Anatopat Carte Curs

0 OO 0 O FRR GR R
Anatomie patologică generală veterinară (G (O V RV F ,6 1 ,6 1
S RO O
3D O LD F FHOH DP L LPS D H DOH DOH D D PLD SD O LF L

IL L SD O LD H H PH L PH LFDO FD H L L LD LL O PH LF v L O OH L LO DO
E OLO L DO PHFD L PHO O HS FH H L H O LH O PHD PH LFDO H F D H F
E FOL LFLD D H OD ED v HOH H HD S I D P LILF LO FD H H S F v D HD H
E DO DOD S O LL H D H H H PD LIH D H D HL IL L O LL SH ED H L HIOHF
HOH DO H L F DOH D I F L DOH F O FDOL D H L OD FHO OD D P OHF OD 3H
D v HOH H D HD H E DO SD O LD H SOLF L H F LH D I P LOH SH HF H v H LOH LL
D I P L FH DSD FD S ID H DF L HD LIH L LO LP OL D H L D H L SD H L
( L PH D H PHFD L PH D D I P L P I O LFH FD H DSD v F L LLOH

PDOH H D DS D H D D L P O L ID H DF L HD D H L SH ED L I D H L DOD
D HD H E DO FHLD L IDF L L DFHOHD L PHFD L PH S L H H L v Lv F OS FH LL
OH L LO FHHD FH HOLPL HD FHOH L D LL ILL FD O H H DO H S FH H D
P LILF LO L L H L D HD S O L DS H H HPSO DFHLD L I F R FR O FD H
SD LFLS OD PH D LD FL F OD LHL D L H L H L L v I PD HD PELO I PD L L
SD O LFH L D D F OD H D L DFD LDFH FD H S H H D S H LFH SH E L P I O LFH
D I F L DOH O FDOH D H H DOH R H H IH PH F PSOH H I PD H D L
DH H H FD H v H H v H DO P HDF LD PDO H L HFD H L OD D L
HDF LD H LS L IODPD D LSH SOD LD P DO
D LD SD LF H H DP PH LFDO FD H LD DSD L LD H O LD L
P DOL D HD H H PL D H D O OR H SOLF SD H H D E OLO LD OD L OH L DOH
3L H FLI D HD OH L LO SL H OD P PH D DSOLF L LOH H D D PLH
SD O LF PH LF O HE LH DM OD FD H L O LH L S H D H O LD S FH O L
HF L L H OD HD H H LPH HO H OD L L LH HD HL OH L L S OD IL DOL D HD DFH HLD
H L LH ELHF O S L FLSDO H L DO D D PLHL SD O LFH S IL HIL L H FD

DED H L H OD P I O LD L v F HOD LH F DFHD D H OD I F LD PDO D H LO L
D HO P LILF L DS H v LPS O LH LL S H H DF L HD D H LL SD H L
/H L LOH S D HD LIH L H HS H H H S LPD H
• OH L L F RVFRS F L LELOH S LF SH D LPDO O L SH SLH HOH SH D LL D SH

H LOH L D HOH D LPDOHO DF LILFD H D P D H
• OH L L F RVFRS F HFHODELOH v H L L D H S L H DPH H FL O LFH L
L O LFH SH S EH HF O D H v F L LL SHFLDOH
• OH L L O F RVFRS F OH L L DOH F PS H HO FHO OD H FOH D LH
FHO OD H HFHODELOH D F DM O PLF F SLHL HOHF LFH
• OH L L RO F O E RF F I F L DOH HFHODELOH S L L H PH L O H O LHL
P H H , H L D HD OH L LO P OHF OD H HS H L PH L H PDL H L
OLPL H v H LIH L HOH DP L PH LFDOH vPEL H F L HOH H LP O LH
H H LF IL L SD O LH D D PLH SD O LF L EL O LH P OHF OD
DF S LH L LOH H P I O LH L IL L O LH H S v HOH H
PHFD L PHOH L PD LIH LOH SD O LFH H LL F L H SD O LD L FLSOL
LPS D D HDOL HD v HD D F S LP O HOHPH v v HOH H HD SD O LF O L
F v S L HD F LL L I F LHL PDOH (L SL L F D H F v SD O LH
DSD I F LL D F L PH DE OLFH L 3H D HFH v IH D SD O LF O L HOHPH HOH
P I O LFH L I F L DOH H L H H PDO v D L P H DFFH HD H LPL HD D
L SD F FO LH normalul guvernează patologicul.
1 L LOH H SD O LH D HP LILFD LH LIH L v I F LH H PH L O H DSOLFDELOL D H

3 F HOH H H H H HIOHF L H H H L L L DOH D v LFL FD H H FO IHO SH
V G SD O LD H H L FH H v S FH HOH SD O LFH FD H H PD LIH FD OH L L L
LPS PH OD D LPDOHOH E O D H H O v L I PHD FDE OD O L L HD PH LFDO
v D H FLI H H D SHF HOH PDF F SLFH L PLF F SLFH DOH OH L LO v D
H HEHD F PDO O H SD O LF 3 L F HOD HD PDF F SLF O L F PLF F SLF O
H O HS H H H DSD HPSL LF H D E H D D PDO O
O F O F L H SD O LD FDOH H DELOL H D LD LF O L HFH D v HD

F L HL H DSH LFH O H L D H
3H S ROR D D PLD SD O LF HS H L L O OH L LO D FLD H E OLL L DO

PHFD L PHO H S FH H L H O LH 3D O O S D H L H S H D F HF P I O LD
P LILFD v OLS D L F H FOL LF /LS D D HO D DP H LFH D O FDOL LL L H O LHL
S FH O L OLS D LPD L LL H D DPEO D S FH O L OH L DO F H L OD DELOL HD L
LD LF L F PSOH D H D L DFH H P L H v H LIH L HOH FD H LL H PH LFL
H H L D L S DF LFLH L H LPS H H L H D L OLPEDM F P FOD HIL L FD H DLE DFHHD L
HP LILFD LH D SH D D P SD O F L SH FOL LFLD
D PLD SD O LF D H DSOLFDELOL D H D v LD LF O FOL LF F L v FHO HF S LF
LD LF O FOL LF L LOH H D D PLH SD O LF H H H F L H DSOLF v

HIL L HD OH L LO HFHODELOH OD H DPH O FOL LF DO D LPDO O L v L H L D LLOH LPD L LFH
HF DILH H F SLH D L O LH H D PD H LF H P DILH v L H H LLOH
F L LFDOH SLH SH D LH EL S LH D S F LH D SL D L F DF IL SH LH D HD D
DELOL HD LD LF O L S H SH D L D SH D D S SH D v E OLOH L H H
L IHF L D H SD D L D H D v L LFD LL FD O LD LF O L HF S LF H HF H I HF H
OD H DPH O PDF F SLF L PLF F SLF DELOL H DEO D D P SD O LF
O IHO S SD O LD L H LILF OH L LOH L S D H I L D LD LF

D D P SD O LF SH FOL LFLD D SD O LD FD LL H H P D OD D HF D H
L D DELOL OH L LOH L E OLOH HD SD LFLS OD S FH O H v HOH H H D E OLL L D E O D LO
3 LPLL SD O L FOL LFLH LL FD H LD OH L LOH L L D H D H SOLFD D HD H E DO
HS D SD O LD D H O D H H L SHFLDOL D H FD H v L D H FL LOH v
P I O LH L v v HOH H HD D LL E OLO
0 OO 0 O FRR GR R
3D O LD H H DO H HIH OD L O PHFD L PHO S L FD H H LOH HDF L HD
E DF L HD D H LO SD H L
D PLD SD O LF SD O LD H H H L D H OH v H L FLSOL HOH S HFOL LFH L

FHOH FOL LFH (D H ED HD SH F L HOH IH L H H D D PLH L O LH IL L O LH L
EL F LPLH L H DSOLF v L FLSOL HOH FOL LFH F L LH F O LH HS F LH LF O LH
E OL L IHF L D H E OL SD D L D H E OL L H H v F O O DOLPH HO L v PH LFL D OH DO
S L L H PH L O LD LF O L HF S LF
D PLD SD O LF F LE LH DO L H DO H L FLSOL H IL L SD O LD HPL O LD

PLF EL O LD LP O LD L LP SD O LD OD I PD HD L LL PH LFDOH L OD v L HD
L FDE OD PH LFDO D HF D L L SH DELO LL LO PH LFL H H L D L
D L H SO LHL L I PD L DOH D DS H LH H SHFLDOL L DOH SD O LHL SD O LH F PSD D

SD O LH H SH LPH DO H SD O LH SD O LH H DO S OP D D L H L DO SD O LD LF O LF
SD O LD PH L O L SD O LD D LPDOHO OED LFH D D FHO PH L H v FDS L L D H LP SD O LD SD O LD
FOL LF HPD O LH FL O LH H F L O LH L P O H DO HOH
( H H HP H H FD SHFLDOL LL ILH OD F H F DH LOH L PDM L D HD SD O LO HF F

HFH L D HD HL SHFLDOL L SH D PL PH L
1 L LOH H D D PLH SD O LF F DH v HL FDSL OH PD L anatomia

patologică generală H F S F P I O LD OH L LO I DPH DOH anatomia patologică
a organelor şi esuturilor LD SD LF OD L LOH OH L DOH DOH LIH L HO DSD D H L L HPH
L D L P L anatomia patologică specială (etiomorfopatologie LD DP L
OH L LOH L FD O DIHF L L E OL F H L O LH HIL L
Mijloace de studiu utilizate în anatomia patologică
0DF F SLD H H FHD PDL LPSO PH H L H L D LH D D HO L H LO

LHI L L L L SH DELO PH LFLO H H L D L L LIH H H PH L O v FD H vL HI D
DF L L D HD 3 L H DPH PDF F SLF F HF HIHF D SD F EOL D L H LH H H DSH
H E L L I PD LL FD H DM v LH D HD D DELOL HD L LD LF D D P SD O LF
0DL P O HF D S L PDF F SLH H HFHOHD H LH H OH L L F L HDH
SD P LFH SODFD HOH LFD LI PH L SLHOHD S FLO F MH EDF D H DEO L
OH L DOH SHFLILFH FD H SH PL LH D HD LD LF O L L H IH D L H L D LLO
O H L D H HFH D H F IL P LL LD LF O L H L O LF
L S FD H DFHD PH H L H L D LH H H D H HD L ILFLH H L DFHOHD L

H S LP L PDF F SLFH DOH OH L L LIH L H L S F H H H H P I O LF D H L O LF
D HPH HD L D LL H HF H OD LD LF LIH H LDO S L DO H PH H H L H L D LH
0LF F SLD H H PH D FD H HF H OD H DPL D HD S EHO F DM O

PLF F S O L H DSHOHD OD LIH L H H LFL H H DPH PLF F SLF SH HIL L HD D
LIH H LH HD OH L L SH HSL D HD OH L LO PLF F SLFH LD S L H LFL SHFLDOH
S DHI L D LD LF H L O LF
H DPH O PDF F SLF F L FHO PLF F SLF H L F DH F D
LPS D H HEL D H HD L ILFLH H 3H DELOL HD L LD LF H FH L L H
L D LL F H LPS H HIHF D HD L H L D LL H ODE D SOLPH D H H DPH
EDF H L O LF LF O LF SD D L O LF H F FD H F HOD H F LD LF O D D P SD O LF
SD LFLS OD HO FL D HD LD LF O L H L O LF
( DPH O PLF F SLF FL O LF L L O LF H S D H DSOLFD S EHO HF O D H S L

EL S LH HF O D H S L DF F L LFDO D F DM O DFH SHFLDOH H EL S LH S L SH LDM
H F SLF D SL D LH S L DF IL OD DM DO D HO FD L D H DFOD HD P F D HO HF O D H H
OLF L H FD L D H HF L H DPL LL I L LO D D S HSD D HO SH PD H H H DELOH H
LD LF H SLFL H D H FH L L H FL SD O LF D L SD O LF
0 F RVFRS RS F DSHOHD OD LIH L H PH H H L H L D LH v I F LH H LS O H

PLF F S L H H LFLOH H S HO F D H D S EHO HF O D H H DPL D H FOD LF PLF F S
S LF EL L PLF F SLH v F D H ID SH FHO OH HF O D H PLF F S F
O PL S OD L D PLF F S SH LP IO H FH PLF F S F I FDO H DPH
LP L F LPLF F v I O L HD D LF SLO P FO DOL SH PD FD HD LF D
FD H LL H FHO OH D D L H H L DOH EDF H LH H SD D L D H H F
0 F RVFRS O F R F (0 H D PL LH (0 H EDOHDM PL SL
F L I DF D H H v DO O DM LP HOHF PLF F SLD H H LOL D SH H L H LH HD
OH L LO EPLF F SLFH DOH F LO FHO OD H L L OD H D SH L H LILFD HD
D H L SD H L L LOH
O H PH H HL H L D LH DSOLFD H L v D D PLD SD O LF
• 0R IR FR S HF H OD S DPH FD H H DSOLF SH LPD L L H

PLF F SLH S LF D HOHF LF S H DELOL H LH H SD DPH LL P I O LFL FH
FD DF H L HD FHO OHOH D H LOH DM O DFH HL PH H ELHF L H H L H L D LH
HS HSD DMD H H HPSO OH L LOH P DOH H FHOH S H P DOH D H OH L L H DO
LS S IL E L H L LFD LL H H L D H DOH LIH L HO H L LL FHO OD H LIH H LH HD
H F PD L HL H H H F PD L HS DELOL S S LL FHO OD H v LIH L H OH L L D
L HDF L H
• )OR F R H LF P H FD H SH PL H L H LILFD HD L F D LILFD HD HL D PL H
OL LL FHO OD H L S E FD H F L H S S OD LH S OLP I H FHO OH , H LILFD HD H
IDFH F DM O D LF SLO P FO DOL H L D LF SL P FO DOL SH D PL H
LS L FHO OD H L SH D PL H SHFLL H D LPDOH
• 1 RVFRS O H O LD FD H LOL HD H H LD OD H L H H FDSDELO IH H LPD L H
HDO L LPH L DO D FHO OHO L D F PS H HO FHO OD H H O LD c 3L
DFHD H LF H P D F PS O HOHF LF PD H LF HPSH D D FHO OD D O H
D H L L D H FHO OD P LFL D HD H L HD SH ILFLDO S H E L H L I PD LL
HIH L D H OD F D D L HO D F P PLO D DFL LO FOHLFL D F LL
EL P OHF OD H D HDF LL EL F LPLFH S H v FHO O
L S LD PH S DF LFD v F S H LD LF F v HF O D HD L I D PH H
H H OD D LPDO O L v H H HD HIHF LL L H DPH PLF F SLF L S LD H HDOL HD
S L L H H LH F L LFDO E D H H LH H H DO D O FDO
0 OO 0 O FRR GR R
D DM O EL S LHL F v IDS O F LPD L LOH PLF F SLFH F I PH F
F D HDO D H O L L P PH O HF O LL I D H S DS H DO H LOH FD D H LFH
H D D DM O PDM DO DFH HL PH H H O L HF O D HD H L D E OD v PSOD H D
L I D PH PLF H H PP FD H S D H IL D H LILFD SH LH D HD
LD LF O L
L S LD S H L LPS D H HEL v DELOL HD LD LF O L D D P SD O LF

Lv SHFLDO DO FHO L F O LF
3 L H H LH v FD O EL S LHL L FO H L DO H PD SH H H HF O D H D
PD H LDOHO SD O LFH H OD D LPDO O v LD F P D IL SH LDM O H F SLF S F LD
EL S LF D SL D LD S L DF IL OD DM O D HO FD L D H L DFOD HD P F D HO
D H PH HOH H ED HD SH H DPH O FL O LF L SH DELOL HD LD LF O L

FL SD O LF S L H HF D HD H I L L H H DO DF S L H FHO OH F
P I O LH EL H F D SH D PL S FH OH L DO H S D H DELOL LD LF
S H P L v LPS FH DF FHO OHOH LSLFH OLS H F LD LF O S D H IL H FO
L SD O LD H H LL D PH LFDO FD H D H HS ELHF H L OH L LOH L S F

H H H H PLF F SLF D PH H O F L SD O LD H H L L SH DELO SH
D D PLD SD O LF L SH LD LF O HF S LF H LFD L SD O LF H H DSOLFD
S EHO HF O D H S L EL S LH SLH HO SH D LL D HO H LO S H L H H OD
D LPDOHOH DF LILFD H v DED D DF LILFD H v F S H LD LF L v O LP O
D HO H LO S H L H H OD D LPDOHOH P D H H D L H F H IDS O F DO D HD
PH HL FD H F F L H DO O H LPS L H P PH O S HOH LL L P PH O IL LL S EHL
H H PDL PD H D F F F H H L H DO O H LPS L H P PH O P LL L HF O D H
D PLD SD O LF H H DO H H F D L DF LF v PDL P O H FDSL OH L HD

O LIH H OD D OD D ILL LILFLO H DELOL FFH L H LF D LIH L HO FD H LL
H OH L L ) D DSOLFD F HP L L H FOD LILFD H SH DF P OD H PDL D D
F L HO H H LFH IL S H H D H P D HOH FDSL OH
• D D PLD SD O LF D P LILF LO FL F OD LHL D L H OLPID LFH L D P LILF LO

FL F OD LHL OLF L O L L H L LDO
• D D PLD SD O LF D OE LO H PH DE OL P
• D D PLD SD O LF D S FH HO D DS D L H
• D D PLD SD O LF D P LL FHO OD H L L OD H
• P I O LD S FH HO H H H D L H
• S FH O L IODPD
• S FH O P DO
0 OO 0 O FRR GR R
S RO O
P
P P
0 LILF LOH FL F OD LL H HIH OD SH E L DOH
• FL F OD LHL VD L H
• FLUF OD LHL OLPID LFH
• FLUF OD LHL OLFKLG O L L HUV L LDO
, V DODUHD PRGLILF ULORU FLUF OD RULL DUH OD ED GH HFKLOLEU FUHD v UH

FRPSR H HOH GH DSRU L FHOH GH GUH DM VD L LDU SH SDUF UV O EROLL DFHV GH HFKLOLEU VH
SRD H DFFH D VD SRD H F S D RL IRUPH GH H SULPDUH OH LR DO
0RGLILF ULOH FLUF OD RULL SR IL U SD H v UHL FD H RULL
OE U UL GH RO P L GLV ULE LH DOH Vk HO L KLSHUHPLD V D D KHPRUD LD

D HPLD LVFKHPLD L FRODSV O FLUF OD RU
% OE U UL FLUF OD RULL GH D U REV U F L LVFKHPLD URPER D L IDUF O L
HPEROLD
OE U UL GH GLV ULE LH DOH DSHL L HOHF UROL LORU HGHPH L KLGURSL LL
3HU UE ULOH FLUF OD LHL OLFKLG O L L HUV L LDO VD DOH PLFURFLUF OD LHL FLUF OD LD
HUPL DO IRUPD GL DU HULROH FDSLODUH H OH SR H HUD PRGLILF UL FD L D L H VD
FDOL D L H DOH DSHL L UD DVF ODUH DOH HOHF UROL LORU VD DOH SUR HL HORU SODVPD LFH VHPH HD
GH HFKLOLEUH V IUHF H H L GH HUPL DF P ODUHD OLFKLGHORU v VSD L O H UD DVF ODU D k G
FD HIHF L V DODUHD HGHP O L
Modificările circula iei sanguine
0RGLILF ULOH v FLUF OD LD VD L DSDU v PHURDVH V UL SD ROR LFH LS ULOH GH

PRGLILF UL DOH FLUF OD LHL VD L H v I F LH GH PHFD LVP O GH SURG FHUH L GH PRUIROR LH
V GHIL L H FD
• LSHUHPLH DF L L KLSHUHPLH • URPER

SDVL V D D VD L • , IDUF
• ,VFKHPLH L D HPLH • (PEROLVP
• HPRUD LH • 0H DV D DUH
LSH H LD DF L L LSH H LD SD L D D D L
LSH HPLD H D FH FD Vk H SUHD P O L VH UHIHU OD DSRU O VSRUL GH Vk H v

O PH O DVF ODU GL U D PL HUL RUL LV ODU HUPH O VH D FR I GD F SRO F
FDUH VHP LILF SUHD P O H HUL URFL H v Vk HOH FLUF OD
LSHUHPLD P O LPS D D FD VL R LP HUPH O GH FR HV LH GDU v O LP O LPS FHL

GRL HUPH L VH LOL HD SH U D GHIL L PHFD LVPH GLIHUL H V IHO KLSHUHPLD HV H
PHFD LVP DF L v FDUH HV H LPSOLFD HUL RUL O DU HULRODU v LPS FH FR HV LD V D D VD L
DUH OD ED PHFD LVP SD L F LPSOLFDUHD VH PH O L H RV
LSHUHPLD v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH L GH FR GL LLOH v FDUH VH SURG FH SRD H IL

IH RPH RUPDO IL LROR LF SURG Fk G VH v UDF V O DV URL HV L DO v LPS O GL HV LHL v
P VF OD UD V S V L HIRU v UDF V O H L DO v I F LH GH ID HOH FLFO O L HV UDO FHV H
PD LIHV UL IL LROR LFH RU IL GLIHUH LD H GH KLSHUHPLD SD ROR LF L G V GH DF L HD RU
D H L SD R H L
LSHUHPLD SD ROR LF IUHF H HV H SDU H FRPSR H D DO RU SURFHVH SD ROR LFH
3H U FODVLILFDUHD KLSHUHPLHL VH LD v FR VLGHUDUH UHL IDF RUL
• G UD D H LGH LHULL OH L LL H RO LD DF L FUR LF

• H L GHUHD OH L LL FDUDF HU ORFDOL D GRDU v D PL H HV UL L FDUDF HU H HUDOL D v R
RU D LVP O
• PHFD LVP GH SURG FHUH KLSHUHPLH DF L DU HULDO L KLSHUHPLH SDVL H RDV
GH PL L V D VD L
LSH H LD DF L DF FD HV H HRUL UH GH V USUL V (D FR V v P ULUHD

FD L LL GH Vk H GL DU HULROH v U D PL HUL RUL FHDV IRUP GH PD LIHV DUH D
KLSHUHPLHL v VR H H SURFHVHOH L IODPD RULL DF H L FR V v GHVFKLGHUHD D RL FDSLODUH
FDSLODUH VD L H GH UH HU SUHVL HD VD L UHFk G L v DVHOH PLFL V IHO VH H SOLF
SHUFHSHUHD S OV O L v HUL RULLOH L IODPD H
LSHUHPLD DF L UHSUH L U VS V DO FLUF OD LHL HUPL DOH OD DF L HD RU

PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL GH LS O KLV DPL HL EUDGLNL L HL VHUR R L HL SURV D OD GL HORU L D DO RU
V EV D H DVRDF L H LPSOLFD H v GHU ODUHD SURFHV O L L IODPD RU
0RUIROR LF KLSHUHPLD DF L GH HUPL v UR LUHD HUL RULLORU DIHF D H F VD I U

PHILHUH LV ODU 3UL VHF LR DUHD L RU D KLSHUHPLD VH H SULP Vk H DU HULDO UR
DSUL V LSHUHPLD DF L F D D SRDU GH PLUHD GH FDUH HV H FDOG RU PHILD
LDU F ORDUHD UR LH GLVSDUH FR VHF L FRPSUHVL LL UH H L G G S LPS
0LFURVFRSLF v FDSLODUHOH L DU HULROHOH GLOD D H VH H LGH LD P U PDUH GH

HUL URFL H LIRUP FRORUD H L EL H L GL LG DOL D H FD O ELRSVLLORU VD DO SLHVHORU
L UDRSHUD RULL VH L H FR GH VF U HUHD Vk HO L GL DU HULROH L HU HUHD RU VHP H DOH
KLSHUHPLHL DF L H
0 OO 0 O FRR GR R
LSH H LD SD L D D DF FD S D H IL FD D H EO FDM O FDO v GUH DUHD
Vk HO L H RV UR H ULFLRV S L R L H D k HOH UHL U v HUL RUL O PLFUR DVF ODU L VH
SURG FH R GLOD DUH H LGH D H HORU L H OHORU H HPSO GH V D DF ORFDO HV H FHD
DVRFLD REV U F LLORU DF H H RDVH SURG VH v URPER D H RDV DO H HPSO vO FR V L LH
RUVL LOH RU LVFHUH VL D LH v FDUH GUH DUHD H RDV HV H GHILFL DU v FR GL LLOH L DSRU
DU HULDO RUPDO DF VH v GHS U HD FD D RU D HOH HV ULOH DIHF D H GH V D DF SR
UH H L OD RUPDO
LSH H LD SD L D D F LF FD VH L V DOHD GH H HPSO v FD O RU

OH L L H UD DVF ODUH FDUH FRPSUHVHD UHS D H HOH PLF RUk G OH O PH O /RFDO D ORF
IH RPH H DGDS D L H SUL GHVFKLGHUHD RU FD DOH VD L H FDSDELOH V DVL UH R FDOH
DO HU D L GH GUH DM H RV DF SURFHV O DGDS D L HV H HILFLH HV H SRVLELO FD KLSHUHPLD
SDVL V VH L V DOH H
O HRUL RU D HOH F V D FUR LF V IHU GH L IODPD LL FUR LFH FDUH SUR UHVHD VSUH
ILEUR DUH FDOHD DO HU D L GH GUH DUH H RDV ILL G LPSRVLELO GH UHDOL D
LSH H LD SD L D D F LF H H D L D VHP LILF ILH R V IHUL FDUGLDF

UH VL L V E GH PLUHD GH L V ILFLH FDUGLDF FR HV L ILH R V IHUL UD S OPR DU
Fk G R L H DUHD Vk HO L VH SURG FH FRUHVS RU
L V ILFLH D GH FRUG V k SURG V GH V H R D DRU HL VH L V DOHD v LPS R V D

S OPR DU FUR LF DGHVHD FRPSOLFD SUL L V DODUHD HGHP O L S OPR DU
V D RU D HOH V PHILD H U HVFH H VD RU L G UD H FDS R F ORDUH UR LH

H ULFLRDV LDU OD VHF LR DUH VH H SULP Vk H H RV VODE R L H D FD GH V D FUR LF
GD RUL KLSR LHL D R LHL ORFDOH DSDU SHU UE UL PH DEROLFH FHO ODUH FDUH VH SR IL DOL D F
PRDU HD FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH D D VSOH LF VH SRD H PD LIHV D V E IRUP GH
VSOH RPH DOLH F UDPROLVPH O S OSHL VSOH LFH PLPk G DVSHF O GH VSOL VHS LF
OL LF V D D H HUDOL D VH PD LIHV SUL F R P FRDVHORU L D H UHPL LORU

R HOH DIHF D H F S k G R F ORDUH LRODFHH LDU HPSHUD UD LV ODU ORFDO ILL G PDL UHG V
GHFk FHD RUPDO
0LFURVFRSLF v RU D HOH VD HV ULOH F V D FDSLODUHOH H OHOH L H HOH V

HF D LD H v O PH O ORU REVHU k G VH HUL URFL H L H DO FRORUD H L GLVS VH v U OR UL
D O L DH
3H U H HPSOLILFDUH V SUH H D H DVSHF HOH PRUIROR LFH UH VL H v S OPR O L

ILFD O GH V D DPEHOH VL D LL OH L HD SULPDU FD D DUH ORFDOL DUH FDUGLDF V D D
S OPR DU L FHD KHSD LF ILL G GRDU R FR VHFL D L V ILFLH HL FDUGLDFH
D D S OPR DU VH L V DOHD v L V ILFLH D GH FRUG V k 0LFURVFRSLF FDSLODUHOH

S OPR DUH V GLOD D H SOL H F Vk H LDU L UDDO HRODU SR V DSDU PLFURKHPRUD LL
0DFURID HOH DO HRODUH ID RFL HD L GH D UHD HUL URFL HOH PH DEROL HD KHPR OREL D L
V RFKHD SL PH O UH O D KHPRVLGHUL D 0DFURID HOH v F UFD H F KHPRVLGHUL V
HOHPH H FDUDF HULV LFH V D HL S OPR DUH GH PL H FHO OH FDUGLDFH VD FHO OH GH
L ILFLH FDUGLDF IRUPHOH VH HUH GH V D S OPR DU SHUH LL DO HRODUL V HGHPD LD L
v UR D L v LPS V IHUL G SURFHVH GH ILEUR DUH
D D KHSD LF DSDUH v L V ILFLH D GH FRUG GUHS , L LDO VH FR V D FUH HUHD

RO P O L KHSD LF L D PDVHL RU D O L FDUH FDS R F ORDUH GH UR H ULFLRV 3HUVLV H D
OH L LL D GH HUPL D DSDUL LD L DVSHF FDUDF HULV LF UH VL v OL HUD UD GH VSHFLDOL D H
GUHS ILFD P VFDG VD ILFD SHV UL V IHO SH IR G DOEH PDUR L DO SDUH FKLP O L
GH H HUD DSDU H LGH H S F H VD OL LL VL RDVH UR LL H ULFLRDVH FDUH D FD V EV UD
PRUIROR LF H HOH P O GLOD D H GD RUL DF P O ULL H FHVL H GH Vk H
0LFURVFRSLF v I F LH GH V DGL O V USUL V V D D KHSD LF VH PD LIHV GLIHUL , L LDO

GD RUL FRPSUHVL LL H HUFL D H GH H HOH FH URORE ODUH L GH FDSLODUHOH VL VRLGH HF D LD H
VH L V DOHD D URILD KHSD RFL HORU FH URORE ODUH SHULDFL DUH O HULRU Vk HOH H RV VODE
R L H D D SURG FH KLSR LH LV ODU H SULPD PRUIROR LF SUL GH H HUDUH KHSD RV HD R
L FKLDU HFUR KHSD RFL DU HOH PDL DIHF D H V KHSD RFL HOH GL R D D GR D D DFL O L
KHSD LF GL R D GH PLMORF D ORE O O L KHSD LF HSD RFL HOH GH OD SHULIHULD ORE O O L v L
FR VHU PRUIROR LD D RUL GLIHUH HORU GH L F RULDOL D H L GH DIHF DUH KHSD RFL DU
OH L HD vPEUDF DVSHF O GH ILFD v FRFDUG 0DFURID HOH LV ODUH FHO OHOH . SIIHU V
v F UFD H F KHPRVLGHUL
DF SURFHV O D D VHD R D FH UDO L PLMORFLH D ORE OLORU KHSD LFL V IHU

IH RPH H HFUR LFH DVRFLD H VD F KHPRUD LL 3UL U PHFD LVP FRPSOH v O LP O
V DGL DO V D HL KHSD LFH VH SURG FH R ILEUR DUH v M U O H HORU FH URORE ODUH L GH D O O
VSD LLORU LVVH L V DOk G VH FLUR D KHSD LF FDUGLDF
, F H LD L D H LD
,VFKHPLD VD D HPLD ORFDO HV H SURG V DGHVHD GH v V DUHD VD RFO LD DU HUHORU

GL U D PL HUL RUL 9DVRFR V ULF LD D HURVFOHUR D URPER D HPEROLVP O L
FRPSUHVL HD PHFD LF H HU D DV O L UHSUH L FD HOH FHOH PDL IUHF H H DOH LVFKHPLHL
(D SRD H IL GHIL L FD ILL G RS V O KLSHUHPLHL DF L H FDUDF HUL k G VH SUL U DSRU
L V ILFLH GH Vk H
1 HV H REOL D RUL FD RULFH OH L H DVF ODU FDUH GH HUPL R v V DUH D O PH O L DU HULDO V VH

PD LIHV H SUL LVFKHPLH HOH OH L L DU HULDOH DVL U DSRU O VD L v FD GH UHSD V LV ODU GDU FDSDFL D HD
ORU HV H GHS L v FD GH HIRU H H HPSO v V DUHD FRUR DUHORU SUL D HURVFOHUR IDFH LPSRVLELO
URILFL DUHD V ILFLH D PLRFDUG O L v FR GL LL GH HIRU L V DOk G VH VHF GDU LVFKHPLD PLRFDUGLF 2 LVFKHPLH
P O PDL SUR D DSDUH v V DUH GH RF VD v L V ILFLH FDUGLDF
UD L D HD LVFKHPLHL HV H GHSH GH GH ORFDOL DUH UDG GH H L GHUH L G UD D GH SHUVLV H D OH L LL

HOH HV UL V P O PDL VH VLELOH OD KLSR LH L OD L V ILFLH D v GHS U DUH D PH DEROL LORU FH LD D HUH v
UPD KLSR LHL HV O ER D v ILEUH GH FROD H HV H P O PDL UH LV H OD UDG O GH KLSR LH FDUH DU GLV U H
FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH 1H UR LL V IRDU H VH VLELOL V SUD LH L G GRDU Fk H D PL H v FR GL LL GH D R LH
0DFURVFRSLF LVFKHPLD VH PD LIHV SUL GLIHUL H UDGH GH GHFRORUDUH LV ODU Sk OD

SDOLG DOELFLRV
0 OO 0 O FRR GR R
DF L F HPLD H H H H L VH L V DOHD UDGD V DIHF D H GRDU FHO OHOH
PH DEROLF DF L H GL HUL RUL O UHVSHF L SDU SHU UE UL PH DEROLFH IUHF H F D URILD
FHO OHORU F PH DEROLVP SUR D DFHV HD DGDS k G VH OD RLOH FR GL LL GH URILFL DUH
LV ODU /H L LOH LVFKHPLFH PL RUH DOH H GR HOL O L ID RUL HD SURG FHUHD HGHP O L L
KHPRUD LLORU SUL GLDSHGH FHV H UD VIRUP UL PL RUH V UH HUVLELOH DF VH UHLD
FLUF OD LD VD L v LPS LO HV O UH L H OD RUPDO
DF LVFKHPLD HV H VH HU L PDL DOHV GDF VH L V DOHD EU VF SUR RDF HFUR

LV ODU L IDUF , L LDO PRU FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH F PH DEROLVP SUR D SH U FD
O HULRU v FD GH LVFKHPLH R DO V ILH DIHF D L HV O FR M F L
HPLD FR V v VF GHUHD P U O L GH HUL URFL H PO GH Vk H L VF GHUHD FD L LL GH

KHPR OREL )LL G R DIHF L H VLV HPLF VH D PD LIHV D v R RU D LVP O SLHOHD
GHSL PH D GH H L G SDOLG DOELFLRDV LDU P FRDVHOH DOELFLRDVH VLGHILL
D H RULLOH PDMRUH GH D HPLL V GH LS KHPROL LF KHPRUD LF L D HPLLOH SUL KLSR

SURG F LH PHG ODU FDUH LDOH L DSODV LFH
H D LD
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L HULRU O VD v H HULRU O RU D LVP O L KHPRUD LH L HU KHPRUD LH H HU
HOH UHL PHFD LVPH FR VDFUD H v SURG FHUHD KHPRUD LLORU V SUL U SHUHD DVHORU
S V SUL HURGDUHD SHUH LORU DVF ODUL S G E RV V L SUL GLDSHGH UD HUVDUHD
SHUH LORU DVF ODUL S G S G V V
D D FRP HV H UHSUH H D GH UD PD LVPH /H DUHD DVHORU PLFL G FH OD DSDUL LD

FR LLORU v LPS FH DIHF DUHD DVHORU PDUL GH HUPL Vk HUDUH PDVL PRULOH L
SURFHVHOH L IODPD RULL HURGHD DVHOH PLFL GH Vk H SUR RFk G Vk HU UL PL RUH L RFD LR DO
DIHF HD DVHOH PDUL H ULVP O L DO H EROL DVF ODUH SR GH D UD V U F UD SHUH HO L
DVF ODU Sk OD SURG FHUHD U S ULORU D D L KLSR LD IUHF H SURG F KHPRUD LL PLFL SUL
OH L L DOH H GR HOL O L DVF ODU 3HU UEDUHD PHFD LVP O L KHPRV D LF FDUH SUH L H
Vk HUDUHD v PRG RUPDO D G FH OD DSDUL LD GH KHPRUD LL IL H P O LSOH F D D H L F DO H
ORFDOL UL L GRDU RFD LR DO KHPRUD LL PDVL H
HUPH LL LOL D L SH U GHVHP DUHD KHPRUD LLORU V GL HUVLILFD L ILHFDUH D k G R

