Wo

Where: H — Max. stroke of drop part (m)

Po — Max. inlet pressure of cylinder (kPa)
Ao — Area of cylinder piston (m2)
u — Max. impact energy of hammer head (kJ)
8.1.18 For positive cone shell foundation built on soft clay soil, 28000kN/m3 shall be taken
if the natural soil compression rigidity coefficient is less than 28000 kN/m3.
8.1.19 For designing of single arm hammer foundation, the center of hammer impact, center
of form of the foundation bottom, and the base cluster gravity center should be located on the
same plumb line. If they are not on the same plumb line, positive cone shell foundation shall
not be adopted. Block foundation may be used. However, the hammer impact center shall
align with the center of form of the foundation bottom. In addition, the eccentricity of
hammer impact center to the base cluster gravity center shall not exceed 5% of the side length
of the foundation in the eccentric direction. The vertical vibration linear displacement of the
hammer foundation edge may be calculated with the following formula:

eh
Aez  Az ( 1  3.0 ) (8.1.19)
bh

Where: Aez — Vertical vibration linear displacement (m) of hammer foundation edge when
the center of hammer impact, center of form of the foundation bottom, and
the base cluster gravity center are not on the same plumb line.
eh — Eccentricity of hammer impact center to the base cluster gravity center
bh — Side length of the foundation in the eccentric direction
8.1.20 The total thickness of the cushion under the anvil stand may be calculated with the
following formula. It also shall not be less than the specifications in Table 8.1.20.

48
  e 2WoVo 2 E 1
do  (8.1.20)
f c 2Wh A1

Where: do — Total thickness of cushion under the anvil stand (m)

fc — Designed value of cushion bearing strength (kPa). It may be adopted as
specified in 8.1.21 of this procedure
E1 — Elastic module of the cushion (kPa). It may be adopted as specified in
8.1.21 of this procedure
Wh — Total weight of anvil stand and hammer carrier for die hammer, total weight
of anvil stand for flat-die hammer.
Table 8.1.20 Min. Total Thickness of Cushion

Nominal mass of drop part (t) Wood cushion (mm) Rubber belt (mm)

≤0.25 150 20

0.50 250 20

0.75 300 30

1.00 400 30

2.00 500 40

3.00 600 60

5.00 700 80

10.00 1000 -

16.00 1200 -

8.1.21 Table 8.1.21 may be adopted for designed value of bearing strength fe and elastic
module E1 for cushion.
Table 8.1.21 Designed Value of Bearing Strength and Elastic Module for Cushion

Cushion designation Wood strength grade Bearing strength calculation Elastic module E1 (kPa)
value fe

Traverse wood cushion TB-20, TB-17 3000 50×104

TC-17 1800

TC-15, TB-15 1700 30×104

Vertical wood cushion TC-17, TC-15, TB-15 1000 10×104

Transportation rubber belt — Hammers 3000 3.8×104

less than 1t

1~5t 2500
Hammers

8.1.22 The vertical vibration linear displacement of anvil stand on the cushion may be
calculated with the following formula:

49
 do
Azl   oWoV (8.1.22)
E1Wh A1

Azi — Vertical vibration linear displacement of anvil stand on the cushion

8.1.23 The allowed vertical vibration linear displacement of anvil stand shall conform to the
following specifications:
8.1.23.1 Table 8.1.23 may be adopted for allowed vertical vibration linear displacement of
anvil stand of hammer foundations without vibration isolation.
Table 8.1.23 Allowed Vertical Vibration Linear Displacement of Anvil Stand

Nominal mass of drop part (t) Allowed vertical vibration linear displacement of anvil stand

≤1.0 1.7

2.0 2.0

3.0 3.0

5.0 4.0

10.0 4.5

16.0 5.0

8.1.23.2 When vibration isolation devices are used under the anvil stand, the allowed
vertical vibration linear displacement of the anvil stand should not exceed 20mm.

8.2 Drop hammer foundation

8.2.1 This section applies to the design of drop hammer crushing pit foundations in drop
hammer workshops or bushel iron yard.
8.2.2 Apart from the relevant information specified in 3.1.1 of this code, the following
information shall be obtained for designing of drop hammer crushing pit foundation:
(1) Weight of drop hammer head and its max. drop.
(2) Outline dimensions of the crushing pit and anvil.
8.2.3 The form of structure of drop hammer crushing pit foundation shall be decided with
integral analysis of the requirements of production process, outline dimensions of crushing pit
and anvil, groups of soil and the impact energy of the drop hammer.
8.2.4 The following specifications may be adopted for design of simple crushing pit
foundation:
(1) When the soil is Group I or II, more than 1m thick of waste steel ingot and waste iron
shall be built in layers in the pit which is no less than 2 m deep. Pores shall be filled and
compacted with waste iron and crushed steel. Anvil is built on the top. Such is the waste
iron pit foundation.
(2) When the soil is Group III or IV, the waste steel ingot and waste iron in the pit shall be
put on the top of the compacted sand stone layer, the thickness of which is determined by
the impact energy of the drop hammer and the bearing capacity of the soil, preferably 1~2

50
 m.
(3) Dynamic force calculation may be omitted for simple crushing pit foundations.
8.2.5 The crushing pit foundation in the drop hammer workshop shall conform to the
following specifications:
8.2.5.1 Foundations with reinforced concrete cylindrical or rectangular pit wall shall be
adopted for crushing pit foundations in hammer workshop. Its depth shall be decided by the
geological situation and the structural requirements, preferably 3~6.
8.2.5.2 For soil of Group I, II, and III, no rigid base iron is needed [Figure 8.2.5 (a)]. For
soil of Group IV, channel foundation with rigid base iron should be used [Figure 8.2.5 (b)].

Figure 8.2.5 Reinforced Concrete Crushing Pit Foundation

(a) Without rigid base iron; (b) With rigid base iron
1—Anvil ; 2—Bushel iron and crushed steel; 3—Waste steel ingot and waste iron;

4—Compacted sand stone layer; 5—Reinforced concrete foundation; 6—Steel ingot or steel blank; 7—Rubber belt or
square-edged wood cushion

8.2.5.3 More than 1m thick of sand stone layer shall be laid on the bottom of the foundation.
Waste steel ingot and waste iron shall be laid above. The pores shall be filled and compacted
with bushel iron and crushed steel. It thickness shall conform to the following specifications;
(1) If the impact energy of the drop hammer is no more than 1200 kJ, the thickness of
waste steel ingot and waste iron shall not be less than 1.0 m.
(2) If the impact energy of the drop hammer is more than 1200 kJ, its thickness shall not be
less than 1.5 m.
8.2.5.4 Anvil is laid on the top of the crushing pit.
8.2.6 The ground shall be consolidated if the drop hammer crushing pit is built on saturated
silty, fine sand or sludgy soil.
8.2.7 The thickness of the cylindrical pit wall may be 300~600 mm according to the impact
energy of the drop hammer. One layer of reinforcing mat shall be fit on the inner and outer
sides of the wall. The total circumferential reinforcement rate should not be less than 1.2%.
The total vertical reinforcement rate should not be less than 0.5%.

51
8.2.8 The design of rectangular crushing pit shall conform to the following specifications:'
8.2.8.1 The thickness of the top of the rectangular pit wall should not be less than 500 mm.
That of the bottom should not be less than 1500mm.
8.2.8.2 The all-round, top and bottom of the pit shall be reinforced. The diameter of the
rebar should be 18~25 mm horizontally and16~22 mm vertically. The spacing interval of the
rebars should be 150~200 mm. Horizontal rebars with the diameter of 12~16mm and spacing
of 200 mm shall be added at the inner corner along the pit wall.
8.2.8.3 One or two layers of reinforcing mats with the diameter of the rebar being 12~16
mm and spacing of 200 mm shall be added to the inner side and top of the exposed part of the
pit wall according to the possible collision situation.
8.2.8.4 If the long side of the rectangular crushing pit exceeds 18m, and the impact energy
of the drop hammer exceeds 1200 kJ, stiff reinforcement shall be placed in the pit wall.
8.2.9 The design of channel crushing pit foundations with the inner diameter or the short
side less than 5m shall conform to the following specifications:
8.2.9.1 The thickness of the base iron in the channel crushing pit foundation shall not be less
than the specifications in Table 8.2.9.
8.2.9.2 Reinforcing mat with the diameter of the rebar being 12~16 mm and the spacing
250~300 mm shall be placed on the base iron of the foundation. Reinforcing mat with the
diameter of the rebar being 16~20 mm and the spacing 300~400 mm shall be placed under the
base iron. The number of layers shall conform to the specifications in Table 8.2.9. The vertical
spacing between each layer of reinforcing mat should be 100~150 mm.
Table 8.2.9 Min. Thickness of Base iron and Number of Reinforcing Mat Layers of Channel Foundation