D PL VHP LILFD LH FOL LF VD v RULH DUHD GLD RV LF O L L UH DFH LD DPL LP
• S LLOH KHPRUD LLOH PLFL LV ODUH GH PP v FL SL U GH S ULFH

• H LPR HOH KHPRUD LLOH LV ODUH GH GLPH VL L PDL PDUL PP
• S US UD HFKLPR H L SH H LL PHURDVH v SLHOH
• GLD H D HPRUD L DSDUH v VL GURDPHOH KHPRUD LSDUH L VHP LILF R SUHGLVSR L LH D
RU D LVP O L OD IRUPDUHD GH KHPRUD LL VL GURDPHOH KHPRUD LSDUH V FDUDF HUL D H SUL
F H HUHD IUD LOL LL DVF ODUH D RPDOLL SODFKH DUH L VD GHILFLH H DOH IDF RULORU GH
FRD ODUH
• HPD RP R KHPRUD LH LV ODU V ILFLH GH PDUH SH U D GLODFHUD V U F UD RU D O L VD
HV O L FR V k G v U R FRD ODUH ULGLPH VLR DO D Vk HO L H UD D D VH PD LIHV
SUL U R PHILHUH FLUF PVFULV
• HPRUD LL v SHUL GH SH O V KHPRUD LL OL HDUH REVHU DELOH SH VHURDVH VD
P FRDVH
• I L L KHPRUD LL L UD LV ODUH V E IRUP GH SH H
• LEL H KHPRUD LL OL HDUH
• HPR HP HPD SUHIL H LOL D H SH U GHVHP DUHD GLIHUL HORU KHPRUD LL KHPRS L LH
KHPRUD LH S OPR DU F H HULRUL DUHD Vk HO L SUL VS KHPRSHULFDUG KHPRUD LH v
FD L D HD SHULFDUGLF KHPD HPH RP F Vk H D k G RUL L H DV ULF VD HVRID LD
KHPD ULH UL F Vk H
• UD LH V IL FDUH VHP LILF R KHPRUD LH D RU D HORU FD L DUH DV URUD LH KHPRUD LH
DV ULF PH URUD LH KHPRUD LH HUL UL RUD LH KHPRUD LH D DO F HOLPL DUHD
Vk HO L v MH
• HSL D L KHPRUD LH D DO v SLF U RUL L H FDSLODU
• LS HPD KHPRUD LH v FDPHUD D HULRDU D RFKL O L
• PHOH KHPRUD LH GL HV L F HOLPL DUHD Vk HO L SUL IHFDOH Vk HOH GL HUD HV H
H ULFLRV DVHP RU D O L GH FDIHD
• DSRSOH LH KHPRUD LH PDVL F GLV U HUHD RU D O L v FDUH DUH ORF ORFDOL DUHD
FHUHEUDO HV H IUHF H v SD ROR LD PD
HP LILFD LD FOL LF D KHPRUD LLORU HV H GLIHUL v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH GH FD L D HD

GH Vk H SLHUG L GH L H D GH SLHUGHUH D Vk HO L 3LHUGHUHD D GL RO P O VD L
SHUPL H RU D LVP O L V I F LR H H v OLPL H RUPDOH DF VH SLHUGH UDSLG R FD L D H PDL
PDUH GH Vk H VH L V DOHD R D HPLH DF GH D U KHPRUD LF L RF KLSR ROHPLF
HPRUD LLOH PLFL GDU UHSH D H SR SURG FH v LPS R D HPLH IHULSUL
HPRUD LLOH PLFL LV ODUH SUR RDF D HPLH IHULSUL (UL URFL HOH V GH D UD H GH
F UH PDFURID H L G S Fk H D V S Pk L FHHD FH PDL DPL H H GH HFKHD KHPRUD LH HV H
SUH H D GH UDUH PDFURID H v F UFD H F KHPRVLGHUL
2 KHPRUD LH PDVL LV ODU D GH HUPL D SURFHV L IODPD RU DF D k GD RUL

SURSULH LL LUL D H D Vk HO L Fk L GD RUL GLV U HULORU LV ODUH ORFDOH M U O L
KHPD RP VH SURG FH R UHDF LH LV ODU GH LS L IODPD RU HV O GH UD OD LH GHOLPL HD L
L GH V L DGH H KHPD RP O 0DFURID HOH GH D UHD HUL URFL HOH HOLEHUHD R FD L D H
PDUH GH ILHU v Vk H GDU L V RFKHD R FD L D H DSUHFLDELO GH KHPRVLGHUL DF
KHPRUD LD HV H PDVL GH D UDUHD KHP O L HV H V ILFLH SH U D GH HUPL D LF HU HOH
VL D LL KHPD RP O VH SRD H HUPL D SUL IRUPDUHD HL FLFD ULFH v FDUH O L VD D L GH LOH VH
FR VHU KHPRVLGHUL D HPD RP O V EG UDO HV H R H FHS LH HO V IHUL G IUHF H R
UD VIRUPDUH FKLV LF R FD L D H SOL F OLFKLG VHURV GHOLPL D GH R FDSV O GH FROD H
/RFDOL ULOH FUL LFH DOH KHPRUD LLORU V FHOH FHUHEUDOH DSRSOH LD VD DFFLGH HOH
FHUHEUR DVF ODUH GL SD ROR LD PD L FHOH FDUGLDFH L UDPLRFDUGLFH F DIHF DUHD
HV O L F D RPD LVP SURSUL HPRUD LLOH PDVL H SHULFDUGLFH GH HUPL DPSR DGD
FRUG O L L PRDU H SUL REV DFRO PHFD LF
0D HOOD 0LOL DU RRUGR D RU
Anatomie patologică generală veterinară (GL UD (OL D DUR UH L ,6 1 ,6 1
7 E D
PE O H H PD H PE FL H ILE L L HOHPH H FHO ODUH VD L H IRUPD

L UD DVF ODU VD L UDFDUGLDF UH R V U F U PDL FRPSOH GHFk FHD D L FRD O F RD H
F OD ED D IRUP ULL URPE O L V FRD O O ILEUL RV H SRD H GLVF D GH IRUPDUHD URPELORU
GRDU v DVHOH v FDUH Vk HOH FLUF O k HOH GL H HULRU O DV O L VD Vk HOH FDUH
V D HD v U DV SRD H FRD OD GDU SRD H IRUPD URPE DO H F L H URPER D
HV H R FRD ODUH SD ROR LF L UD DVF ODU VD L UDFDUGLDF SURG V GH GLIHUL L D H L
SD R H L v LPS O LH LL D LPDO O L
)RUPDUHD URPE O L HV H L L LD GH OH L L H GR HOLDOH 1RUPDO H GR HOL O L DF HV H

H URPER H H GDUHD PHPEUD HL ED DOH F H S HUHD FROD H O L L D HODV L HL
UHSUH L IDF RU O GH HUPL D v D UD HUHD L D UH DUHD URPERFL HORU FDUH DGHU OD GHIHF L
IRUPHD PLF GRS SODFKH DU VHPH HD D UH D H SODFKH DUH VH GH PHVF URPEL DOEL VD
URPEL SODFKH DUL
UP RU O SDV FR V v DF L DUHD PHFD LVP O L GH FRD ODUH )LEUL D D FRUHD

URPERFL HOH GH SHUH LL DVF ODUL V UD GH FRD O UR DFRSHU V SUDID D URPE O L
SODFKH DU SUDID D FRD O O L UR HV H O HULRU DFRSHUL GH V UD VHF GDU GH URPERFL H
FDUH D IL LDU DFRSHUL GH FRD O UR 3URFHV O FR L IRUPk G VH DO HU D L FRD OL
DOEL L UR LL V UD SHV H V UD Sk Fk G ELRFKLPLF VD IL LF PHFD LVP O FRD O ULL HV H RSUL
)L LF GH RO DUHD URPE O L VH RSUH H GDF O PH O DVF ODU HV H EORFD ILL G LPSRVLELO
FLUF OD LD VD L v HUL RUL O UHVSHF L
0RUIROR LF URPE HV H GH UH O S HU LF D FRUD GH SHUH HOH DVF ODU HV H R PDV

VROLG L VFD k PDFURVFRSLF Fk L PLFURVFRSLF HO SUH L V UD UL DO HU D L H IRUPD H
GL URPERFL H L GL V UD UL GH FRD OL UR LL %H LOH SODFKH DUH SRDU GH PLUHD GH OL LLOH
DK FRD O L UD DVF ODU HV H UDUHRUL D D D GH SHUH H HV H PRDOH P V RV RPR H GH
UH O UR L GRDU HRUL DOEH L SUH L OL LLOH DK VHPH HD FRD OL DSDU GH
H HPSO G S PRDU HD D LPDO O L S U k G GH PLUHD GH FRD OL FU RULFL
D HOH URPER HL VH F RVF V E GH PLUHD GH ULDGD 9LUFKRZ L FR V D v OH DUHD

SHUH HO L DVF ODU PRGLILF UL GH KHPRGL DPLF L UD VIRUP UL v FRPSR L LD Vk HO L 3R IL
LPSOLFD H RD H FD HOH FR FRPL H VD GRDU D GL UH HOH L L LDO SH U FD O HULRU V
L HU L L FHOHODO H GR FD H
0RGLILF ULOH V U F ULL SHUH HO L DVF ODU FR V L LH SUL FLSDOD FD D URPER HL

DU HULDOH
0RGLILF ULOH v FLUF OD LD Vk HO L VH UHIHU OD PLF RUDUHD L H HL GH F U HUH D Vk HO L

VD OD DSDUL LD UE OH HORU DPEHOH VL D LL ID RUL k G FR DF O FHO OHORU VD L H F
H GR HOL O DVF ODU k UE OH HOH Fk L KLSR LD FD D GH L H D UHG V GH FLUF OD LH
VD L SR SUR RFD OH L L DOH H GR HOL O L DVF ODU GHFOD k G IH RPH O URPER LF
E OH HOH V SUL FLSDOD FD D IRUP ULL URPELORU PLFL DOEL SUH H L DGHVHD OD
ELI UFD LD DU HUHORU HRUL DSDU URPEL PDL PDUL FH SURG F V H R VD RFO LH DU HULDO
UE OH D HV H IRDU H LPSRU D v IRUPDUHD URPELORU DVRFLD L F D H ULVPHOH
3H U H H URPER D HV H ID RUL D GH v FH L LUHD FLUF OD LHL VD L H GDU SR

L HU H L L UE OH HOH VD OH L LOH H GR HOLDOH 0RGLILF ULOH GL FRPSR L LD Vk HO L VH
UHIHU OD DSDUL LD FR GL LLORU GH KLSHUFRD ODELOL D H
5LVF O URPER HL H RDVH FUH H v SHULRDGHOH SRV RSHUD RULL v HV D LH v HOH

IRUPH GH FD FHU VD v SHULRDGD UD DPH HORU KRUPR DOH L FO VL FR UDFHS L HOH /D DFH L
IDF RUL VH DGD REH L D HD L VH HVFH D
UL HULLOH GH FODVLILFDUH D URPELORU VH UHIHU OD
• ORF O GH IRUPDUH URPEL FDSLODUL URPEL DU HULDOL DU HULR URPER URPEL H R L

IOHER URPER URPER FDUGLDF DO ODU VD SDULH DO
• SR L LD URPELORU v DV URPEL SDULH DOL VH GH RO SH SHUH HOH DVF ODU SHUPL k G
VF U HUHD Vk HO L URPEL F O UH L VH IRUPHD OD ELI UFD LD DVHORU URPEL REOL HUD L
EORFKHD VF U HUHD Vk HO L RF Sk G v R DOL D H O PH O DVF ODU
URPELL DU HULDOL IRUPD L v FR GL LL GH L H FUHVF D FLUF OD LHL VD L H L

SUHVL H VD L PDUH D FDS O DOE FH L DVSHF ODPHODU V UD LILFD F H LGH LHUHD
OL LLORU DK L D R FRDG UR LH IOR D v VH V O GH F U HUH D RUH O L VD L RDGD
UHSUH L IUHF H R V UV GH IRUPDUH D HPEROLLORU H FHOH PDL P O H RUL V GH LS SDULH DO
L D R FUH HUH UHS D
URPELL H R L DSDU v FR GL LLOH HL L H H UHG VH GH FLUF OD LH VD L H HOH

PHPEUHORU URPER D HV H ID RUL D GH DF L HD IRU HL UD L D LR DOH L GH OLSVD DF L L LL
P VF ODUH 0RUIROR LF V URPEL UR LL GH V D IUHF H REOL HUD L L F DVSHF PHG
HOD L RV H SR GHVSUL GH RU GH HUPL k G IRUPDUHD GH HPEROLL ERDOD URPER HPEROLF
( RO LD URPELORU GLIHU GH OD FD OD FD URPELL PLFL DGHVHD GLVSDU v Fk H D RUH VD

LOH SUL PHFD LVP ILEUL ROL LF VD VH SR GLVORFD L VH SLHUG v FLUF OD LH O HRUL URPELL V
DFRSHUL L GH H GR HOL L V L FO L v L LPD DVF ODU
URPELL PDL PDUL SR V GLVSDU v Fk H D LOH VD V S Pk L k G OL D URPE O L

HV H FRPSOH SODVPL D SRD H UHG FH GLPH VL LOH URPE O L V IHO URPE REOL HUD
GH L H PDL PLF L VSDVP O DVF ODU DVRFLD F IRUPDUHD URPE O L GLVSDUH UHV DELOL G VH
FLUF OD LD VD L URPE O U PDV HV H DFRSHUL GH H GR HOL L V IHU SURFHV GH
RU D L DUH FR M F L URPE O GH HUPL R UHDF LH L IODPD RULH PHGLH DF 0DFURID HOH
SUR H L H GL L LP L DGHD URPE O L v FHS V v GHS U H H ILEUL D URPERFL HOH L UHV O
FHO OHORU L IDF DSDUL LD FDSLODUHOH GH HRIRUPD LH HOH F RUL L H v D D D RU P LDU
DO HOH F RUL L H H GR HOLDO D L L v VHP D H GH OLSLGH V HOLEHUD H v UPD GH UDG ULL
URPERFL HORU VD D DO RU FHO OH GL URPE 2 SDU H GL OLSLGH V SUHO D H GH F UH PDFURID H
LDU DO HOH V V RFD H GH ILEURFL H HOH SR FR ULE L OD IRUPDUHD D HURDPHORU 2U D L DUHD
URPE O L GH RELFHL G FH OD R v UR DUH R DO D L LPHL
PELL EOL H D L VH SR RU D L D FR M F L RFO LD DVF ODU GH H L G SHUPD H
L DV O UD VIRUPk G VH v U FRUGR L G UD O HRUL VH SURG FH IH RPH O GH
UHFD DOL DUH D URPE O L F DSDUL LD GH FDSLODUH GH HRIRUPD LH FDUH UHV DELOHVF FR L L D HD
O PH O L DVF ODU HOH GL UH FDSLODUHOH FH V U ED URPE O VH GLOD IRUPk G FD DOH
LPS DFHV H UDLHF H SR F S D SHUH H P VF ODU IRUPk G VH R DU HU v U R DU HU
5HFD DOL DUHD HV H DGHVHD LPSHUIHF
O H SRVLELOL L GH H RO LH VH UHIHU OD FDOFLILFDUHD URPELORU GH GLPH VL L PDUL F

IRUPDUHD GH DU HULROL H VD IOHEROL H UDPROLUHD VHS LF VD DVHS LF D URPELORU F IRUPDUHD
GH HPEROLL
D D HD L D D F D LH L D HV H R IRUP SDU LF ODU GH URPER

H HUDOL D )H RPH O VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL IRUPDUHD GH PLFUR URPEL KLDOL L VD ILEUL R L
v DU HULROH FDSLODUH L H OH D D PDMRU D FRD O ULL L UD DVF ODUH GLVHPL D H FR V v
DF L DUHD DF D SURFHVHORU GH FRD ODUH DF L DUH FDUH D GH HUPL D R FUH HUH D
FRD ODELOL LL VD L H R VHF L FRD O ULL PDVL H VH SURG FH R HS L DUH D IDF RULORU
SODVPD LFL DL FRD O ULL GL FDUH PR L IH RPH O PDL SRDU GH PLUHD L GH FRD ORSD LH GH
FR V P 0RUIROR LF v DFHDV H DS VH L V DOHD GLD H D KHPRUD LF
L UH IDF RULL L FULPL D L v GHFOD DUHD FRD O ULL L UD DVF ODUH GLVHPL D H ,
FHL PDL IUHF H L V UHSUH H D L GH
• R L HOH EDF HULH H H GR R L HOH EDF HULLORU UDP H D L H

• D H LL SD R H L FDUH GH HUPL GLV U HUL KHSD LFH PDVL H F HOLEHUDUHD v
FLUF OD LH D HL FD L L v VHP D H GH URPERSODV L
• FRPSOH HOH D L H D LFRUS FLUF OD H
• H L O RU UHS LOH
• V ULOH GH RF
PHURDVH EROL v FDUH VH PD LIHV L GL UH FDUH DPL LP U MH O

V UHS RFRFLLOH FORV ULGLR HOH VDOPR HOR HOH FROLEDFLOR D SDV H UHOR D SHV D SRUFL FODVLF
E UVL D L IHF LRDV D LDU PDODGLD DUUH KHSD L D L IHF LRDV FD L ERDOD KHPRUD LF D
LHS ULORU SD OH FRSH LD SLVLFLORU ERDOD PRUDO
0LFUR URPELL VH IRUPHD v GHRVHEL v UL LFKL S OPR H FHIDO PLRFDUG ILFD

V SUDUH DOH H LV k G D PL H SDU LF ODUL L v I F LH GH VSHFLH 0LFURVFRSLF v FD O
PLFUR URPELORU KLDOL L V H LGH LD H PDVH FRPSDF H R LILOH RPR H H FDUH EORFKHD
O PH O DVHORU GL FLUF OD LD HUPL DO
, ID F
, IDUF O HV H IRFDU GH HFUR SURG V v U HV VD RU D GD RUL EORF ULL

FLUF OD LHL VD L H EORFDUHD DSRU O L DU HULDO VD D GUH DM O L H RV 0DMRUL D HD L IDUF HORU
V DU HULDOH GH LS LVFKHPLF HOH L IDUF H DU HULDOH GD RUL SDU LF ODUL LORU FLUF OD LHL
H PL DOH E D H v FROD HUDOH VH D SURG FH R KHPRUD LH D HUL RUL O L HFUR D DV IHO v Fk
L IDUF O HV H VF OGD v Vk H L IDUF KHPRUD LF
1HFUR D HV O L LVFKHPLD HV H SURG V v SULP O Uk G GH KLSR LH SUL SLHUGHUHD

IDF RULORU UL L L DG L RUPDO GH F UH Vk H L SUL LPSRVLELOL D HD v GHS U ULL PH DEROL LORU
UH O D L v HV O LVFKHPLF
(PEROLLOH L URPERHPEROLLOH V SUL FLSDOHOH FD H FDUH GH HUPL DSDUL LD

L IDUF HORU S OPR DUH UH DOH L FHUHEUDOH )DF RULL LPSOLFD L v IRUPDUHD L L IDUF V
GLPH VL LOH HPERO V O L VSDVP O DVF ODU UHIOH VH VLELOL D HD HV O L OD KLSR LH
SUH H D L L H UL D HD FLUF OD LHL FROD HUDOH
URPER D HV H R DO FD D L IDUF O L
RPSUHVL LOH PHFD LFH H HUFL D H SH DU HUH VD H H SR SURG FH L IDUF

RPSUHVDUHD DVHORU VD L H DU HUH L H H GH F UH VDF KHU LDO VD GH U V FLUHD SURG V
v U RO O V SR IL FD D L IDUF O L L HV L DO , IDUF O VH SRD H SURG FH FKLDU GDF
FLUF OD LD VD L HV H FRPSOH FRPSURPLV V DUHD DU HUHL FRUR DUH SRD H GH HUPL D
L IDUF PLRFDUGLF GDF DSRU O GH Vk H HV H V ILFLH SH U DVL UDUHD URILFL ULL
PLRFDUG O L
0RUIROR LF v PDMRUL D HD L IDUF HORU HV O HV H L L LDO FR HV LR D F DVHOH

VD L H S HU LF GLOD D H L SOL H F Vk H V D D )UHF H VH SURG FH KHPRUD LH LV ODU
0DFURVFRSLF R D DSDUH PHILD L UR v FKLV HOH RU D H DFHV V DGL L FLSLH HV H
UH HUVLELO DF VH UHV DELOH H UDSLG FLUF OD LD VD L HV O V SUD LH LH H
HV ULOH LVFKHPLFH VH L V DOHD L L LDO R HFUR V U F UD FDUH SRD H D D VD

VSUH R HFUR DV U F UD 0DMRUL D HD L IDUF HORU D IRUP SLUDPLGDO F ED D OD SHULIHULD
RU D O L SURDSH RD H L IDUF HOH V FODU GHOLPL D H SUL U R UHFHUH EU VF GH OD HV O
PRU HFUR D OD FHO L
H GHVFUL GR LS UL GH L IDUF H DU HULDOH DOE L UR 0DMRUL D HD FHORU F ORFDOL DUH

UH DO VSOH LF L FDUGLDF V DOEH D UH D VFD D SLFLRU O L HV H L IDUF DOE LPH V
0DMRUL D HD L IDUF HORU FHUHEUDOH V DOEH
, IDUF HOH S OPR DUH L L HV L DOH V UR LL L HOH L IDUF H VSOH LFH L FHUHEUDOH V
R UR LL
0LFURVFRSLF v U L IDUF DOE VH SURG FH HFUR GH FRD ODUH S Fk H D LOH

RD H GH DOLLOH GH V U F U VH SLHUG F RD H F OLPL HOH H HU H FHO ODUH VH SR PH L H
V S Pk L VD O L F L L D HD FHO ODU SHUVLV GRDU OD SHULIHULD L IDUF O L S Fk H D LOH
v LPHGLD D DSURSLHUH D L IDUF O L DSDUH R UHDF LH L IODPD RULH FDUH SRD H SHUVLV D V S Pk L
DFHDV EDULHU GH GHOLPL DUH VH FR V D KLSHUHPLH HGHP L H V GD IRUPD v GHRVHEL
GL H URILOH 0DFURVFRSLF L IDUF DOE HV H EL H GHOLPL D v Fk H D LOH SDOLG GHFOL
VFD L OE L /D SHULIHULH DSDUH EUk GH KLSHUHPLH FHHD FH GHPDVF L IODPD LD DF GL
HV O v FR M U RU
U L IDUF UR SURFHVHOH V DVHP RDUH F H FHS LD Vk HO L SUR H L GL
DU HUHOH VD H HOH v HFL D H FDUH L G HUL RUL HFUR D 0DFURVFRSLF L IDUF O HV H EL H
GHOLPL D PHILD L G UD L UR v FKLV S Fk H D LOH PDMRUL D HD L IDUF HORU GH L PDL
PLFL SUL GH L H UDUHD HV O L HFUR D GH F UH H LPHOH OL R RPDOH UDG O GH UHG FHUH
GHSL GH GH DELOL D HD HV O L v FR M U RU GH D RF SD HUL RUL O L IDUF L D 3 OPR O FDUH
HV H RU H H VLELO FKLDU v FD O L L IDUF PDUH D H HUD R FLFD ULFH IL OL HDU 5L LFKLL
V P O PDL UL L L L FLFD ULFHD UH O D v UPD L L IDUF HV H PDL PDUH
3URFHV O GH L GHFDUH v FHSH GH OD SHULIHULH V E IRUPD HL L IODPD LL DF H

0DFURID HOH SUL ID RFL R L H V v GHS U HD HV O HFUR D VH IRUPHD FDSLODUH GH
HRIRUPD LH LDU ILEUREODV HOH VHFUH FROD H 0DMRUL D HD L IDUF HORU VH UHVRUE FRPSOH L VH
UD VIRUP v U R FLFD ULFH RDU v H FHIDO L IDUF HOH GH UH O VH FKLV L HD GH HUPL k G
UDPROLVPH FHUHEUDO
5DUHRUL L GHFDUHD HV H L FRPSOH L v FH U O L IDUF O L SHUVLV R R GH HFUR

v FR M UD GH R FDSV O FR M F L VHFKHV U
, IDUF HOH VH L IHF HD RU HV O HFUR D RIHUL G DGHVHD FR GL LL SURSLFH SH U

P O LSOLFDUHD PLFURRU D LVPHORU 5LVF O PDUH GH V SUDL IHF LH DSDUH v L HV L L v S OPR
OL LF VLPS RPHOH GHSL G GH ORFDOL DUH L GH GLPH VL L , IDUF HOH FHUHEUDOH GLV U
V EV D D HU RDV SUR RFk G SDUDOL LH , IDUF O PLRFDUGLF DIHF HD I F LD FDUGLDF
SURG Fk G DUL PLH L L V ILFLH FDUGLDF , IDUF O S OPR DU GDF HV H GHV O GH PDUH
SURG FH GLVS HH G UHUH OD UHVSLUD LH L DGHVHD KHPRS L LH , IDUF O UH DO IUHF H SURG FH
KHPD ULH GDU UDUHRUL G UHUH VD GLVI F LL UH DOH , IDUF O L HV L DO SRD H IL FD D LOH V O L
GHRDUHFH GD SHULV DO LF SRD H UD HUVD HUL RUL O HFUR D , IDUF O VSOH LF SURG FH
G UHUH
DF L IDUF HV H PDUH GH HUPL KLSHU HUPLH OH FRFL R DED HUH V ELF HU VD

LF HU GD RUL GH L H U ULL HUL URFL HORU
( E L
(PERO V O HV H R PDV VROLG OLFKLG VD D RDV FDUH HV H UD VSRU D SUL

L HUPHGL O Vk HO L VD D OLPIHL GL U R SDU H D VLV HP O L DVF ODU v DO D )UHF H
HPERO V O VH RSUH H v U DV GH FDOLEU PLF EORFk G FLUF OD LD L GH HUPL k G URPER
LVFKHPLH L IDUF VD V D (PEROLD SRD H IL GH D U H GR H VD H R H VHS LF VD
DVHS LF (PEROLD SRD H IL IRUPD GL D UH D H GH FHO OH PRUDOH D UH D H EDF HULH H
SDUD L L IUD PH H GH URPE P G RVRDV E OH GH D SLF UL GH U VLPH VD OLFKLG
DP LR LF
• 7URPERHPEROL P O ERDOD URPER HPEROL
IUD PH GH URPE SRD H FLUF OD v VLV HP O DVF ODU Sk Fk G DM Hv U DV

F GLDPH U O SUHD PLF SH U GLPH VL LOH IUD PH O L H H HPSO HPERO F RUL L HD
v U R H D PHPEUHORU HV H UD VSRU D SUL Vk H SH FDOH H RDV UHFH SUL FD L LOH
FDUGLDFH GH GH DM H v S OPR SUL DU HUD S OPR DU 2FO LD DU HULDO SURG V GH
SUH H D URPERHPERO V O L HV H GD SDU LDO GH REV U F LD PHFD LF L SDU LDO GH VSDVP O
DU HULDO FDUH DSDUH UHIOH OD ORF O GH IRUPDUH D OH L LL SDVP O VH SRD H H L GH Fk L D
FH LPH UL GH D O O DU HUHL L SRD H DIHF D L DU HUHOH v HFL D H S Fk H D LOH VSDVP O
GLVSDUH O Vk G HRUL Vk HOH V FLUF OH SH Ok HPERO V FDUH U Pk H FD R SODF DVLPH ULF
SH SHUH LL DVF ODUL (PEROLL PLFL V IUHF H FRPSOH OL D L GH F UH SODVPL HL PDUL VH
RU D L HD FD L DO L URPEL ILL G L FO L v L LPD DVF ODU VD SURG Fk G RFO LD FRPSOH
D DV O L VD L URPERHPEROLL VH SR UHFD DOL D
• 7URPERHPEROL P O S OPR DU
URPERHPEROLLOH V IUHF H H v S OPR 0DMRUL D HD V SUHD PLFL SH U D VH

PD LIHV D VLPS RPD LF 2UL L HD DFHV RU URPERHPEROLL IL H HV H UDU GHFHOD /D D UL H
H LV OD OH LR DO F GHE v U DEFHV KHSD LF HF GDU VH SURG FH HURGDUHD H HL
FD H F DSDUL LD GH URPEL 3UL GHVSUL GHUHD IUD PH HORU GH URPE v IL DO VH DM H OD
HPEROLVP S OPR DU
• 7URPERHPEROL P O L HPL
URPERHPEROLLOH GL VLV HP O DU HULDO v L D RUL L HD v H H D LLOH DO ODUH

H GRFDUGL D OFHUR H H D v URPELL SDULH DOL GL H ULF O O V k v URPE O IRUPD SH
R SODF D HURPD RDV VD URPE O DVRFLD L D H ULVP (PEROLLOH ORFDOL D H v DU HUHOH GL
UL LFKL VSOL FUHLHU L HV L PLRFDUG SR SURG FH L IDUF H FHDV VL D LH VH v kO H H v
IRUPD FUR LF GH U MH OD SRUF VD v H GRFDUGL HOH OFHUR H H D H F H LROR LH V UHS RFRFLF
(PEROLL PLFL EORFD L v DU HUHOH F D D H SUR RDF SH H LL
• (PEROL P O SDUDGR DO
(V H UDU VHP DOD ILL G DVRFLD F GHIHF VHS DO L HUD ULDO VD F SUH H D ULORU
DU HULR H RDVH (O FR V v UHFHUHD L HPERO GL FLUF OD LD DU HULDO v FHD H RDV
• (PEROLD UD
D D R FR V L LH SLF ULOH GH U VLPH FH SR REV U D DU HULROHOH VD FDSLODUHOH HOH

PDL FRP H RU D H V S OPR O FUHLHU O L UL LFKL O D D SUL FLSDO R FR V L LH
OH L LOH RDVHORU O L GDU VH SRD H SURG FH L v FD O GURELULL HV ULORU PRL DUV ULORU
L IHF LHL VD D EROLL GH GHFRPSUHVL H 2FD LR DO HPEROLVP O UDV FRPSOLF GLDEH O DKDUD
VD ILFD O UDV KHSD RV HD R D 0DL SRD H IL SURG V SUL L MHF DUHD L UD H RDV D
V EV D HORU OHLRDVH VD FR VHF L OLPID LR UDILHL
U VLPHD GL HPEROLD UDV v L DUH RUL L HD PDL DOHV v HV O DGLSRV UD PD LVPHOH

VSDU FHO OHOH v F UFD H F U VLPH HOLEHUHD SLF ULOH GH U VLPH FDUH L U v FDSLODUH VD
H OH L VH HVF v RUH O VD L IRUPk G SLF UL PDUL FH EORFKHD DVHOH PLFL GH
Vk H )RDU H UDU SUL OLSVD HP OVLR ULL OLSLGHOH SODVPD LFH VH HVF v SLF UL PDUL GH
U VLPH
(PE OLLOH D H S F OH L L S L E D HD D HO D L H PHFD LF D P O PDL
LPS D H H HOLEH D HD DFL LO D L OLEHUL /LSD HOH F RUL L HD v SHUH LL DVF ODUL VD F
RUL L H SODVPD LF VFL GHD OLSLGHOH GL HPEROL FL LL UD L D DF SHUH LL DVF ODUL
SUR RFk G HGHP IL H KHPRUD LL LH LUHD U VLPLL v VSD L O DO HRODU L v UL L URPER
ORFDO
(PEROLD UDV SRD H DIHF D FDSLODUHOH ORPHU OLORU UH DOL L DGHVHD U VLPHD DM Hv
UL I U D IL DIHF D VHP LILFD L I F LD UH DO
• (PEROLD D RD
SDUH UDU v FR GL LLOH L URG FHULL v FLUF OD LD VD L D SHV H PO GH DHU

2FD LR DO DSDUH HPERO v S OPR VD H FHIDO FD k G GLVS HH VD VLPS RPH HU RDVH 2
FD L D H PDUH GH DHU SRD H DM H v Vk H v FD O L G FHULL S H PR RUD O L Fk G DV
PDUH VH GHVFKLGH FKLU U LFDO Fk G H HOH HUL H VH GHVFKLG v PRPH O SDU UL LHL VD
D RU O L L Fk G HPIL HP O FKLU U LFDO HV H V E H VL H 2 FD L D H PLF GH DHU L MHF D
DFFLGH DO L UD H RV SUR RDF PD LIHV UL OH LR DOH
RDOD GH GH RPSUH L H ERDOD GH HR
(V H R DO IRUP GH HPEROLVP D RV UH LPSRU D SH U VF I G RUL VD SH U

FHL FDUH O FUHD v FR GL LLOH HL SUHVL L D PRVIHULFH FUHVF H
UH HUHD SUHVL LL D PRVIHULFH GH HUPL R FUH HUH D FD L LL GH D H GL VRO LLOH

LV ODUH v VSHFLDO GL HV O DGLSRV D R O HV H PDL VRO ELO v OLSLGH GHFk v DS DF
UH H LUHD OD R SUHVL H D PRVIHULF RUPDO VH UHDOL HD SUHD UDSLG S OPR O DUH LPS V
H UD H FHV O GH D H GL HV UL % OH GH D VH IRUPHD v HV UL L v Vk H L SR
GH H L HPEROLL
0H D D D HD
0H DV D DUHD HV H IH RPH O GH UD VSRU v L HULRU O RU D LVP O L D FHO OHORU LL
GL U IRFDU OH LR DO SUL L HUPHGL O Vk HO L VD OLPIHL HO OHOH UD VSRU D H FHO OH
PRUDOH PDOL H D UH D H EDF HULH H SDUD L L PLFH L D FDSDFL D HD GH D UHSURG FH OD
GLV D R OH L H DVHP RDUH F FHD GH RUL L H PH DV D
0H DV D DUHD VH PDL SRD H SURG FH SUL L HUPHGL O VLV HP O L FD DOLF ODU GL HOH
RU D H VD SUL v V Pk DUHD SUL FR DF D RU RU D H v HFL D H 0HFD LVP O FRPSOH DO
PH DV D ULL D IL SUH H D v FDGU O SURFHV O L PRUDO
FD O EROLORU L IHF LRDVH H HPSO LGHDO GH PH DV D DUH HV H UHSUH H D GH IRUPDUHD

FRPSOH O L SULPDU GL EHUF OR UD ORP O S OPR DU vPSUH F UD ORP O
OLPIR RGDO DS U SUL HKLF ODUHD SH FDOH OLPID LF D D H O L H LROR LF 0 RED HUL P
SS
Modificările circula iei limfatice
0 LILF LOH FL F OD LHL OLPID LFH V DVHP RDUH F FHOH DOH FLUF OD LHL VD L H
FR V k G v V D OLPID LF OLPIRUD LH URPER OLPID LF PH DV D DUHD OLPID LF HGHP
OLPID LF
6 D D L ID LF
D OLPID LF v VR L DGHVHD GH OLPID LHF D LH GLOD DUHD DVHORU OLPID LFH VH

L V DOHD v FR GL LLOH GH EORFDUH VD GH v UH DUH D GUH DM O L OLPID LF DF SHUVLV LPS
v GHO D DFHV LS GH V D SRD H FR ULE L OD SURG FHUHD VD DFFH DUHD HGHP O L L OD
IRUPDUHD GH URPEL OLPID LFL (V H EL H F RVF DSDUL LD HGHP O L SRV RSHUD RU Fk G SUL
VHF LR DUHD RU DVH OLPID LFH VD H FL LD RU OLPIR RG UL Sk OD UHDOL DUHD DO RU F L GH
GUH DUH VH L V DOHD HGHP O
DO H HPSO GH V D OLPID LF HV H UHSUH H D GH HF D LD FKLOLIHUHORU FH UDOH GL

V U F UD LOR L LORU L HV L DOH OH L H DVRFLD F SURFHVH GH KLSHUSOD LH FHO ODU GL
V U F UD SHUH HO L L HV L DO VD F OH L L DOH OLPIR RG ULORU PH H HULFH DPEHOH VL D LL G Fk G
OD R GUH DUH OLPID LF v UH D
L I D LD
/LPIRUD LD H HU VD L HU VHP LILF LH LUHD OLPIHL GL DVHOH OLPID LFH D k G

RUL L H UD PD LF L GH HUPL k G OH L L F GH PLUL VSHFLILFH v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH
FKLOR RUD FKLORSHUL R H VD DVFL FKLORDV /LFKLG O DF P OD DUH FDUDF HU DOELFLRV
ODF HVFH LDU v FD O RU SO L DOH OD GHL PDPDUH VH FR V D OLPIRUD LH H HU
0H D D D HD L ID LF
3URFHV O GH PH DV D DUH HV H DPSO UD D v FDGU O FDSL RO O L GH PRGLILF UL PRUDOH

ILL G PHFD LVP LPSRU D GH GLVHPL DUH D OH L LORU HRSOD LFH 0H LR P F DFHOD L
PHFD LVP HV H U VS RU L GH HKLF ODUHD L v V Pk DUHD OD GLV D D RU HUPH L
L IHF LR L F P DU IL 0 RED HUL P SS
Modificările circula iei lichidului intersti ial
V ULOH SD ROR LFH SRD H IL DS SUHD P O SUHD S L VD GLV ULE L D RUPDO v

RU D LVP HVKLGUD DUHD VHP LILF SUHD S L DS v R RU D LVP O VD v U D PL
HUL RUL v LPS FH HGHP O UHSUH L SUHD P O DS ILL G RS V O GHVKLGUD ULL
H L D D HD
H L D D HD DSD H v FR GL LLOH L DSRU KLGULF L V ILFLH SH U D HFKLOLEUD

SLHUGHULOH GH DS SUL SLHOH S OPR L HV L L UL LFKL HVKLGUD DUHD SRD H H RO D DF v
VL D LD v FDUH RU D LVP HV H OLSVL GH DSRU O HFHVDU GH DS VD Fk G V SLHUGHUL PDVL H
GH DS SUL GLDUHH SUL RP VD SUL DO H PRGDOL L )UHF H VH L V DOHD L VLGLRV Fk G
DSRU O GH DS HV H V E L HO O HFHVDU v ORF LULL DSHL SLHUG H
D HOH GHVKLGUD ULL V UHSUH H D H GH RP GLDUHH SLHUGHUHD OLFKLGHORU SUL DUV UL

H L VH VD SUL GL UH PDVL HFR UROD GLDEH DKDUD VD L VLSLG L HUH O HV H P O
PDL UD DIHF D GD RUL PDVHL FRUSRUDOH UHG VH FDUH VH GHVKLGUD HD P O PDL RU GHVHD
GHVKLGUD DUHD VH DVRFLD F GH HFKLOLEU HOHF UROL LF RPD GH H HPSO SURG Fk G D k
GHVKLGUD DUH Fk L DFLGR PH DEROLF
DF SLHUGHUHD GH DS HV H PDL PDUH GHFk SLHUGHUHD GH HOHF UROL L FD v OLFR ULD

VH HU DSD HV H H UDV GL FHO OH SH U D UHG FH RVPRODUL D HD OLFKLG O L H UDFHO ODU V IHO
VH SURG FH GHVKLGUD DUHD FHO ODU FD L GHVKLGUD DUHD HV O L H UDFHO ODU
DF SLHUGHUHD HOHF UROL LORU HV H PDL PDUH GHFk SLHUGHUHD DSHL FD v GHILFLH D GH
FRU LFRV SUDUH DO DSD HV H L URG V v FHO OH SH U D FUH H RVPRODUL D HD H UDFHO ODU
HUL RUL O H UDFHO ODU GH L H GHVKLGUD D v LPS FH FHO OHOH V KLSHUKLGUD D H
HVKLGUD DUHD SURG FH VF GHUHD v UH D H VFDUHD L SLHUGHUHD HODV LFL LL SLHOLL FD L

H RI DOPLH L UHG FHUHD SUHVL LL L UDRF ODUH 3UL IRUPDUHD L SOL F D D DFHV D SHUVLV
LPS UH H L G OH OD DVSHF O L L LDO H HD HV H H D HUD v VSHFLDO GDF RVPRODUL D HD
OLFKLG O L L HUFHO ODU HV H FUHVF HPD ROR LF VH FR V D KHPRFR FH UD LH L
KLSHUSUR HL HPLH 3 OV O HV H PDL UDSLG LDU RF O FDUGLDF PDL VODE UH HUHD VHFUH LHL GH
KRUPR D LGL UH LF G FH OD UHG FHUHD L FR FH UDUHD UL HL 5HG FHUHD SHUI LHL UH DOH SRD H
FD D D R HPLH LDU VODED R L H DUH LV ODU HV H UHVSR VDELO GH L V DODUHD DFLGR HL
( H L L SL LD
(GHP O SRD H L HUHVD v UH O RU D LVP VD SRD H IL ORFDOL D GRDU v HOH UH L L
DF HV H ORFDOL D UH L HD SRD H IL PLF Fk L D PP v M U O L I U F O F D D VD
SRD H IL H L V LPSOLFk G PHPEU VD DO HRUL O VD DPELL S OPR L GHVHD H FHV O GH
OLFKLGH SURG FH GHV L GHUHD HV ULORU PRL GDU VH SRD H DF P OD L v FD L LOH VHURDVH FDUH
GH L SDU LDO PSO H F OLFKLG
H IRORVHVF HUPH L GLIHUL L SH U D H SULPD LS ULOH GH HGHP V IHO HGHP O FHUHEUDO

VD S OPR DU L GLF HUL RUL O DIHF D 3UHIL O KLGUR VH LOL HD SH U GHVHP DUHD
DF P O ULL GH OLFKLG UD VV GD v FD L LOH VHURDVH KLGUR RUD KLGURSHULFDUG KLGURFHO v
LFD D L DO DVFL KLGURSHUL R H D DVDUFD HGHP PDVL H HUDOL D IUHF H F
DF P O UL H L VH v FD L D HD SOH UDO L SHUL R HDO O L HUPH L L GLF PHFD LVP O GH
S FH H L FD D HGHP O L HGHP UH DO HGHP FDUGLDF HGHP KHSD LF HGHP PDUDVPD LF
HGHP R LF HGHP OLPID LF HGHP GH V D H F
3D R H H D HGHP O L HV H FRPSOH HRUL VH FRPEL PDL P O L IDF RUL SH U D

GHFOD D DSDUL LD HGHP O L LL IDF RUL GH HUPL GLV ULE LD OLFKLGHORU v FRPSDU LPH O
L UDFHO ODU L HUV L LDO VD L UD DVF ODU DO LL GH HUPL FR L O R DO GH DS GL RU D LVP
5HSDU L LD DSHL v RU D LVP v UH FRPSDU LPH O L UD DVF ODU L FHO L HUV L LDO
GHSL GH GH RVPRODUL D HD SODVPHL L FHD D OLFKLG O L L HUV L LDO VD GH FUH HUHD SUHVL LL
KLGURV D LFH GL O PH O DVF ODU ID GH FHD GL L HUV L L DFHV H FR GL LL DSD LHVH GL
Vk H L S U GH v L HUV L L DF DFHV UD VIHU GH DS HV H V ILFLH GH PDUH VH L V DOHD
HGHP O
D HOH V UHSUH H D H GH L V ILFLH D FDUGLDF FR HV L GH URPER D H RDV L

GH FUH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH 3D O DVF ODU HUPL DO DU HULROH FDSLODUH H OH
DVL U KRPHRV D LD OLFKLGHORU L HV H S HU LF LPSOLFD v SURG FHUHD HGHP O L
, V ILFLH D FDUGLDF FR HV L HV H R FD IUHF H D FUH HULL SUHVL LL KLGURV D LFH

GL H H L GL PLFURFLUF OD LH URPER D H RDVD D PHPEUHORU vPSLHGLF GUH DUHD Vk HO L
GL H UHPL L G Fk G OD FUH HUHD SUHVL LL FDSLODUH L SURG Fk G HGHP UH HUHD
SHUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH GL SURFHV O L IODPD RU ID RUL HD UHFHUHD SUR HL HORU SODVPD LFH
v OLFKLG O L HUV L LDO FUHVFk G L RVPRODUL D HD L FD k G HGHP O LV U HUHD EDF HULLORU L
D FHO OHORU LV ODUH GL IRFDU O L IODPD RU RU FUH H RVPRODUL D HD OLFKLG O L L HUV L LDO )D
GH SUR HL HOH L OLSLGHOH UH O D H SUL GH L H UDUHD FHO ODU VH DGD SUR HL HOH GH RUL L H
SODVPD LF SDU H L H UD D H V GD O L FDUH vPSUH FR ULE LH OD DFFH DUHD HGHP O L
L H D L V ILFLH GH DOE PL VD GH DO H SUR HL H SODVPD LFH GH HUPL R UHG FHUH

D SUHVL LL R FR LFH L UD DVF ODUH PHFD LVP O SR H k G DO H PRGDOL L GH SURG FHUH D
HGHP O L
0L UDUHD DSHL GL SODVP VSUH L HUV L L VH SURG FH v HUL RUL O H OHORU L

FDSLODUHORU DF HGHP O HV H SURG V SUL FUH HUHD SUHVL LL KLGURV D LFH L UD DVF ODUH
H GR HOL O DVF ODU HV H PRGLILFD SD S U VH H O PH O DVF ODU SUL VSD LLOH
L HUH GR HOLDOH SUREDELO L HU H L G L R SL RFL R DFFH D
DF DSD S U V v L HUV L L HV H v FD L D H UHG V H FHV O HV H GUH D SUL

L HUPHGL O DVHORU OLPID LFH UH H L G v FLUF OD LD VD L HV L GHUHD HV O L HGHPD LD
SURG FH L R HF D LH D DVHORU OLPID LFH SUL L HUPHGL O RU ILEULOH IL H FDUH OH D FRUHD GH
ILEUHOH GH FROD H (GHP O VH L V DOHD GRDU GDF HV H GHS L FDSDFL D HD GH GUH DUH
OLPID LF GL U D PL HUL RUL
/LFKLG O GH HGHP HL IODPD RU VH PH H UD VV GD 0DFURVFRSLF HV H DSRV L

UD VSDUH FRD OHD v FR DF F DHU O DUH R FR FH UD LH GH SUR HL H V E L
FR L H UDUH FHO OH k G DSDU OH L L DOH SHUH HO L DVF ODU LH LUHD SUR HL HORU SODVPD LFH
GH HUPL R FUH HUH D FR FH UD LHL DFHV RUD GH SHV H VL D LH v FDUH VH GLVF GHVSUH
H V GD HGHP L IODPD RU ( V GD O HV H PDL kVFRV SRD H IL IO LG GDU GD RUL
PHURDVHORU FHO OH L FR FH UD LHL SUR HLFH PDUL GH L H OE UH RSDOHVFH O S RV HRUL
F IORFRD H VD SHOLF OH GH ILEUL
( HP O H PD LIH FOL LF HFk D FL Fk G DF P ODUHD GH DS HV H GHV O GH
PDUH R D DIHF D VH PHILD LDU v FD O RU D HORU SUL UH H LD GH UD VV GD PDVD ORU
FUH H GH L UHOH (GHP O VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R FR VLV H S V RDV L S V UDUHD
DPSUH HL OD FRPSUHVL H DVFL DEGRPH O HV H GHV L V L VH SHUFHSH VH D LD GH DO OD
SDOSDUH v KLGUR RUD VH D G RPR HOH UHVSLUD RULL L VH SHUFHSH PD L D H OD SHUF LH LDU
UDGLROR LF VH v UH LV UHD UDGLRRSDFL D H
0LFURVFRSLF FUH HUHD FD L LL GH OLFKLG L HUV L LDO SURG FH GLODFHUDUH L v L GHUHD

ILEUHORU GH FROD H DF HGHP O HV H H HUDOL D GLV ULE LD O L UHVSHF DF L HD IRU HL
UD L D LR DOH 2 L V ILFLH FDUGLDF FR HV L SURG FH HGHP DO H UHPL LORU
PHPEUHORU 5DUHRUL GDF SHUVLV LPS v GHO D HGHP O HV H UPD GH ILEUR DUH
HOHID LD LV
7LS L H H H
( H FD LDF L V ILFLH D FDUGLDF FLUF OD LD VD L VH PDL SURG FH

RUPDO L HILFLH HGHP O L V DOk G VH v S OPR v HV ULOH SHULIHULFH VD v DPEHOH
HUL RULL
IHF DUHD H ULF O O L V k GH HUPL HGHP S OPR DU v LPS FH DIHF DUHD

H ULF O O L GUHS HV H UHVSR VDELO GH L V DODUHD HGHP O L LV ODU PLFURFLUF OD LH VH
SURG FH R FUH HUH D SUHVL LL VD L H KLGURV D LFH ILL G DIHF D H H UHPL LOH
R FH UD LD v SUR HL H D UD VV GD O L HV H PLF PDMRUL D HD FD ULORU GH L V ILFLH
FDUGLDF FR FRPL H F R FUH HUH D SUHVL LL KLGURV D LFH VH PDL SURG FH L UH H LD GH VRGL
3UL UHG FHUHD SHUI LHL UH DOH VH V LP OHD FUH HUHD VHFUH LHL GH UH L FUH HUHD VHFUH LHL
GH D LR H VL L GH DOGRV HUR VRGL O ILL G UH L v ELL UH DOL R FH UD LD PDUH GH
VRGL GH HUPL OD Uk G O HL R UH H LH LV ODU GH DS HFHVDU SH U D PH L H OLFKLG
LV ODU L R R
( H H D (GHP O GH L H VL D H PHGLH HV H R PD LIHV DUH DVRFLD F

ORPHU OR HIUL HOH DF H GH OD L HUH GHVHD VH L V DOHD SHULRUEL DU L v DO H UH L L RU
GH GLODFHUD D D PDMRU HV H UH H LD GH VRGL D RUL OH L LL ORPHU ODUH VH UHG FH UD D
ILO U ULL ORPHU ODUH L FUH H UHVRUE LD GH VRGL L DS v VH PH O GLV DO DO HIUR O L O L
IDF RUL PDL S L LPSRU D L V UHSUH H D L GH SLHUGHUHD SUR HL HORU SUL UL GH HUPL
KLSRSUR HL HPLH KLSHU H VL H L V ILFLH FDUGLDF
FD O VL GURP O L HIUR LF HGHP O HV H SURG V SUL U R UHG FHUH D RVPRODUL LL

SODVPD LFH D L L PDUL GH DOE PL L GH DO H SUR HL H VH SLHUG SUL UL VL H D
DOE PL HL v ILFD VH UHG FH L FUH H FD DEROLVP O HL v UL LFKL LSRSUR HL HPLD GH HUPL R
LH LUH D DSHL GL Vk H F S U GHUHD HL v HV UL FHHD FH SURG FH KLSR ROHPLH L L V DODUHD
HGHP O L 5H H LD GH VRGL DFFH HD HGHP O 5L LFKL O UHDF LR HD OD KLSR ROHPLH SUL
FUH HUHD VHFUH LHL GH UH L L FR VHF L FUH HUHD VHFUH LHL GH DOGRV HUR F UH H LD GH DS
L VRGL
( H HSD LF VFL D VH DVRFLD IUHF H F FLUR D KHSD LF FLUR V

FRPSUHVD H H HOH SRU H L UDKHSD LFH GH HUPL k G R FUH HUH D SUHVL LL KLGURV D LFH v
FDSLOD HOH L H OHOH GL VLV HP O SRU GL PH H HU L GL L HV L R GL LLOH H LV H H REOL
OLFKLGHOH V UD HUVH H FDSV OD KHSD LF DF P Ok G VH v FD L D HD SHUL R HDO )LFD O
FLUR LF SRD H FRPSUHVD H D FD FUHVFk G SUHVL HD KLGURV D LF v DVHOH VLV HPLFH GL
SHUH HOH FD L LL SHUL R HDOH DF FLUR D HV H VH HU VH DM H OD KLSRSUR HL HPLH GD RUL
UHG FHULL FDSDFL LL GH VL H SUR HLF D KHSD RFL HORU VFL D VH D UD HD L GD RUL
SHU UE ULORU GL FLUF OD LD VD L UH DO
L IH H VH L V DOHD v FD O REV DFROHORU DS U H v GUH DM O OLPID LF DO

H UHPL LORU S k G D HD v V RULFH ORFDOL DUH v RU D LVP 5H L HD DIHF D GH L H
PHILD G U V E H VL H k G PHPEU O HV H S HU LF HGHPD LD GLIRUP VH GLD RV LF
HOHID LD LV O F O FKLU U LFDO L LUDGLHUHD SR v UHU SH DVHOH OLPID LFH L SUR RDF
OLPIHGHP O
( H L ID D , IODPD LD DO HUHD V U F UD DVHORU VD L H L GH HUPL

FUH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL H OHORU L FDSLODUHORU I F LH GH UD L D HD L IODPD LHL VH SR
UHV DELOL UDSLG SDUDPH UL RUPDOL VD HGHP O VH SRD H D UD D SUL GLIHUL H PHFD LVPH FDUH
vPSLHGLF GUH DUHD O L VD IDF V FUHDVF RVPRODUL D HD
( H H H H LD LF LIH H LD v FD DF L H LF L H v
FD L L H H D H
F P O ULOH GH OLFKLGH GL FD L LOH VHURDVH DOH RU D LVP O L DGHVHD ULGLF SUREOHPH

GH GLD RV LF , HV L D LD FL ROR LF D OLFKLG O L UHFRO D SUL FH H GH OD D LPDO O v LD
FRPSOH HD R VHULH GH DO H GD H RE L H SUL H DPH O FOL LF DO D LPDO O L
Transsudatul DF P OD v FD L LOH VHURDVH DUH UP RDUHOH FDUDF HULV LFL
• HV H OLFKLG FODU OLPSHGH FL UL F R FR FH UD LH VF GH SUR HL H V E GO

H FHS LH ILL G UD VV GD O GL DVFL D FDUGLDF ER D v SUR HL H
• HV H V UDF v FHO OH V E FHO OH µO H FHS LH ILL G UD VV GD O SUR H L GH OD
FDEDOL H FDUH SRD H D HD FHO OH µO
• SRD H FR L H UDUH H URILOH PR RFL H L FHO OH PH R HOLDOH UHDF L H F V U F U
HDO HUD VH L H FR GH DSDUL LD H URILOHORU PHURDVH v FD O OH L LORU FUR LFH
I Fk G O UH GH GLIHUH LD GH H V GD O DVHS LF
Limfa DF P OD v FD L L VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL
• DVSHF GH OLFKLG DOELFLRV ODF HVFH ER D v OLSLGH

• P U O GH FHO OH HV H GH UH O V E µO
• FR L H SUHSR GHUH OLPIRFL H PLFL L P U DULDELO GH DO H FHO OH OL D H H FHS LH
SUL FUR LFL DUH VH SURG FH R L HUVDUH D UDSRU O L v ID RDUHD H URILOHORU L
PDFURID HORU
/LFKLGHOH F RUL L H v SURFHVHOH HRSOD L H D R VHULH GH U V UL FDUH RULH HD

GLD RV LF O
• v FD O OLPIRP O L PHGLDV L DO OLFKLG O GL FD L D HD SOH UDO HV H DOELFLRV FR FH UD LD
SUR HLF L P U O GH FHO OH DULD V H LGH LD H OLPIRFL H PRUDOH LPD UH EODV LFH
DO UL GH PDFURID H F DF L L D H ID RFL D L FHO OH OL D H
• v FDUFL RP O R DULD SD FUHD LF SURV D LF L DV ULF OD FDO HRUL FHO OH PRUDOH VH
H IROLD L SR IL UH VL H v OLFKLG O FD L DU DVRFLD H F R UHDF LH L IODPD RULH DVHS LF L
F KLSHU URILD KLSHUSOD LD FHO OHORU PH R HOLDOH
• v PH R HOLRP v OLFKLG O FD L DU VH H LGH LD SODMH VD F LE UL GH FHO OH PRUDOH GLILFLO
GH GLIHUH LD GH FHO OHOH PH R HOLDOH UHDF L H SH U GLD RV LF GH FHU L GL H VH
LPS H H HF DUHD L H DPH KLV RSD ROR LF
Exsudatul DF P OD v FD L L v L DUH RUL L HD v FUH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH

GH HUPL D GH PHGLD RULL FKLPLFL DL SURFHV O L L IODPD RU (O VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL
• H LGH LHUHD L OLFKLG PDL P O VD PDL S L OLPSHGH F UDG DULDELO GH

RSDOHVFH GH F ORDUH GLIHUL v I F LH GH HOHPH HOH FR V L L H SUHGRPL D H L
FR FH UD LH SUR HLF GH SHV H µO
• P U PDUH GH FHO OH SUHGRPL k G H URILOHOH VD DO H LS UL FHO ODUH v I F LH GH
H LROR LH PDFURID H HR L RILOH OLPIRFL H FHO OH PH R HOLDOH HUL URFL H
( V GD O DVHS LF SURG V GH L HU H LD RU IDF RUL LUL D L ELO UL FRUSL V U L L

V HULOL UHDF LH SRV RSHUD RULH DUH OD ED UD VV GD ER D v H URILOH L H UH HOL D H
( V GD O VHS LF HV H ER D v H URILOH GH UDGD H GD RUL SURG LORU R LFL HOLPL D L

GH PLFURRU D LVPH HRUL HV H H LGH LD D H O FD DO FROR LLOH EDF HULH H SHUL R L D
L IHF LRDV D SLVLFLORU H V GD O GH H OE LH HU LH DUH DVSHF GH DOE GH R HV H ER D
v SUR HL H H URILOHOH V L H UH L DSDUH R SUHFLSL DUH VSHFLILF D SUR HL HORU v IUR L UL
HO ODUL D HD HV H PDL PLF GHFk v SHUL R L HOH F DO H LROR LH
Lichidele hemoragice DF P OD H v FD L L D GUHS H LROR LH UD PD LVPHOH

L HU H LLOH FKLU U LFDOH PRGLILF ULOH RSR UDILFH FDUH GH HUPL L IDUF L DUHD RU D VH
L HV L DOH L SURFHVHOH HRSOD LFH
• v KHPRUD LLOH UHFH H PRUIROR LD FHO OHORU GL OLFKLG O VD L ROH HV H DVHP RDUH F
FHD D Vk HO L SHULIHULF V SUH H H L URPERFL HOH
• v KHPRUD LLOH HFKL DSDU FHO OH GLV U VH H URILOH KLSHUVH PH D H PDFURID H FH D
ID RFL D HUL URFL H L VLGHURFL H
DSL RO O
P P P
Generalită i
0H DE OL P O F FHOH F PS H H DOH DOH D DE OL P O L FD DE OL P O D L

PH D LD D LP O L LFH IDF FD H SH E HF LOLE O L H E D HOH H L H H
PDO v PH L D D L H FHO OD H FHO OH PD LFHD H DFHO OD ILE H F M F L H
PHPE D H ED DOH L E D HOH FD H H PH DE OL HD D H HOLPL L D L P D F HD
S HPL H ID DELOH DSD L LHL L ILLO D DO IHO S D OE LO H PH DE OL P FHO OD
L OD D LF D L HPLF
L ILL H L SD LFH HF D D H H E L D H LIH L H S FH H

H DE LF H L D LFH F G v DO HUDUHD PRUIROR LF L IX F LR DO D
FRPSR H HORU LVXODUH
, L LDO L ILLOH HE HD FD OH L L P OHF OD H SH FD O H L H H S LPH

HOHF PLF F SLF PLF F SLF L PDF F SLF L ILLOH H PD LIH FD OH L L FHO OD H
DF H D F LFH D S HIOHF D v DFHHD L P L DIHF D HD L H L LL L H L L O L
D I P LOH F DOH S D HD v HOH L D LL FD DF H H H LELO D S IL
L H H LELOH IL DOL k G VH F HFUR FHO ODU VD LV ODU
RU D H L HV UL GLV URILLOH SR IL GLD RV LFD H FD D DUH FD OH L L S U GLV URILFH

SR V D OD ED D GHFOD ULL L IODPD LLORU VD D DO RU LS UL GH OH L L L v O LP O Uk G SR
FRPSOLFD OH L LOH GH LS FLUF OD RU L IODPD RU L HRSOD LF H H HPSO KLDOL R D P VF ODU
OH L H GH LS GLV URILF SRD H IL VHGL O FDOFLILF ULORU GLV URILFH VD SUL D UD DUHD OH L LL
SULPDUH DM H v V DGL GH HFUR FHURDV GH LS H NHU 2 OH L H GLV URILF GH LS O HL
DGHVHD VH FRPSOLF GH H L G SURFHV L IODPD RU SUL IRUPDUHD RILORU R L 0RGLILF ULOH
FLUF OD RULL GH LS O KHPRUD LLORU VD D V D HL VD L H SUH L v V U F UD OH L LL DVSHF H
GLV URILFH UHSUH H D H GH KHPRVLGHUR
0HFD LVPHOH GH SURG FHUH D OH L LORU GLV URILFH D OD ED LPSOLFDUHD RU PH DEROL L
RUPDOL VD D RU PH DEROL L SD ROR LFL 3URFHVHOH GLV URILFH FR V D v GHSR L DUHD v
FRPSDU LPH O FHO ODU L VD H UDFHO ODU D RU PH DEROL L RUPDOL SH U V U F ULOH LV ODUH
UHVSHF L H SD ROR LF O FR V k G v H FHV O L V ILFLH D VD OLSVD PH DEROL O L UHVSHF L
DO H GLV URILL V LPSOLFD L PH DEROL L FDUH VH IRUPHD IL LROR LF v RU D LVP GDU DFH LD V
GHSR L D L v DO H FHO OH V U F UL LV ODUH GHFk FHOH RUPDOH O HRUL GLV URILLOH DSDU
FR VHF L IRUP ULL L GHS HULL GH PH DEROL L SD ROR LFL H GR H L VD H R H L FDUH VH
UH VHVF v FR GL LLOH HL URILFL UL L I F LR UL RUPDOH D HV ULORU
3H Ok GLV URILL GH H HU UL R URILFL DUHD SD ROR LF VH PDL H SULP SUL DO L GRL

HUPH L D URILD KLSR URILD L KLSHU URILD FHV H GR VL D LL RU IL UD D H v U FDSL RO GH
PRGLILF UL RO PH ULFH DGDS D L H DOH RU D HORU L HV ULORU VD SR IL v FDGUD H I U D UH L
v DFHV FDSL RO GH OE U UL PH DEROLFH H DO IHO GH P O H RUL R D PL FD H RULH GH OH L L
HV H GLILFLO V ILH v FDGUD V ULF v U D PL FDSL RO GHOLPL DUHD I Fk G VH PDL P O
SH U D UD v HOH HUHD R L LORU L SH U D DVL UD PL LP GH HUPH L
D D RPRSD ROR LFL FDUH RU IL LOL D L SH SDUF UV
Terminologia proceselor distrofice
OL HUD UD GH VSHFLDOL D H DF DO HUPH O GH GLV URILH FR VLGHUk G VH D IL VL R LP

F FHO GH GH H HUDUH GH H HUHVFH
7HUPH LL PHGLFDOL FDUH GH PHVF GLIHUL HOH GLV URILL VH IRUPHD GH UH O SUL
DG DUHD V IL O L R OD GH PLUHD PH DEROL O L LPSOLFD v OH L H H OLFR H
OLFR H R PHOD L PHOD R VD OD GH PLUHD RU D O L DIHF D H PLRFDUG
PLRFDUGR ILFD KHSD R UL LFKL HIUR ( LV L H FHS LL GH OD DFHDV UH O GH D
IRUP OD GLD RV LF O GH H HPSO LF HU O GLV URILH SL PH DU F LPSOLFDUHD SL PH LORU
ELOLDUL D GLV URILH FOHRSUR LGLF F LPSOLFDUHD DFLG O L ULF L UD LORU
VSHF HOH PDFURVFRSLFH L PLFURVFRSLFH DOH GLIHUL HORU GLV URILL UHSUH L GH IDS
V RS FDGU GL U R V FFHVL H GH DVSHF H PRUIROR LFH H IRDU H P O H RUL HV H GLILFLO GH
DSUHFLD GDF LPD L HD V USUL V HV H R H DS D D UD ULL SURFHV O L VD D L GHF ULL DFHV LD
GDF VHP LILF R V FFHVL H UDSLG VD OH D H H LPH HORU , HUSUH ULOH V GH IRDU H
P O H RUL L L L H L FKLDU GDF D FDGU H HUDO GH H SOLFL DUH GHSL G IRDU H P O GH
H SHULH D H DPL D RU O L HU HV H F SURFHVHOH GLV URILFH V R FR V D D GLD RV LF O L
D D RPRSD ROR LF HOH S k G IL FD D VD HIHF O D PHURDVH OH L L FRPSOH H GL S F GH
HGHUH PRUIROR LF I F LH GH ORFDOL DUHD L L H VL D HD GH H HUHVFH HORU DFHV HD SR
SUR RFD SHU UE UL UD H VROGD H F PRDU HD RU D LVP O L
ODVLILFDUHD SURFHVHORU GH H HUD L H VH SRD H UHDOL D v I F LH GH PDL P O H FUL HULL

L S F GH HGHUH ELRFKLPLF GLV URILLOH VH FODVLILF v KLGULFH KLGURSUR LGLFH SUR LGLFH
FOHR LGLFH FRU RDVH OLSLGLFH O FLGLFH SL PH DUH PL HUDOH S ORFDOL DUH D D F P DP
DPL L V GLV URILL L UDFHO ODUH H UDFHO ODUH VD GLV URILL FDUH SR DIHF D DPEHOH
FRPSDU LPH H FHO ODU L L HUV L LDO 8 DO FUL HUL GH FODVLILFDUH VH UHIHU OD SDU LF ODUL LOH
H RO L H ILL G SURFHVH GLV URILFH FDUH SRVHG SR H LDO UH HUVLELO v LPS FH DO HOH V
LUH HUVLELOH GH H HPSO EROLOH GH V RFDM OL R RPDO
( LROR LD HV H FRPSOH L VSHFLILF SH U D PL HOH LS UL GH GLV URILL D HOH

H HUDOH LPSOLFD H v GHFOD DUHD SURFHVHORU GLV URILFH V UHSUH H D H GH GHILFL H LPD LF
HUHGL DU VD GREk GL SHU UEDUHD UHVSLUD LHL FHO ODUH v FR GL LL GH KLSR LH DSRU VSRUL VD
L V ILFLH GH PH DEROL L H R H L VD H GR H L DSDUL LD SULPDU D DO RU LS UL GH OH L L
PRGLILF UL FLUF OD RULL L IODPD RULL HRSOD LFH 2 GD L V DOD H GH H HUHVFH HOH v
I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH GH L H VL D HD L SHUVLV H D D H O L H LROR LF GH H L GHUHD
SURFHV O L SR H HUD R VHULH GH HIHF H V IHO HOH SURFHVH GLV URILFH KHPRVLGHUR D
H HUDOL D EROLOH GH V RFDM OL R RPDO V LPSOLFD H v EORFDUHD VLV HP O L PDFURID LF L
GHFL v SU E LUHD LP ROR LF D RU D LVP O L O H H HPSOH GH H RO LH FRPSOLFD LH
HUPL DUH D L SURFHV GLV URILF V SUH H D H VFKHPD LF v VFKHPD U
352 (6( (92/8 , 7(50,1 5( 818, 352 (6
,6752), ( ,6752),
HSD R D (OLPL DUHD D H O L FD DO v LPS LO SRD H IL UPD GH

UD XODU UH H LUHD OD I F LD L PRUIROR LD RUPDO D KHSD RFL HORU
UH L LR DG L H U P
LDOL R D FD O SHUVLV H HL D H O L FD DO VH SRD H HUPL D SUL

PXVFXODU HFUR D FHURDV GH LS H NHU D ILEUHORU P VF ODUH OH L H
FDUH ID RUL HD FDOFLILFDUHD GLV URILF
H HUPL SHU UEDUHD VFKLPE ULORU PH DEROLFH LV ODUH LDU

LDOL R D
v FD UL H UHPH SRD H IL FD D L IDUF HORU LV ODUH SUL
SHUH LORU
REOL HUDUHD O PH O L DVF ODU
(V H DGHVHD FRPSOLFD GH L V DODUHD FDOFLILF ULL GLV URILFH v

ROHV HD R D GL
SHUH LL DVF ODUL L SRD H GH HUPL D DSDUL LD URPELORU
D HURPD R
FR VHF L DO HU ULL H GR HOL O L
FD ULOH UD H GD RUL IULDELOL LL ILFD O L SUHGLVS H

HSD RV HD R D RU D O OD U S U ILL G FD D HL KHPRUD LL L HU H DGHVHD
ID DO
PLORLGR D 3UL DO HUDUHD V U F ULL FDSLODUHORU ORPHU ODUH L D I F LHL

UH DO GH ILO UDUH ORPHU ODU GH HUPL L V ILFLH UH DO
FLG O ULF L UD LL GHSR L D L v LVFHUH VD v PHPEUD D

X D LVFHUDO L VL R LDO GH HUPL UHDF LH L IODPD RULH GH FRUS V U L
DU LFXODU UD ORP GH FRUS V U L F RVF V E GH PLUHD GH RI
RV
6FKHPD U ( HPSOH GH H RO LH D RU OH L L GH LS GLV URILF

3H U D V EOL LD LPSRU D D SURFHV O L GLV URILF UHF RD HUHD O L FD OH L H

L HUSUH DUHD UD L LL PH LR P F HV H UH VL v RD H EROLOH PDMRUH L SDU LFLS L DULDELO
v SD R H H D DFHV RUD 3H U H HPSOLILFDUH V SUH H D H Fk H D OD UL OH LR DOH FDUH
L FO G L SURFHVHOH GLV URILFH
• L V ILFLH FDUGLDF V D S OPR DU FUR LF VHF GDU DSDUH KHPRVLGHUR

FHO OHOH FDUGLDFH
• URPE SRD H V IHUL R FDOFLILFDUH GLV URILF IRUPDUHD GH DU HULROL H VD IOHEROL H
VD R KLDOL L DUH D PDVHL URPER LFH
• D HURVFOHUR D OH L H FRPSOH FH SUHV S H L FROHV HD R V HD R
FDOFLILFDUH GLV URILF
• GLDEH DKDUD KLSHU OLFR H R L OD HOH VSHFLL DPLORLGR D L V OHORU
/D HUKD V
• DVF ORSD LLOH LP H O S V HUL HPD RV GLVHPL D DGHVHD VH DVRFLD F
GLV URILD ILEUL RLG D SHUH LORU DVF ODUL
• GHVKLGUD DUH VH HU v VR L GH KLSRSR DVHPLH GH HUPL PLRFDUGR DFXRODU
• KLSR LURLGLVP L KLSHUFDOFHPLH GH HUPL FDOFLILFDUH PH DV D LF
• L IDUF HOH VSOH LFH GL SHV D SRUFL FODVLF FD D HV H UHSUH H D GH KLDOL R D
DU HULROHORU FH UR RG ODUH
• VL GURP HIUR LF F RUL L H ORPHU ODU HGHP KLSRSUR HL HPLH SUR HL ULH
KLSHUFROHV HUROHPLH OH L HD SULPDU SRD H IL DPLORLGR D UH DO
• IH RPH H GH IR RVH VLELOL DUH V GHFOD D H GH SRUILULH
• VL GURP IHEULO GH HUPL GH H HUHVFH H KLGURSUR LGLFH v PDULOH SDUH FKLPH
1. Distrofiile hidrice ( hidroprotidice)