Impact energy of drop Min. thickness of foundation base iron (m) Number of reinforcing mat layers
hammer (kJ)
Cylindrical Rectangular On Under

≤400 1.00 1.50 3 2

1200 1.75 2.25 4~5 3

≥1800 2.50 3.00 6 3

8.2.10 Grade II steel should be adopted for rebars for crushing pit foundations.
8.2.11 Anvil of the crushing pit shall conform to the following specifications:
8.2.11.1 Monoblock steel should be adopted for the anvil of the crushing pit. The thickness
should not be less than 500mm. The deadweight of the anvil shall conform to the following
requirements:
Wb  0.5Wo H (8.2.11)

Where: Wb — Deadweight of anvil (kN)

Wo — Weight of drop hammer head (kN)
8.2.11.2 If it is difficult to use monoblock steel for anvil of the crushing pit foundation,
several steel plates or steel ingot may be put together. It is necessary to put the steel plates or

52
ingot tightly to each other. The gaps shall be filled and compacted with crushed steel. Steel
ingot with relatively large cross-section and mass should be used. The selection of its
cross-section shall conform to the following specifications:
(1) If the impact energy of the drop hammer is less than 1200kJ, the min. cross-section of
the steel ingot shall be 600 mm × 600 mm.
(2) If the impact energy of the drop hammer is no less than 1200kJ, the thickness of the
steel ingot shall be no less than 1000 mm if there is only one layer. The min. cross-section
shall be 600mm×600mm if there are two layers.
8.2.11.3 150~200 mm thick bushel iron and crushed steel may be filled among the anvil,
waste steel ingot and waste iron tightly. The surface should be smooth and compacted.
8.2.12 The top surface of the anvil should be 1.0~2.5m lower than the top of the reinforced
concrete pit wall. The protection of the exposed inner side and top of the pit wall shall
conform to the following specifications:
8.2.12.1 Steel ingot or billet should be used to protect the inner side and top of the pit. The
cross-section of the steel ingot at the inner side should not be less than 500 × 500 mm. The
thickness of steel ingot or billet at the top should not be less than 200 mm. Low carbon steel
plate with the thickness no less than 50mm may also be used for protection.
8.2.12.2 Rubber belts with the thickness no less than 20mm or square-edged wood with the
cross-section no less than 150×150mm shall be lined on the surface of the steel ingot, billet or
plate and the concrete wall.
8.2.13 Vertical vibration line displacement, intrinsic circular frequency and vibration
acceleration of the crushing pit foundation in the drop hammer workshop may be calculated
with the following formula:
H
Az  1.4Wo (8.2.13-1)
WK z

Kz g
 nz 2  (8.2.13-2)
W

  A2 nz 2 (8.2.13-3)

Where: W — Total weight of foundation, anvil and filling material

8.2.14 Table 8.2.14 may be adopted for allowed vibration linear displacement and allowed
vibration acceleration of drop hammer crushing pit foundations.

53
 Table 8.2.14 Allowed Vibration Linear Displacement and Allowed Vibration Acceleration of Drop
Hammer Crushing Pit Foundations

Soil group Group I Group II Group III Group IV

Allowed vibration line displacement 2.5

(mm)

Allowed vibration acceleration (0.9~1.2)g (0.7~0.9)g (0.5~0.7)g (0.4~0.5)g

(m/s2)

Note: Relatively large values of allowed vibration acceleration in the Tab apply to clay soil, while relatively small values
apply to sand soil.

9 Foundation of Hot Die Forging Press

9.1 General
9.1.1 This chapter applies to design of foundation of hot die forging press (referred to as
press herein after) with the nominal pressure no more than 12000kN.
9.1.2 Apart from the information specified in 3.1.1 of this code, the following information
shall be provided by the machine manufacturer for the design of press foundations:
(1) Gravity of each parts above and under the press upright column, gravity of the upright
column, and gravity of the upper and lower dies of the most heavy die.
(2) Gravity center position of press, rotary inertia of the shaft through its gravity center and
parallel to the main shaft, and the height of the main shaft.
(3) Vertical and horizontal disturbing force acting on the main shaft when the press starts
up, and the peak value, pulse time and form of disturbing moment.
(4) Cross-section, length and steel number of the upright column of the press. If the
column is with variable cross-section, cross-section and length of each part shall be
provided. Cross-section, length and steel number of the stay bolt shall be included if it is
assembly press.
9.1.3 Pit reinforced concrete structure should be adopted for press foundation. If pit is not
needed by the production and process, block foundation may be adopted for small press.
9.1.4 The deadweight of the press foundation should not be less than 1.1~1.5 times the
gravity of the press. It may be 1.5 times the gravity of the press if the soil is soft. Under the
same condition of foundation weight, the base area of the foundation should be enlarged to
reduce the depth of embedment.
9.1.5 If natural ground foundation is adopted, foundation for press with the nominal
pressure no less than 10000kN should not be placed on Group IV soil (Table 3.2.3)

54
9.2 Structural requirements
9.2.1 The strength grade of concrete for press foundation shall not be less than C15. C20
should be used for foundation for press with the nominal pressure no less than 80000 kN. For
pit foundation, C20 waterproof concrete shall be used if there is underground water.
9.2.2 The thickness of the side wall and the base slab of the press foundation shall be
determined by calculation. However, the thickness of the side wall shall no be less than 200
mm, and that of the base slab 300mm. The thickness of the side wall and base slab of
foundation for press with the nominal pressure no less than 20000kN shall be increased
correspondingly.
9.2.3 Reinforcement of the press foundation shall be determined by calculation. It shall also
conform to the following specifications.
9.2.3.1 Reinforcing mats with the spacing interval of 200 mm shall be placed on the inner
and outer side of the side wall, on and under the base slab, and the top and side of the steps.
The diameter of the rebar may be 12 mm for foundation of press with the nominal pressure no
more than 20000 kN, and 14~16 mm for foundation of press with the nominal pressure more
than 20000 kN.
9.2.3.2 One layer of reinforcing mat shall be added to the lower end of the foundation bolt
sleeve as shown in Figure 9.2.3.

Base

Secondary casting layer

Foundation bolt sleeve

Reinforcing mat

Figure 9.2.3 Press Base Bearing

9.3 Dynamic force calculation

9.3.1 Dynamic force calculation may be omitted for foundation of press with the nominal
pressure less than 12500 kN if there are no special requirements.
9.3.2 Dynamic force calculation of press foundations shall be carried out according to the
two situations of start up and forging. Vertical and horizontal vibration displacement of the
foundation shall be calculated for the start up stage, while only vertical vibration
displacement of the foundation shall be calculated for the forging stage.
9.3.3 For the press start up stage, the vertical vibration line displacement, intrinsic circular

55
frequency and intrinsic period of the base cluster under the vertical disturbing force through
its gravity center may be calculated with the following formulas:
0.6 Pzo
Az   max (9.3.3-1)
Kz

Kz
 nz  (9.3.3-2)
m

2
Tnz  (9.3.3-3)
 nz

Where: — Vertical disturbing peak value through the base cluster gravity center at the
Pzo start up stage of the press
Tnz — Vertical intrinsic period of base cluster (s)
ηmax — Dynamic coefficient with damp, which may be adopted according to the
specifications in Appendix F of this code.
9.3.4 During the start up stage of the press, horizontal rotary coupling vibration is generated
by the base cluster under the eccentricity of horizontal disturbing force, disturbing moment
and vertical disturbing force. (Figure 9.3.4) Its vertical vibration line displacement, horizontal
vibration line displacement, intrinsic circular frequency and intrinsic period may be calculated
with the following formulas:

Az  Az  ( A 1  A 2 )l (9.3.4-1)

Ax  A 1 ( h1   1 )  A 2 ( h1   2 ) (9.3.4-2)