LV URILLOH KLGURSUR LGLFH VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R KLGUD DUH FHO ODU HGHP FHO ODU F
DSDUL LD L GH HFKLOLEU v UH FRPSR H D SUR HLF L FHD KLGULF UHDOL k G VH DEVRUE LD GH
DS L VRGL FR FRPL H F HOLPL DUHD SR DVL O L ( LROR LD HV H UHSUH H D GH V EV D H
R LFH IRVIRU DUVH H GR R L H L H R R L H EDF HULH H KLSR LH LV ODU L L IHF LL LUDOH VD
RULFH DO IDF RU FDUH SHU UE SURI G PH DEROLVP O FHO ODU
HU HV H F V GLD RV LFD H IUHF H PLFURVFRSLF L v DSUHFLHUHD UD L LL ORU VH

L H FR GH UDG O GH H L GHUH L GH FDSDFL D HD UH H HUD L D HV O L DIHF D DF DSDUL LD
DFHV RU GH H HUHVFH H VH SRD H SURG FH v U L HU DO VF U GH LPS GH RUGL O PL HORU
VD HFLORU GH PL H GH OD L HU H LD D H O L SD R H UH H LUHD FHO OHORU OD PRUIROR LD
L L LDO VH SURG FH OH
3UL FLSDOHOH FDUDF HUH DOH GH H HUHVFH HORU GLV URILLORU KLGULFH KLGURSUR LGLFH V
• VH PD LIHV FD L M ULL FHO ODUH DF H

• GH P O H RUL D FDUDF HU UH HUVLELO
• FR V D v KLSHUKLGUD DUHD FHO ODU SUL SLHUGHUHD KRPHRV D LHL LR LFH L D IO LGHORU
GD RUL SHU UE ULL SRPSHL VRGL SR DVL
I F LH GH PRPH O V USUL GHULL OH L LL VH SR GLV L H GLIHUL H DVSHF H FDUH D

F S D L GH PLUL DSDU H
• GLV URILH UD ODU

• GLV URILH DF RODU
• GLV URILH KLGURSLF
LV URILD UD XODU
LV URILD UD ODU GH H HUHVFH D SDUH FKLPD RDV L PHVFH D OE UH VD
GLV URILD DOE PL RDV VH ORFDOL HD v FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH DOH L HV GH H HPSO
v KHSD RFL H HIURFL H PLRFDUGRFL H L GH HUPL PDFURVFRSLF DVSHF O GH RU D ILHU
FD ULOH UD H DSDU R H V E IRUP GH SH H VD V UL UL GHFRORUD H SDOLGH OE L FH LL FDUH
SUL FR IO DUH SR V F SUL G RU D O v R DOL D H RO P O HV H RU FUHVF LDU OD SDOSDUH VH
v UH LV UHD R FR VLV H PRGLILFD )LFD O GH L H IULDELO v LPS FH HV O P VF ODU VD
UL LFKL O D R HODV LFL D H UHG V
H P O H RUL v V PRGLILF ULOH V GH RUGL PLFURVFRSLF L O UDV U F UDO I U

FRUHVSR GH PDFURVFRSLF UD VIRUP UL VSHFLILFH KLSR LHL FHO ODUH VFKHPD U
,32 ,(
DIHF DUHD PL RFR GULLORU SHU XUEDUHD UHVSLUD LHL
FHOXODUH UHGXFHUHD IRVIRULO ULL R LGD L H
3(5785 5( 3203(, 1D .
5( 8 (5( 17,7 ,, ( 73
UD VSRU XO UD VPHPEUD DU SURFHV DF L FX
FR VXP GH 73
( / 1 5( /, 2/, (, 5( 7(5( 3(50( ,/,7 ,,

1 (52 ( 0(0 5 1(/25 (/8/ 5(
(3/( ,( 02 ,), 5( UH H FR FH UD LD GH VRGLX

1 (S 6H HOLPL SR DVLX
/, 2 (1 SUL DFXPXODUH DOFLXO L DSD S UX G v FHOXO
GH DFLG ODF LF L
IRVID L RU D LFL
VFDGH S XO
6FKHPD U 7UD VIRUP ULOH FHO ODUH v FR GL LL GH KLSR LH LV ODU

0LFURVFRSLF FHO OHOH V PHILD H L SUH L PRGLILF UL FL RSODVPLFH PD LIHV D H ILH
SUL U DVSHF OE UH VD GH HDP PD ILH SUL DSDUL LD RU UD OH FL RSODVPLFH IL H
VD GH GLPH VL L PDL PDUL FDUH SR PDVFD FOH O UD OHOH VH FRORUHD v H U F
KHPD R LOL D HLGH KHL
/D ED D H SULP ULL OH LR DOH VH VL HD SURFHVHOH GH KLSHUKLGUD DUH L GH V RFDUH GH

SUR HL H L UDFL RSODVPLF SURFHVH GD RUD H HL ELRVL H H SUR HLFH FUHVF H VD D L GHILFL
GH UD VSRU SUR HLF HO OHOH GLV URILFH PHILD H FRPSUHVHD V U F ULOH v HFL D H
SURG Fk G VSUH H HPSO PLF RUDUHD Sk OD REOL HUDUH D O PH O L FDSLODUHORU VL VRLGH v
KHSD R D UD OR DF RODU VD REOL HUDUHD O PH O L RU V U F UL E ODUH FD v FD O
HIUR HL UD OR DF RODUH
(OHF UR RPLFURVFRSLF SH Ok SUH H D GH UD OH SUR HLFH v PD ULFHD FHO ODU HV H

H LGH PHILHUHD PL RFR GULLORU F GLVSDUL LD FULV HORU DFHV RUD
LV URILD UD ODU VH L V DOHD UDSLG v Fk H D RUH v FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH FDUH
V V S VH D UHVL LL RU IDF RUL R LFL KLSR LHL VD V ULORU IHEULOH HO OHOH UH L UHS D OD
PRUIROR LD L L LDO GDF D H O SD R H HV H v GHS U D v LPS LO FD FR UDU OH L HD
VH FRPSOLF vPEU Fk G DVSHF H GH GLV URILH DF RODU VD H RO HD VSUH HFUR D FHO ODU
LV URILD UD ODU HV H GLD RV LFD IRDU H IUHF H RFPDL GD RUL H LROR LHL DULD H
L HVSHFLILFH 6H LPS H GLIHUH LHUHD HL D k PDFURVFRSLF Fk L PLFURVFRSLF ID GH D ROL D
FDGD HULF
LV URILD DFXRODU
LV URILD DF RODU FR VLGHUD GUHS R D UD DUH D KLSHUKLGUD ULL FHO ODUH SRD H D HD
DFHHD L H LROR LH L SD R H H FD L GLV URILD UD ODU 6H UH VH H R v FHO OHOH
SDUH FKLPD RDVH GH LS O KHSD RFL HORU HIURFL HORU H UR LORU FHO OHORU HV O L RGDO
FDUGLDF DFHOD L RU D SRD H IL GLD RV LFD R GLV URILH UD OR DF RODU DF v
V EV D D HU RDV PDFURVFRSLF V VHVL DELOH OH L LOH v ILFD L UL LFKL GLV URILD
DF RODU VH PD LIHV PDFURVFRSLF DVHP RU GLV URILHL UD ODUH
0LFURVFRSLF KLSHUKLGUD DUHD FHO ODU GH HUPL PHILHUHD FL RSODVPHL DSDUL LD GH

DF ROH RS LF RDOH VODE GHOLPL D H FDUH VH FRORUHD VSHFLILF SUL PH RGHOH L GLFD H
SH U H LGH LHUHD OLFR H O L VD OLSLGHORU 1 FOH O U Pk H v SR L LH RUPDO D k D LPS
Fk VH L V DOHD HFUR D FHO ODU HO OD FDS DVSHF VS PRV H UR L GLV URILD
DF RODU HV H FDUDF HULV LF SH U H FHIDORSD LLOH VSR LIRUPH UD VPLVLELOH L SH U
VFUDSLH (OHF UR RPLFURVFRSLF KLSHUKLGUD DUHD PL RFR GULLORU HV H DVRFLD F GLOD DUHD L
KLSHUKLGUD DUHD DO RU RU D L H FHO ODUH
LV URILD KLGURSLF
LV URILD KLGURSLF L PHVFH D FODU GLV URILD EDOR L D ID HUPL DO GH
KLSHUKLGUD DUH FHO ODU VH ORFDOL HD v HSLGHUP v FHO OHOH HSL HOLDOH DOH P FRDVHORU
SUH H F HSL HOL SO ULV UD LILFD VD LV UD LILFD v KHSD RFL H HIURFL H FHO OHOH OD GHL
V SUDUH DOH ILEUH P VF ODUH
VL D LD v FDUH GLV URILD KLGURSLF UHSUH L R D UD DUH D GLV URILHL UD OR

DF RODUH H LRSD R H H D HV H FRP /D DFHDV D VH DGD KLSRSR DVHPLD L L HU H LD
LU V ULORU HSL HOLR URSH LU V ULOH GH DFHV LS GH HUPL GH IDS R UHDF LH L IODPD RULH F
H RO LH V DGLDO GH PL H D HP v U V DGL L FLSLH FHO OHOH HSLGHUPLFH UHFk G SUL
ID D GH GLV URILH EDOR L D 3UL GLV U HUHD FHO OHORU DIHF D H LD D HUH VSD LL
L UDHSL HOLDOH SOL H F OLFKLG IRUPk G DV IHO H LF OH LSRSR DVHPLD GH L H URO PDMRU
SH U ORFDOL DUHD GLV URILHL v PLRFDUGRFL H L v FHO OHOH FDUGLDFH F D RPD LVP SURSUL
V IHO VH H SOLF DSDUL LD PRGLILF ULORU I F LR DOH DOH FRUG O L FDUH V REOL D RUL
v VR L H GH OH L L PDFURVFRSLFH UL LFKL GLV URILD KLGURSLF VH PD LIHV v FD O HIUR HL
RVPR LFH
( SULPDUHD PDFURVFRSLF D DFHV HL GLV URILL DULD v I F LH GH H L GHUHD OH L LL

DF V LPSOLFD H GRDU FHO OH L ROD H DSDUH FRUHVSR GH PDFURVFRSLF v LPS FH
H L GHUHD OH L LL SH HUL RULL PDUL SRD H LPSULPD RU D O L SDUH FKLPD RV FDUDF HULV LFL
PRUIROR LFH DVHP RDUH FHORU GR LS UL GH GLV URILL D HULRDUH /RFDOL DUHD F D D VH
PD LIHV PDFURVFRSLF SUL IRUPDUHD GH H LF OH DI H v FD O P FRDVHORU ID D
H D HP O L GH D U LUDO IHEUD DI RDV ERDOD H LF ORDV D SRUF O L
0LFURVFRSLF FHO OHOH V PHILD H UR ML H F FL RSODVPD UD VSDUH OLPSHGH

VD F UD OD LL IRDU H IL H 1 FOH O v L SRD H S V UD SR L LD L PRUIROR LD VD SRD H V IHUL
UD VIRUP UL VSHFLILFH HFUR HL FHO ODUH
2. Distrofiile protidice
LV URILLOH SUR LGLFH FR V D v IRUPDUHD GH PH DEROL L L HUPHGLDUL VD SD ROR LFL FDUH
V GHSR L D L v PD ULFHD H UDFHO ODU VD L UDFHO ODU v V U F UD RU RU D L H FHO ODUH
0DMRUL D HD GLV URILLORU SUR LGLFH DIHF HD SUHGRPL D FRPSDU LPH O H UDFHO ODU
UHVSHF L V EV D D I GDPH DO PHPEUD HOH ED DOH L ILEUHOH FR M F L H 6 GL O
GLV URILLORU v H HUDO HV H FRPSOH HFHVL k G FRORUD LL VSHFLDOH L HV L D LL
LP RKLV RFKLPLFH VD GH PLFURVFRSLH HOHF UR LF H DVHPH HD UHE LH L D F
SHU UEDUHD PH DEROLVP O L SUR HLF DUH FD S F GH SOHFDUH PRGLILFDUHD L IRUPD LHL H H LFH
HFHVDUH VL H HL SUR HLFH L F DFHV H SHU UE UL VH L V DOHD v FR H O PHURDVHORU
OH L L GH GLIHUL H LS UL PRUIROR LFH 6FRODV LF SURFHVHOH GLV URILFH V SUH H D H VHSDUD
GDU v F R GD D UD HP D H LD F GH FHOH PDL P O H RUL HOH V SDU H FRPSR H D
OH L LORU FRPSOH H v SUDF LF ILL G UH GH H UDV GL DFHV HD
LV URILD KLDOL
LV URILD KLDOL KLDOL R D VHP LILF SUH H D HL LPD L L PLFURVFRSLFH L DUH F
D PL H FDUDF HULV LFL I U D IL H SUHVLD PRUIROR LF D HL D PL H V IHUL H FHO ODUH VD
H UDFHO ODUH 0LFURVFRSLF KLDOL O VH SUH L FD R V EV D RPR H v FRPSR H D F UHLD
L U SUR HL H VD OLFRSUR HL H H FHOH PDL P O H RUL VH FRORUHD R LILO OD FRORUD LLOH
KLV ROR LFH GH U L ( HPD R LOL (R L VD ( HPD R LOL (R L
OEDV U GH PH LO HRUL FRORUk G VH v DOEDV U OD ( v I F LH GH FRPSR L LD
FKLPLF (V H PH DEROL 3 6 SR L L L UHIUDF LO v O PL SRODUL D
FR GL LL IL LROR LFH VD SDUDIL LROR LFH KLDOL O DSDUH DVRFLD F L RO LD RU

RU D H L RO LD LP V O L VD F V DUHD GH VH HVFH
LDOL R D L UD HO ODU
LDOL R D L UDFHO ODU DIHF HD PHURDVH FHO OH F P DU IL ILEUHOH P VF ODUH GH
RULFH LS V ULD H VFKHOH LFH V ULD H FDUGLDFH H HGH KHSD RFL HOH FHO OHOH ELORU UH DOL
FHO OHOH HSL HOL O L FD DOHORU ELOLDUH H HURFL HOH SODVPRFL HOH H F 0LFURVFRSLF VH
FDUDF HUL HD SUL DSDUL LD v FL RSODVP D RU HUL RULL RPR H H R LILOH VD D RU GHSR L H
R LILOH VIHULFH FDUH D SULPL GH PLUHD GH FRUSL KLDOL L I F LH GH SDU LF ODUL LOH
O UDV U F UDOH KLDOL R D SRD H D HD ORFDOL DUH KLDORSODVPLF PL RFR GULDO
L UDHU DV RSODVPLF L OL R RPDO
Hialinoza musculară v VR H H GLIHUL HOH OH L L P VF ODUH S k G IL VHF GDU DO RU

SURFHVH 0LR L HOH L PLRFDUGL HOH L GLIHUH GH IRUPD H RO L L GH H LROR LH DGHVHD V
DFRPSD LD H GH KLDOL R D VH PH DU D ILEUHORU P VF ODUH
2 IRUP SULPDU GH KLDOL R P VF ODU VH UH VH H OD PDPLIHUH L S V UL v

KLSR L DPL R ( L KLSRVHOH R R HOH KLDOL L D H SUH L PDFURVFRSLF V UL UL VD SH H
DOELFLRDVH FDUH DO HU HD F HUL RULL HPRGLILFD H k G SURFHV O OH LR DO HV H GLI L
H L V HV ULOH V SDOLGH DOELFLRDVH FHDV H SULPDUH PDFURVFRSLF D GH HUPL D

GH PLUHD GH RDOD P FKLORU DOEL FDUH HV H GH IDS D GL UH IRUPHOH GH PD LIHV DUH DOH
V ULL FDUH LDOH DPL L H
0LFURVFRSLF ILEUHOH P VF ODUH KLDOL L D H V RU PHILD H v L SLHUG V ULD L LOH

GH H L G UHOD L RPR H H L v L PRGLILF L F RULDOL D HD F S k G DIL L D H SH U FRORUD LL
DFL L FL Fk G R LILOLD ORU HV H SUR D v FH U O ILEUHORU P VF ODUH V ULD H VFKHOH LFH
SR IL V USUL L FOHL F SR L LH PRGLILFD VHP DO V IHUL HL FHO ODUH LDOL R D P VF ODU
VH SRD H IL DOL D SUL DO HUDUHD SURI G Sk OD IUD PH DUHD ILEUHORU F L V DODUHD
LUH HUVLELO D HFUR HL FHURDVH VD GH LS H FNHU D RUL PRGLILF ULORU GH S VH SRD H
SURG FH L R FDOFLILFDUH GLV URILF D ILEUHORU P VF ODUH KLDOL L D H ) F LR DO ILEUHOH
P VF ODUH F GLIHUL H UDGH GH GLV URILH v L SLHUG FDSDFL D HD FR UDF LO H SOLFk G VH DV IHO
PRDU HD SUL FRUG v UH LV UD OD L HUH
)LEUHOH KLDOL L D H VH SR FR I GD PLFURVFRSLF F DU HIDF HOH FDUH D OD ED R IL DUH

GHIHF RDV D SLHVHORU VL D LH UHOD L RU GH DSUHFLD L k G FR GH PRGLILF ULOH GH RO P L
GH RPR H L DUH DOH VDUFRSODVPHL v FD GH OH L H 0DL GLILFLO HV H GLD RV LF O GLIHUH LDO
GL UH KLDOL R L D ROL DFLGR SRV PRU DO
Hialinoza plasmocitară VHP LILF R SHU UEDUH D PHFD LVPHORU GH VL H L VD

VHFUH LH D LP R ORE OL HORU IH RPH v kO L v HOH L IODPD LL FUR LFH v V ULOH GH
KLSHULP L DUH L v PLHORP O P O LSO LV ROR LF v FL RSODVPD SODVPRFL HORU DSDU SLF UL
R LILOH GH KLDOL GH PL H FRUS VF OL 5 VVHOO PLFURVFRSLD HOHF UR LF VH FR V D
DF P ODUHD H FHVL D L PD HULDO DPRUI v UH LF O O H GRSODVPLF L ROR LF v IUR L ULOH
FRORUD H SUL PH RGD 0D Uş ZDOG LHPVD SODVPRFL HOH FH FR L FRUS VF OL 5 VVHOO V
F RVF H V E GH PLUHD GH HO OH 0R
Hialinoza hepatocitelor HV H VHP DOD v L R LFD LL FUR LFH V UL FDUH LDOH L v

HOH LUR H HSR L HOH GH KLDOL L UDKHSD RFL DU V IRUPD H GL ILODPH H L HUPHGLDUH v
FDUH SUHGRPL SUHNHUD L D ILL G F RVF H v SD ROR LD PD GUHS FRUSLL VD FRUS VF OLL
0DOORU DOFRROLVP FUR LF FL Fk G KLDOL O VH DF P OHD v PL RFR GULL DFHV HD VH
GLOD I LR HD Gk G D HUH OD PH DPL RFR GULL
Hialinoza epiteliului tubilor renali DIHF HD v GHRVHEL ELL FR RU L SUR LPDOL

3LF ULOH GH KLDOL DSDU v FR GL LLOH DO HU ULL EDULHUHL GH ILO UDUH ORPHU ODU H HUDO ILH F
HV H RUED GH DIHF L L UH DOH DF H VD FUR LFH SUR HL ULD ID RUL HD v OREDUHD SUR HL HORU
GL UL D SULPDU SUL SL RFL R (V H FR VLGHUD D IL H HPSO GH KLDOL R OL R RPDO
3UL GLV U HUHD FHO OHORU KLDOL L D H v O PH O ELORU VH IRUPHD FLOL GULL KLDOL L FDUH VH
HOLPL SUL UL
LDOL R D H UD HO ODU V O
FHDV IRUP FR V v GHS HUHD KLDOL O L v V U F UD URPELORU VD D
FR ORPHUD HORU GH ILEUL v FRPSR H HOH DFHO ODUH DOH HV O L FR M F L GL FLFD ULFH
HFKL VD LFLRDVH GH LS O FKHORLG O L v ILEURDPH v VHURDVHOH V S VH SURFHVHORU
L IODPD RULL FUR LFH DVSHF OD UD V LFORV v PHPEUD HOH ED DOH L IRDU H IUHF H v
SHUH LL DVF ODUL /D R VF LL LPD UL VD F GHILFL GH V UIDF D VH IRUPHD GHSR L H
R LILOH FDUH F S HVF O PH O DO HRODU F RVF H V E GH PLUHD GH PHPEUD H KLDOL H
0LFURVFRSLF V U F ULOH KLDOL L D H GH L RPR H H L R LILOH D R SDU LF ODUL D H V

PLFUR URPELL KLDOL L FDUH VH DVRFLD F VL GURP O GH FRD ODUH L UD DVF ODU GLVHPL D
R VHFL HOH KLDOL R HL V P O LSOH v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH
KLDOL R D DVF ODU PH DEROL O VH ORFDOL HD v UH L LPD L PHGLD D URILD 3UL

v UR DUHD SHUH LORU VH SURG FH UHS D PLF RUDUHD Sk OD REOL HUDUHD O PH O L DVHORU
UHVSHF L H L V DOk G VH v HUL RUL O DIHF D PRGLILF UL GH LS LVFKHPLF VD HFUR LF L FO VL
L IDUF /H L HD HV H FR VLGHUD D IL UHVSR VDELO SH U DSDUL LD L IDUF HORU VSOH LFH GL
SHV D SRUFL FODVLF
8 LS SDU LF ODU GH KLDOL L DUH D SHUH LORU DVF ODUL HV H UHSUH H D GH

DU HULRORVFOHUR D GH LS KLDOL FDUH DSDUH IUHF H v PLFURD LRSD LD GLDEH LF
3UL KLDOL L DUHD PHPEUD HORU ED DOH V P O v UH D H VFKLPE ULOH PH DEROLFH

GH HUPL k G VHF GDU DO HU UL HSL HOLDOH /H L HD HV H v kO L v HIUL HOH FUR LFH F
DIHF DUHD PHPEUD HORU ED DOH E ODUH L ORPHU ODUH
LV URILD DPLORLG
PLORLG O HV H PD HULDO SUR HLF ILEULODU F V U F U ELRFKLPLF FRPSOH FDUH
VH UH VH H v PRG RUPDO v RU D LVP /D RUD DF DO v I F LH GH V U F UD ELRFKLPLF VH
F RVF LS UL GLV L F H GH DPLORLG 6H GHSR L HD H UDFHO ODU L SUH L D PL H
FDUDF HULV LFL PDFURVFRSLFH L L F RULDOH DVHP RDUH F FHOH DOH DPLGR O L GH GH L
SUR L H L PHOH DVHP RU F DPLGR O 0DFURVFRSLF DPLORLG O IL HD 5R GH
R R L VH FRORUHD v EU F VRO LD /ş RO F ORDUH FDUH GH L H LROH DOE V U LH G S
UD DUHD HUL RUL O L LV ODU F DFLG V OI ULF 0LFURVFRSLF HV H RU 3 6 SR L L FR RILO VH

FRORUHD v UR SH VHF L LOH FRORUD H F 5R GH R R L PD LIHV IH RPH O GH
PH DFURPD LH VH FRORUHD v UR v FR DF F LROH GH H LD D VD PH LO LROH 3UL
HK LFLOH DOH GH KLV ROR LH VH FRORUHD R LILO F ( L DOE V U L F ( k G
FRORUDUHD DPLORLG O L HV H D LSLF IUHF H v DPLORLGR D SULPDU VH SRD H RUEL GH SDUD
DPLORLG PLORLG O UH LV OD DF L HD H LPHORU SUR HROL LFH
SDUL LD DPLORLG O L v GLIHUL H HV UL VH SDUH F DUH OD ED DF P ODUHD v H FHV GH

OD UL RDUH GH LP R ORE OL H NDSSD VD ODPEGD VD DF P ODUHD GH SUHF UVRUL
SROLSHS LGLFL VL H L D L RUPDO GH HOH FHO OH L PH DEROL D L L DGHF D v VSD L O
H UDFHO ODU H DVHPH HD SROLPHUL DUHD RU KRUPR L VD GRDU D RU VH PH H GL
PDFURPROHF OD ORU HS L DUHD VLV HP O L PDFURID LF PR R FOHDU v FD O V LP O ULL
SUHO L H D DFHV LD v L IODPD LLOH FUR LFH VL H D SUR HLF SHU UED F VHFUH LH GH SUR HL H
FRPSOH H FDUH SR IL PH DEROL D H G F OD DSDUL LD DPLORLG O L
8O UDV U F UDO DPLORLG O HV H IRUPD GL V U F UL ILEULODUH F GLDPH U O GH P

v FDUH SUHGRPL R SUR HL EH D SOLVD )LEUHOH IRUPHD P FKL UL HUDPLILFD H F
GLDPH U O GH P 6 U F UD ILEULODU SHUPL H HIHF DUHD VFKLPE ULORU PH DEROLFH v
HV ULOH L RU D HOH DIHF D H
PLORLGR D SRD H IL
VLV HPLF
SULPDU LGLRSD LF F ORFDOL UL SHULFROD H LFH
HUHGL DU IDPLOLDO
VHF GDU F ORFDOL UL SHULUH LF ODUH
ORFDOL D
PLORLGR D SULPDU DIHF HD GLIHUL H HV UL L RU D H HV O P VF ODU SLHOHD

ODUL HOH SHUH LL DU HUHORU L PDL S L PDULOH SDUH FKLPH HD k G R H LROR LH FODU /D RP
DFHV LS GH DPLORLGR VH VHP DOHD v HOH FD UL GH PLHORP P O LSO PLORLG O VH
ORFDOL HD v PLRFDUG OLPE E GL HV L DU HUH VSOL ILFD UL LFKL 8 HRUL v M U O
GHSR L HORU DSDUH UHDF LH UD ORPD RDV GH FRUS V U L
PLORLGR D HUHGL DU HV H V GLD v SD ROR LD PD GHS HULOH GH DPLORLG ILL G

UH VL H v HU LL SHULIHULFL
PLORLGR D VHF GDU DSDUH DVRFLD F V ULOH PRUELGH FUR LFH EHUF OR D L F
ERDOD FD FHURDV 6SOL D ILFD O L UL LFKL O V RU D HOH GH HOHF LH SH U DPLORLGR D
VHF GDU SD ROR LD H HUL DU V GLD D IRV DPLORLGR D VHF GDU FDUH DIHF HD v PRG
VSHFLDO ILFD O L VSOL D OD S V UL FDO UF L SLVLF UL LFKL O L V SUDUH DOD OD ER L H SHUH LL
DVF ODUL DU HUH FRUR DUH L FHUHEUDOH L UL LFKL O OD FkL H VLV HP O HU RV FH UDO OD D UL H
UFL L IHOL H V E IRUP GH SO FL GH DPLORLG v H FHIDORSD LLOH VSR LIRUPH UD VPLVLELOH
EROL F H LROR LH SULR LF
PLORLGR D ORFDOL D SRD H DIHF D P FRDVD D DO IDUL HOH ODUL HOH S OPR O
H LFD UL DU LURLGD FRUG O VLV HP O HU RV FH UDO F P O ULOH PDVL H vPEUDF DVSHF
RG ODU PLPk G SURFHV HRSOD LF 0LFURVFRSLF SR IL V USUL VH PDFURID H OLPIRFL H L
FHO OH L D H P O L FOHD H OD SHULIHULD OH L LL 0DL V FL D H ORFDOL UL DOH DPLORLG O L v
HU LL SHULIHULFL SURG Fk G FRPSUHVL HD ILEUHORU HU RDVH L GLV U HUHD ORU GHSR L H v
L V OHOH /D HUKD V OD SLVLF v GLDEH O DKDUD R L V OL RGHSH GH Fk G VH SURG FH
SROLPHUL DUHD L V OL HL v LURLG v OLPIRFH ULL v D OLR LL HU R L GL SHUH HOH L HV L DO
Amiloidoza hepatică OD SDV UH IUHF H OD SDOPLSHGH FR IHU RU D O L DVSHF

FDUDF HULV LF GH EORF GH FHDU )LFD O HV H P UL GH F ORDUH DOEH L G UD GDU FDVD
6HF GDU DPLORLGR D KHSD LF HV H VHP DOD v EROL FUR LFH EHUF OR Lv HOH EROL
FDUH LDOH /D FDL GD RUL GLV U HULL V U F ULL UH LF ODUH GH UH LV H FR VLV H D KHSD LF
VFDGH IULDELOL D HD SUHGLVS k G RU D O OD U S UL 0DVD ILFD O L SRD H DM H OD N 6
DIHF D L v GHRVHEL FDLL SURG F RUL GH VHU UL
0LFURVFRSLF SUL DF P ODUHD DPLORLG O L GH L L LELOH VSD LLOH LVVH PLORLG O VH

GHS H L v V U F ULOH DVF ODUH L FR M F L H DOH VSD L O L SRU R ELOLDU RPSR H D
SDUH FKLPD RDV D RU D O L HV H FRPSUHVD L HV H ID RUL D SURG FHUHD GH KHPRUD LL SUL
GLV U HUHD L H UL LL SHUH LORU DVF ODUL
Amiloidoza splenică DUH GR IRUPH GH H SULPDUH OH LR DO 6SOL D F GH PL

L VSOL ODUGDFHH HV H IRUPD GLI v FDUH DPLORLG O VH GHS H SHULUH LF ODU v S OSD UR LH L
v SHUH LL VL V ULORU H RDVH L D PLFLORU DU HUH 0DFURVFRSLF RU D O HV H P UL
VSOH RPH DOLH L SUH L SH VHF L H DVSHF VO L RV RPR H FHD GH D GR D IRUP
RG ODU GH PL L VSOL D 6D R PDFURVFRSLF V L LELOL RG OL DOELFLR L UD VO FL L F
GLDPH U O GH PP FDUH D FD V EV UD PLFURVFRSLF GHSR L HOH GH DPLORLG GL M U O
DU HULROHORU FH UR RG ODUH LPS GHSR L HOH VH H L G v V U F UD RG OLORU OLPIRL L
localizarea renală DPLORLG O IRUPHD GHSR L H v UH FHO OHOH H GR HOLDOH L

PHPEUD D ED DO D FDSLODUHORU ORPHU ODUH FD L v VSD L O PH D LDO 3HUH LL FDSLODUHORU
ORPHU ODUH V P O v UR D L G Fk G UHS D OD GLVSDUL LD VSD L O L GH ILO UDUH ORPHU ODU L

OD L V L LUHD L V ILFLH HL UH DOH FUR LFH PLORLG O VH PDL SRD H GHSR L D L v PHPEUD HOH
ED DOH DOH ELORU UH DOL L v SHUH HOH DU HULROHORU DIHUH H 0DFURVFRSLF UL LFKL O HV H P UL
SDOLG L F DVSHF FHURV VFD SH VHF L H DVSHF VHVL DELO GRDU v FD O DF P O ULORU PDVL H
GH DPLORLG OL LF GH HUPL L V ILFLH UH DO L HRUL VL GURP HIUR LF OD FkL H L ER L H
GLD RV LF O V DELOL G VH SUL ELRSVLH UH DO
LV URILD ILEUL RLG

LV URILD ILEUL RLG UHSUH L SURFHV OH LR DO FRPSOH H DSL D v FDUH
PH DEROL SUHGRPL D SUR HLF VH GHSR L HD H UDFHO ODU F DIHF DUHD V EV D HL
I GDPH DOH L D ILEUHORU GH FROD H 0H DEROL L H LV H RUPDO v RU D LVP OD (
ILEUL RLG O G UHDF LL GH F ORDUH DVHP RDUH F DOH ILEUL HL ILL G HR L RILO FRPSR L LD VD
L U HOHPH H SODVPD LFH DPD ORE OL H ILEUL VD L PH DEROL L UH O D L GL PRGLILF ULOH
FKLPLFH V IHUL H GH V EV D D I GDPH DO L GH ILEUHOH GH FROD H 3H U LGH LILFDUHD
ILEUL RLG O L VH DSHOHD OD FRORUD LL VSHFLDOH VH FRORUHD v UR F D L VH L H FR GH
SUH H D IUHF H D L ILO UD O L F FHO OH PR R FOHDUH L UDIRFDO VD SHULIRFDO
6H FR VLGHU F ID D D HULRDU GLV URILHL ILEUL RLGH HV H L PHVFH D P FRLG D

HV O L FR M F L ID D UH HUVLELO FDUH DUH FD SDU LF ODUL D H KLSHUKLGUD DUHD V EV D HL
I GDPH DOH L GH RU D L DUHD ILEUHORU GH FROD H 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH ILEUL RLG P FRLG O
HV H ED RILO )LEUHOH GH FROD H V PHILD H L RPR H H VHPH HD OH L L VH L V DOHD v
SHUH LL DVHORU VD L H v L IHF LL FUR LFH GH LS O EHUF OR HL L FROL UD ORPD R HL v
SURFHVHOH PRUDOH L v KLSHU H VL H
LV URILD ILEUL RLG VH L V DOHD v EROL F FRPSR H LP L D RLP EL H

V GLD H v SD ROR LD PD v FDGUD H v FD H RULD EROLORU GH FROD H VD D FROD H R HORU
LV URILD ILEUL RLG SRD H IL H LGH LD v SHUH LL DU HULROHORU DVRFLL G VH F PHURDVH EROL
L IHF LRDVH v FDUH DSDU SURFHVH GH KLSHUVH VLELOL DUH SHV D SRUFL IHEUD FD DUDO PDOL
SODVPRFL R D UFLORU FROLEDFLOR D U MH VD v DO H V UL PRUELGH FD UHPLH OFHU DV ULF
SD DU HUL RGRDV UH PD LVP O S V HUL HPD RV GLVHPL D SURFHVH PRUDOH KLSHU H VL H
O HU ULOH SHUH LORU DVF ODUL D FDUDF HU H FH ULF I U D GH HUPL D UHG FHUHD O PH O L
0RGLILF ULOH PDFURVFRSLFH V HFDUDF HULV LFH F H FHS LD ORFDOL ULL VSOH LFH OD
SDV UH VL D LH v FDUH VSOL D HV H P UL L G UD UR FD PDUR LH VFD L UD ODU SH
VHF L H LV URILD ILEUL RLG v H HUDO GH HUPL P ULUHD RO P O L RU D HORU VD
HV ULORU L VF GHUHD FR VLV H HL DFHV RUD RDU UD VIRUP ULOH PLFURVFRSLFH SR IL
HGLILFD RDUH SH U V DELOLUHD GLD RV LF O L
HV O GH IUHF H GLV URILD ILEUL RLG G FH OD GLV U HUHD DUKL HF ULL SHUH LORU
DVF ODUL FDUH PDL SRVHG OLPL H SUHFLVH v UH V UD UL 3UL DO HUDUHD H GR HOL O L HV H
ID RUL D SURG FHUHD GH URPEL FHDV ID VH FR VLGHU D IL GHMD HFUR D ILEUL RLG FDUH
HV H UPD OD VF U LPS GH DSDUL LD L L ILO UD OH FRFL DU ER D v SODVPRFL H DVF OL
ILEUL RLG , GLIHUH GH LS O OH LR DO L V DOD HUPL DUHD SURFHV O L FR V ILH v L V L LUHD
VFOHUR HL ILH v DSDUL LD UHDF LHL L IODPD RULL GH LS UD ORPD RV
LV URILD PXFL RDV L PXFRLG

k P FL D Fk L P FRLG O V PH DEROL L v kO L L RUPDO v RU D LVP 0 FL D HV H
VHFUH D GH FHO OHOH FDOLFLIRUPH GL HSL HOLLOH RU P FRDVH LDU P FRLG O V EV D F
DIL L L L F RULDOH DVHP RDUH P FL HL VH VH H v FD L D H PDUH v V U F UD V EV D HL
I GDPH DOH D FRUGR O L RPELOLFDO 0 FRLG O HV H VHFUH D GH FHO OH DOH HV O L
FR M F L HOH GR LS UL GH OH L L V SUH H D H vPSUH GRDU GD RUL VLPLOL GL LORU
L F RULDOH (OH DIHF HD HUL RULL LV ODUH GLIHUL H L D PHFD LVPH VSHFLILFH GH SURG FHUH
Distrofia mucoidă VH ORFDOL HD L HUV L LDO L FR V v DF P ODUHD GH OLFRSUR HL H

v V EV D D I GDPH DO /RFDOL D IUHF H V EF D D DSDUH v PL RPD R D LHS ULORU v
PL HGHP O GH HUPL D GH KLSRI F LD LURLGLD L v PRUL DOH HV O L FR M F L
PL RDPH L PL RVDUFRDPH /H L LOH GH DFHV LS D DVSHF HOD L RV PDFURVFRSLF
0LFURVFRSLF P FRLG O HV H ED RILO 3 6 SR L L L VH FRORUHD PH DFURPD LF F DOEDV U GH
RO LGL
Distrofia mucinoasă HV H SDU H FRPSR H D HL ID H D L IODPD LHL FD DUDOH

FR ULE L G OD IRUPDUHD FD DU O L P FRV L D FHO L P FRFHO ODU LSHUSOD LD L KLSHUVHFUH LD
FHO OHORU FDOLFLIRUPH V FHOH GR PHFD LVPH FDUH FR ULE LH OD PD LIHV DUHD GLV URILHL
P FL RDVH UHVSHF L OD SURG FHUHD L DF P ODUHD v H FHV GH P F V SH V SUDID D P FRDVHORU
V U F UD FKLPLF D P F V O L L U OLFRSUR HL H FOHRSUR HL H L P FRSROLR LGH 2
VL D LH DSDU H R UHSUH L H HURSD LD P FRLG D LHS ULORU ERDO v FDUH FHOH GR
PHFD LVPH L HUIHU LDU v O PH O FROR O L LD D HUH DGH UD H P ODMH HOD L RDVH
V LFORDVH DOF L H GL P F V
FHOD L SURFHV GLV URILF SRD H IL GLD RV LFD v FDUFL RDPHOH P FL RDVH FHO OHOH
PRUDOH D k G FL RSODVPD v F UFD F P F V L FOH O vPSL V VSUH SHULIHULD FHO OHL
0 F V O GH SH V SUDID D P FRDVHORU HV H ILOD kVFRV RSDOHVFH VD DOELFLRV LDU

PLFURVFRSLF HV H 3 6 SR L L L PH DFURPD LF v FRORUD LLOH SH ED GH FRORUD L ED LFL GH
D LOL IUR L ULOH FRORUD H SD RS LF 0D Uş ZDOG LHPVD P F V O HV H UR
LV URILLOH ILEUHORU HODV LFH

Elastoliza GHIL H H R GH UDGDUH H LPD LF D ILEUHORU HODV LFH v VSHFLDO D FHORU GL
V U F UD DU HUHORU PDUL PD LIHV D PLFURVFRSLF SUL PHILHUHD IUD PH DUHD L OL D ILEUHORU
HODV LFH H UDGDUHD SHUH LORU DU HULDOL ID RUL HD DSDUL LD D H ULVPHORU L FKLDU D U S ULORU
DVF ODUH
/H L HD D IRV VHP DOD OD D UL H F ORFDOL UL v DU HUHOH HUL H DOH DFLORU

HV D H PDL DOHV OD D LPDOHOH E Uk H L OD SRUF L F UF
H LROR LD DIHF L LL V L FULPL D L IDF RUL FDUH L KLE VL H D HODV L HL L

RU D L DUHD ILEUHORU HODV LFH FDUH D v F SU v L DPL D L R LFD LL F OD LU
DFHHD L FD H RULH VH v FDGUHD L elastoza (fibroelastoza) FDUH VHP LILF R FUH HUH
D P U O L GH ILEUH HODV LFH /H L HD HV H DVRFLD F DO H PRGLILF UL L V DOD H v SHUH LL
DVF ODUL H DU HULRVFOHUR D
LV URILLOH ILEUHORU GH FROD H FROD H R H

ROD H R HOH U SHD R FD H RULH DSDU H GH VL GURDPH FDUH SUH L R VHULH GH
PD LIHV UL OH LR DOH v kO L H FR V D SD R H H D ORU VH SURG F UHDF LL LP H L
D RLP H IRUPk G VH v RU D LVP D RD LFRUSL ID GH D L H HOH LV ODUH UH O D H v
UPD DO HU ULL HV ULORU SURSULL V IHO VH H SOLF DSDUL LD D LFRUSLORU D L FOHDUL
0RUIROR LF VSUH GHRVHELUH GH DO H GLV URILL v FDGU O FROD H R HORU VH vPEL

SURFHVHOH GH H HUD L H GLV URILD ILEUL RLG P FRLG L KLDOL F SURFHVHOH L IODPD RULL F
HFUR HOH L F VFOHUR D 3HUH LL DVHORU VD L H V GH RU D L D L GH SURFHVHOH GLV URILFH L
L ILO UD L F HOHPH H FHO ODUH PR R FOHDUH PR RFL H PDFURID H OLPIRFL H SODVPRFL H
3. Distrofiile nucleotidice – guta ( perturbarea metabolismului bazelor
purinice)
D HOH S UL LFH DGH L D L D L D V FD DEROL D H RUPDO v ILFD G Fk G OD
SURG FHUHD GH DFLG ULF OD RP L SULPD H VD GH DOD RL OD PDPLIHUH SURG L HOLPL D L SUL
H FUH LH UH DO FLG O ULF HV H S L VRO ELO v DS v LPS FH DOD RL D HV H KLGURVRO ELO
LSHU ULFHPLD HV H FR GL LD SUL FLSDO SH U PD LIHV DUHD X HL D PL H FR GL LL

KLSHU ULFHPLD ID RUL HD GHSR L DUHD DFLG O L ULF D UD LORU VD D DO RU PH DEROL L
L HUPHGLDUL v FD L LOH DU LF ODUH v UL LFKL L v DO H HV UL SURFHV FDUH SRU GH PLUHD
GH X SRGD U v PHGLFL D PD UL LFKL GDF FR FH UD LD UD LORU GL ELL GLV DOL
GHS HV H S F O GH VD UD LH UD LL SUHFLSL IRUPk G FULV DOH v ELL FROHF RUL k G V v
FD L D H PDUH FULV DOHOH REV U HD O PH O ELORU L SR DM H v L HUV L L O UH DO GH
GH HUPL R UHDF LH L IODPD RULH UD ORPD RDV GH FRUS V U L HIURSD LD DF SURG V
SUL DF P ODUHD GH DFLG ULF L UD L VH SRD H L V DOD FOL LF R L V ILFLH UH DO DF 0DL
IUHF H HV H v V H RO LD FUR LF D HIURSD LHL RDVH FDUH OD PHUR L V ELHF L VH
PD LIHV FOL LF SUL GLVI F LL UH DOH H LGH H
( LROR LD HL SRD H IL UHSUH H D GH IDF RUL FDUH SHU UE I F LD UH DO VD L FHD

KHSD LF L FDUH ID RUL HD FUH HUHD SURG FHULL GH UD L v RU D LVP HO PDL IUHF H V
LPSOLFD L PDL P O L IDF RUL GL UH FHL H PHUD L
• UD LLOH KLSHUSUR HLFH

• FUH HUHD FD DEROLVP O L DFL LORU FOHLFL SUL GLV U HUL FHO ODUH PDVL H OH FHPLL
OLPIRDPH HUDSLH F FL RV D LFH
• GLVI F LL UH RHSL HOLDOH F DO HUDUHD H FUH LHL RUPDOH
• KLSR L DPL R D
• L HU H LD R LFHORU KHSD R UH DOH RFKUD R L D PLFR R L F HIUR R LFL D H
ULGLFD
• SUL DUH GH DS
• GH HUPL LVP H H LF D RPDOLLOH UH DOH KLSRSOD LH KLSR H H LH VD GHILFLH H
H LPD LFH
D RUL RU SDU LF ODUL L OH LR DOH L FOL LFH D HV H SUH H D VHSDUD SH VSHFLL
X D OD PDPLIHUH
D OD PDPLIHUH HV H GLD RV LFD OD FkL LL GDOPD LH L D k G GH HUPL LVP H H LF
OD L HL L OD S UFHL
/RF O GH GHSR L DUH D DFLG O L ULF UD LORU VD D RU PH DEROL L L HUPHGLDUL DS U L

v FD DEROLVP O ED HORU S UL LFH HV H v SUL FLSDO ED L H O UH DO HSR L HOH DSDU DOELFLRDVH
VPk k RDVH HRUL v VR L H GH UD H DOELFLRDVH v PHG ODUD UH DO VHP LILF DF P ODUHD
UD LORU v ELL FROHF RUL
/D S UFHLL R VF L D UH DO VH DVRFLHD F DV URH HUL D UD VPLVLELO VD F

DVSHF O GH UL LFKL IH DO LPD U GL S F GH HGHUH PRUIROR LF L I F LR DO
D DU LF ODU OD PDPLIHUHOH GRPHV LFH DUH DFHHD L LPSRU D F FHD GH OD RP

3H U V DELOLUHD GLD RV LF O L VH SRD H DSHOD OD DU URFH H SUL H DPL DUHD IUR L ULORU
RE L H GL OLFKLG O VL R LDO REVHU k G VH FULV DOH v U PH L DVHP RDUH F R OH U
GH UHDVF UL
U URSD LD RDV GHE HD FD R DU UL DF v FDUH PHPEUD D VL R LDO HGHPD LD

L KLSHUHPLD HV H L ILO UD F SROLPRUIR FOHDUH H URILOH S PHURDVH S VHH DF H
PHPEUD D VL R LDO VH v URD LDU v FD L D HD DU LF ODU VH DF P OHD OLFKLG ER D v
PLFURID H FDUH D ID RFL D FULV DOH GH UD L PHPEUD D VL R LDO SHUVLV L ILO UD OLPIR
SODVPRFL DU L PDFURID LF ULV DOHOH PDUL VD D UH D HOH SUHFLSL v VL R LDO IRUPk G RG OL
GH GLIHUL H GLPH VL L FDUH SRDU GH PLUHD GH RIL R ULV DOHOH GH UD L VH GHSR L HD
L v FDU LODM O DU LF ODU GH OD MR F L HD FDU LODM VL R LH v VH V FH ULSH GDU I U D GHFOD D
UHDF LH FHO ODU 8 HOH SUHFLSL D H V V ILFLH GH PDUL SH U D SURG FH HURGDUHD FDU LODM O L
L FKLDU OFHUDUHD DFHV LD F GHVSUL GHUHD RU IUD PH H GH FDU LODM
7RILL R L VH IRUPHD FR VHF L U VS V O L LV ODU ID GH DF L HD FRUS O L V U L

UHSUH H D GH FULV DOHOH GH UD L L GHSR L HOH GH DFLG ULF 3UHFLSL DUHD UD LORU GH HUPL R
H V GD LH H URILOLF DE GH 0LFURID HOH ID RFL HD FULV DOHOH PLFL L R RGD HOLEHUHD
IDF RUL FKHPR DF LFL FDUH PRELOL HD PDL P O H H URILOH 3UL DF L HD H LPHORU
OL R RPDOH DOH PLFURID HORU VH SURG FH HFUR D HV O L L D RPD HOLEHUDUHD DO RU PHGLD RUL
FKLPLFL GH LS O EUDGLNL L HL L FRPSOHPH O L DF UD LL U Pk v HV UL GLPH VL HD
FULV DOHORU GH L H SUHD PDUH L L KLE ID RFL R D UHDOL D GH PLFURID H GHFOD k G R
L IODPD LH UD ORPD RDV GH FRUS V U L FH U O OH L LL FULV DOHOH V v ORED H v U R
V EV D SUR HL DFHH DFHO ODU /D SHULIHULH DSDU PHURDVH FHO OH L D H P O L FOHD H L
HV GH UD OD LH F URO v GHOLPL DUHD OH L LL GH UHV O HV O L HDIHF D
X D OD S V UL
D OD S V UL VH UHF RD H G S GHSR L HOH DOE FUH DFHH URDVH ORFDOL D H
SUHIHUH LDO v VHURDVH DU LF OD LL LVFHUH VD H HUDOL D H v v UH RU D LVP O 6
VSHFLDOL L FDUH FR VLGHU F GLIHUL HOH ORFDOL UL V GHFk H DSH DOH DFHOHLD L EROL
H SOLFk G DV IHO GH FH v DFHOD L HIHF L IRUPHOH PRUIROR LFH GH PD LIHV DUH D HL GLIHU GH
OD L GL LG OD L GL LG )UHF H D GLVPH DEROLHL OD SDV UH HV H PDL PDUH FRPSDUD L F
PDPLIHUHOH LDU SLHUGHULOH HFR RPLFH SR IL LPSRU D H v HOH HIHF L H
D D UH DO UH HUHOH S V ULORU DIHF D H GH L v UR D H H LGH H GH F ORDUH DOE

GD RUL DF P O ULL GH DFLG ULF 5L FKLL V DOE OE L F GHVH ORE ODU H LGH L F DSDUL LD
GH V ULL DOE FUH DFHH OD V SUDID L SH V SUDID D GH VHF L H 3UL GHVKLGUD DUHD GHSR L HORU GH
DFLG ULF VH SR IRUPD FDOF OL v UH HUHOH S HU LF GLOD D H
E VF O GHSR L HOH GH DFLG ULF L UD L V L LELOH SH VHURDVH L v
SDUH FKLP O RU D HORU L HU H ILFD VSOL PLRFDUG S OPR HVRID UDKHH DSDU IRFDUH
PLOLDUH DOELFLRDVH DVHP RDUH HFUR HORU PLOLDUH
F F O FR V v DSDUL LD DFHO LD L LS GH GHSR L H DOELFLRDVH URDVH v D
VD PDL P O H FD L L DU LF ODUH OL LF D DU LF ODU VH PD LIHV FD R HUL DELO DU UL
DU LF OD LD ILL G VH VLELO PHILD L KLSHUHPLD , L LDO DU LF OD LD HV H GHV L V GH
H V GD VHURV VL R LDOD HV H KLSHUHPLD L HGHPD LD GDU PDFURVFRSLF V UHPDUFD H
GHSR L HOH GH UD L 0LFURVFRSLF OLFKLG O DU LF ODU DE G v FULV DOH GH UD L 8O HULRU
OH L HD FDUDF HULV LF GH L H H LGH HSR L HOH URDVH VH H L G L SHULDU LF ODU GH D
O O H GRD HORU L OL DPH HORU DM k G FKLDU L v P VF OD U
G O GLD H D ULF FR V v FRPEL DUHD IRUPHORU D HULRDUH L
GLVSHUVDUHD DFLG O L ULF L UD LORU v RD H V U F ULOH RU D LFH L FO VL v P FRDVH L
H GR HOLL
5HDF LD UD ORPD RDV GH FRUS V U L L HU DS U v SDUH FKLP O RU D HORU FD L FHD
GL PHPEUD HOH VL R LDOH SRDU GH PLUHD GH RI RV LGH LF FHO L GHVFULV OD PDPLIHUH
3H U H LGH LHUHD PLFURVFRSLF D DFLG O L ULF L UD LORU VH UHF U H OD HK LFL

D KLGUH GH IL DUH L FRORUDUH GH H HPSO PH RGD LHPVD D KLGU
4. Distrofiile cornoase
LVFKHUD R HOH VD GLV URILLOH FRU RDVH UHSUH L FRU LILF UL SD ROR LFH FDUH DSDU
FR VHF L SHU UE ULL PH DEROLVP O L FKHUD L HL VFOHURSUR HLG VL H L D GH FHO OHOH
HSL HOL O L SO ULV UD LILFD GH LS FRU RV 6 UD O FRU RV GL HSL HOLLOH DPL L H HV H IRUPD GL
FHO OH PRDU H V Uk V vPSDFKH D H OLSVL H GH FOH KHUD L L DUHD HSL HOLLORU HV H H LGH v
HSLGHUP URVLPHD V UD O L FRU RV ILL G DULDELO v I F LH GH URO O v GHSOL L GH R D
UHVSHF L 6SUH H HPSO SHU L HOH GH OD FkL H V SUH HF V UD URV GH FKHUD L
(SL HOLL F UDG DULDELO GH FKHUD L L DUH V UH VL H L v P FRDVHOH GLIHUL HORU VSHFLL
P FRDVD E FDO HVRID LD D DO U PL DO
LVFKHUD R HOH VH PD LIHV DGHVHD FD KLSHUFKHUD R H SDUDFKHUD R H PH DSOD LH
FRU RDV L OH FRSOD LH
L UH FD HOH H HUDOH DOH GLVFKHUD R HORU DPL LP R VHULH GH V UL FDUH LDOH
KLSR L DPL R D KLSR L FR D EROL SDUD L DUH GHUPD RPLFR H VFDELL EROL L IHF LRDVH
GLI HUR DULROD HF LPD FR D LRDV D RLORU L FDSUHORU DFLGR U PL DO IDF RUL GH LUL D LH
PHFD LF D L v FD O DO RU SURFHVH GLV URILFH HV H SRVLELO FD DFHOD L D H H LROR LF V
GH HUPL H ILH KLSHUFKHUD R ILH SDUDFKHUD R ILH DPEHOH OH L L 3H GH DO SDU H
GLVFKHUD R HOH V UH VL H FD HOHPH H FRPSR H H DOH RU OH L L FRPSOH H GH LS O FHORU
L IODPD RULL VD PRUDOH
LSHUFKHUD R D
LSHUFKHUD R D HV H R SURG FHUH v H FHV GH FKHUD L v HSL HOLLOH GH VH VL H L HD
RUPDO 0LFURVFRSLF V UD O FRU RV HV H IRDU H URV R LILO L OLSVL GH FOHL 3LHOHD F
KLSHUFKHUD R HV H v UR D L G UD L DFRSHUL GH VF DPH VD FU V H URDVH
LSHUFKHUD R D HSLGHUPLF VH SRD H DVRFLD F OH L L GH LS L IODPD RU GHUPD L H H D HPH
HF HPH VD GH LS PRUDO PL R L I RLGH OLPIRP F D D
( LROR LD HV H GL HUV KLSR L DPL R VFDELH PLFR H F D D H GH LS O ULFRIL LHL

LUL D LL PHFD LFH SUHO L H LUR H GH LS O HF LPHL FR D LRDVH GH HUPL LVP H H LF LDU
HUPH LL LOL D L SH U H SULPDUHD GLIHUL HORU H SULP UL DOH KLSHUFKHUD R HL V FHL GH
• LK LR KLSHUFKHUD R FR H L DO F GH HUPL LVP H H LF H HUDOL D VD ORFDOL D

SLHOHD ILL G DFRSHUL GH SO FL FRU RDVH DVHP RDUH VRO LORU HV H GLD RV LFD OD L HL
F HL RP
• FDOR L L KLSHUFKHUD R FLUF PVFULV SURG V GH KDU D DPH H HDM V D H FDUH LUL
PHFD LF SUL SUHVL H D PL H UH L L HSLGHUPLFH
• FU V H GHSR L H FRU RDVH FDUH G F OD L G UDUHD L v UR DUHD SLHOLL
• FRU F D D
• VF DPH IUD PH H GH V EV D FRU RDV FDUH VH HOLPL OD V SUDID D SLHOLL
• SVRULD LV ERDO F D D FUR LF FDUDF HUL D SUL HU S LD GH SO FL HUL HPD RDVH DFRSHUL H
GH VF DPH
3DUDFKHUD R D
3DUDFKHUD R D HV H SURFHV O SD ROR LF ORFDOL D v HSL HOLLOH V UD LILFD H GH LS FRU RV
FDUH VH VROGHD F SURG FHUHD GH FKHUD L LPD U PRDOH FDUDF HUL D GL S F GH HGHUH
PLFURVFRSLF SUL SHUVLV H D FOHLLORU v ODPHOH V SHUILFLDOH GH FRU
( LROR LD SURFHV O L VH V SUDS H HRUL SHV H FHD D KLSHUFKHUD R HL OD FDUH VH DGD

FDUH D v L F VD FDUH D v DFL L UD L HVD UD L HVH LDOL
0RUIROR LF HSLGHUP O DSDUH v UR D DFRSHUL GH FU V H PRL L R F RDVH OD V UL LUHD

v UH GH H H
2 DO ORFDOL DUH LPSRU D SH U SD ROR LD V L HORU HV H HSL HOL O VH PH O L

HUPL DO DO HVRID O L L P FRDVD GH LS HVRID LD GL V RPDF FHV H HSL HOLL FDS R F ORDUH
EU E LH V v UR D H L SR IL VHGL O RU ILV UL VD V IHU HOLPL UL v L VH H HUk G
OFHU O SHS LF DV UR HVRID LD
3DUDFKHUD R D U PL DO SRD H H RO D FR FRPL H F KLSHUFKHUD R D OH L L F

H LROR LH FRPSOH 0DFURVFRSLF SDSLOHOH P FRDVHL U PL DOH V v UR D H L DOLSL H
IRUPk G RG OL UR H H VD SO FL FRU RDVH L G UD H GH F ORDUH PDUR LH VD H ULFLRDV FDUH
SR SUH H D FUH DVH
0H DSOD LD FRU RDV

0H DSOD LD FRU RDV UHSUH L UD VIRUPDUHD HSL HOLLORU LV UD LILFD H GH DFRSHULUH
VD OD G ODUH VD D HSL HOLLORU SO ULV UD LILFD H SD LPH RDVH v HSL HOLL SO ULV UD LILFD H GH LS
FRU RV GHVHD OH L HD VH DVRFLHD F SDUDFKHUD R D HSL HOL O R IRUPD ILL G L FDSDELO GH
D VL H L D FKHUD L RUPDO /H L HD DIHF HD HSL HOL O OD GHORU HVRID LH H OD SDV UH v
KLSR L DPL R D 0 FRDVD SRD H SUH H D IRUPD L L RG ODUH DOELFLRDVH VFD H SH VHF L H
FH D GUHS V EV UD OD GHOH GLOD D H L SOL H F ODPH GH FKHUD L O HRUL V L LELOH
OD GHOH FKLV L D H ILL G FKLV UL GH UH H LH FD UPDUH D REOL HU ULL FD DOHORU GH H FUH LH DO
F URU HSL HOL D V IHUL PH DSOD LD FRU RDV
FHOHD L PRGLILF UL VH SR SURG FH v HSL HOL O OD GHORU ODFULPDOH D k G GUHS

FR VHFL LPSRVLELOL D HD HOLPL ULL VHFUH LHL ODFULPDOH L L V DODUHD HURI DOPLHL L v
HSL HOLLOH DSDUD O L UL DU OD SDV UH ID RUL k G L V DODUHD HL
0H DSOD LD FRU RDV D HSL HOL O L P FRDVHL H L DOH OD FDU L RUH HV H SURG V GH
GH HFKLOLEUH KRUPR DOH FHOD L SURFHV HV H UH VL v UR HOL O UD VIRUPD PRUDO VD V S V
RU SURFHVH L IODPD RULL
/H FRSOD LD
/H FRSOD LD HV H R PH DSOD LH FRU RDV FH DIHF HD P FRDVHOH E FDO IDUL LD ODUL LD H LFLL
UL DUH VD H L DO FR VLGHUk G VH D D HD SR H LDO FD FHUL H SD ROR LD PD HV H FR VLGHUD OH L H GH
UD L SUHFD FHURDV SUL UH IDF RULL GH ULVF L FULPL k G VH I PD O L DOFRROLVP O 6H PD LIHV SUL DSDUL LD
RU SH H DOELFLRDVH F V SUDID H HG VD HUH OD OLSVL H GH UHDF LH DVF ODU SHULIHULF 0LFURVFRSLF VH
FR V D DFD R L R KLSHUSURG F LH GH FKHUD L v V UD ULOH V SHUILFLDOH DOH OH L LL
5. Distrofiile lipidice
LV URILLOH OLSLGLFH VD GLVOLSLGR HOH V OE U UL DOH PH DEROLVP O L OLSLGHORU v FDUH
SR L HU H L UL OLFHULGHOH FROHV HULGHOH VD OLSLGHOH FRPSOH H RU D LVP OLSLGHOH VH
UH VHVF RUPDO V E IRUP GH OLSLGH GH U L U v FRPSR H D PDFURPROHF OHORU
OLSR SUR HLFH VD OLFR OLSR SUR HLFH L OLSLGH G HV DGLSRV
PRG RUPDO OLSLGHOH DSDU OLEHUH v L HUV L L O LV ODU L V L LELOH v

FL RSODVPD FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH (OH V GHSR L D H v FHO OHOH HV O L DGLSRV
DGLSRFL H V E IRUP GH OLSLGH GH UH HU DS Uk G FD SLF UL VIHULFH GH GLIHUL H GLPH VL L
6H PDL FR VLGHU RUPDO SUH H D OLSLGHORU v KHSD RFL HOH S LORU v SULPHOH GR V S Pk L
G S HFOR L H ILFD O DM k G OD DVSHF O KLV ROR LF RUPDO G S GH LOH L v
KHSD RFL HOH D UL HORU v HV D LH HUPL DO
LV URILLOH OLSLGLFH VH FODVLILF v
• GLV URILL DOH OLSLGHORU VLPSOH

UL OLFHULGR V HD R LPSOLFDUHD UL OLFHULGHORU
FROHV HD R LPSOLFDUHD FROHV HURO O L L HV HULORU GH FROHV HURO
• GLV URILL DOH OLSLGHORU FRPSOH H
KLSRPLHOR H H D L GHPLHOL L DUHD
GHILFL O GH OLFKLG V UIDF D
GLVOLSLGR H VLV HPLFH EROL GH V RFDM OL R RPDO
6 HD R D UL OLFHULGR D UD VIRUPDUHD UDV GH H HUHVFH D UDV OLSLGR D

F P ODUHD PDVL D UL OLFHULGHORU v FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH VHP LILF GLVI F LL
FHO ODUH PDMRUH FDUH VH SR IL DOL D SUL HFUR FHO ODU 8 SRVLELO VFH DUL GH UD VIRUPDUH
UDV D FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH HV H FHO UHGD v 6FKHPD U 6 DIHF D H IUHF H
KHSD RFL HOH HIURFL HOH PLRFDUGRFL HOH FHO OH FDUH v PRG RUPDO PH DEROL HD R FD L D H
PDUH GH OLSLGH
( LRSD R H H D V HD R HL HV H FRPSOH v H HUDO L HU H L G VL H D LOL DUHD VD
PRELOL DUHD D RUPDO D U VLPLORU 5HDPL LP SRVLELOL D HD H RO LHL FR FRPL H H D V HD R HL
L D GLV URILLORU KLGURSUR LGLFH v DFHOD L RU D
D HOH PDMRUH V UHSUH H D H GH v IR O SR F SR

G OSG S O RE G E SR R V O F R
R F V R R
6SUH H HPSO v L D L LH v IRPH DUH V UDSLG PRELOL D H OLSLGHOH GH UH HU LDU v

KHSD RFL H DM FD L L PDUL GH DFL L UD L OLEHUL GHS L G FDSDFL D HD GH PH DEROL DUH
KHSD RFL DU O HRUL DF P ODUHD UL OLFHULGHORU VH SURG FH GD RUL LPSRVLELOL LL
KHSD RFL O L GH D VL H L D SUR HL D VSHFLILF HFHVDU FUH ULL OLSRSUR HL HORU IRUPD GH
HOLPL DUH D UL OLFHULGHORU GL FHO O SRU O UHG V GH DPL RDFL L VD GHILFL O GH 73 v
KHSD RFL V PHFD LVPH FDUH H SOLF GHSR L DUHD OLSLGHORU v FHO OD UHVSHF L
Hepatosteatoza, steatoza hepatică, lipidoza hepatică
)LFD O HV H RU D O GLUHF LPSOLFD v PH DEROLVP O OLSLGLF /LSLGHOH SUR H L H GL

HV O DGLSRV V E IRUP GH DFL L UD L OLEHUL VD GL DOLPH D LH V E IRUP GH FKLORPLFUR L
VD DFL L UD L OLEHUL V SUHO D H L SUHO FUD H GH F UH (3 72 ,7 UH O k G
• UL OLFHULGH SUL HV HULILFDUHD DFL LORU UD L LDU SH U VL H D OLSRSUR HL HORU HV H DEVRO

HFHVDU L HU H LD DSRSUR HL HL
• FROHV HURO
• IRVIROLSLGH
• FRUSL FH R LFL SUL R LGDUH PL RFR GULDO D DFL LORU UD L
3HU UEDUHD RULF UHL H DSH SRD H G FH OD L V DODUHD V HD R HL KHSD RFL DUH
0DFURVFRSLF v U R KHSD RV HD R UD ILFD O HV H P UL v L PRGLILF FR VLV H D

GH L H IULDELO L F ORDUHD DOEH O RV GLI VD Fk G H LV R UHSDU L LH H LIRUP D
OH L LL VH SURG FH DFFH DUHD GHVH O L DFL DU 6 SUDID D GH VHF L H HV H O FLRDV L
V URDV D RUL IULDELOL LL ILFD O HV H SUHGLVS V OD U S U
0LFURVFRSLF UD VIRUPDUHD UDV D KHSD RFL HORU SRD H DIHF D LIRUP FHO OHOH GL
V U F UD DFL O L KHSD LF VD SUHIHUH LDO KHSD RFL HOH GL DSURSLHUHD H HL FH URORE ODUH
KHSD RV HD R D FH URORE ODU VD SHULDFL DU VD GRDU KHSD RFL HOH GH OD SHULIHULD ORE OLORU
KHSD RV HD R D H RORE ODU VD FH URDFL DU
FL RSODVPD FHO OHORU DIHF D H DSDU DF ROH GH OLSLGH GL RO D H v LPS O FRORU ULL
VHF L LL DF ROH RS LF RDOH F GLDPH UH GLIHUL H I U R V U F U PHPEUD DU FDUH V OH
GHOLPL H H LD RV LF O VH V DELOH H F UL D FL Fk G KHSD RFL O KLSHU URILD FR L H R
DF RO LF GH GLPH VL L PDUL FDUH vPSL H FOH O VSUH SHULIHULD FHO OHL L DPL H H GH
DVSHF O L DGLSRFL VD GH FHO O v L HO F SHFH H 3UL U SHUHD PHPEUD HL FHO ODUH L
D ORPHUDUHD SLF ULORU OLSLGLFH VH IRUPHD FKLV UL OLSLGLFH FD ULOH UD H HV O
KHSD LF DPL H H GH V U F UD HV O L DGLSRV
RORUD LLOH VSHFLDOH SH VHF L L OD KHD 6 GD ,,, 6 GD , H U GH 6 GD

OEDV U GH 1LO 6FKDUODFK L HOHF UR RPLFURVFRSLD DVL U GLD RV LF O GLIHUH LDO GL UH
KHSD RV HD R L DO H OH L L v FDUH DSDU DF ROH L UDFHO ODUH GH H HPSO PD HULDO V RFD v
OL R RPL VD FLV HU HOH GLOD D H DOH UH LF O O L H GRSODVPLF
Steatoza miocardului H RO HD FD D DUH VD VH PD LIHV FR FRPL H F

PLRFDUGR HOH UD OR DF RODUH
0DFURVFRSLF DSDU R H GHFRORUD H OE L FDUH FR IHU PLRFDUG O L DVSHF GH FRUG

L UD VD v FD ULOH UD H PLRFDUG O GH L H SDOLG L IODVF v R DOL D H
0LFURVFRSLF DF ROHOH OLSLGLFH V L LELOH FD SLF UL IL H OD SROLL FOHLORU

PLRFDUGLRFL HORU OH L H FDUH VH FR L v FD UL UD H F OLSRID HUR 0 O PDL S L
IUHF H GHFk KHSD RV HD R D L HIURV HD R D V HD R D PLRFDUG O L HV H GH HUPL D GH
V ULOH GH KLSR LH D PLRFDUG O L L GH DF L HD RU R LFH
Steatoza renală sau nefrosteatoza. /D FkL LL L SLVLFLOH E Uk H UD VIRUPDUHD UDV D
HIURFL HORU HV H FR VLGHUD SDUDIL LROR LF GLD RV LF O GH V HD R UH DO V DELOL G VH PDL
GLILFLO
0DFURVFRSLF UL LFKL O F V HD R DUH RO P O HPRGLILFD VD RU FUHVF L SRD H

SUH H D R FRU LFDO OE LH
0LFURVFRSLF DF ROHOH OLSLGLFH GL HSL HOL O ELORU FR RU L SUR LPDOL G F OD

PHILHUHD FHO OHORU L OD UHG FHUHD O PH O L ELORU 1HFUR D FHO OHORU DIHF D H F
VSDU HUHD L GHVSUL GHUHD ORU GH PHPEUD D ED DO V H H LPH H FDUH SDU LFLS OD
IRUPDUHD FLOL GULORU DGLSR L OL LF FLOL GULL V GHSLV DELOL v VHGLPH O UL DU FD ULOH
UD H SLF ULOH OLSLGLFH V ORFDOL D H L v FHO OHOH FDSV OHL RZPD v H GR HOL O
FDSLODUHORU ORPHU ODUH L v HIURFL HOH ELORU FROHF RUL
, ILO UD LD UDV V URPDO OLSRPD R DGLSR L D H

, ILO UD LD UDV V URPDO FR V v DF P ODUHD GH DGLSRFL H SUL UH V U F ULOH
SDUH FKLPD RDVH GLODFHUD H L VD D URILD H 8 H HPSO HV H UHSUH H D GH OLSRPD R D
FDUGLDF GL REH L D H k G FUH HUHD GHSR L HORU DGLSRDVH DUH FDUDF HU H HUDOL D VH
GLVF GHVSUH adipozitate ORFR UH LR DO VL D LH SD ROR LF GH HUPL D GH OE U UL
H GRFUL H 8 H HPSO vO FR V L LH H FHV O GH O FRFRU LFRL L GL ERDOD VKL
2EH L D HD SD ROR LF
2EH L D HD SD ROR LF VHP LILF R FUH HUH H D HUD D GHSR L HORU DGLSRDVH v HV O
FR M F L V EF D D HSLSORR PH R UL PHGLDV L ORMD UH DO ED D FRUG O L L v V URPD
RU D HORU FRPSUHVk G HOHPH HOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH k G VH SURG FH R FUH HUH H D HUD L
H HUDOL D D GHSR L HORU OLSLGLFH v V U F UD HV O L DGLSRV VH GLVF GHVSUH obezitate
patologică ( LROR LD REH L LL HV H P O LIDF RULDO L FR V SUL UH DO HOH v U R DOLPH D LH
HHFKLOLEUD F DSRU VSRUL GH O FLGH L OLSLGH v GH HFKLOLEUH KRUPR DOH VHGH DULVP
VD DUH GH HUPL LVP H H LF
2EH L D HD HV H GLD RV LFD OD D LPDOHOH GH FRPSD LH FkL H L SLVLF GDU VH SRD H