0.9 M 1
A 1  · 1max (9.3.4-3)
( J y  m 12 ) 2nl

0.9 M 2
A 2  · 2 max (9.3.4-4)
( J y  m 22 ) 2n 2

1 2 4mh2 4 
 2n1  (  nx   2n )  (  2nx   2n )2   nx  (9.3.4-5)
2 Jy 


1 2 4mh2 4 
 2n 2  (  nx   2n )  (  2nx   2n )2   nx  (9.3.4-6)
2 Jy 


Kx
 2nx  (9.3.4-7)
m

K  K x h22
 2n  (9.3.4-8)
Jy

M1 = M + Px(h1+h0+ρ1)+Pzex (9.3.4-9)
M2 = M + Px(h1+h0+ρ2)+Pzex (9.3.4-10)

56
  2nx h2
ρ 1= (9.3.4-11)
 2nx   2nl

 2nx h2
ρ2= (9.3.4-12)
 2n 2   2nx

Where: — Vertical vibration linear displacement of the base cluster top control point
Azφ under the eccentricity of horizontal disturbing force Px, disturbing moment
Mφ, and vertical disturbing force Pz.
Axφ — Horizontal vibration linear displacement of the base cluster top control
point under the eccentricity of horizontal disturbing force Px, disturbing
moment Mφ, and vertical disturbing force Pz.
ωn1 — Intrinsic frequency of mode one base cluster horizontal rotary coupling
vibration.(rad/s)
ωn2 — Intrinsic frequency of mode two base cluster horizontal rotary coupling
vibration. (rad/s)
M1 — Total disturbing moment through the mode one vibration rotary center O1
and vertical to the rotary surface. (kN·m)
M2 — Total disturbing moment through the mode two vibration rotary center O1
and vertical to the rotary surface. (kN·m)
η1max — Dynamic coefficient with damp of mode one vibration, which may be
adopted according to the specifications in Appendix F of this code.
η2max — Dynamic coefficient with damp of mode two vibration, which may be
adopted according to the specifications in Appendix F of this code.

Base cluster
Base cluster gravity center
gravity center

Figure 9.3.4 Base Cluster Mode

(a) Mode one; (b) Mode two

9.3.5 For the forging stage of the press, the vertical vibration linear displacement of the base

57
cluster shall be calculated with the following formulas:

PH 2
Az  1.2 · 2 nz 2 (9.3.5-1)
Kz  nm   nz

K1
 2nm  (9.3.5-2)
m1

m1=mu+mm+0.5mc (9.3.5-3)
Where: PH — Nominal pressure of the press (kN)
ωnm — Intrinsic circular frequency of the system composed of the mass of the
upper part of the press m1 and the upright column.
K1 — Sum of vertical rigidity of all upright column (kN/m)
m1 — Mass of the upper part of the press (t)
mu — Mass of parts above the upright column of the press (t)
mm — Mass of upper die of the most heavy die (t)
mc — Sum of mass of all column. The mass of the stay bolts shall be included if it
is assembly press.
9.3.6 Table 9.3.6 shall be adopted for the allowed vibration linear displacement of press
foundation control points.
Table 9.3.6 Allowed Vibration Linear Displacement of Press Foundation

Intrinsic frequency of base cluster fn(Hz) Allowed vibration linear displacement (mm)

fn≤3.6 0.5

3.6< fn≤6.0 1.8/ fn

6.0< fn≤15.0 0.3

fn>15.0 0.1+3/ fn

Note: ω nz/2π may be taken as base cluster intrinsic frequency when allowed vertical vibration linear displacement is
calculated. ωn12π may be taken as base cluster intrinsic frequency when allowed horizontal vibration linear
displacement is calculated.

10 Foundation for Metal-cutting Machine

10.0.1 This chapter applies to the design of foundations for normal or precise heavy-duty
and below heavy-duty metal-cutting machines and series of machines in the process center.
10.0.2 The classifications of machine types are specified as follows:
(1) Medium and small size machines refer to those whose single machine weight is below
100 kN.
(2) Large size machines refer to those whose single machine weight is 100~300kN.

58
 (3) Heavy-duty machines refer to those whose single machine weight is 300~1000kN.
10.0.3 Apart from the relevant information specified in 3.1.1 of this code, the following
information shall be provided by the machine manufacturer for the design of foundation for
metal-cutting machine.
(1) Outline dimension of machine
(2) Distribution of gravity force of the machine and the jobs, gravity force of moving parts
of machine or moving jobs and the range of movements if the slanting or deformation of
the foundation affect the process precision of the machine or if the foundation
reinforcement is calculated.
10.0.4 The forms of machine foundations shall conform to the following specifications:
10.0.4.1 Concrete ground may be adopted directly as foundation for medium and small size
machines that conform to the limits and thickness of ground specified in the executing state
standard Industrial Building Ground Design Code for medium and small size machine
installing on concrete ground.
10.0.4.2 Independent foundations or concrete ground partially thickened should be adopted
for large size machines and medium and small size machines that do not conform to the
specifications for thickness of concrete ground in the executing state standard Industrial
Building Ground Design Code.
10.0.4.3 Independent foundations shall be adopted for heavy-duty machines and precision
machines.
10.0.5 When the machine is installed on independent foundation, its dimension shall
conform to the following specifications:
10.0.5.1 The foundation plane dimension shall not be less than the outline dimension of the
bearing area of the machine. It shall also satisfy the requirements of dimensions for
installation, adjustment and maintenance.
10.0.5.2 The thickness of foundation concrete shall conform to the specifications in Table

59
 Table 10.0.5 Thickness of Concrete for Metal-cutting Machine Foundation

Machine designation Thickness of foundation concrete

Horizontal machine 0.3+0.070L

Vertical machine 0.5+0.150h

Milling machine 0.2+0.150L

Planer milling machine 0.3+0.075L

Slotting machine 0.3+0.150L

Table planing machine 0.3+0.070L

Internal grinder, centerless grinder, plain surface grinder 0.3+0.080L

Guideway grinder 0.1+0.080L

Thread grinder, precision circular grinder, gear grinder 0.4+0.100L

Beam drill 0.2+0.130h

Deep hole drilling machine 0.3+0.050L

Jig borer 0.5+0.150L

Horizontal borer, floor type borer 0.3+0.120L

Horizontal broaching machine 0.3+0.050L

Gear cutting machine 0.3+0.150L

Upright drill 0.3~0.6

Shaping machine 0.6~1.0

Note: (1) In the table, L is the length of the machine (m), h the height (m), which are both the
outline dimension provided by the machine catalog and the manual.
(2) The thickness of foundations in the Table refers to the thickness of concrete of the
bearing part under the base of the foundation (under the sizing block if sizing block is
used).
10.0.5.3 The thickness of the foundation concrete in Table 10.0.5 may be increased by
5%~10% for normal machines that have the requirements of increasing the process accuracy.
10.0.5.4 For the series of machines in the process center, the thickness of foundation
concrete may refer to that of the machines of the same type in Table 10.0.5 according to the
type of combined machines. That of relatively high precision or long dimension may be taken.
10.0.6 Except vibration isolation foundation, dynamic force calculation may be omitted for
other machine foundations.
10.0.7 The reinforcement of the foundation shall conform to the following specifications:
10.0.7.1 Reinforcing mat with the diameter of 8~14 mm and the spacing interval of
150~250 mm should be placed on the following parts of the machine foundation:

60
 (1) Top and bottom of the foundation that is built on soft soil or non-uniform ground.
(2) Parts of the foundation under non-uniform force or impact force partially.
(3) Top and bottom of the foundation the length of which exceeds 6m and less than 11m.
(4) Edges of pits, channels and holes in the foundation or parts with highly different
cross-sections.
(5) Parts with relatively small numbers of bearing points and large concentrated force.
10.0.7.2 If the length of the foundation exceeds 11m or the gravity force of the moving parts
of the machine is relatively large, the reinforcement should be calculated according to elastic
ground beams and slabs.
10.0.8 Deformation check shall be made if the slanting and deformation of the foundation
affects the process precision of the machine. If the deformation does not meet the
requirements, the ground shall be consolidated or the foundation rigidity increased.
10.0.9 Precompaction measures for the ground should be taken for the ground if the
machine exceeds 500kN, the process precision requirement is high, and the foundation is built
on soft soil. 1.4~2.0 times the sum of the gravity force of the machine and the max. gravity
force of the job may be taken as the precompaction force. The precompaction force should be
distributed according to the actual load conditions and be reached in steps. The precompaction
time may be determined according to the ground consolidation situation.
10.0.10 Precision machines shall be far away from machines with large dynamic load.
Foundations of large, heavy-duty or precision machines shall be separated from that of the
factory building columns.
10.0.11 One of the following measures may be taken respectively for the design of the
precision machine foundations:
10.0.11.1 There shall be vibration isolation trench around the foundation, the depth of which
shall be the same with that of the foundation and the width should be 100mm. The vibration
isolation trench should be empty or filled with materials as sponge, emulsion.
10.0.11.2 Vibration isolation materials as foam plastic, polystyrene shall be pasted around
the foundation.
10.0.11.3 There are gaps around the foundation to be separated from the concrete ground.
Elastic materials as bituminous flax should be filled in the gaps.
10.0.11.4 If the process precision requirement of the precision machine is high, other
vibration isolation measures may be taken at the base of the foundation or the machine
according to the environmental vibration conditions.
10.0.12 Specifications in Appendix E may be adopted for calculation of vibration
transferred from the ground.