PD LIHV D OD RULFH DO VSHFLH GH D LPDOH HD PDL LPSRU D PD LIHV DUH FR V v FUH HUHD
PDVHL FRUSRUDOH SH ED D KLSHU URILHL L KLSHUSOD LHL HV O L DGLSRV V EF D D SHUL LVFHUDO L
HSLSORR R PH H HULF OL LF VH v UH LV UHD R VHULH GH PRGLILF UL KHPRGL DPLFH GD RUL
v HOLULL PLRFDUG O L v U V UD GH HV DGLSRV D L ILO U ULL UDVH D PLRFDUG O L
lipomatoza FDUGLDF LDU v U R ID D D VD VH DM H OD DF P ODUHD UL OLFHULGHORU v ILEUD
P VF ODU FDUGLDF steatoza FDUGLDF OLSRPD R D FDUGLDF OLSRPD R D
SVH GRKLSHU URILF D PLRFDUG O L HV O DGLSRV V EHSLFDUGLF VH H L GH SUL UH ILEUHOH
PLRFDUGLFH GH HUPL k G D URILD ORU 8 SURFHV VLPLODU VH SRD H GHU OD L v SD FUHDV

P VF OD U V ULD VFKHOH LF RO DU L UL LFKL 7R v REH L D H VH SRD H L V DOD L R
KHSD RV HD R UD F RD H FR VHFL HOH HL L V ILFLH H KHSD LFH
DKH LD
DKH LD HV H RS V O REH L LL FR V k G v VF GHUHD UHS D Sk OD GLVSDUL LH D
GHSR L HORU DGLSRDVH 5HG FHUHD SUR D D UH HU HORU DGLSRDVH GL RU D LVP FDUH VH
L V DOHD v V E UL LH v EROL FUR LFH HS L D H L v V UL GH PDODEVRUE LH PDOGL HV LH
SRDU GH PLUHD GH cahexie VD caşexie DFHDV VL D LH HV O DGLSRV V IHU IH RPH
GH KLSR URILH D URILH FR FRPL H F R L ILO UDUH VHURDV OH L H F RVF V E GH PLUHD
GH D URILH H R V V O G SRV
ROHV HD R D
ROHV HD R D HV H SURFHV O GLV URILF GH DF P ODUH D FROHV HURO O L VD D HV HULORU GH
FROHV HURO v V U F UL RU D LFH D L v FD O UL OLFHULGHORU FROHV HURO O VH GL RO v LPS O
SUHO FU ULL KLV RSD ROR LFH HSR L HOH VH UH VHVF PLFURVFRSLF V E IRUPD RU ILV UL
URPERLGDOH IRUPD FULV DOHORU GL RO D H GH VRO H LL RU D LFL P O DO L H DVHP RDUH
FLRE ULORU GH V LFO v
• HUL RULLOH HFUR D H FR VHF L UD PD LVPHORU PDVL H

• L IDUF H
• KHPD RDPH
• FKLV UL HSLGHUPRLGH
• SOH ULOH FRURLGH GL H ULF O O OD HUDO OD FDLL E Uk L
• P FRDVD H LFLL ELOLDUH FDOF OL ELOLDUL
• D HURVFOHUR
• V U F UD RU PRUL PDPDUH OD F HD
/D RP FROHV HURO O HV H IUHF H LPSOLFD v EROLOH DVF ODUH L v L IDUF O PLRFDUGLF

D HURVFOHUR D HURPD R FROHV HURO O VH DF P OHD v PHGLD SHUH HO L DVF ODU v
OHLRPLRFL HOH DU HUHORU L DU HULROHORU F IRUPDUHD GH D HURDPH HO OHOH DIHF D H D
FL RSODVPD F DF ROH L SR FR L H FULV DOH DFLF ODUH GH FROHV HURO /D FkL H D HURVFOHUR D VH
GLD RV LF HRUL ILL G D GL UH FRPSOLFD LLOH KLSR LURLGLVP O L GH H HPSO v KLSHUSOD LD
LURLGLD FR H L DO
ROHV HURO O L HV HULL DFHV LD VH H LGH LD v KLV LRFL H v FD GH
KLSHUFROHV HUROHPLH
3UL GLV U HUHD FHO OHORU v F UFD H F FROHV HURO SR IL GHFOD D H SURFHVH L IODPD RULL
F FDUDF HU ORFDOL D UHDF LH v kO L L v D HURPD R FHHD S
UD ORPD RV HV H v kO L L OD FDO IRUPD UL VI UkPLFLRDV ILL G GH PL
FROHV HD RP 3RVLELO FD OH L HD VD L DLE RUL L HD v KHPRUD LLOH HFKL ORFDOL D H v SOH O
FRURLG
LVOLSLGR H FRPSOH H
LVOLSLGR HOH FRPSOH H VH UHIHU OD SHU UE UL DOH PH DEROLVP O L OLSLGHORU FRPSOH H
FDUH L U GH H HPSO v FRPSR H D OLFKLG O L V UIDF D VD D PLHOL HL
/LFKLG O V UIDF D HV H SURG V GH VHFUH LH DO S H PRFL HORU UD ODUH v

FRPSR L LD F U LD SUHGRPL IRVIROLSLGHOH VL D LLOH GH VL H GHILFL DU GH OLFKLG
V UIDF D VD GH H UDOL DUH D HIHF O L H VLRDF L v S OPR GH L V DOHD D HOHF D LD
0LHOL D HV H FRPSOH OLSRSUR HLF v FRPSR H D F U LD L U FROHV HURO O

IRVIROLSLGHOH L OLFROLSLGHOH 1HFUR D SHULFDULR O L VD VHF LR DUHD D R O L GHFOD HD
SURFHV GH GHPLHOL L DUH GH GH L H UDUH D HFLL GH PLHOL FHDV D VH IUD PH HD L
IRUPHD V U F UL VIHULFH FRUSL 0DUFKL HPLHOL L DUHD HV H SURFHV v VR L GH
OLSRID HUR 3UL ID RFL DUHD OLSLGHORU UH O D H v IRFDU SR IL H LGH LD H OLSRPDFURID HOH
LSRPLHOR H H D HV H DO H HPSO GH SHU UEDUH PH DEROLF F H LROR LH DULD

FDUH LDO GH HUPL LVP H H LF LUDO D D LD H RR LF D PLHLORU KLSRF SUR VH SURG FH
UDPROLVPH FHUHEUDO L KLGURFHIDOLH L HU OD ED D SURG FHULL OH L LORU ILL G VL H D
GHILFL DU GH PLHOL
LVOLSLGR H VLV HPLFH

Dislipidozele sistemice sau sistematizate H D ULVPR H EROL GH V RFDM OL R RPDO VD
EROL GH V RFDM OLSLGLF V EROL F GH HUPL LVP H H LF FL D H L v PHGLFL D H HUL DU GDU
I U LPSRU D D FHORU GL SD ROR LD PD L FR V D v GHILFLH H H LPD LFH OL R RPDOH
BOALA GAUCHER OXFRFHUHEUR LGR D FR V v DF P ODUHD GH O FRFHUHEUR LGH

v H UR L L v PDFURID HOH LV ODUH GL HOH RU D H OLPIRLGH L GL ILFD LPS VH SURG FH
VSOH RPH DOLH L KHSD RPH DOLH L SR V DSDU IUDF UL SUL UHVRUE LH RVRDV 6SOL D HV H
v R GHD D LPSOLFD 0LFURVFRSLF VH H LGH LD FHO OHOH D FKHU PDFURID H GH DOLH

PDUH F FL RSODVP DE GH L VS PRDV RDOD D IRV VHP DOD OD FkL H L OD D UL H F
ORFDOL DUH OLPIR RGDO L FHUHEUDO LD RV LF O VH ED HD SH L HV L D LD PLFURVFRSLF
SH U H LGH LHUHD FHO OHORU D FKHU
BOALA NIEMANN-PICK VIL RPLHOL R D VH GHIL H H SUL DF P ODUHD

VIL RPLHOL HL FROHV HURO O L L D DO RU OLSLGH v FHO OHOH VLV HP O L PDFURID LF GL
OLPIR RG UL VSOL L ILFD GH HUPL k G VSOH RPH DOLH L KHSD RPH DOLH 3R IL DIHF D H
FHO OH L GL DO H HV UL L RU D H RDOD D IRV GLD RV LFD OD FkL L L SLVLFL
OL HUD U PDL V FL D H VIL ROLSLGR HOH DODF RFHUHEUR LGR D D OLR LGR HOH
OH FRGLV URILD PH DFURPD LF KLSRPLHOR H H D GHPLHOL L DUHD L GHILFL O GH OLFKLG
V UIDF D
/LSRID HUR D
/LSLGHOH GH V U F U GH FR V L LH V L LELOH v UPD H DPH O L PLFURVFRSLF
FR GL LLOH GH L H U ULL PDFURPROHF OHORU FH FR L OLSLGH GH H HPSO v IRFDUHOH
HFUR LFH OLSLGHOH GH L GHSLV DELOH PLFURVFRSLF IH RPH FDUH SRDU GH PLUHD GH
lipofaneroză
2 VL D LH SD ROR LF DSDU H FDUDF HUL D SUL FUH HUHD FD L LL GH OLSLGH

L UDFL RSODVPLFH HV H UHSUH H D GH macrofagele spumoase FDUH DSDU v UPD HFUR HL
HV O L DGLSRV VD D DO RU HV UL ER D H v OLSLGH 61 H UL V O FHO ODU UH O D HV H
ID RFL D GH PDFURID H LPSULPk G FL RSODVPHL DFHV RUD DVSHF DF RODU E UH RV
6. Distrofiile glucidice
O FLGHOH VH SUH L v RU D LVP V E IRUP GH O FLGH GH FR V L LH VD GH V U F U
L U v FRPSR H D RU PDFURPROHF OH F V U F U ELRFKLPLF FRPSOH L GH O FLGH GH
UH HU V UV H HU H LF LPSRU D SH U GHVI UDUHD SURFHVHORU GH VL H L UDFHO ODU
FR FUH L D SUL GHSR L H GH OLFR H OLFR H ROL D L OLFR H R H H D V PHFD LVPHOH
LPSOLFD H v PH L HUHD OLFHPLHL v OLPL H IL LROR LFH PHFD LVPH UH OD H KRUPR DO , V OL D
HV H KRUPR O SD FUHD LF F DF L H KLSR OLFHPLD LDU O FD R O F DF L H
KLSHU OLFHPLD
/D FRORUD LLOH GH U L IRORVL H v KLV RSD ROR LH KHPD R LOL HR L KHPD R LOL
HR L DOEDV U GH PH LO OLFR H O VH VRO ELOL HD FL RSODVPD FHO OHORU DIHF D H
F S k G DVSHF VS PRV 3H U H LGH LHUHD OLFR H O L VH UHFRPD G IL DUHD SLHVHORU v
VRO LL DOFRROLFH L VH UHF U H OD FRORUDUHD VHF L LORU SUL PH RGRGHOH 3 6 VD FDUPL HV
PH DEROL O ILL G 3 6 SR L L VD VH FRORUHD v UR FDUPL HV 3H U F SR H LV
HURUL v V DELOLUHD GLD RV LF O L D FL Fk G OD FRORUD LD 3 6 DSDU UD OH 3 6 SR L L H
L UDFL RSODVPD LF VHF L LOH HFRORUD H VH UD HD F DPLOD VDOL DU FDUH v FD O
GHSR L HORU GH OLFR H D G FH OD H D L DUHD UHDF LHL 3 6
3HU UEDUHD PH DEROLVP O L O FLGHORU SRD H IL RULH D ILH VSUH R DF P ODUH H FHVL
D DFHV RUD FHHD FH G FH OD R L R LFDUH V IRFDUH D FHO OHORU ILH VSUH GLVSDUL LD O FLGHORU
GH UH HU VD GH L H UDUHD O FLGHORU GH FR V L LH HFL SHU UEDUHD PH DEROLVP O L
O FLGLF VH SRD H PD LIHV D FD OLFR H R H SUL H FHV L FD OLFR H R H SUL OLSV
OLFR H R H SUL H FHV

OLFR H R HOH SUL H FHV F FDUDF HU ORFDOL D SR IL v kO L H v HOH IRFDUH
L IODPD RULL Fk G DSDU GHSR L H PDVL H GH OLFR H L UDOH FRFL DU HSR L H PDVL H GH
OLFR H LIRUP UHSDU L D H v FL RSODVP VD FR FH UD H OD SRO DO FHO OHORU DU HIDF GH
SUHO FUDUH GH PL I D OLFR H O L VH UH VHVF v
• HOH L R LFD LL VH FL HD L R LFD LD F G GH OD ERERFLL GH UD

• v RFKUD R LFR D S UFHLORU R VF L
• v DO HU UL FHO ODUH L FLSLH H FDUH IDF LPSRVLELO LOL DUHD OLFR H O L UHSUH H k G
S F O GH SOHFDUH SH U DO H OH L L GH LS O GH H HUHVFH HL UDVH
• GLDEH DKDUD v KHSD RFL H HIURFL H PLRFDUGRFL H
• FD R H FHS LH FHO OHOH PRUDOH GL FDUFL RP O UH DO F FHO OH FODUH L GL VHPL RP
HO PDL HORF H H HPSO GH OLFR H R SUL DF P ODUHD H FHVL D OLFR H O L v

FHO OH GD RUL LPSRVLELOL LL PH DEROL ULL DFHV LD vO FR V L LH diabetul zaharat GLDEH H
PHOOL LDEH O DKDUD FR V L LH U S GH EROL FDUH D v FRP KLSHU OLFHPLD FD D
GH GHILFLH H DOH VL H HL SH GH R SDU H L DOH LOL ULL L V OL HL SH GH DO SDU H L V OL D
KRUPR SD FUHD LF VHFUH D GH FHO OHOH DOH L V OHORU /D HUKD V GLDEH SHU UE ULOH
PH DEROLFH V SURI GH PRGLILFk G VH D k PH DEROLVP O O FLGHORU Fk L FHO DO OLSLGHORU
L SUR HL HORU
SD ROR LD H HUL DU GLDEH O DKDUD D IRV GLD RV LFD OD FDL D UL H R L H

L V L H GDU IUHF H D FHD PDL PDUH D EROLL VH v UH LV UHD OD FkL L L SLVLFL OL HUD U VH
DGPL H H LV H D D LS UL LPSRU D H GH FDUH GLIHU SUL H LROR LH SD R H H VD L

OH L L
• L V OL R GHSH GH GH LS ,
• R L V OL R GHSH GH GH LS ,,
• VHF GDU
OLFR H R H SUL OLSV

Glicogenoza prin lipsă VH PD LIHV FD UPDUH D V ULORU GH R LFR v D R LH
KLSR LH LV ODU v KLSR L DPL R H v FDKH LH v V ULOH GH RF L v H HUR R LHPLLOH
D DHUREH KLSR OLFHPLD S UFHLORU R VF L VH DM H Sk OD GLVSDUL LD GHSR L HORU GH
OLFR H GL KHSD RFL H 2 DIHF L H DVHP RDUH GDU F SD R H H GLIHUL HV H
HVLGLREODV R D GL SD ROR LD PD UHVSHF L KLSR OLFHPLD LGLRSD LF D FRSLLORU DFHDV
ERDOD KLSHUVHFUH LD GH L V OL HV H H HUD GH IRUPDUHD GH RL FHO OH L V ODUH GL HSL HOL O
FD DOHORU SD FUHD LFH
SURFHVHOH PRUDOH GH UH O FHO OHOH UD VIRUPD H HRSOD LF V OLSVL H GH

OLFR H 3H DFHDV FDUDF HULV LF PH DEROLF D FHO OHORU FD FHURDVH VH ED HD HV O 6FKLOOHU
GL PHGLFL D PD DSOLFD OH L LORU HSL HOLDOH V VSHF H GH PDOL L DUH /H L LOH P FRDVHL
D L DOH VD DOH FRO O L HUL EDGLMR D H F VRO LL SH ED GH LRG U Pk SDOLGH HFRORUD H
v FD GH PDOL L DUH
GHVHD VSROLHUHD OLFR H O L VH SURG FH FR FRPL H F L V DODUHD DO RU GLV URILL

UDV UD OR UDV UD OR DF RODU P O PDL RU GH VHVL D OD HK LFLOH GH U L GH
SUHO FUDUH KLV RSD ROR LF
OLFR H R H H HUDOL D H L PXFRSROLR LGR H

Glicogenozele generalizate FDUDF HUL D H SUL GHILFLH H H LPD LFH HUHGL DUH D IRV
GLD RV LFD H OD HOH VSHFLL GH D LPDOH L FR V D v GHSR L DUHD OLFR H O L v RD H LS ULOH
GH FHO OH P VF ODUH v KHSD RFL H v HIURFL H L v H UR L
7R H LPRSD LLOH HUHGL DUH H SOLF DSDUL LD RU EROL GH V RFDM OL R RPDO v FDUH HOH
O FLGH PD R D I FR D VH DF P OHD L UDFHO ODU GD RUL L V ILFLH HL VD DEVH HL
VL H HL H LPHORU VSHFLILFH PH DEROL ULL ORU
Mucopoliozidozele V DO FD H RULH GH GLV URILL O FLGLFH v FDUH VH SURG FH V RFDUHD
OL R RPDO VD GHSROLPHUL DUHD O FR DPL R OLFD LORU 5HIHUL RU OD FHD GH D GR D VL D LH DFHDV D
V OD ED D SURG FHULL GH HUR L L L OFHUH DOH FDU LODMHORU DU LF ODUH
OLFRID HUR D
OLFRID HUR D HV H IH RPH O GH GHPDVFDUH D O FLGHORU GH FR V L LH L DSDUH
FR VHF L GLV U F LLORU LV ODUH
7. Distrofiile pigmentare
LV URILLOH SL PH DUH VD SL PH D LLOH SD ROR LFH FR V D v
• DSDUL LD L GHSR L DUHD SL PH LORU H GR H L v DO H HV UL GHFk FHOH v FDUH VH

UH VHVF RUPDO
• OLSVD VD L V ILFLH D SL PH LORU H GR H L GL RU D LVP
• DSDUL LD RU SL PH L UH O D L v UPD L FD DEROLVP L FRPSOH
• GHSR L DUHD v HV UL RU D H D RU SL PH L H R H L
6 E GH PLUHD GH SL PH L H GR H L V U SD H V EV D HOH FRORUD H FDUH SR IL

VL H L D H GH FHO OH RUPDOH VD FDUH UH O SUL GH L H UDUHD RU V EV D H RUPDOH
3L PH LL H GR H L v I F LH GH RUL L HD ORU VH FODVLILF v

SL PH L KHPR OREL LFL
• F ILHU
IHUL L D ILHU L DSRIHUL L
KHPRVLGHUL D D UH D H GH IHUL L
• I U ILHU
ELOL HUGL D L ELOLU EL D
KHPD RLGL D
SRUILUL D
D KHPR OREL LFL
• PHOD L D
• OLSRI VFL D
• FHURL LL
• PLR OREL D
HPRVLGHUR D
HPRVLGHUR D HV H SURFHV O GLV URILF FDUDF HUL D SUL DF P ODUHD v H FHV D
KHPRVLGHUL HL v HV ULOH v FDUH DFHV SL PH VH UH VH H v FR GL LL IL LROR LFH GDU L
ORFDOL DUHD v HV UL L RU D H OLSVL H RUPDO GH DV IHO GH GHSR L H 6H DFFHS L LOL DUHD
HUPH O L GH VLGHUR D k SH U H SULPDUHD SL PH D LHL H HUD H GH GHSR L DUHD v
RU D LVP D ILHU O L H R H VSUH H HPSO FHO SUR H L GL DGPL LV UDUHD SUHSDUD HORU SH ED
GH ILHU Fk L FD VL R LP F FHO GH KHPRVLGHUR L GLF RUL L HD H GR H D KHPRVLGHUL HL
HPRVLGHUL D v FD L L UHG VH HV H UH VL IL LROR LF v VSOL RU D LPSOLFD v

PH DEROLVP O ILHU O L DO KHPR OREL HL L v GLV U HUHD HUL URFL HORU v S OPR L v
OLPIR RG ULOH UDKHR EUR LFH OD SRUF v ILFD L G RGH LPSOLFD v DEVRUE LD L HV L DO D
ILHU O L OD DO H VSHFLL
0DFURVFRSLF KHPRVLGHUL D LPSULP HV ULORU R F ORDUH EU U L LH GH GLIHUL H

L H VL L HRUL F UHIOH H PH DOLFH GD RUL R LG ULL ILHU O L
0LFURVFRSLF OD FRORUD LLOH GH U L SL PH O DSDUH UD ODU DOEH EU D UL

ORFDOL D L UDFL RSODVPLF HRUL PDVFk G FOH O 0DFURID HOH LV ODUH VD FHOH FLUF OD H
FDUH D ID RFL D KHPRVLGHUL D SRDU GH PLUHD GH LGHURID H 3H U D GLIHUH LD
KHPRVLGHUL D GH DO L SL PH L VH DSOLF UHDF LD 3HUOV v FDUH KHPRVLGHUL D VH FRORUHD
VSHFLILF v DOEDV U HU L
HPRVLGHUL D VH IRUPHD v UPD GH L H U ULL HUL URFL HORU ID RFL D H GH F UH

PDFURID H HPR OREL D UH O D HV H R LGD v OL R RPL HOLEHUk G ILHU )LHU O v H FHV HV H
V RFD v SUL FLSDO v PDFURID H L KHSD RFL H S k G IL UH LOL D GH F UH RU D LVP VD
FR ULE L G OD IRUPDUHD FRPSOH HORU GH IHUL L S R VHULH GH UHDF LL FKLPLFH v OD LD
D HUH KHPRVLGHUL D FDUH SRD H IL V RFD v OL R RPL VD HV H OLEHU v FL RSODVPD
PDFURID HORU
I F LH GH H LROR LD L GH H L GHUHD OH L LL v SUDF LF VH F RVF PDL P O H LS UL

GH KHPRVLGHUR
• KHPRVLGHUR D IRFDO ORFDOL D ORFDO v U R D PL UH L H D FRUS O L
• KHPRVLGHUR D VLV HPLF H HUDOL D KHPROL LF
• KHPRVLGHUR D VLGHUR D GH D U LD UR H
• KHPRFURPD R D KHPRVLGHUR D SULPDU VD LGLRSD LF ERDO V GLD v SD ROR LD
PD
Hemosideroza localizată VH v UH LV UHD FR VHF L KHPRUD LHL VD D V D HL FUR LFH

GL GLIHUL H RU D H 1RG OLL VLGHUR LFL GL VSOL V GLD RV LFD L OD FkL LL E Uk L FD UPDUH
D VSOH RPH DOLHL GH D U FR HV L SDU V E IRUPD RU IRFDUH G UH OE L SH PDU L LOH
VD SH RD V SUDID D VSOL HL FD GH KHPRUD LH KHPR OREL D UH O D SUL OL D
HUL URFL HORU H UD D D H HV H GH UDGD v PDFURID H L V RFD V E IRUP GH IHUL L VD GH
KHPRVLGHUL 0 O H PDFURID H PL UHD GL IRFDU GDU GDF KHPRUD LD DUH GLPH VL L PDUL
VD GDF VH SURG F KHPRUD LL PLFL UHSH D H PDFURID HOH v F UFD H F KHPRVLGHUL SR IL
UH VL H v HV O L VD FKLDU D L GH LOH 3UL GUH DM OLPID LF KHPRVLGHUL D SRD H DM Hv
OLPIR RG ULOH UH LR DOH DFHV HD F S k G R F ORDUH PDUR UR FD )UHF H OD ORF O HL
KHPRUD LL HFKL SH Ok UD OHOH EU D ULL GH KHPRVLGHUL PDL V GHSLV D H GHSR L H
DOEH V U O FL RDUH GH KHPD RLGL HPD RLGL D HV H IRUPD GL D UH D H GH ELOLU EL
HUHDF LR k G VSHFLILF OD FRORUD LLOH SH U ILHU
L V ILFLH D FDUGLDF FR HV L KHPRVLGHUL D HV H RU GH H LGH LD v

PDFURID HOH DO HRODUH DOH S OPR O L v FHO OHOH . SIIHU GL ILFD v PDFURID HOH VSOH LFH
HF FD O S OPR O L VLGHURID HOH DO HRODUH D F S D GH PLUHD VSHFLILF GH HO OH
DUGLD H L GLFk G DV IHO RUL L HD OH L LL S OPR DUH UHVSHF L S OPR GH V D FD D GH
L V ILFLH D FDUGLDF
HPR LGHUR D L HPL KHPROL LF VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL FDS DUHD KHPRVLGHUL HL GH
F UH PDFURID HOH VSOH LFH KHSD LFH DOH P G HL RVRDVH KHSD RFL H HIURFL H FHO OH
SD FUHD LFH PR RFL H PLRFDUGRFL H ORFDUHD VLV HP O L PDFURID LF GH HUPL FUH HUHD
UHFHS L L LL RU D LVPHORU ID GH D H L SR H LDOL SD R H L
Hemosideroza generalizată, hemolitică DSDUH v FD GH KHPROL VH HU L SHUVLV H

L v VL GURDPHOH KHPRUD LSDUH , L LDO GHSR L H PDVL H GH KHPRVLGHUL VH IRUPHD v
PDFURID HOH VSOH LFH KHSD LFH L v FHOH GL P G D RVRDV FHV H FHO OH SDU LFLS v PRG
RUPDO OD GH UDGDUHD HUL URFL HORU DF HV H GHS L FDSDFL D HD PDFURID HORU GH D V RFD
KHPRVLGHUL D SL PH O HV H GHSR L D v KHSD RFL H PLRFDUGRFL H HSL HOL O L V OHORU
/D HUKD V GL SD FUHDV HIURFL H L v DO H PDFURID H GL GLIHUL H RU D H
OL LF SUL H DPH O VD L VH S v H LGH VLGHURID H FLUF OD H LDU v

VHGLPH O UL DU DSDU FLOL GULL KHPRVLGHUL LFL FD UPDUH D GLV U HULL HSL HOL O L GLV URILF DO
ELORU UH DOL
HPRVLGHUR D DUH FDUDF HU UH HUVLELO DF VH v GHS U HD FD D UHVSR VDELO GH

KHPROL H FHV O GH ILHU HV H UHS D UH LOL D GH RU D LVP RU D HOH DIHF D H UH H L G OD
RUPDO
2 FRPSOLFD LH D KHPRVLGHUR HL UH DOH KHSD LFH S OPR DUH FR V v GHFOD DUHD

SURFHV O L GH ILEUR DUH L HUV L LDO 1 VH F RVF PHFD LVPHOH L LPH LPSOLFD H v SURFHV O
GH ILEUR DUH GRDU LL SD ROR L SOHGk G SH U R LFL D HD ILHU O L DFHDV D ILL G SUL FLSDOD
FD v L V L LUHD FLUR HL KHSD LFH
L G UD LD EU D S OPR O L SH IR G GH V D S OPR DU VH L V L LH L
ILEUR DUHD L HUV L LDO 6 DUHD GH KLSR LH LV ODU SUHO L ID RUL HD KHPROL D F
GHFOD DUHD KHPRVLGHUR HL ORFDOH GDU SURG FH L GLV U HUL FHO ODUH L V L L G VH SURFHV O
GH ILEUR VFOHUR (V H DGH UD F FHOH GR OH L L FRH LV KHPRVLGHUR D L VFOHUR D
GDU v F HV H FODU LPSOLFDUHD SL PH O L v GHFOD DUHD ILEUR ULL S OPR DUH
(IHF O G RU DO KHPRVLGHUR HL ORFDOH L H HUDOH FR V v SULP O Uk G v EORFDUHD

VLV HP O L PDFURID LF PR R FOHDU GH HUPL k G VF GHUHD UH LV H HL HVSHFLILFH D
RU D LVP O L
FD O siderozei de natură iatrogenă v kO L OD L HUH O D LPDOHORU GH IHUP ILH

SUL V SUDGR DUH ILH SUL L RF ODUHD SUHSDUD HORU SH ED GH ILHU OD D LPDOH KLSR UHSVLFH VH
DM H OD R V DUH GH L R LFD LH VLGHUL LF
RORUD LD U L LH VH SRD H OLPL D OD P VF OD UD v FDUH V D L RF OD SUHSDUD HOH SH

ED GH ILHU L v OLPIR RG O UH LR DO VD VH SRD H H HUDOL D v RU D LVP G Fk G OD EORFDUHD
VLV HP O L PDFURID LF L OD DSDUL LD DO RU FRPSOLFD LL
,F HUXO
,F HU O HV H SL PH D LD SD ROR LF SURG V GH HKLF ODUHD SH FDOH VD L D
SL PH LORU ELOLDUL ELOLU EL D L ELOL HUGL D SL PH L KHPR OREL LFL I U ILHU FDUH LPSULP
HV ULORU R F ORDUH GH DOEH FL UL VD DOEH SRU RFDOL
3L PH LL ELOLDUL VH SURG F FR L v RU D LVP SUL GH UDGDUHD SRU L LL KHP D

KHPR OREL HL UPD FD DEROL ULL KHP O L v PDFURID H VH IRUPHD ELOL HUGL L O HULRU
ELOLU EL , HFR M D VD L GLUHF LOLU E D , HV H L VRO ELO v DS L VRO ELO v
U VLPL /H D GH R DOE PL L UD VSRU D SH FDOH SODVPD LF ELOLU EL D , HV H FDS D GH
KHSD RFL v FL RSODVPD F U LD VH SURG FH O F UR RFR M DUHD FHV SURFHV GH GH R LILHUH
HV H HFHVDU IRUP ULL ELOLU EL HL ,, FR M D VD GLUHF SL PH O GH H L G VRO ELO v DS
LOLU EL D FR M D SUL L HUPHGL O FD DOLF OHORU ELOLDUH VH HOLPL v ELO L O HULRU v
L HV L O PH O L HV L DO VH IRUPHD URELOL R H O FDUH D IL HOLPL D GL RU D LVP
SUL IHFDOH V E IRUP GH V HUFRELOL R H L SUL UL V E IRUP GH URELOL
OL LF SL PH DUHD HV ULORU GHFRORUD H GH L H L LELO D FL Fk G FR FH UD LD GH

ELOLU EL GL SODVP D L H DORUL GH DSUR LPD L GR RUL PDL PDUL GHFk RUPDO
0 FRDVHOH VFOHUR LFD SLHOHD GHSL PH D L RU D HOH L HU H FDS GLIHUL H D H GH
DOEH FD O v FDUH FR FH UD LD PDUH GH ELOLU EL HFR M D SHUVLV Fk H D LOH
SL PH O ILL G VRO ELO v U VLPL D FRORUD HV O DGLSRV FR GL LLOH v FDUH ELOLU EL D GL
SODVP D L H DORUL GH RUL PDL PDUL GHFk RUPDO R SDU H GL SL PH O DM V v
HV UL VH R LGHD Gk G D HUH ELOL HUGL HL FDUH LPSULP R H HU LH HV ULORU
I F LH GH PHFD LVP O GH SURG FHUH VH GLVF GHVSUH LF HU SUHKHSD LF LF HU KHSD LF

KHSD R R LF L LF HU SRV KHSD LF
,F HUXO SUHKHSD LF KHPROL LF VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R SURG FHUH H FHVL GH

ELOLU EL FDUH GHS H H FDSDFL D HD ILFD O L GH O F UR R FR M DUH L VH H SLP FOL LF
SUL FRORUDUHD v DOEH FL UL D SLHOLL L P FRDVHORU V SUDFRORUDUHD IHFDOHORU
V HUFRELOL R H DFRO ULH KHPR OREL ULH L DSDUL LD GH FLOL GULL KHPR OREL ULFL /D RD H
DFHV HD VH DGD KHPRVLGHUR D H HUDOL D
,F HU O SUHKHSD LF VH L V DOHD v EROL KHPROL LFH F H LROR LH R LF L R LFD LH F

L UD L F SU IH R LD L SDUD L DU KHPRVSRULGLR H VD L IHF LRDV OHS RVSLUR D D HPLD
L IHF LRDV HF L O H FD H V UHSUH H D H GH
• KHPD RSRLH GHIHF RDV F GLV U HUHD SUHF UVRULORU HUL URFL DUL GL P G
• LF HU O R VF LORU GD RUD L FRPSD LELOL LORU GH U S VD L GL UH S UL L
• KHPRUD LLOH PDVL H VD L IDUF O KHPRUD LF GH GLPH VL L PDUL
FR GL LLOH HL KHPROL H PDVL H ELOLU EL D HFR M D ILL G v FD L D H IRDU H

PDUH GHS H H FDSDFL D HD GH O F UR RFR M DUH D ILFD O L )LFD O SRD H SUHO FUD RD
ELOLU EL D GRDU R SDU H GL HD ILL G O F UR RFR M D LOD FR L H FD L L PDUL GH
ELOLU EL 8URELOL R H O IRUPD v L HV L VH D HOLPL D D k SH FDOH UL DU Fk L SH FDOH
GL HV L V SUDFRORUk G IHFDOHOH FD UPDUH D H FHV O L GH V HUFRELOL R H 8UL D HV H GH
DVHPH HD L H V FRORUD UL DSDUH ELOLU EL D DFRO ULH VD LF HU DFRO ULF VD V U ULOH

ELOLDUH
0LFURVFRSLF DO UL GH SL PH LL ELOLDUL GL KHSD RFL H UD OH PDUR HU L VD

DOEH H VH H LGH LHD KHPRVLGHUL D FDS D GH FHO OHOH . SIIHU
,F HUXO KHSD LF KHSD R R LF KHSD RFHOXODU DUH OD ED R VHULH GH OH L L UD H

KHSD RFL DUH FDUH G F OD
• L FDSDFL D HD KHSD RFL HORU GH D SUHO D ELOLU EL D OLSVD UHFHS RULORU PHPEUD DUL
• L FDSDFL D HD KHSD RFL HORU GH D FR M D ELOLU EL D VH UHG FH DF L L D HD H LPHL
O F UR LO UD VIHUD D GL GLIHUL H FD H H H LF L KLEL RUL H LPD LFL FRORV UDOL
L DPL D . FORUDPIH LFRO LPD UL D H KHSD LF
• L FDSDFL D HD KHSD RFL HORU GH D H FUH D ELOLU EL D SHU UEDUHD PHFD LVPHORU GH
H FUH LH GHIHF H DOH FD DOLF OHORU ELOLDUH
,F HU O KHSD LF SURG V SUL L FDSDFL D HD KHSD LF GH D SUHO D ELOLU EL D HV H UDU L GH

UH O FR ULE LH OD DFFH DUHD LF HU O L SURG V SUL DO H PHFD LVPH SDUH HRUL OD R
VF L SODVP VH DF P OHD R FD L D H PDUH GH ELOLU EL HFR M D
,F HU O KHSD LF SURG V SUL L FDSDFL D HD KHSD RFL HORU GH D FR M D ELOLU EL D DSDUH FD

UPDUH D UHG FHULL DF L L LL H LPHL O F UR LO UD VIHUD D HFHVDU FR M ULL ELOLU EL HL
5HG FHUHD DF L L LL H LPD LFH HV H GH HUPL D H H LF VD SUL DF L HD RU L KLEL RUL
H LPD LFL FDUH H LV v FRORV U O PD HU DFHDV O LP VL D LH LF HU O VH GHFOD HD
G S SULP O V S
FD O R VF LORU LF HU O SRD H IL H SOLFD L SUL LPD UL D HD PRUIR I F LR DO