61
Appendix A Influence of the vibration of low frequency and impact

machines on the building structure

A.0.1 If there are low frequency machines with the frequency no more than 10Hz in the
building, the resonance vibration area should be avoided in the design of the building.
A.0.2 Vibration influence of hammer foundations without vibration isolation should
conform to the following specifications:
A.0.2.1 Table A.0.2 may be adopted for influence of hammer vibration to single storey
buildings. Corresponding structural measures shall be taken at the same time.
Table A.0.2 Vibration Influence of Hammer Foundations to Single Storey Buildings

Nominal mass of drop part (t) Influence radius of additional Percentage of additional vertical dynamic load of
dynamic load (m) storey structure to static load (%)

≤1.0 15~25 3~5

2~5 30~40 5~10

10~16 45~55 10~15

A.0.2.2 The value of drop hammer with the max. vibration influence shall be taken for
additional dynamic load. No additional dynamic load may be considered for columns and
crane girders.
A.0.2.3 Reduction coefficient of the soil bearing capacity of the column foundation close to
the drop hammer foundation may be calculated with the following formula:

1
j  (A.0.2)

1  0.3
g

Which: — Reduction coefficient of the soil bearing capacity of the column

αj foundation close to the drop hammer foundation
A.0.2.4 Corresponding anti-vibration structural measures shall be taken for the buildings.
A.0.3 Drip hammer vibration influence may be taken according to the following
specifications:
A.0.3.1 Drop hammer crushing equipment should be placed far way from the buildings. Its
radius of influence on the building nearby should be taken according to A.0.3.

62
 Table A.0.3 Radius of Influence of the Crushing Equipment on the Building Nearby

Group and status of soil Drop hammer impact energy (kJ)

≤600 1200 ≥1800

Group I, II, and III 30 40 60

Group IV (except saturated silty and fine sand, sludgy soil) 40 50 70

Saturated silty and fine sand, sludgy soil 50 80 100

A.0.3.2 If the distance between the building and the crushing equipment is less than that
specified in A.0.3, vibration influence of the crushing equipment shall be included.
A.0.3.3 Bearing capacity reduction coefficient of the column foundation near the drop
hammer crushing pit foundation may be calculated with the formula in A.0.2.3 of this code.
A.0.3.4 For the design of drop hammer workshop, apart from the corresponding
anti-vibration structural measures, adjustment margins shall be reserved in design of the net
clearance and nodes of the building structure, and settlement observation points shall be set
according to the soil conditions.

63
 Appendix B Design of Anchor Pile (Rod) Foundation

B.0.1 Anchor pile (rod) foundation may be adopted if the rock ground conforms to the
following conditions:
(1) Saturated single axle compressive ultimate strength of the rock exceeds 3×104kPa. The
influence of the geological structure is slight. The joints and fissures are not developed.
There is no clay soil bedding interlayer. The entirety of the rock is relatively good.
(2) Though the joints and fissures of the rock are relatively developed, there is no solution
cavity or fissure water. It may form an entirety on the whole after being treated with
pressure grouting.
B.0.2 The rebars for the anchor piles shall be tied into a cage. 4~6 main rebars, the diameter
of which should be 12~16mm, should be used. The aperture of the anchor pile may be
100~200 mm.
B.0.3 Single main rebar is used for rebars of the anchor rods. 3 times the diameter of the
main rebar may be taken as the aperture of the anchor rod. However, it should not be less than
the sum of the diameter of the main rebar and 50mm.
B.0.4 Screwed or crescent rebars may be used as main rebars. Cold finished rebars should
not be used.
B.0.5 C30 fine concrete or above or cement mortar should be used for pouring of anchor
pile holes.
B.0.6 The drilling holes shall be cleared before pouring.
B.0.7 Mid-rang between the anchor piles shall not be less than 5 times the diameter of the
anchor pile hole, no less than 400, and no more than 1200 mm. Clear distance with the
foundation edge should not be less than 150mm. The anchoring depth into the rock shall not
be less than 20 times the diameter of the anchor rod hole if anchor rods are used. It shall not
be less than 15 times the diameter of the anchor pile if anchor piles are used. The depth into
the foundation shall not be less than 25 times the diameter of the rebar.
B.0.8 The total cross-section area of the main rebars of anchor piles (rods) for block
foundations may be selected according to 0.05%~0.12% of the foundation base area and be
arranged averagely. However, it shall not be less than total cross-section area of the
foundation bolts of the machine.
B.0.9 The total cross-section area of the main rebars of anchor piles (rods) for wall or frame
foundations shall be no less than the sum of the cross-section areas of the main rebars in the
wall or column.

64
 Appendix C Dynamic Force Calculation of Frame Foundation

C.1 Space multiple-degree-of-freedom system calculation

C.1.1 Establishment of space mechanics model
Particles are selected according to the specifications in Appendix C.1.4 on the
assumption that the foundation is a multiple-degree-of-freedom system. 1/2 of the mass of
each section of rod (rod between the particles) is concentrated on both ends. The influence of
moment of inertia need not considered. Six degrees of freedom are considered for each
particle, i.e., three linear displacement s and three angular displacements. Deformations as
bend, cut, twist, shrink and expansion shall be considered for each section of rod. Refer to
Figure C.1.1 for its mechanics model.

Figure C.1.1 Space Mechanics Model for Frame Foundations

C.1.2 Free vibration calculation According to the mechanics model above, static rigidity
matrix [K] and mass matrix [M] are established to solve the following problem of generalized
eigenvalue:
[K]{X}=ω2[M]{X} (C.1.2)
All pairs of eigenvalues with 1.4 times the working speed shall be calculated, each pair
of eigenvalues including one eigenvalue ωj2 and the corresponding eigenvector {X}j.
C.1.3 Forced vibration calculation When vibration linear displacement is calculated with
mode decomposition method, all modes within 1.4 times the working speed shall be taken to
be superimposed. 0.0625 shall be taken as structural damp.
C.1.4 Simplification of mechanics model
C.1.4.1 Determination of member rod calculation size:
(1) Distance between the top of the base slab and the center of the horizontal beam may
be taken as calculation length of the column.
(2) Distance between the supports may be taken as the calculation span of the
crossbeams. When the span of different beams for each frame is less than 30%, the
average value shall be adopted.
(3) If the cross-section of the beams and columns are relatively large or there are

65
 haunches (Figure C.1.4), 1/4(b+b1) may be taken as length of the rigid area of beams,
and it shall not exceed half of the width of the cross beam b. 1/4(h+h1) may be taken as
length of the rigid area of columns, and it shall not exceed half of the width of the
longitudinal beam h.

Figure C.1.4 Diagram of Frame Beam Haunch

C.1.4.2 Selection of particles:

(1) Particles may be set at the crossing points of column and the cross and longitudinal
beams.
(2) One particle may be set at the middle point of the cross beam
(3) Particles may be set on the longitudinal beam where there is disturbing force. If there
is no disturbing force, the particles may be set at the middle point. The particles may be
omitted if the span of the longitudinal beam is very small.
(4) Usually no particles are set at the middle part of columns with constant cross-section.
Particles are set on the columns with variable cross-section according to the actual
situation.
C.1.4.3 Plate structure may be calculated by dividing into cross and longitudinal beams.
C.2 Simplified calculation of two-degrees-of-freedom system
C.2.1 Refer to Figure C.2.1 for diagram of vertical vibration calculation for horizontal plane
frame.