D ILFD O L S DL HUHD PD UL LL ILFD O L LF HU O GLVSDUH
,F HU O KHSD LF SURG V SUL L FDSDFL D HD KHSD RFL HORU GH D H FUH D ELOLU EL D SUL
SHU UEDUHD PHFD LVP O L GH H FUH LH ILH GD RUL RU GHIHF H v V U F UD FD DOLF OHORU
ELOLDUH HV H LF HU GH UH H LH VD SUL FROHV D PEHOH LS UL GH ELOLU EL VH UH VHVF v
SODVP LOLU EL D FR M D VH HOLPL SUL UL FRO ULH
FD O HL L V ILFLH H KHSD LFH UD H FD L D HD GH ELOLU EL FR M D FDUH DM H

v L HV L HV H H UHP GH UHG V FHHD FH H SOLF GHFRORUDUHD DFFH D D IHFDOHORU
0LFURVFRSLF SL PH LL ELOLDUL DSDU H LGH L v KHSD RFL H GLOD k G L REV U k G
FD DOLF OHOH ELOLDUH I F LH PHFD LVP O GH SURG FHUH SUH H D SL PH LORU VH DVRFLHD F
OH L L GH LS O KHSD R HL KHSD L HL R LFH SDUH FKLPD RDVH
,F HUXO SRV KHSD LF GH V D REV UXF L PHFD LF VDX GH UHVRUE LH VH SURG FH v

RULFH VL D LH FDUH GH HUPL DSDUL LD REV DFROHORU v HOLPL DUHD ELOHL OL LF HO VH DVRFLD F
SU UL H SOLFD SUL UH H LD V U ULORU ELOLDUH L F R FUH HUH H LGH D ELOLU EL HL FR M D H v
Vk H ( LROR LD HV H IRDU H GL HUV OL LD ELOLDU V H R H DOH FD DOHORU ELOLDUH FDUFL RDPH DOH
FD DOHORU ELOLDUH FROD L H IDVFLROR D GLFURFHOLR D HLPHULR D KHSD LF D LHS ULORU
FRPSUHVL L DV SUD FD DOHORU ELOLDUH SURG VH GL H HULRU GH SURFHVH PRUDOH GH RO D H v
RU D HOH v HFL D H L GH FKLV UL KLGD LFH ,F HU O REV U F L L FO GH L OH L LOH L UDKHSD LFH
FDUH SURG F FROHV D , IODPD LLOH VD PRULOH KHSD LFH SR EORFD PHURDVH FD DOH ELOLDUH L
GHFL H SOLF L V DODUHD V D HL ELOLDUH 7R v DFHDV FD H RULH VH v FDGUHD L VL D LD EORF ULL
GHVFKLGHULL FD DO O L FROHGRF FR VHF L G RGH L HORU L D PL U ULL RU SDUD L L GL O PH O
L HV L DO v FD DO O FROHGRF
R FH UD LD GH ELOLU EL GL SODVP FUH H UHS D VL G VH FD L L PDUL GH

ELOLU EL FR M D L GRDU R RDU FUH HUH D ELOLU EL HL HFR M D H FD DOLF OHOH ELOLDUH
VH IRUPHD URPEL ELOLDUL LDU v KHSD RFL H FRUSL ELOLDUL LOLU EL D FR M D GL SODVP HV H
H FUH D SUL UL FRO ULH LDU OLSVD GUH ULL ELOHL v L HV L D D HD GUHS FR VHFL R
GHFRORUDUH D IHFDOHORU 7R RGD IHFDOHOH FDS DVSHF UDV V HD RUHH GD RUL OLSVHL
HP OVLR ULL U VLPLORU 3UL SHU UEDUHD HFKLOLEU O L IORUHL PLFURELH H L HV L DOH VH DM H
OD R VL H L V ILFLH GH L DPL D . PHU k G Sk OD KLSR URPEL HPLH L LPSOLFL OD
DSDUL LD VL GURP O L KHPRUD LSDU GLD H D KHPRUD LF
,F HUXO PL VH SRD H L V DOD v LPS L L LDO v FDGUk G VH v DO LS GH LF HU H LF HU

PHFD LF LDU O HULRU GD RUL FRPSOLFD LLORU V GH L FRPSOH H L LF HU KHSD LF (O
H RO HD v FR H O KHSD L HORU FUR LFH VH HUH DGHVHD F H LROR LH LUDO
R VHFL HOH LF HU O L v H HUDO V SHULF ORDVH (O L GLF R VHULH GH GLVI F LL UD H

ILL G R IRUP GH PD LIHV DUH D L V ILFLH HL KHSD LFH /D R VF L v V v .HU LF HU LF HU O
FOHDU FH UDO FDUH DIHF HD FUHLHU O ELOLU EL D GHS H H EDULHUD KHPD R H FHIDOLF LPD U
OD DFHDV kUV DFHDV VL D LH ELOLU EL D HV H R LF SURG Fk G HFUR H DOH V EV D HL
HU RDVH FH LL 6H FR V D HFUR H H UR DOH SUROLIHUDUHD DV URFL HORU L D FHO OHORU
PLFUR OLDOH 6H PDL DGPL H SRVLELOL D HD L G FHULL GH OH L L UH DOH L V DOk G VH HIUR D ELOLDU
VD E OR HFUR D ELOLDU GLD RV LFD v LF HU O D LPDOHORU 3UL UH H LD SUHO L GH ELO VH
SRD H SURG FH FLUR D ELOLDU
3RUILULD
3RUILULD FR V v GHSR L DUHD SRUILUL HORU D LPDOH VD D SRUILUL HORU H H DOH v
GLIHUL H HV UL VD RU D H 3RUILUL D D LPDO SUR RSRUILUL D L U v V U F UD KHPR OREL HL
ILL G SL PH KHPR OREL LF I U ILHU
3URFHV O GLV URILF SRUILULD SRD H IL FD D GH
• GHILFLH H DOH H LPHORU FDUH L HU L v VL H D KHP O L FHHD FH D ID RUL D R

SURG F LH H FHVL GH SRUILUL VD GH SUHF UVRUL DL DFHV HLD
• OD LL L GL L L F GHILFLH H H H LFH DGPL LV UDUHD RU PHGLFDPH H
EDUEL ULFHOH V OIR DPLGHOH ULVHRI O L D HV UR H LL SUR HV HUR O
ROE DPLG O ID RUL HD DF P ODUHD SRUILUL HORU
• DSRU O VSRUL GH SRUILUL H H H DOH FDUH SR IL FD DEROL D H L UDKHSD RFL DU
OH L LOH ILL G P O PDL GUDV LFH v FD O SUHH LV H HL V IHUL HL KHSD RFL DUH
H HUDO SRUILULLOH GH HUPL UHL LS UL GH OH L L

• OH L L F D D H FDUH DSDU v UPD IH RPH O L GH IR RVH VLELOL DUH GHFOD D GH
DF P ODUHD SRUILUL HORU v SLHOH DSDU D k v SRUILULD GH D U KHSD LF Fk L v FHD
GH D U HUL URSRLH LF
• OH L L FHUHEUDOH L DOH VLV HP O L HU RV SHULIHULF IUHF H v SRUILULD GH D U
KHSD LF PH LR P F VH F RD H H DF PHFD LVP O SUL FDUH DFLG O GHO D
DPL R OH OL LF L SRUIRELOL R H O OH HD VLV HP O HU RV
• OH L L KHSD LFH SURG VH HRUL GRDU SUL VLPSOD DF P ODUH D SRUILUL HL v ILFD
3RUILULD SRD H IL GH D U HUL URSRLH LF L GH D U KHSD LF
3RUILULD HUL URSRLH LF VHP DOD OD ER L H V L H L IHOL H DUH GH HUPL LVP H H LF

L FR V v IRUPDUHD v H FHV D SRUILUL HORU v LPS O VL H HL GH KHP v P G D KHPD R H
DF P ODUHD ORU v HUL URFL H L DSRL HOLEHUDUHD v SODVP 3RUILUL HOH VH ORFDOL HD v SLHOH L v
DO H HV UL VD VH HOLPL SUL UL L ELO 3UL FLSDOHOH PD LIHV UL FOL LFH L OH LR DOH
FR V D v
• IHF DUHD DSDUD O L H FUH RU SL PH O HOLPL D SUL UL vL FR IHU DFHV HLD R

F ORDUH GH UR EU F ORDUH FDUH VH L H VLILF OD O PL HV H SRVLELO FD LPHGLD
G S PLF L H UL D V ILH GH F ORDUH RUPDO GH H L G EU v LPS 3RUILUL D
HV H SDU LDO DEVRUEL GH HSL HOL O ELORU FR RU L SUR LPDOL FR IHUL G RU D O L
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IH RPH O L GH IR RVH VLELOL DUH /D D LPDOHOH GHSL PH D H H S VH OD O PL D
VRODU L L LDO VH L V DOHD HUL HP O UPD GH IRUPDUHD GH H LF OH ORFDOL D H v UH
HSLGHUP L GHUP FHV HD VH L GHF SUL IRUPDUHD GH FLFD ULFH SL PH D H DF
OH L LOH VH D UD HD VH SRD H DM H OD V DGL O GH D UH F D D UPD GH
D RP LODUHD D LPDO O L
• IHF DUHD HV O L RVRV P G HL RVRDVH L D GH L HL SL PH O FR IHU R
FRORUD LH DOEH UR UR LD LF OD L HUH VD EU OD D LPDOHOH DG O H DFHV RU
HV UL L FD D SL PH ULL VSHFLILFH D GL LORU OD V L H DIHF L HD HV H UH VL
v OL HUD U V E GH PLUHD GH RDOD GL LORU UR , FRUHF SL PH DUHD RDVHORU VH
PDL PH H RV HRKHPRFURPD R
• IHF DUHD VSOL HL GD RUL IUD LOL LL HUL URFL DUH VH SURG FH R D HPLH KHPROL LF
GH GLIHUL H UDGH v VR L GH VSOH RPH DOLH DF D HPLD HV H IRDU H VH HU VH SRD H
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V GH RUL L H H H LF SD ROR LD H HUL DU V GHVFULVH SRUILULL KHSD LFH GREk GL H
SURG VH GH V EV D H KHSD R R LFH GH H HPSO v L R LFD LD F SO PE VD F H UDFORU U GH
FDUER v L V ILFLH H KHSD LFH UD H VD v DO H VL D LL F P DU IL DSRU O H R H GH
V EV D H FDUH SHU UE PH DEROL DUHD SRUILUL HORU HOH PDL GUDPD LFH V OH L LOH F D D H
DVHP RDUH F FHOH GHVFULVH v FDGU O SRUILULHL HUL URSRLH LFH DS Uk G OD D LPDOHOH
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PHOD L HL KLSRPHOD R H VD H FHV O PHOD L HL KLSHUPHOD R H
0HOD L D SL PH H GR H D KHPR OREL LF HV H UH VL v FHO OHOH V UD O L ED DO DO

HSLGHUP O L v FHO OHOH SL PH DUH DOH RFKL O L v OHS RPH L H L v DO H HV UL GL
RU D LVP 0HOD RFL HOH VH H LGH LD KLV RFKLPLF SUL UHDF LD 23 ILL G VL UHOH FHO OH
FDSDELOH V UD VIRUPH GLKLGUR LIH LODOD L D v PHOD L SUL SUH H D H LPHL LUR L D (OH
SUR L GL PHOD REODV H FHO OH F RUL L H H URHF RGHUPLF 0HOD RFL HOH SR UD VPL H
SL PH O DO RU FHO OH GL HSLGHUP GH PL H FHO OH PHOD RIRUH OD FRORUD LLOH GH U L VH
SR GLIHUH LD GH PHOD RFL H 3UL GLV U HUHD PHOD RFL HORU 23 SR L L H L D FHO OHORU
PHOD RIRUH 23 H D L H PHOD L D HOLEHUD v HV HV H ID RFL D GH PDFURID H

PHOD RID H
6L H D GH PHOD L HV H FR UROD KRUPR DO 3L PH O GH HUPL F ORDUHD SLHOLL

FR IHUL G L SUR HF LH ID GH UD HOH O UD LROH H 0LFURVFRSLF PHOD L D HV H UH VL
L UDFHO ODU VD H UDFHO ODU V E IRUP GH UD OH IL H GH F ORDUH EU H ULFLRDV HRUL GH
IRUP DO L 0HOD L D VH GHFRORUHD SUL UD DUHD VHF L LORU KLV ROR LFH F DS R L H D
VD F SHUPD D D GH SR DVL
Hiperpigment ia melanică sau hipermelanoza
LSHUPHOD R D DSDUH SDUDIL LROR LF OD L HUH O U PH RDUHORU V E IRUP GLI

v H ULUHD LVFHUHORU VD PDF OD DSDUL LD GH SH H H UH DIHF k G ILFD O UL LFKLL
PLRFDUG O S OPR O PH L HOH L LPD DRU HL RDVHOH IRUPD PDF ODU RU D HOH FDS
DVSHF GH DEO GH DK RD H F PD LIHV DUHD PRUIROR LF HV H VSHF DF ORDV FR IHUL G
DVSHF GH D UHDELO RU D HORU DSDU LPSOLFD LL SD ROR LFH UD H 3L PH D LD GLVSDUH R
GD F v DL DUHD v kUV
LSHUPHOD R D KLSHUSL PH DUHD F D D DSDUH v SHU UE UL KRUPR DOH F P DU IL

ERDOD GGLVR EL H V GLD v SD ROR LD PD L UHSURG V H SHULPH DO OD FDO RDOD VH
DVRFLD F R FUH HUH D VHFUH LHL GH KRUPR PHOD RFL R V LP OD RU F UHG FHUHD VD OLSVD
VHFUH LHL GH 7 L F L V DODUHD VL GURP O L GH KLSRFRU LFLVP L V ILFLH GH V SUDUH DO
DFHV H FR GL LL FUH H VL H D GH PHOD L
FFH DUHD SL PH D LHL F D D H VH PDL v UH LV UHD v KLSR L DPL R D FDUH D

v L DPL D ERDOD D FKHU VD FR VHF L DGPL LV U ULL RU PHGLFDPH H V OIR DPLGH
H UDFLFOL H FORUSURPD L D 0HOD R D PDF OD VD KLSHUSL PH DUHD GLI DSDUH v
UH L HD SHUL HDO OD FkL LL F VL GURP O GH IHPL L DUH v FD GH PRUL HV LF ODUH F FHO OH
6HU ROL L OD F HOHOH F KLSHUHV UR H LVP
0HOD RFL HOH SR IL LPSOLFD H v SURFHV O PRUDO KLSHUSOD LD ORU GH HUPL k G DSDUL LD
PHOD RFL RDPHORU L D PHOD RDPHORU PDOL H
Depigmentările melanice sau hipomelanozele
LSRPHOD R H FR V D v VL H D L V ILFLH D PHOD L HL VD v UHG FHUHD P U O L

GH PHOD RFL H
OEL L P O HV H R KLSRPHOD R H HUDOL D FR H L DO SHUPD H GH HUPL D

H H LF L H SULPD PRUIROR LF SUL GHSL PH DUHD S U O L SLHOLL VD SH HORU L SUL DSDUL LD
L LULV GH F ORDUH UR UR LD LF 0HOD RFL HOH V SUH H H GDU SR VL H L D SL PH O
LPDOHOH V VH VLELOH OD DF L HD UD HORU O UD LROH H GH RO k G IUHF H IR RGHUPD L H L
PRUL F D D H 0H LR P F DOEL LVP O SRD H UHSUH H D R U V U GH UDV OD HOH VSHFLL
GH D LPDOH GH ODERUD RU
LSRPHOD R HOH ORFDOL D H VH H SULP V E IRUP GH SH H DOEH F D D H L SRDU

GH PLUHD GH OH RGHUPLH F H LROR LH UD PD LF L GH L LOL R GHSL PH DUH SUREDELO
H LROR LH H UR KRUPR DO
OH RGHUPLH PHOD RFL HOH V GLV U VH GH IDF RU O UD PD LF GLVS Uk G GL U

D PL HUL RUL 3H H VD G L DOELFLRDVH GHFRORUD H DSDU FR VHF L FULRPDUF ULL VD v
R HOH GH IRUPDUH D RU FLFD ULFH PDUL /D FDO v G UL 7U SD R RPD HT LSHUG P L v
H D HP O FRL DO KHUSHV LUR VH FR V D R H GHSL PH D H SHULD DO SHUL HDO L SHUL O DU
/H FRGHUPLD SRD H IL v VR L GH OH R UL LH DOELUHD S U O L v R HOH GH OH FRGHUPLH
/H FR ULFKLD VH PDL VHP DOHD v FDUH D v F SU SURG Fk G VH R GHSL PH DUH D S U O L
VD D SH HORU
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VLV HPLF L GLVFRLG VL GURP O HR GHUPD ROR LF FD L
D L v F U LUHD HV H R IRUP GH GHSL PH DUH D S U O L OD D LPDOHOH E Uk H (D

HV H FR VHFL D UHG FHULL VL H HL GH PHOD L VD D LPSRVLELOL LL UD VIHU ULL PHOD L HL GL
PHOD RFL H v FHO OHOH PHOD RIRUH DOH IROLF O O L SLORV
9 O R VH PD LIHV V E IRUP GH SH H HUH OD H GHSL PH D H REVHU D H OD FkL H L

IRDU H UDU OD SLVLF )UHF H OD SHULIHULD R HORU DOEH HV H VHVL D HUL RUL GH
KLSHUSL PH DUH ( LV R H GL GH H L GHUH SUR UHVL D OH L LL L LOL R VH DVRFLD F
OH FR ULFKLD 0LFURVFRSLF VH UHPDUF OH L L GH H HUD L H DOH PHOD RFL HORU L FKLDU GLVSDUL LD
ORU ( LROR LD HV H HO P UL L FULPL k G VH IDF RUL H UR KRUPR DOL VD PHFD LVPH
LP ROR LFH /D FkL H HV H FL D R GHSL PH DUH LGLRSD LF D DV O L GHIL L GUHS L LOL R
/LSRIXVFL R D
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SL PH O FR IHUL G HV ULORU R H EU /LSRI VFL R D VH PDLIHV v GHRVHEL v PLRFDUG
D URILD EU D PLRFDUG O L v ILEUHOH P VF ODUH V ULD H VFKHOH LFH v OHLRPLRFL H L v ILFD
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FRORUDUH v DOEH EU D SHUH HO L L HV L DO GD RUD DF P O ULL GH SL PH v OHLRPLRFL H
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FHO OHOH vPE Uk L H PDL DOHV v PLRFDUGRFL H L H UR L L v FHO OHOH F OH L L FUR LFH
7L F RULDOL D HD HV H DULDELO GHSL k G GH FRPSR L LD FKLPLF D OLSRI VFL HL L GH UDG O GH
GH UDGDUH OL R RPDO D V EV D HORU D L D HD GH SL PH HV H GLUHF SURSRU LR DO F UDG O
GH DO HUDUH D PHPEUD HORU FHO ODUH PLRFDUGRFL H OLSRI VFL D VH DF P OHD SUHIHUH LDO OD
SROLL FOH O L V E IRUP GH FRUSL UH LG DOL
/LSRI VFL D HV H FRPSOH SROLPHUL D IRUPD GL UHV UL GH DFL L UD L SHUR LGD L

SHS LGH L O FLGH ILL G SURG V L VRO ELO GH GH UDGDUH OL R RPDO D PHPEUD HORU
RU D L HORU FHO ODUH /LSRI VFL R D HV H ID RUL D GH UD LL ER D H v DFL L UD L HVD UD L L
HV H VHP DOD v KLSR L DPL R ( L KLSRVHOH R
HURLG O HV H SL PH DVHP RU OLSRI VFL HL FDUH UH O SUL R LGDUHD D RUPDO

D OLSLGHORU HURLG O SRD H IL GHSLV D L v DO H FHO OH GHFk FHOH DPL L H D HULRU L VH
FDUDF HUL HD SUL UHDF LH SR L L OD FRORUD LD LHKO 1HHOVH
/LSRI VFL R D L GLF UDG O GH DO HUDUH FHO ODU LDU GLD RV LFDUHD HL OD D LPDOHOH
DED RUL D H D LPS H FR ILVFDUHD RU D HORU DIHF D H
1HIUR D PLR OREL XULF

0LR OREL D L KHPR OREL D D V U F UL FKLPLFH DVHP RDUH FD L D HD GH
PLR OREL L IO H k G F ORDUHD GLIHUL HORU U SH P VF ODUH LV U HULOH PDVL H GH HV
P VF ODU V ULD v kO L H v PLRSD LLOH PLR OREL ULFH SDUDOL LFH OD FDEDOL H L D UL H
GH HUPL VHF GDU OH L L UH DOH F IRUPDUHD GH FLOL GUL FHO ODUL L PLR OREL LFL /D
H DPH O ELRFKLPLF VH FR V D PLR OREL HPLH L PLR OREL ULH 5L LFKLL V EU L v
R DOL D H VD HV H SL PH D GRDU FRU LFDOD UH DO v PHG ODU REVHU k G VH V UL UL EU H
/H L L UH DOH DVHP RDUH VH FR V D L v FD ULOH GH KHPROL PDVL FDUH
GH HUPL KHPR OREL ULH L IRUPDUHD GH FLOL GUL FHO ODUL L KHPR OREL ULFL
UDFR D
UDFR D HV H FHD PDL U VSk GL SL PH D LH H R H L LS LPSRU D GH
S H PRFR LR EROL S OPR DUH SURG VH GH S OEHUL L KDOD H UDFR D VHP LILF R
DF P ODUH GH S OEHUL GH FDUER v SDUH FKLP O S OPR DU L v OLPIRFH ULL UDKHREUR KLFL L
PHGLDV L DOL (D HV H GLD RV LFD OD D LPDOHOH GH DSDU DPH FDUH D SURSULH DUL I P RUL VD
OD D LPDOHOH GL RUD HOH SRO D H L GL UH L LOH PL LHUH
3 OEHULOH L KDOD H SDU LDO V v ORED H v P F V O H LV H SH V SUDID D P FRDVHL

F LORU UHVSLUD RULL L HOLPL D H GD RUL PL F ULORU UH UR UDGH D FLOLORU FHO OHORU HSL HOLDOH
3 OEHULOH FDUH DM v S OPR V FDS D H GH PDFURID HOH DO HRODUH ILL G UD VSRU D H
O HULRU SUL GUH DM OLPID LF v OLPIR RG ULOH UH LR DOH UH D HOH GH S OEHUL GH FDUER SR
L G FH R UHDF LH GH ILEUR DUH L HPIL HP S OPR DU OH L L GHVFULVH v S H PRFR LR D
PL HULORU
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3 F H IL H H ULFLRDVH VH LGH LILF L SH V SUDID D GH VHF L H D OLPIR RG ULORU
UH LR DOH
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UD D H F F UE H PHGLFL DO
0LFURVFRSLF SL PH O GH F ORDUH HD U VH UH VH H v UH L LOH FH URDFL DUH v

SOH U v UH L LOH SHUL DVF ODUH GL S OPR L v PDFURID HOH GL OLPIR RG UL
O H S H PRFR LR H VLOLFR D DVEHV R D DO PL R D V FRUHOD H F OH L L L PD LIHV UL FOL LFH

UD H GH HUPL k G SURFHVH L IODPD RULL L PRUDOH H H HPSO DVEHV R D HV H L FULPL D v DSDUL LD
PH R HOLRP O L
8. Distrofiile minerale
LV URILLOH PL HUDOH FR V D v SHU UEDUHD PH DEROLVP O L PL HUDO F SUHFLSL DUHD
V U ULORU GH FDOFL VD D DO RU V U UL PL HUDOH v L HULRU O FHO OHORU VD H UDFHO ODU SH
PLFUR FOHH GH SUHFLSL DUH
L FDGU O GLV URILLORU PL HUDOH IDF SDU H

DOFLILFDUHD KH HUR RSLF
DO LIL DUHD PH D D L OV
OF I F G V RI F
OF R F OF I F S O
2V HRGLV URILLOH
2V RSR R
5 V
2V R O F
2V RG V RI IE R V
DOFXOR D OL LD D
R FUHPH H L SVHXGRFR FUHPH H
DOFLILFDUHD KH HUR RSLF
DOFLILFDUHD KH HUR RSLF HV H R FDOFLILFDUH SD ROR LF FR V k G v GHSR L DUHD

V U ULORU GH FDOFL v H HULRU O PD ULFHL RVRDVH
OF I F V F OV
DOFLILFDUHD PH DV D LF VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL FDUDF HU H HUDOL D v R RU D LVP O
DSDUH v FR GL LL GH KLSHUFDOFHPLH DIHF HD HV UL L H UH L HV H DFRPSD LD GH
GHPL HUDOL UL RVRDVH RV HRGLV URILL RV HROL
D HOH PDMRUH DOH KDOLV HUH HL V GH HFKLOLEUHOH KRUPR DOH L R LFD LD F L DPL D
FR V P O GH SOD H FH FR L SUL FLSLL FDOFL R H H LFH DOFL R D H RR LF HIURSD LLOH
UD H L V ILFLH D UH DO PRULOH RVRDVH FDUDF HUL D H SUL U R DFFH DUH D FD DEROLVP O L
RVRV RV HRVDUFRDPHOH PLHORP O P O LSO DOFLILFDUHD PH DV D LF VH SURG FH D k v
KLSHUSDUD LURLGLVP Fk L v KLSRSDUD LURLGLVP 3DUD KRUPR O V LP OHD DEVRUE LD FDOFL O L L
GHFDOFLILHUHD HV O L RVRV H HUk G KLSHUFDOFHPLH GDU GH HUPL L VF GHUHD FDSDFL LL GH
UHDEVRUE LH D IRVIRU O L H HUk G KLSHUIRVID HPLH L KLSHUFDOFHPLH L v FD O HIURSD LLORU
VH HUH HV H ID RUL D UH H LD IRVID LORU FDUH v IL DO GH HUPL R KLSHUFDOFHPLH
DOFL VH DF P OHD L UDFHO ODU L L LDO v V U F UD PL RFR GULLORU DIHF k G O HULRU

PHPEUD HOH ED DOH L V U F ULOH HODV LFH 2U D HOH DIHF D H V UHSUH H D H GH FHOH FDUH D
S LV ODU ORFDO RU DOFDOL GD RUL HOLPL ULL GH VHFUH LL F S DFLG P FRDVD DV ULF
S OPR UL LFKL SHUH LL DVHORU VD L H UL LFKL VH L V DOHD HIURFDOFL R D F IRUPDUHD
GH FLOL GUL FDOFDUL L GH L IDUF H FDOFDUH
I F LH GH DE GH D GHSR L HORU L GH ID D v FDUH D IRV V USUL V SURFHV O V

L LELOH v R GHD D PRGLILF UL PDFURVFRSLFH FDUH V L GLFH FDOFLILFDUHD 0LFURVFRSLF V U ULOH
GH FDOFL GL FHO OH PHPEUD H ED DOH VD ILEUH HODV LFH VH FRORUHD v DOEDV U LRODFH OD
FRORUD LD ULFURPLF 0DVVR VD v EU H ULFLRV OD FRORUD LL VSHFLDOH LPSUH D LL DU H LFH
R .RVVD
I F V DIHF D H v GHRVHEL
UP RDUHOH RU D H V RPDF O v HIURSD LLOH UD H UL LFKL O L S OPR O V RU D HOH
DIHF D H L GLIHUH GH PHFD LVP O GH SURG FHUH SHUH OLDF L H GRFDUG O
V DIHF D H v L R LFD D L v
GLVI F
DO LIL DUHD GL URIL
DOFLILFDUHD GLV URILF DUH FDUDF HU ORFDOL D IRFDO L DIHF HD HV UL GLV URILFH VD
HFUR D H FDUH D V IHUL PRGLILF UL GH S , L LDO DFLGR D LV ODU L V DOD D ID RUL D
DF P ODUHD LR LORU GH FDOFL LDU DOFDOL L DUHD O HULRDU D GH HUPL D SUHFLSL DUHD ORFDO D
V U ULORU GH FDOFL 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH FDOFLILFDUHD PH DV D LF v FD O GH ID HV H HFHVDU
KLSHUFDOFHPLD
6 PHURDVH H HPSOH GH ORFDOL DUH D FDOFLILF ULL GLV URILFH
• ILEUHOH P VF ODUH KLDOL L D H VD HFUR D H

• HFUR D GH FD HLILFDUH GL FH U O UD ORDPHORU EHUF ORDVH OD D UL H
• HUL RULLOH GH L IDUF FLFD ULFHOH URPELL IRFDUHOH GH D HURP GL SHUH LL DVF ODUL V U F ULOH
DO ODUH DOH FRUG O L
• FKLV ULOH SDUD L DUH HFUR D H VD SDUD L LL PRU L L UD LV ODU FKLV ULOH GH 7ULFKL HOOD
VSLUDOLV V IHU SURFHVH GH FDOFLILFDUH v FR GL LLOH PRU LL SDUD L O L VD VH FDOFLILF GRDU
VDUFRSODVPD GH H HUD GL V U F UD FKLV O L ODU D U Pk k G LDELO L F S HUH
L IHV D
• FRUSLL SVDPRPD R L VH v kO HVF v PH L H OD RP L OD D LPDOHOH E Uk H 0H L HOH SRD H
V IHUL R FDOFLILFDUH V E IRUP GH ODPH FR FH ULFH D V U ULORU GH FDOFL PDFURVFRSLF D k G
DVSHF GH ILUH GH LVLS
• PDVHOH PRUDOH SR IL VHGL O FDOFLILF ULORU GLV URILFH GH H HPSO PH L LRP O
SVDPRPD RV
0DFURVFRSLF HUL RULLOH FDOFLILFD H V DOEH VFD H PD H G UH DPL L G GH

FDUDF HULV LFLOH HV O L RVRV PRPH O VHF LR ULL v I F LH GH GLPH VL HD IRFDU O L
FDOFLILFD VH SRD H VHVL D UH LV H OD VHF LR DUH VD SHUFHSHUHD L V H FDUDF HULV LF GH
UHFHUH D F L O L SUL LVLS
0LFURVFRSLF R HOH FDOFLILFD H DSDU FD GHSR L H D KLV H FRORUD H v DOEDV U LRODFH

OD FRORUD LLOH GH U L 8 HRUL v LPS O VHF LR ULL F PLFUR RP O VH GHVSUL G IUD PH H GL
IRFDU O GH FDOFLILFDUH SH VHF L HD KLV ROR LF U Pk k G GRDU R VS U U v SUHSDUD O
SHUPD H HE O FDOFLILF ULL GLV URILFH SRD H D HD ORF H UDFHO ODU VD L UDFHO ODU v
RU D L HOH FHO OHORU GH H HUD H (V H SRVLELO V DSDU FOHH GH RVLILFDUH v HUL RULLOH GH
FDOFLILFDUH GLV URILF
DO L R D
DOFL R D VH UH VH H v OL HUD UD GH VSHFLDOL D H V E GR IRUPH FDOFL R D F D D

L FDOFL R D FLUF PVFULV
DOFL R D F D D DOFL RVLV F LV HV H R GHSR L DUH GLVHPL D D V U ULORU GH FDOFL

v KLSHUDGUH RFRU LFLVP VL GURP VKL 6H SURG FH FDOFLILFDUHD FROD H O L L D
PHPEUD HORU ED DOH GL SLHOH
DOFL R D FLUF PVFULV DOFL RVLV FLUF PVFULS D FDOFL R D PRUDO HV H
GLD RV LFD OD FkL H PDL IUHF H OD LRE HVF HUPD VL R HUPD V E IRUP GH
OH L L RG ODUH VROL DUH V EF D D H IUHF H ILL G DIHF D H H UHPL LOH PHPEUHORU L PDL
UDU F ORFDOL DUH OL DO VD HU HEUDO 6 FL D H FD UL GH OH L L P O LSOH D D D H GH
H GRD H FDSV OH DU LF ODUH VD SHULRV 0DFURVFRSLF D D F P V HUHD L GH PLUHD VH
SRD H FR I GD F R PRU F D D 3 F LD DVSLUD L F DF IL HV H HGLILFD RDUH SH U
V DELOLUHD GLD RV LF O L LV RSD ROR LF v M U O GHSR L HORU GH V U UL GH FDOFL VH FR V D R
UHDF LH L IODPD RULH UD ORPD RDV UD ORP GH FRUS V U L L HU FDUDF HUL D SUL
SUH H D FHO OHORU L D H P O L FOHD H GH FRUS V U L
2V HRGLV URILLOH
2V HRGLV URILLOH V UHSUH H D H GH RV HRSRUR UDKL LVP RV HRPDODFLH L

RV HRGLV URILD ILEURDV FHV H VL D LL UHSUH L GLD RV LF PRUIROR LF F OLPL H UHOD L H
GH GHPDUFDUH RD H ILL G SHU UE UL DOH UHPRGHO ULL HV O L RVRV 2V HRGLV URILLOH FHOH PDL
LPSRU D H V UHSUH H D H GH UDKL LVP L RV HRPDODFLH 5D L L P O HV H R L V ILFLH
FDOFLILFDUH D PD ULFHL RVRDVH OD RU D LVPHOH L HUH v FUH HUH SURG V GH KLSR L DPL R D L
FDUH D v FDOFL 2 HRPDOD LD DUH GUHS PHFD LVP R GHFDOFLILFDUH D RDVHORU OD D LPDOHOH
DG O H SUL FUH HUHD DF L L LL RV HRFODV LFH v GH ULPH O RV HR H H HL ( LROR LD RV HRPDODFLHL
DUH OD ED GH HFKLOLEUH KRUPR DOH VD L V ILFLH D UH DO
2 HRSRUR D HV H R OH L H FDUDF HUL D SUL UHG FHUHD GH VL FD UPDUH D

V ULORU FDUH H L LDU R HRILEUR D SRD H IL GLD RV LFD
OD RULFH kUV OD D LPDOHOH F EROL UH DOH FUR LFH VD OD FHOH F PRUL SDUD LURLGLH H
DOFXOR D OL LD D
DOF OR D VD ERDOD OL LD LF FR V v U R SUHFLSL DUH D GLIHUL HORU V U UL PL HUDOH

FDOFL ILHU PD H L v O PH O RU RU D H FD L DUH L v F LOH H FUH RDUH 3H U
IRUPDUHD FDOF OLORU HV H HFHVDU H LV H D L PLFUR FOH PL HUDOL DELO IRUPD GL FHO OH
GHVF DPD H FROR LL PLFURELH H SDUD L L P F V H V GD S U OH VD ILEUL RV FROHV HURO
D UH D H GH ELOLU EL
R GL LLOH FDUH ID RUL HD GHFOD DUHD EROLL OL LD LFH V UHSUH H D H GH SURFHVHOH

L IODPD RULL ORFDOH F GLIHUL H H LROR LL EDF HULD SDUD L DU GLPL DUHD SHULV DO LVP O L
RU D O L FD L DU VD LPSRVLELOL D HD H DF ULL DGHF D H D SURG LORU GH VHFUH LH H FUH LH
PRGLILFDUHD S O L DOFDOL L DUHD UL HL UD LL KLGULFH V E L HO O HFHVL LORU FUH HUHD
FR FH UD LHL v V U UL PL HUDOH R DOD L UD L FDUER D L IRVID L VLOLFD L D SURG V O L GH
H FUH LH GLVI F LL HSLHOLDOH VHP DOD H v PH DSOD LD VF DPRDV D UR HOL O L
k GV v GHSOL L H FR GL LLOH ORFDOH HFDVDUH SUHFLSL ULL GLIHUL HORU V U UL PL HUDOH

v RU D O FD L DU VH IRUPHD L L LDO PL UROL H FDUH P UL G VH UHS D DM OD V DGL O GH
PD UROL VHVL DELO PDFURVFRSLF V E IRUPD ILUHORU GH LVLS UD OH IL H F GLDPH U O GH
PP DFHV V DGL VH V DELOH H GLD RV LF O GH LVLS UL DU VD GH VHGLPH R 3UL
LUHD PDFUROL HORU VH IRUPHD DO OLL GH GLIHUL H GLPH VL L LFL VD P O LSOLL H H L VD
U R L F V UD LILFDUH FR FH ULF UDGLDO VD PL SH VHF L H UDGLRRSDFL VD
UDGLR UD VSDUH L D ORFDOL UL IUHF H H DPL LP
• DSDUD O UL DU UROL LD D OL LD D UL DU F IRUPDUHD GH FDOF OL v ED L H L v