Figure C.2.1 Horizontal Frame Calculation

66
C.2.2 The intrinsic circular frequency and mode (displacement ratio) of the horizontal frame
may be calculated with the following formula:

(C.2.2-1)

1
1 K K  K2 1 K K  K2 2 K K 2
 2n 2  ( 1 1 )  ( 1  1 ) 4 1 2  ) (C.2.2-2)
2 m1 m2 2  m1 m2 m1m2 

m1 = mm+0.5mb (C.2.2-3)
m2=mN+0.5(mc+mb) (C.2.2-4)
1
K1  (C.2.2-5)
l 3f 1  2 3 lf
·  ·
96 E c I b 2 5 E c Ab

2 E c Ac
K2  (C.2.2-6)
hp

hp I b
 (C.2.2-7)
l f Ic

K1  m1 2nl
X 21  (C.2.2-8)
K1

K1  m1 2n 2
X 22  (C.2.2-9)
K1

Where: ωn1 — Intrinsic circular frequency of the vertical mode one of the frame.(rad/s)
ωn2 — Intrinsic circular frequency of the vertical mode two of the frame (rad/s)
m1 — Mass concentrated on the middle point of the cross beam (t)
m2 — Mass concentrated on the two column tops (t)
mm — Machine mass concentrated on the middle point of the cross beam (t)
mb — Mass of the cross beam (t)
mN — Total mass transferred to the two columns of the frame by the adjacent longitudinal
beams (t), including mass of the structure and the machine
mc — Mass of the two columns (t)
lf — Distance between the centerlines of the two columns in the horizontal frame plane
hp — Distance between the top of the base slab and the centerline of the cross beam (m)
K1 — Vertical rigidity of the frame beam (kN/m)
K2 — Vertical rigidity of the frame column (kN/m)

67
 δ — Dimensionless coefficient
Ab — Cross-section area of cross beam (m2)
Ac — Cross-section area of column (m2)
Ib — Moment of inertia of cross beam cross-section (m4)
Ic — Moment of inertia of column cross-section (m4)
X21 — Displacement ratio of point two and point one in mode one
X22 — Displacement ratio of point two and point one in mode two.
C.2.3 The calculation of vertical vibration linear displacement of horizontal frame shall
conform to the following specifications:
C.2.3.1 If ωn2 is no more than 0.131n, the vibration linear displacement with the disturbing
frequency equal to the intrinsic frequency of mode one and two shall be calculated as follows;
(1) If the disturbing frequency is equal to the intrinsic frequency of mode one, the
vertical vibration linear displacement of the middle point of the crossbeam and the
column top may be calculated with the following formula:

mg21  ( mg 2 X 21 )2
A11   p  1 max (C.2.3-1)
m1  m2 X 212

A21 = A11X21 (C.2.3-2)

(2) If the disturbing frequency is equal to the intrinsic frequency of mode two, the
vertical vibration linear displacement of the middle point of the crossbeam and the
column top may be calculated with the following formula:

(C.2.3-3)

A22 = A12X22 (C.2.3-4)

Where: A11 — Vertical vibration linear displacement of the middle point of crossbeam if
the disturbing frequency is equal to the intrinsic frequency of mode one
(mm)
A12 — Vertical vibration linear displacement of the middle point of crossbeam if
the disturbing frequency is equal to the intrinsic frequency of mode two
(mm)
A21 — Vertical vibration linear displacement of the column top if the disturbing
frequency is equal to the intrinsic frequency of mode one (mm)
A22 — Vertical vibration linear displacement of the column top if the disturbing
frequency is equal to the intrinsic frequency of mode two (mm)

68
 β1 — Space influence coefficient of mode one
β2 — Space influence coefficient of mode two
ηmax — Max. dynamic coefficient. 8 may be taken.
αp — Coefficient (mm)
C.2.3.2 If ωn2 is more than 0.131n, the vibration linear displacement of the middle point of
the crossbeam and the column top shall be calculated with formula (C.2.3-1) and (C.2.3-2).
C.2.3.3 The vibration linear displacement calculated with the above formulas shall conform
to the specifications in 5.2.2 and 5.2.3 of this code.
C.2.4 Table C.2.4 may be adopted for space influence coefficient.
Table C.2.4 Space influence Coefficient

Frame position β1 β2

Side frame 1.30 1.30

Central frame 1.00 0.70

C.2.5 Coefficient αp may be determined according to the speed of the turbine generator in
Table C.2.5.
Table C.2.5 Coefficient αp

Working speed of machine

3000 1500
(r/min)

αp 2×10-2 6.4×10-2

69
 Appendix D Strength Calculation and Structure of Positive cone

Shell Hammer Foundations

D.0.1 Determination of the shell size should conform to the following specifications:
(1) Shell slope lg is determined according to the tonnage of hammer and the group of the
ground soil;
(2) Thickness of shell hq=0.125tq (D.0.1-1)
(3) Width of ring beam bq=0.250tq (D.0.1-2)
(4) Height of ring beam dq=0.200 tq (D.0.1-3)
(5) Outer diameter of ring beam
(6) Shell slope angle may be 35°.

Foundation part

Construction joint
Shell part Radial rebar
Circumferential
rebar

Figure D.0.1 Shell Diagram

D.0.2 For calculation of shell cross section strength, 1.2 may be taken as item coefficient of
the total load on the top of the shell, including foundation deadweight, weight of hammer
carrier and anvil stand, and equivalent load. For calculation of equivalent load, 2.0 may be
taken as item coefficient μ of factors as material fatigue. 0.5 may be taken as resilience
coefficient.
D.0.3 equivalent load on top of the shell may be calculated with the following formula:
WoVo
P  (1  e ) · (D.0.3)
gTq

Where: P — Equivalent load on top of the shell (kN)

Tq — Impact response time (s), which may be determined according to the specifications

70
 in D.0.4 of this code.
μ — Factors as material fatigue to be considered
e Resilience coefficient
D.0.5 Impact response time may be taken as specified below:
(1) For hammers of 1t or below, if the bedding under the anvil stand is wood, 1/200s may
be taken. If the bedding is transportation rubber belt, 1/280 may be taken;
(2) For hammers exceeding 1t, if the bedding under the anvil stand is wood, 1/150s may
be taken. If the bedding is transportation rubber belt, 1/200 may be taken;
D.0.4 The shell cross section strength may be calculated with the following formula:
(1) Radial stress:

K q N ss Kq M ss hq
 s  1.2 Pq (  ) (D.0.5-1)
hq 2Iq

(2) Circumferential stress:

K q N Kq M  hq
   1.2 Pq (  ) (D.0.5-2)
hq 2Iq

(3) Ring beam stress:

T = 1.2Pq(-KqNsscosαq+KφqQsssinαq)(1.83lqcosαq) (D.0.5-3)
(4) Shell extensional and compressive rigidity:
E c hq
Kq  (D.0.5-4)
1 v2

(5) Shell flexural rigidity

E c hq 3
Kq  (D.0.5-5)
12( 1  v 2 )

(6) Cross section inertia moment of shell unit width:

hq 3
Iq  (D.0.5-6)
12
Where: σs — Shell radial stress (kPa);
σθ — Shell circumferential stress (kPa)
T — Ring beam endogen force (kN)
Pq — Total load acting on the top of the shell, including foundation deadweight,
weight of hammer carrier and anvil stand, and equivalent load(KN);
Kq — Shell extensional and compressive rigidity (kN/m)
Kφq — Shell flexural rigidity (kN/m)
Iq — Cross section inertia moment of shell unit width (m3)

71
 v — Possion ratio of reinforced concrete, 0.2 shell be adopted.
Nss — Radial force parameter (1/kN) on the shell unit width when the load on top
of the shell is 1kN, which may be taken as specified in D.0.6 of this code;
Nθθ — Circumferential force parameter (1/kN) on the shell unit width when the
load on top of the shell is 1kN, which may be taken as specified in D.0.6 of
this code;
Qss — Radial shear force parameter (kN·m2) on the shell unit width when the load
on top of the shell is 1kN, which may be taken as specified in D.0.6 of this
code;
Mss — Circumferential moment of flexural [1/{kN · m}] on the shell unit width
when the load on top of the shell is 1kN, which may be taken as specified in
D.0.6 of this code;
Mθθ — Circumferential moment of flexural [1/{kN · m}] on the shell unit width
when the load on top of the shell is 1kN, which may be taken as specified in
D.0.6 of this code;
D.0.6 Parameters of radial and circumferential force, shear force and moment of flexure of
the shell may be determined as specified below:
D.0.6.1 If the slope angle of the shell αq is 35, the compressive rigidity coefficient of the
ground Cz is no less than 28000kN/m3, and the load on top of the shell is 1kN, radial force
parameter, radial inertia moment parameter, radial shear force parameter, circumferential
force parameter and circumferential inertia moment parameter may be taken from Table
D.0.6.
D.0.6.2 If the slope angle of the shell αq is 30  , all the values in Table D.0.6 shall be
multiplied by 1.2. If the slope angle of the shell αq is 40, all the values in Table D.0.6 shall be
multiplied by 0.8. The intermediate value is calculated with interpolation method.
D.0.6.3 If the shell foundation is built on ground the compressive rigidity coefficient of
which is less than 28000 kN/m3, all the values in Table D.0.6 shall be multiplied by 1.2.

72
 Table D.0.6 Parameters of Force in Positive Cone Shell Foundation

lq Nss Mss Qss Nθθ Mθθ

(m) (1/kN) [1/(kN·m)] [1/(kN·m2)] [1/kN] [1/(kN·m)]

0.80 -0.317 × 10-7 0.164 × 10-5 0.109 × 10-4 -0.499 × 10-7 -0.228 × 10-6

1.00 -0.203 × 10-7 0.837 × 10-6 0.444 × 10-5 -0.318 × 10-7 -0.116 × 10-6

1.20 -0.141 × 10-7 0.483 × 10-6 0.214 × 10-5 -0.220 × 10-7 -0.671 × 10-7

1.40 -0.103 × 10-7 0.303 × 10-6 0.115 × 10-5 -0.161 × 10-7 -0.421 × 10-7

1.60 -0.789 × 10-8 0.202 × 10-6 0.672 × 10-6 -0.123 × 10-7 -0.281 × 10-7

1.80 -0.623 × 10-8 0.142 × 10-6 0.419 × 10-6 -0.968 × 10-8 -0.197 × 10-7

2.00 -0.504 × 10-8 0.103 × 10-6 0.274 × 10-6 -0.781 × 10-8 -0.143 × 10-7

2.20 -0.416 × 10-8 0.771 × 10-7 0.178 × 10-6 -0.643 × 10-8 -0.107 × 10-8

2.40 -0.349 × 10-8 0.592 × 10-7 0.131 × 10-6 -0.539 × 10-8 -0.822 × 10-8

2.60 -0.297 × 10-8 0.464 × 10-7 0.952 × 10-7 -0.457 × 10-8 -0.644 × 10-8

2.80 -0.256 × 10-8 0.370 × 10-7 0.706 × 10-7 -0.393 × 10-8 -0.514 × 10-8

3.00 -0.223 × 10-8 0.300 × 10-7 0.534 × 10-7 -0.341 × 10-8 -0.416 × 10-8

3.20 -0.195 × 10-8 0.246 × 10-7 0.412 × 10-7 -0.289 × 10-8 -0.342 × 10-8

3.40 -0.173 × 10-8 0.205 × 10-7 0.322 × 10-7 -0.264 × 10-8 -0.284 × 10-8

3.60 -0.154 × 10-8 0.172 × 10-7 0.256 × 10-4 -0.243 × 10-8 -0.239 × 10-8

3.80 -0.138 × 10-8 0.146 × 10-7 0.206 × 10-7 -0.210 × 10-8 -0.202 × 10-8

4.00 -0.125 × 10-8 0.125 × 10-7 0.167 × 10-7 -0.189 × 10-8 -0.173 × 10-8

4.20 -0.113 × 10-8 0.107 × 10-7 0.137 × 10-7 -0.170 × 10-8 -149 × 10-8

4.40 -0.103 × 10-8 0.930 × 10-8 0.115 × 10-7 -0.155 × 10-8 -0.129 × 10-8

4.80 -0.860 × 10-9 0.712 × 10-8 0.797 × 10-8 -0.129 × 10-8 -0.986 × 10-9

5.20 -0.731 × 10-9 0.557 × 10-8 0.576 × 10-8 -0.109 × 10-8 -0.771 × 10-9

5.60 -0.629 × 10-9 0.443 × 10-8 0.426 × 10-8 -0.936 × 10-9 -0.613 × 10-9

6.00 -0.546 × 10-9 0.358 × 10-8 0.322 × 10-8 -0.810 × 10-9 -0.495 × 10-9

6.40 -0.479 × 10-9 0.293 × 10-8 0.247 × 10-8 -0.707 × 10-9 -0.405 × 10-9

73
 Appendix E Calculation of Ground Vibration Weakening

E.0.1 Vertical or horizontal vibration linear displacement of the ground r(m) to the center of
the foundation shall be determined by site test if the dynamic machine foundation vibrates
vertically or horizontally. If the test conditions are not possible, it may be calculated with the
following approximate formula:

r r 
Ar  Ao  o  o  o ( 1   o ) e  f o o ( r  ro ) (E.0.1-1)
  r 

For square or rectangular foundations:

A
ro   1 (E.0.1-2)


For circular foundations:

A
ro  (E.0.1-3)


Where: Ar — Vibration linear displacement of the ground r(m) to the center of the
foundation
Ao — Vibration linear displacement of vibration foundation (m)
fo — Frequency of disturbing force (Hz) of the machine on the foundation,
usually under 50Hz. For impact machine foundation, intrinsic frequency of
the foundation may be taken.
ro — Diameter (m) of circular foundation or equivalent diameter of rectangular or
square foundation
ξo — Dimensionless factor, which may be taken as specified in E.0.2 of this code;
αo — Ground soil energy absorption coefficient, which may be taken as specified
in E.0.3 of this code;
μf — Dynamic influence coefficient, which may be taken as specified in E.0.4 of
this code;
E.0.2 Dimensionless factor ξo is related to the ground soil property and the base area of the
vibration foundation. Its value may be taken as specified in Table E.0.2.
E.0.3 Ground soil energy absorption coefficient αo may be taken as specified in Table E.o.3
according to the property of the ground soil.

74
 Table E.0.2 Factor ξo
Soil designation Diameteror equivalent diameter of vibration foundation ro(m)

0.5 and 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7 and

below above

Normal clay soil, silty soil, 0.70~0.95 0.55 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.25~0.30 0.23~0.30 0.15~0.20
sandy soil

Saturated soft soil 0.70~0.95 0.50~0.55 0.40 0.35~0.40 0.23~0.30 0.22~0.30 0.20~0.25 0.10~0.20

Rock 0.80~0.95 0.70~0.80 0.65~0.70 0.60~0.65 0.55~0.60 0.50~0.55 0.45~0.50 0.25~0.35

Note: (1) For saturated soft soil, if the underground water is no more than 1m deep, relatively small value is taken for ξo.
Relatively large value is taken if the underground water is 1~2.5 m deep. Value of ξo for normal clay soil is taken if
the underground water exceeds 2.5m.

(2) If the rock cover is within 2.5m, relatively large value is taken for ξo. If it is 2.5~6 m, relatively small value is
taken. If it exceeds 6m, value of ξo for normal clay soil is taken.

Table E.0.3 Ground Soil Energy Absorption Coefficient αo

Ground soil designation and status αo(s/m)

Rock (cover 1.5~2.0m) Cleaving stone, lime rock (0.385~0.485) × 10-3

Sand rock (0.580~0.775) × 10-3

Hard plastic clay (0.385~0.525) × 10-3

Medium density block stone and pebble (0.850~1.100) × 10-3

Plastic clay and medium density coarse sand (0.965~1.200) × 10-3

Soft plastic clay, silty clay, and slightly dense medium and (1.255~1.450) × 10-3
coarse sand

Sludgy clay, silty clay and saturated fine sand (1.200~1.300) × 10-3

Newly deposited clay and non-saturated loose sand (1.800~2.050) × 10-3

Note: (1) On the same group of ground soil, small value of αo is taken for large vibration equipment (such as 10t, 16t
hammer), while large value is taken for small vibration equipment.

(2) Under the same conditions, relatively large value of αo is taken if the soil porosity ratio is large, while relatively
small value is taken if the porosity ratio is small.

E.0.4 Dynamic influence coefficient μ1 may be taken from Table E.o.4.

Table E.0.4 Dynamic Influence Coefficient, μ1

Foundation base area A (m 2) μ1

A≤10 1.00
12 0.96
14 0.92
16 0.88
A≥20 0.80

75
 Appendix F Calculation of Dynamic Coefficient with Damp ηmax of

Press Foundation

F.0.1 The disturbing impulse generated by the press during the start up stage include vertical
disturbing force, horizontal disturbing force and disturbing force moment. Its form is usually
between rear saw-tooth peak impact impulse and symmetric triangle impact impulse, more
close to the former. Therefore, dynamic coefficient ηmax in the two situations of rear saw-tooth
peak impact impulse and symmetric triangle impact impulse are listed respectively. The
values may be taken as specified in F.0.2 of this Appendix.
F.0.2 If the disturbing force is rear saw-tooth peak impact impulse or symmetric triangle
impact impulse, the dynamic coefficient with damp ηmax of the base cluster may be checked in
F.0.2-1 and F.0.2-2 according to the following specifications:
(1) For vertical dynamic coefficient with damp ηZmax, vertical damp ratio ξZ and natural
period Tnz may be taken as damp ratio ξ and natural period Tn ;
(2) For horizontal rotary coupling vibration dynamic coefficient with damp of mode one
and mode two, η1max and η2max, horizontal rotary coupling vibration damp ratio of mode
one and mode two, ξxφ1, ξxφ2, and natural period of mode one and mode two, Tn1 and Tn2
of the base cluster may be taken as the damp ratio ξ and natural period Tn.
(3) Impulse times to for vertical, horizontal and rotary disturbing force or disturbing force
moment of the base cluster are the same.

76
 Table F.0.2.1 ηmax Value When the Disturbing Force is rear Saw-tooth Peak Impact Impulse

to 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Tn

0.1 0.3107 0.3012 0.2923 0.2838 0.2757 0.2681 0.2608 0.2539

0.2 0.6012 0.5829 0.5656 0.5492 0.5337 0.5189 0.5049 0.4915
0.3 0.8531 0.8273 0.8030 0.7799 0.7580 0.7372 0.7175 0.6987
0.4 1.0512 1.0200 0.9906 0.9626 0.9362 0.9110 0.8871 0.8644
0.5 1.1854 1.1515 1.1194 1.0890 1.0602 1.0328 1.0068 0.8821

0.6 1.2516 1.2180 1.1862 1.1561 1.1276 1.1005 1.0748 1.0503

0.7 1.2521 1.2223 1.1941 1.1673 1.1420 1.1179 1.0949 1.0730
0.8 1.1971 1.1745 1.1531 1.1327 1.1133 1.0947 1.0768 1.0597
0.9 1.1045 1.0921 1.0802 1.0686 1.0572 1.0460 1.0350 1.0241
1.0 1.0000 0.9996 0.9984 0.9965 0.9938 0.9906 0.9867 0.9823

1.1 0.9154 0.9253 0.9332 0.9392 0.9436 0.9465 0.9482 0.9488

1.2 0.8787 0.8928 0.9043 0.9134 0.9206 0.9260 0.9299 0.9326
1.3 0.8980 0.9078 0.9157 0.9220 0.9269 0.9305 0.9331 0.9347
1.4 0.9556 0.9551 0.9546 0.9540 0.9532 0.9522 0.9510 0.9495
1.5 1.0223 1.0108 1.0011 0.9929 0.9857 0.9795 0.9739 0.9689

1.6 1.0737 1.0542 1.0379 1.0241 1.0123 1.0022 0.9934 0.9856

1.7 1.0959 1.0737 1.0550 1.0392 1.0258 1.0142 1.0042 0.9954
1.8 1.0858 1.0666 1.0504 1.0366 1.0247 1.0144 1.0053 0.9973
1.9 1.0494 1.0381 1.0284 1.0198 1.0122 1.0052 0.9988 0.9929
2.0 1.0000 0.9996 0.9985 0.9967 0.9944 0.9916 0.9886 0.9854

2.1 0.9556 0.9652 0.9718 0.9760 0.9784 0.9793 0.9792 0.9783

2.2 0.9325 0.9472 0.9577 0.9648 0.9695 0.9724 0.9738 0.9741
2.3 0.9386 0.9510 0.9598 0.9659 0.9700 0.9724 0.9736 0.9739
2.4 0.9685 0.9725 0.9753 0.9770 0.9779 0.9781 0.9777 0.9769
2.5 1.0081 1.0015 0.9965 0.9926 0.9894 0.9866 0.9840 0.9817

2.6 1.0419 1.0266 1.0152 1.0065 0.9998 0.9944 0.9900 0.9863

2.7 1.0589 1.0395 1.0251 1.0142 1.0058 0.9992 0.9939 0.9894
2.8 1.0548 1.0373 1.0241 1.0141 1.0063 1.0000 0.9949 0.9905
2.9 1.0323 1.0218 1.0137 1.0072 1.0019 0.9973 0.9934 0.9898
3.0 1.0000 0.9996 0.9985 0.9969 0.9949 0.9928 0.9905 0.9881

77
 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30

0.2473 0.2410 0.2350 0.2293 0.2238 0.2185 0.2135 0.2087

0.4788 0.4667 0.4551 0.4440 0.4335 0.4234 0.4137 0.4044
0.6808 0.6637 0.6475 0.6319 0.6170 0.6028 0.5892 0.5761
0.8428 0.8221 0.8024 0.7836 0.7656 0.7484 0.7320 0.7162
0.9585 0.9361 0.9146 0.8941 0.8746 0.8558 0.8378 0.8206

1.0269 1.0047 0.9834 0.9630 0.9436 0.9249 0.9070 0.8898

1.0521 1.0321 1.0130 0.9946 0.9769 0.9599 0.9436 0.9279
0.0432 1.0273 1.0120 0.9971 0.9827 0.9688 0.9553 0.9421
0.0134 1.0028 0.9922 0.9818 0.9715 0.9614 0.9513 0.9413
0.9774 0.9721 0.9664 0.9604 0.9541 0.9476 0.9409 0.9340

0.9483 0.9471 0.9451 0.9424 0.9392 0.9355 0.9314 0.9269

0.9341 0.9347 0.9344 0.9334 0.9317 0.9295 0.9268 0.9237
0.9355 0.9356 0.9350 0.9339 0.9323 0.9303 0.9279 0.9251
0.9478 0.9459 0.9438 0.9414 0.9389 0.9362 0.9333 0.9302
0.9643 0.9599 0.9558 0.9519 0.9481 0.9443 0.9406 0.9369

0.9787 0.9726 0.9669 0.9617 0.9568 0.9523 0.9479 0.9437

0.9876 0.9807 0.9744 0.9686 0.9633 0.9584 0.9537 0.9492
0.9901 0.9835 0.9776 0.9721 0.9669 0.9621 0.9575 0.9532
0.9873 0.9821 0.9772 0.9725 0.9681 0.9638 0.9597 0.9557
0.9820 0.9785 0.9749 0.9713 0.9678 0.9642 0.9607 0.9571

0.9767 0.9747 0.9724 0.9698 0.9671 0.9642 0.9612 0.9582

0.9736 0.9725 0.9709 0.9690 0.9668 0.9644 0.9618 0.9592
0.9735 0.9725 0.9711 0.9693 0.9673 0.9651 0.9628 0.9603
0.9758 0.9743 0.9726 0.9707 0.9686 0.9664 0.9641 0.9617
0.9794 0.9771 0.9749 0.9726 0.9703 0.9680 0.9657 0.9633

0.9830 0.9800 0.9773 0.9747 0.9722 0.9697 0.9673 0.9649

0.9856 0.9823 0.9792 0.9764 0.9738 0.9713 0.9688 0.9664
0.9868 0.9835 0.9805 0.9777 0.9750 0.9725 0.9701 0.9677
0.9867 0.9837 0.9810 0.9784 0.9759 0.9735 0.9711 0.9688
0.9857 0.9834 0.9810 0.9787 0.9764 0.9742 0.9720 0.9698

78
 Table F.0.2-2 ηmax Value When the Disturbing Force is Symmetric Triangle Impact Impulse

to 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14

Tn

0.1 0.3116 0.3021 0.2931 0.2845 0.2764 0.2688 0.2615 0.2545

0.2 0.6079 0.5893 0.5718 0.5551 0.5394 0.5244 0.5102 0.4966
0.3 0.8747 0.8480 0.8228 0.7988 0.7761 0.7546 0.7341 0.7146
0.4 1.0997 1.0661 1.0344 1.0043 0.9758 0.9487 0.9230 0.8985
0.5 1.2732 1.2344 1.1976 1.1628 1.1298 1.0985 1.0688 1.0405

0.6 1.3919 1.3497 1.3099 1.2722 1.2366 1.2027 1.1706 1.1401

0.7 1.4657 1.4222 1.3811 1.3422 1.3054 1.2706 1.2375 1.2060
0.8 1.5049 1.4615 1.4205 1.3818 1.3452 1.3105 1.2775 1.2463
0.9 1.5172 1.4751 1.4354 1.3979 1.3624 1.3288 1.2969 1.2666
1.0 1.5085 1.4687 1.4311 1.3956 1.3620 1.3302 1.3001 1.2114

1.1 1.4835 1.4467 1.4119 1.3791 1.3481 1.3187 1.2908 1.2643

1.2 1.4460 1.4127 1.3813 1.3517 1.3237 1.2972 1.2721 1.2481
1.3 1.3991 1.3698 1.3422 1.3162 1.2916 1.2684 1.2463 1.2253
1.4 1.3456 1.3205 1.2970 1.2749 1.2541 1.2344 1.2156 1.1978
1.5 1.2879 1.2672 1.2480 1.2300 1.2131 1.1972 1.1820 1.1675

1.6 1.2279 1.2118 1.1970 1.1834 1.1706 1.1586 1.1472 1.1362

1.7 1.1676 1.1561 1.1459 1.1367 1.1283 1.1204 1.1128 1.1054
1.8 1.1086 1.1017 1.0964 1.0920 1.0881 1.0844 1.0807 1.0768
1.9 1.0523 1.0504 1.0505 1.0514 1.0523 1.0528 1.0528 1.0521
2.0 1.0000 1.0052 1.0121 1.0186 1.0240 1.0282 1.0312 1.0331

2.1 0.9605 0.9755 0.9881 0.9983 1.0065 0.0129 1.0176 1.0210

2.2 0.9562 0.9712 0.9836 0.9937 1.0017 1.0079 1.0126 1.0159
2.3 0.9799 0.9884 0.9959 1.0023 1.0076 1.0117 1.0148 1.0169
2.4 1.0160 1.0165 1.0178 1.0192 1.0205 1.0215 1.0221 1.0222
2.5 1.0546 1.0479 1.0430 1.0394 1.0366 1.0342 1.0321 1.0300

2.6 1.0904 1.0777 1.0676 1.0596 1.0531 1.0476 1.0429 1.0387

2.7 1.1207 1.1033 1.0892 1.0776 1.0680 1.0599 1.0530 1.0470
2.8 1.1442 1.1235 1.1063 1.0922 1.0803 1.0702 1.0615 1.0540
2.9 1.1605 1.1376 1.1185 1.1026 1.0892 1.0777 1.0679 1.0594
3.0 1.1695 1.1455 1.1255 1.1087 1.0945 1.0823 1.0718 1.0627

79
 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30

0.2479 0.2416 0.2356 0.2299 0.2244 0.2191 0.2141 0.2092

0.4837 0.4714 0.4597 0.4485 0.4377 0.4275 0.4177 0.4083
0.6961 0.6784 0.6615 0.6454 0.6300 0.6152 0.6011 0.5876
0.8752 0.8530 0.8318 0.8116 0.7922 0.7737 0.7560 0.7390
1.0136 0.9880 0.9635 0.9402 0.9179 0.8966 0.8762 0.8567

1.1110 1.0834 1.0570 1.0319 1.0079 0.9849 0.9630 0.9420

1.1762 1.1477 1.1206 1.0947 1.0700 1.0464 1.0238 1.0022
1.2165 1.1882 1.1612 1.1355 1.1109 1.0874 1.0649 1.0434
1.2377 1.2103 1.1841 1.1592 1.1353 1.1125 1.0907 1.0698
1.2441 1.2182 1.1934 1.1697 1.1471 1.1255 1.1048 1.0849

1.2391 1.2151 1.1921 1.1702 1.1492 1.1291 1.1099 1.0914

1.2254 1.2036 1.1829 1.1630 1.1440 1.1257 1.1082 1.0913
1.2053 1.1861 1.1678 1.1503 1.1334 1.1172 1.1015 1.0864
1.1808 1.1645 1.1488 1.1337 1.1192 1.1051 1.0915 1.0782
1.1537 1.1403 1.1274 1.1149 1.1027 1.0909 1.0794 1.0681

1.1256 1.1152 1.1051 1.0592 1.0855 1.0759 1.0664 1.0570

1.0980 1.0907 1.0834 1.0760 1.0686 1.0611 1.0536 1.0460
1.0726 1.0682 1.0634 1.0584 1.0531 1.0475 1.0417 1.0358
1.0508 1.0489 1.0464 1.0433 1.0398 1.0359 1.0316 1.0269
1.0340 1.0340 1.0332 1.0316 1.0294 1.0267 1.0235 1.0199

1.0231 1.0241 1.0242 1.0235 1.0222 1.0202 1.0177 1.0147

1.0181 1.0192 1.0195 1.0191 1.0179 1.0162 1.0140 1.0114
1.0182 1.0187 1.0185 1.0177 1.0163 1.0145 1.0123 1.0097
1.0220 1.0213 1.0201 1.0186 1.0168 1.0146 1.0121 1.0094
1.0280 1.0258 1.0236 1.0212 1.0186 1.0159 1.0130 1.0099

1.0349 1.0313 1.0278 1.0245 1.0211 1.0178 1.0144 1.0110

1.0416 1.0367 1.0322 1.0279 1.0239 1.0200 1.0162 1.0124
1.0474 1.0414 1.0361 1.0311 1.0265 1.0221 1.0179 1.0138
1.0518 1.0452 1.0391 1.0336 1.0286 1.0238 1.0193 1.0150
1.0547 1.0476 1.0412 1.0354 1.0300 1.0251 1.0204 1.0160

80
 Appendix G Terminology of This Code

G.0.1 The words with different degree of strictness requirements are described below so
that the stipulations of this code are executed discriminatingly:
(1) To express requirements that must be very strictly followed without deviation.
Positive: "Must"
Negative: "It is prohibited that"
(2) To express requirements that must be strictly followed. In normal situation, it shall
be done in this way.
Positive: " Shall "
Negative: " Shall not" or "It is required that …be not"
(3) To express one possibility which should be selected among the several selections if
possible:
Positive: "Should" or "May"
Negative: "Should not"
G.0.2 "Shall conform to the specifications of …" or "Shall be executed according to …" is
used in the articles if other relevant standards and codes are to be executed.

81
Institutes leading and participating in the editing of this code and the

main drafters

Mainly edited by: Design and Research Institute of Ministry of Mechanical Industry
Participated by: China Huanqiu Chemical Engineering Co.
Northeast Power Design Institute of Ministry of Power
Design and Research Institute of Dongfeng Automobile Co.
No.9 Design and Research Institute of China Shipping Co.
Changshang Metallurgy Mine Design and Research Institute of Ministry
of Metallurgy Industry
Architecture Research Institute of Ministry of Metallurgy Industry
No.4 Design and Institute of Ministry of Machine Building
No.1 Design and Institute of Ministry of Machine Building
Beijing Design Institute of China Petrochemical Co.
No.2 Design Institute of Ministry of Chemistry
No.5 Design and Institute of China Weapon Industry
Fujian Petrochemical Design Institute
Hunan University
Jilin Chemical Industry Company Design Institute
No.8 Design Institute of Ministry of Chemistry
Hebei Power Reconnaissance and Design Institute
Southwest Power Design Institute of Ministry of Electricity
Power construction Research Institute of Ministry of Electricity
Mainly drafted by: Liu Chunkang Yang Wenjun Tang Laisu Zha Rongming
Zhang Dade Yan Zupin Li Xizhen Wu Xiayuan
Wang Xikang Ye Hexiu Jiang Shu Yang
Xianjiang
Wang Zhenkun Chen Jiaye Wang Ruilan Liu Chuansheng
Pan Fulan Li Jinbo Wang Yishun Xie Fuji
Dai Wenbin He Buxue Zhang Fangji Luo Guoshu
Gao Xiangbo Ma Shifa

82