H LFD UL DU
• H LFD ELOLDU L FD DOHOH KHSD LFH v FD GH FROHOL LD
• FD DOHOH SD FUHD LFH
• FD DOHOH OD GHORU VDOL DUH VLDOROL H
• O PH O L HV L DO H HUROL H
8UROL LD D HV H GLD RV LFD OD GLIHUL H VSHFLL GH PDPLIHUH IUHF H OD FDU L RUH L

R L H PD LIHV k G VH ILH V E IRUP GH VHGLPH R ILH GH FDOF OR DOF OLL IRUPD L v
ED L H SR IL D UH D L v O PH O UH HUHORU LDU FHL GL H LFD UL DU V D UH D L v UH U
RDOD DUH R H RO LH PDL UD OD PDVF OL GD RUL SDU LF ODUL LORU D D RPLFH DOH DSDUD O L
UL DU F UE UD UH UHL RV O SH LD /D H DPH O FL ROR LF DO VHGLPH O L UL DU SR IL S VH
v H LGH GLIHUL H FHO OH FDUH L GLF LS O GH OH L H DVRFLD OL LD HL KHPD LL KHPD ULH
H URILOH URFLV L FHO OH UD VIRUPD H PRUDO FDUFL RP H LFDO OD FDUH VH DGD
EDF HULL L GLIHUL H FULV DOH
R VHFL D UROL LD HL FR V v v UH DUHD Sk OD EORFDUHD HOLPL ULL UL HL F

DSDUL LD FROLFLORU UH DOH GUDV LFH OD PDVF OL L D DO RU SRVLELOH FRPSOLFD LL V IHO VH SRD H
DM H OD UHPLH L L V ILFLH UH DO DF VD FUR LF SUL PHFD LVP SRV UH DO ,UL D LD
ORFDO H HUD GH FDOF OL L L LD L v UH L H KHPRUD LD H LFDO L SURFHVHOH L IODPD RULL
FDUH VH SR H L GH GH HUPL k G HIUL DVFH GH L SLHOR HIUL )DF RU O LUL D L SHUVLV H
SRD H GHFOD D IRUPDUHD GH PRUL ORFDOH HOH FD UL VH SURG FH SHUIRUDUHD H LFLL
UL DUH F L V DODUHD URSHUL R H O L L D SHUL R L HL LGUR HIUR D FKLV ULOH GH UH H LH L
D URILD UH DO V DO H FRPSOLFD LL DOH EROLL OL LD LFH UL DUH RPSOLFD LLOH H DHV UD H
SH U LD D D LPDO O L
ROHOL LD D FR V v IRUPDUHD FDOF OLORU v H LFD ELOLDU FD DOHOH ELOLDUH VD FD DO O

FROHGRF PDL IUHF H OD U PH RDUHOH F IDVFLROR VD GLFURFHOLR DOF OLL V IRUPD L
v GHRVHEL GL FROHV HURO SL PH L L V U UL ELOLDUH ROHOL LD D SRD H H HUD FROLF ELOLDU P O
PDL S L PD LIHV D FOL LF FRPSDUD L F FHD GH OD RP L LF HU PHFD LF L HUPL H
RPSOLFD LLOH GL FROHOL LD V DVHP RDUH F FHOH GL UROL LD FR V k G v SURFHVH
L IODPD RULL ORFDOH DF H VD FUR LFH FROD L VD FROD LRKHSD L SURG VH SH FDOH
DVFH GH L L LHUHD SURFHVHORU PRUDOH ORFDOH L RFD LR DO HV H ID RUL D L V DODUHD FLUR HL
ELOLDUH ( LV ULVF O SHUIRU ULL H LFLL ELOLDUH F GHFOD DUHD SHUL R L HL ELORDVH L PRDU HD
D LPDO O L
L LD D SD UHD L VH GLD RV LF DFFLGH DO OD ER L H FDOF OLL GH HUPL k G

REV U F LD FD DOHORU SD FUHD LFH RPSOLFD LLOH FR V D v DSDUL LD SURFHVHORU L IODPD RULL VD
IRUPDUHD FKLV ULORU GH UH H LH
6 ORO O VLDOROL LD D FDOF OL VDOL DUL V DIHF D RV LFD H OD FkL H L FDO

(OH SR H HUD UH H LH VDOL DU D URILH OD G ODU L SURFHVH L IODPD RULL ORFDOH
( RO O SLH UH L HV L DOH VH IRUPHD IUHF H v FROR OD FDO D DVSHF VIHULF L

V SUDID H HG S k G DM H OD R PDV GH N (OH SR H HUD VL GURP O GH REV U F LH
RFO LH L HV L DO PD LIHV D FOL LF SUL VL GURP O GH FROLFL
R FUHPH H L SVHXGRFR FUHPH H
R F O V IRUPD L L SD ROR LFH PDL P O VD PDL S L PL HUDOL D H FDUH

D GUHS V EV UD D ORPHU UL GH PD HULDO RU D LF H GR H VD H R H S U SH H Ok ILEUH
H H DOH PDVH GH S URL GHVKLGUD D PDVH URPER LFH
)RUPDUHD FR FUHPH HORU L HV L DOH VD DV ULFH GH PL H L EH RDUH HV H ID RUL D

GH
• DOLPH D LH HFRUHVS RDUH L HUDUH GH SOD H FDUH FR ULE LH OD IRUPDUHD
IL REH RDUHORU
• PRGLILF UL GH FRPSRU DPH FD LEDOLVP LF UL SHU HU LUHD V O L UPD H GH
IRUPDUHD GH ULFKREH RDUH OD REH RDUH SO PREH RDUH
• FRPSRU DPH O IL LROR LF DO RU VSHFLL DVRFLD F SDU LF ODUL LOH GH UDV OD

SLVLFLOH L LHS ULL GL UDVD RUD VH IRUPHD IUHF H ULFKREH RDUH
E O GL HV L HOH LD IRUPD RU D O L v FDUH VH GH RO L v I F LH GH

GLPH VL L SR H HUD REV U F LH L HV L DO PD LIHV D FOL LF FD LOH V PHFD LF OH
FRPSOLFD LL V FHOH GH LS L IODPD RU SURG VH SUL LUL D LD ORFDO D P FRDVHL DV ULFH VD
L HV L DOH /D REH RDUHOH V R FR GL LH ID RUL D SH U SURG FHUHD DERPD L HL
HPIL HPD RDVH GL L IHF LLOH EUDGVR LIRUPH
H HUDO S H GR R UHPH HOH VH GHIL HVF GUHS DF P O UL GH PD HULDO RU D LF

GHVKLGUD D FDUH VH LPSUH HD F V U UL PL HUDOH 3VH GRFR FUHPH HOH GH R V
VSHFLILFH S V ULORU L FR V D v DF P ODUHD v FD L D HD SHUL R HDO VD v O PH O
R LG F O L GH L HO V GHVKLGUD D GHVHD OH L HD HV H GLD RV LFD v IRUPD HL FRPSOLFD
GH SHUL R L L HOL O H H HPSOH GH SVH GRFR FUHPH H V FHOH IRUPD H v DHURFLV L HOH
S U OH H OD FDO SUL GHVKLGUD DUHD H V GD O L S U OH VD IHFDORDPHOH GH OD GLIHUL H VSHFLL
DSL RO O
Moartea celulară
/H L LOH FHO ODUH V UD VIRUP ULOH L G VH GH DF L HD D H LORU
SD R H L PD LIHV D H SUL SLHUGHUHD KRPHRV D LHL FHO ODUH HO OHOH DIHF D H
v L SLHUG FDSDFL D HD GH UH ODUH D PHGL O L L HU ILL G R RGD v U
GH HFKLOLEU ID GH FR GL LLOH H UDFHO ODUH DFH F H DSD H LH H
P LILF L I F LR DOH L PRUIROR LFH OH L L FHO ODUH FHOH GL UP L GLFk G
SD ROR XOXL XIHUL D FHOXODU , HUSUH DUHD UD L LL OH LX LL FHOXODUH GHSL GH
GH
• FDX D FH D GH HUPL D DSDUL LD OH LX LL FHOXODUH

• H HUL D HD L H L GHUHD PRGLILF ULL
• LSXO FHOXOHL DIHF D H v IX F LH GH FDSDFL D HD UH H HUD L D
DFH HLD
• SHULRDGD PH DEROLF v FDUH D IR XUSUL FHOXOD GH F UH D H XO
SD R H
L SX F GH HGHUH H ROX L OH LX LOH FHOXODUH SR IL DFX H D H LL

SD R H L SURGXF UD IRUP UL UDSLGH FDUH SR IL OH DOH GH H HPSOX FL ROL D
L GX GH X HOH LUX XUL L FUR LFH OH LX LOH FHOXODUH SHU L OX L DX D L GH
LOH I U D RPRUv FHOXOD GH H HPSOX D URILD FHOXODU
8 DO FUL HULX GH FOD LILFDUH H H FHO DO UD L LL OH LX LORU FHOXODUH

FD XO OH LX LORU FHOXODUH VXEOH DOH UD IRUP ULOH X GH L H L D H PHGLH
DX FDUDF HU UH HU LELO L FHOXOD SRD H XSUD LH XL /H LX LOH FHOXODUH VH HUH
SUR UH HD SUH UD IRUP UL LUH HU LELOH GXFk G L H L DELO OD PRDU H
FHOXODU
7HRUH LF PRDU HD FHO ODU VHP LILF DFHOH PRGLILF UL FH IDF LPSRVLELO
UHF SHUDUHD FHO ODU RU D L P PRDU HD FHOXODU vPEUDF UHL D SHF H
PRDU H IL LROR LF GH H H FH FHOXODU PRDU H SUR UDPD H H LF
DSRS R D L PRDU H FHOXODU UDXPD LF HFUR FHOXODU
Apoptoza
SRS R D DX PRDU HD FHOXODU SUR UDPD H H LF H H PHFD L PXO
IX GDPH DO DO GH RO ULL L H ROX LHL RU D L PHORU SOXULFHOXODUH L HU H L G
PDMRU v RPHR D LD RU D HORU L H X XULORU FHD IRUP SDU LFXODU GH
GL UX HUH FHOXODU H H UH OD GH DSUR LPD L H H S EFO F P F 5E
H F FX URO L GXF RU L L LEL RU DO DSRS R HL L GH H H FDUH FR UROHD
ID RFL R D FH H H GHFOD D GH PRDU HD FHOXODU SRS R D UHEXLH v HOHD
FD X SURFH PH DEROLF DF L FDUH H UHDOL HD FX FR XP H HU H LF
SRS R D H H H H LPH XO IL LROR LF L SD ROR LF GH PRDU H FHOXODU

v kO L v
• PRDU HD FHOXODU SUR UDPD H H LF v LPSXO HPEULR H H HL

• D L XUDUHD U R HU XOXL SRSXOD LLORU FHOXODUH HSL HOLDOH
• L ROX LD RUPR DO D UH LD IROLFXOLORU R DULH L
• RSDUHD L UH UH LD LSHUSOD LHL
• PRDU HD FHOXOHORU XPRUDOH
• PRDU HD FHOXOHORU LPX H OLPIRFL H L % HOLPL DUH FHOXODU
HOHF L
• D URILD RUPR DO D URILD SUR D HL GXS FD UDUH
• PRDU HD FHOXODU L GX GH OLPIRFL XO FL R R LF GL UX HUL
FHOXODUH PHGLD H LPX
• PRDU HD FHOXODU L GX GH LUX XUL DSRS R D HSD RFL HORU v
ERDOD HPRUD LF D LHSXUHOXL
/D RUD DF XDO H FX R F R HULH GH EROL D RFLD H FX L LEDUHD DSRS R HL

OXSX XO HUL HPD R GL HPL D X HOH OLPIRDPH XPRULOH PDPDUH GH SUR D
R DULH H HUSH LUR HOH ORPHUXOR HIUL HOH LPX H v LPS FH DO HOH H
D RFLD FX DFFH XDUHD DSRS R HL L IDUF XO PLRFDUGLF D HPLD DSOD LF EROL
HXURGH H HUD L H X HOH HSD RSD LL R LFH H F
SRS R D HV H GHFHODELO GRDU PLFURVFRSLF HOHF UR RPLFURVFRSLF L

SUL H LFL SHFLDOH GH LPX RPDUFDUH SUHSDUD HOH L RSD ROR LFH H H
DGH HD GLILFLO GH GLIHUH LD DSRS R D GH OH LX LOH FHOXODUH L GH HFUR D
FHOXODU (OHPH HOH GH GLIHUH LHUH X SUH H D H v DEHOXO U
0RUIROR LF H FR D R HULH GH PRGLILF UL FDUH X HUHD DSRS R D

5DSLG H L DOHD R FR GH DUH D FURPD L HL XFOHDUH L D FL RSOD PHL v
IX F LH GH H X FHOXOD DIHF D GH SUL k GX H GL D UH DMXO D XUDO HOXOD
H H PDL PLF L FR L H RU D L H FHOXODUH FX UXF XU DSUR LPD L RUPDO
Uk vPSDF H D H URPD L D XIHU IH RPH H GH H UH DUH GH FRPSDF L DUH
L GH SLHUGHUH D OH XULORU ID GH PHPEUD D XFOHDU UHS D H SURGXFH
IUD PH DUHD XFOHXOXL 3UL FR UDF DUHD FHOXOHL H IRUPHD OREL FHOXODUL
FDUH FR L RU D L H L IUD PH H GH XFOHX FX PD H GH H GH FURPD L 3UL
GH D DUHD ORELORU LDX D HUH FRUSLL DSRS R LFL UXF XUL H LDELOH
H UDFHOXODUH FDUH SHU L ORFDO PD LP R RU , L LDO H H S UD L H UL D HD
RU D L HORU L D PHPEUD HL FHOXODUH RUSLL DSRS R LFL X ID RFL D L GH
PDFURID HOH ORFDOH L GH DO H FHOXOHOH v HFL D H FHOXOH HSL HOLDOH DX FHOXOH
XPRUDOH /RFDO X H v UH L UHD UHDF LH L IODPD RULH IUD PH HOH
ID RFL D H ILL G GH UDGD H v ID ROL R RPL
Necroza celulară ( necrobioza)

1HFUR D FHOXODU GH XPL L HFURELR H H HUPH XO X LOL D SH UX
GH FULHUHD PRGLILF ULORU XFOHDUH L FL RSOD PLFH DOH FHOXOHORU FDUH PRU v U X
RU D H X DO X XL RU D L P LX FH H PRGLILF UL SUHPHU RDUH PRU LL
FHOXODUH X FDX D H GH L HU H LD X RU IDF RUL GL H HULRUXO FHOXOHL XS
L DODUHD PRU LL FHOXODUH DSDU DO H PRGLILF UL XE DF LX HD H LPHORU
OL R RPDOH FX R FX H XE GH XPLUHD GH UD IRUP UL DX ROL LFH
LDU GDF v FR L XDUH H RU SUH H D SUL FLSDOHOH HOHPH H

PRUIROR LFH FDUDF HUL LFH HFUR HL FHOXODUH GH IRDU H PXO H RUL v SUDF LF
H H GLILFLO GH L HUSUH D UD IRUP ULOH XUSUL H 3H UX D SX HD L HUSUH D
PRGLILF ULOH PLFUR FRSLFH DOH FHOXOHORU OH D H UHEXLH H L FR GH IDS XO
F FHHD FH H FR D OD X PRPH GD UHSUH L R H DS GL FDGUXO X XL
SURFH v GHUXODUH ( H GLILFLO GH L HUSUH D GDF UD IRUPDUHD XUSUL H H
R ID GH SUR UH LH GH D UD DUH DX GDF H H R ID GH UH UH LH GH L GHFDUH
D FHOXOHL
1HFUR D FHO ODU DIHF HD U S UL PLFL GH FHO OH VD FHO OH L ROD H L
X DUH FRUH SR GH PDFUR FRSLF 0LFUR FRSLF HFUR D FHOXODU H UHFX RD H
GXS R HULH GH PRGLILF UL DOH FL RSOD PHL L DOH XFOHXOXL
FL RSOD P
FUH H HR L RILOLD GD RUL DIL L LL HR L HL ID GH SUR HL HOH

DO HUD H FX S ED LF L GD RUL GH L H U ULL ULER RPLORU
H IRUPHD DFXROH FLXSL GH PROLL DX XIHU SURFH XO GH
LDOL L DUH
PL RFR GULLOH H XPHILD L SR GH H L L LELOH XE IRUPD X RU
UD XOH HR L RILOH DX H SR FDOFLILFD
XFOHX
L L LDO FURPD L D DSDUH XE IRUP GH EORFXUL DX LPHGLD GXS

PRDU HD FHOXODU XFOHLL X SX HU LF FR GH D L UD D L D L L
ED RILOL SLF R DX FDULRSLF R
XO HULRU XFOHXO H SRD H UXSH v IUD PH H FDULRUH DX H SRD H
OL D FDULROL FX GL SDUL LD OXL GL FHOXO
X DO D SHF H H FHO GH XPEU XFOHDU Fk G H SURGXFH GRDU OL D
FURPD L HL FURPD ROL
3LF R D FDULRUH D L FDULROL D X PD LIH UL H LGH H DOH PRU LL

FHOXODUH 3URFH XO GH DX ROL H SURGXFH OD GH RUH GH OD L DODUHD
HFUR HL FHOXODUH
(OHF UR RPLFUR FRSLF H FR D SDU HUHD FURPD L HL v EORFXUL

ODE GHIL L H XPHILHUHD RU D L HORU FHOXODUH PRGLILFDUHD GH L LL PD ULFHL
PL RFR GULDOH L DO HU UL DOH PHPEUD HL FHOXODUH HOXOHOH DIHF D H H XPHILD
L X HGLXO GL UX HULL RU D L HORU FHOXODUH
5HDF LD L XODU ID GH DFH H PRGLILF UL FHOXODUH FR v DSDUL LD

U SX XOXL L IODPD RU
7DEHO O U
(OHPH H GH GLIHUH v S S
0RDU H
FHOXODU 1HFUR FHOXODU SRS R
UL HULX
6 LP O GHFOD D RU (; (51 (/8/(, ,1 ,1 (5,258/ 6 8 ,1
R L H LSR LH OH LX L (; (5,258/ (/8/(,
FHOXODUH PDMRUH )L LROR LF SURFH XO GH vPE
Uk LUH FHOXODU HOHF LD
FOR HORU v L HPXO LPX
HSOH LH GH 3 3D ROR LF SUL DF L DUHD
H HORU FDUH L GXF DSRS R D
) U GHSOH LH GH 3
R XP H HU H LF ) U FR XP H HU H LF 3 GHSH GH
PHFD L P SD L PHFD L P DF L
SHF FHOXODU H HUDO %DOR L DUHD FHOXODU R GH DUHD FHOXODU FR
L UX HUHD RU D L HORU GH DUHD FURPD L HL IRUPDUHD
3R LELO PRDU HD PDL PXO RU GH FRUSL DSRS R LFL PRDU HD
FHOXOH X RU FHOXOH L ROD H v FDUH DX
DF L D H HOH DSRS R HL
0L RFR GULLOH L UX HUHD LPSXULH FX 1HPRGLILFD H IX F LR DOH
DIHF DUHD UH SLUD LHL FHOXODUH
0HPEUD H SOD PD LFH /L D H DO HUD H , DF H GDU GHIRUPD H
EkUFL H
0RGXO GH GH UDGDUH kPSO RU RULX GH v )UD PH DUHD L HU XFOHR
1 UXF XUD D DSDU IUD PH H RPDO H DF D IHO v Fk H
GH GLIHUL H GLPH LX L IRUPHD IUD PH H GH
SHUHF L GH XFOHR LGH
( H HFH DU DF L DUHD
H GR FOHD HORU
)D RFL R D FHO OHORU (IHF D GH ID RFL HOH (IHF XD GH ID RFL HOH ORFDOH
PRDU H PL UD H v IRFDUXO GH L XODUH L GH FHOXOH v HFL D H
HFUR FX DFHHD L RUL L H FD L FHOXOD
v DSRS R
5HDF LH L XODU 6H GHFOD HD UHDF LH ) HDF LH L I D D LH
L I D D LH
5L P GH GH I XUDUH D 5DSLG /H
SURFH XOXL
Moartea tisulară – necroza tisulară

1HFUR D PRDU HD L XODU DIHF HD HUL RULL L XODUH GH GLIHUL H
GLPH LX L ILL G R PRGLILFDUH LUH HU LELO SUR RFD GH R PDUH GL HU L D H GH
IDF RUL H LROR LFL XSULPDUHD FLUFXOD LH D XL H IDF RUL F LPLFL IL LFL DX
ELROR LFL PLFR R L H H F )RFDUHOH HFUR LFH DX FRUH SR GH PDFUR FRSLF
v H HUDO UHFX R Fk GX H GXS FXORDUHD DOELFLRD FH X LH 6X OH LX L
EL H GHOLPL D H GH UH XO H X XOXL HDIHF D HFHODUHD IRFDUHORU H H X XUD
GH UHDF LD D FXODU L DOD OD SHULIHULD H X XOXL HFUR D IRFDUHOH HFUR LFH
X GHOLPL D H GH X EUkX GH LSHUHPLH HUL RULXO HFUR D SRD H IL OD L HO
FX XSUDID D RU D XOXL SRD H IL X RU XPHILD GD RUL XPHILHULL FHOXOHORU
DIHF D H DX SRD H IL X RU UH UDF D ID GH XSUDID D RU D XOXL R L H D
GLIHU v IX F LH GH LSXO PRUIROR LF GH HFUR
0RUIROR LD PDFUR FRSLF L PLFUR FRSLF D HFUR HL GHSL GH GH

FDUDF HUL LFLOH L XODUH UH SHF L GH D FXODUL D LD ORFDO L GH FD L D HD GH
OLF LGH GL HUL RULXO DIHF D GDU GHSL GH v PDUH P XU L GH D XUD L
L H L D HD GH DF LX H D D H XOXL FDX DO
XS FDUDF HUL LFLOH R HL DIHF D H H SR GHR HEL GRX FD H RULL PDUL

GH HFUR X FD L XPHG 1X v R GHDX D H H SR LELO v FDGUDUHD ULF D
OH LX LORU v U R D XPL FOD LILFDUH ( H LDO H H UHFX RD HUHD PRGLILF ULORU
L L HUSUH DUHD FRUHF D L IRUPD LLORU RIHUL H GH OH LX H
1HF D FD SRD H D HD IRUPH GH H SULPDUH PRUIROR LF v

IX F LH GH PHFD L PHOH GH SURGXFHUH L GH SDU LFXODUL LOH L XODUH DX DOH
D H LORU H LROR LFL
1H UR D GH RD ODUH v IRFDUH PLOLDUH PLFL FD v HS XULOH GH DF

DX v IRFDUH PDUL H FDUDF HUL HD PDFUR FRSLF SUL DSDUL LD X RU HUL RULL
EL H GHOLPL D H FH X LL OEXL GH FR L H X RU FUH FX X FD H SH
HF LX H 3UL FLSDOD FDX D HFUR HORU GH FRD XODUH H H UHSUH H D GH
L F HPLD DFX DX FUR LF
0LFUR FRSLF v IX F LH GH HF LPHD OH LX LL HFUR D GH FRD XODUH
SRD H IL
U UD Fk G H S UHD L DF URPD L XODU FX GL UX HUHD

HOHPH HORU SDUH F LPD RD H L XL GX H UXF XUD RU D LF HOXOHOH
PRDU H DSDU FD XPEUH HR L RILOH SLHU k GX L GH DOLLOH UXF XUDOH 1XFOHLL
GL SDU DX SHU L v IRFDU FD XFOHL SLF R LFL DX UH XUL XFOHDUH UH XO D H
FR HFX L FDULRUH HL FH D SHF DSDUH Fk G FLUFXOD LD D XL H H
EUX F L R DO DEROL L Fk G SUR HL HOH FHOXODUH GH D XUD H X UH L H H
OD DX ROL
Fk G HUL RULXO DIHF D SUH L R UXF XU D L UD XODU
DSUR LPD L RPR H FDUH SRDU GH XPLUHD GH G DFH D DUH
H ED RILO OD PDPLIHUH L R LILO OD SD UH
1HFUR D GH FRD XODUH DIHF HD RU D HOH SDUH F LPD RD H ILFD

UL LF L SOL GDU SRD H IL UH L L v PX FXOD XUD FDUGLDF DX v PXFRD D
D ULF XE DF LX HD XE D HORU FDX LFH
DX HFUR D GH LS H NHU H H X LS GH HFUR GH

FRD XODUH SHFLILF H X XOXL PX FXODU L UHSUH L ID D HUPL DO LUH HU LELO
D LDOL R HL ILEUHORU PX FXODUH SHF XO PDFUR FRSLF H XSUDSX H SH H
GH FULHUHD LDOL R HL PX FXODUH LDU PLFUR FRSLF OD DEORXO LDOL R HL H
DGDX GLODFHUDUHD L IUD PH DUHD ILEUHORU PX FXODUH HOXOHOH GL UX H X
ID RFL D H GH PDFURID HOH SUR H L H GL FLUFXOD LD D XL DX GH PDFURID HOH
L XODUH ORFDOH 2 DO SR LELOL D H GH H ROX LH D HFUR HL FHURD H H H
FDOFLILFDUHD GL URILF
H H HFUR D X FD D H X XOXL
DGLSR PD LIH D SUL DSDUL LD X RU IRFDUH DOELFLRD H XE IRUP GH RGXOL
PLFL DX GH SO FL X FD H PD H IHUPH EL H GHOLPL D H GH UH XO H X XOXL
DGLSR /H LX HD SRD H IL GLD R LFD v H X XO DGLSR GL HSLSORR
FR VHF L OH L LORU SD FUHD LFH SD FUHD L KHPRUD LF DF (OLEHUDUHD
OLSD HL SD FUHD LFH GH HUPL GH L H UDUHD FHO OHORU DGLSRDVH /H L LOH
PDFURVFRSLFH V FRPSDUD H F SH HOH GH VSHUPD H 0LFUR FRSLF SRD H IL
GHFHOD UHDF LH L IODPD RULH UD XORPD RD GH FRUS U L
1H UR D GH D HLIL DUH H H X LS DSDU H GH HFUR GH FRD XODUH
SURGX GH D XPL L D H L SD R H L 0 RED HUL P EHU OR L
RU HED HUL P R L SHU LOO SS LSLF SH UX UD XORDPHOH
XEHUFXORD H HFUR D GH FD HLILFDUH H LGH LILF v FH UXO OH LX LORU XE
D SHF XO X XL IRFDU GH FXORDUH DOELFLRD FH X LH OEXLH FRPSDF L X RU
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DVLPH ULF v FHO O HO OH SRVHG SUHO JLUL DOH FL RSODVPHL VSUH FRUS O V U L
FOHLL ILL G DJORPHUD L OD SRO O FHO ODU RS V FRUS O L V U L
6L FL LL FHO ODUH VH IRUPHD v HOH L IHF LL LUDOH DIHF k G FHO OHOH

HSL HOLDOH H LU V O KHUSHV VD PDFURIDJHOH H LU V O SDUDL IO H HL
FDGU O SURFHV O L PRUDO VH IRUPHD FHO OH P O L FOHD H D k SUL

IH RPH O GH VL FL LDOL DUH Fk L SUL FHO GH SODVPRGL DUH P O LSOLFDUH
FOHDU I U VHSDUDUH FHO ODU
Hipertrofia
LSHU URILD RS V O KLSR URILHL VD D URILHL FR V v DGDS DUHD
HV ULORU L RUJD HORU SUL FUH HUHD RO P O L DFHV RUD SH ED D P ULULL
GLPH VL LORU FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH 3URFHV O DUH ORF F S V UDUHD
V U F ULL KLV RORJLFH GH ED 2UJD HOH VD HV ULOH KLSHU URILD H P UL H v
RO P UHSUH L R DGDS DUH OD RLOH FR GL LL GH KLSHUI F LH HO OHOH
KLSHU URILD H VL H L HD PDL P O H HOHPH H V U F UDOH 3URFHV O SD RORJLF GH
KLSHU URILH SRD H IL Sk OD PRPH GD UH HUVLELO
LSHU URILD S U VH PD LIHV v HV ULOH DOF L H GL FHO OH

SHUPD H H OLSVL H GH FDSDFL D HD GH P O LSOLFDUH F P DU IL ILEUHOH P VF ODUH
FDUGLDFH VD ILEUHOH P VF ODUH V ULD H VFKHOH LFH DFHV H VL D LL PRGLILFDUHD
VH DVRFLD F DO H IH RPH H DGDS D L H F P DU IL KLSHUSOD LD H IRDU H
P O H RUL KLSHU URILD FHO ODU L LV ODU FR V L LH SDU H FRPSR H D RU
SURFHVH SD RORJLFH DGDS D L H FRPSOH H
D L v FD O DO RU OH L L KLSHU URILD HV H UHJ VL IL LRORJLF v

RUJD LVP 0 VF OD UD FDUGLDF V S V L HIRU IL LRORJLF VH KLSHU URILD
FRUG GH VSRU L v JHV D LH VH SURG FH KLSHU URILD OHLRPLRFL HORU SUL
PHFD LVP KRUPR DO FHDV D GL UP HV H GHFOD D GH F SODUHD
HV URJH LORU F UHFHS RULL SH U HV URJH L GH SH OHLRPLRFL H L GH FUH HUHD
VL H HL SUR HLFH v L HULRU O FHO OHORU
3D RORJLF KLSHU URILLOH VH SR SURG FH SUL
• LSHUD L L D H LSHUI DSDU GD RUL L HIRU V SOLPH DU SUHO JL

DO HV ULORU FHO OHORU D D F P VH v kPSO v KLSHU URILD FDUGLDF
SD RORJLF FR FH ULF VD H FH ULF GH HUPL D GH DO ORSD LL 2UJD HOH
FD L DUH HVRIDJ V RPDF L HV L H LF UL DU v V U F UD F URUD H LV
P VF OD U H HG VH KLSHU URILD v VHJPH O D HULRU RU REV DFROH
V H R H FDUH vPSLHGLF UD L O RUPDO DO FR L O L V S k G DFHV H
RUJD H OD HIRU V SOLPH DU GH H HPSO KLSH URILD SHUH LORU H LFLL
UL DUH v KLSHUSOD LLOH GH SURV D KLSHU URILD P VF ODU VH PRGLILF
IH R LS O PLRFL HORU F DSDUL LD RU SUR HL H FR UDF LOH LGH LFH F FHOH
IH DOH 1 FOHLL FR L R FD L D H PDL PDUH GH 1 L HV H DF L D R VHULH
GH JH H FDUH v FR GL LL IL LRORJLFH V OD H H H UHPDUFD F H LV R
VHULH GH IDF RUL FDUH OLPL HD KLSHU URILD DV IHO v Fk URILFL DUHD ILEUHORU
P VF ODUH KLSHU URILD H V ILH V ILFLH S D PL SUDJ HFKLOLEU O
GL UH FHO OD KLSHU URILD L PHGL O H UDFHO ODU HV H SHU UED L v FHS V VH
L V DOH H IH RPH H DO HUD L H
• S S DSDUH OD RUJD HOH SHUHFKH
Fk G O HV H D URILD VD V IHU R KLSRI F LH H IDS KLSHU URILD
RUJD O L FR JH HU VH SURG FH SUL KLSHUI F LH V IHO D URILD KLSRSOD LD
DJH H LD VD H LUSDUHD L UL LFKL HL JR DGH L ORE S OPR DU RU IL
v VR L H FR V D GH KLSHU URILD RUJD O L U PDV I F LR DO
• PH D L P RUPR DO KLSHU URILLOH VLV HPLFH DS U H FR VHF L VHFUH LHL
H FH L H D RUPR LORU LSRIL DUL GH FUH HUH LSHU URILLOH KRUPR DOH V
DVRFLD H IUHF H F KLSHUSOD LLOH
LSHU URILD HFHVL GLDJ RV LF GLIHUH LDO ID GH DO H OH L L
PD LIHV D H FD P ULUH GH RO P D RUJD HORU L HV ULORU V IHO R P ULUH v
RO P SRD H PDVFD IH RPH H D URILFH F P DU IL FD O OLSRPD R HL FDUGLDFH L
D GLOD D LHL FDUGLDFH DPEHOH VL D LL ILL G H LFKH D H GUHS SVHXGRKLSHU URILH
LOD D LD FDUGLDF FR V v P ULUHD GLDPH UHORU FDUGLDFH SH VHDPD FUH HULL
RO P O L FD L LORU SURG Fk G VH FR FRPL H R V E LHUH D PLRFDUG O L
/LSRPD R D VH PD LIHV R SUL U R P ULUH GH RO P D FRUG O L GD RUL
HV O L DGLSRV L ILO UD SUL UH ILEUHOH P VF ODUH FDUGLDFH D URILD H DPEHOH
VL D LL VH FR V D R UHG FHUH D FDSDFL LL I F LR DOH D PLRFDUG O L H
DVHPH HD P ULUHD RO P O L RUJD HORU L HV ULORU HV H GH HUPL D GH
SURFHVH L IODPD RULL GLV URILFH PRUDOH I U D VH L V DOD KLSHU URILD
0HJDORFL R D FL R VD FDULRPHJDOLD VHP LILF KLSHU URILD RU

FHO OH v VSHFLDO D KHSD RFL HORU L HIURFL HORU H FHOH PDL P O H RUL
IH RPH O DSDUH FR VHF L DF L LL RU V EV D H R LFH DULRPHJDOLD PDL
HV H v UHJLV UD v RULFH SURFHV FDUH L G FH SUROLIHUDUHD KHSD RFL DU
Hiperplazia
LSHUSOD LD UHSUH L R P O LSOLFDUH D FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH
v VR L GH FHOH PDL P O H RUL L GH R FUH HUH PHULF D HOHPH HORU V URPDOH
F PRGLILFDUHD DUKL HF ULL LV ODUH 0DFURVFRSLF HV O DIHF D HV H PHILD
P UL PR L SH U FDUH VH SRD H FR I GD RU F KLSHU URILD H DO IHO
KLSHUSOD LD SRD H IL GHIL L FD R KLSHU URILH PHULF I F LH GH
L H VL D HD L GH G UD D GH DF L H D V LP O O L FDUH GHFOD HD P O LSOLFDUHD
HOHPH HORU LV ODUH KLSHUSOD LD SRD H IL SURFHV UH HUVLELO KLSHUSOD LH
UHJH HUD L VD LUH HUVLELO KLSHUSOD LH PRUDO
I F LH GH FD D GHFOD D RDUH H LRORJLH KLSHUSOD LLOH V
• DGDS D L H RUPR DOH VH SURG F v HV ULOH L SH U GLIHUL L

KRUPR L GH H HPSO v KLSHUHV URJH LVP O L G V GH HOH PLFR R L H VH
SURG FH R KLSHUSOD LH D H GRPH U O L
• UH H HUD L H D URO O GH D UHSDUD L v ORF L HUL RULLOH LV ODUH DO HUD H F VD

I U UHO DUHD I F LHL RUPDOH FD O IRFDUHORU PLOLDUH HFUR LFH KHSD LFH
FD D H GH V LP OL F DF L H OLPL D v LPS L GH RFL L D H VF
S HUHD GH UHJH HUDUH L P O LSOLFDUH KHSD RFL DU HV H V ILFLH GH PDUH
SH U D v ORF L GH UL V O HFUR LF HOLPL D SUL PHFD LVPH GH IDJRFL R
F FHO OH SDUH FKLPD RDVH O HRUL L H D GH GL L L H D FHO OHORU HV O L
FR M F L HV H V SHULRDU FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH SURG Fk G VH R
L GHFDUH SUL v ORF LUH F IRUPDUHD GH FLFD ULFH v F UV O KLSHUSOD LLORU
UHJH HUD L H O H H HPSOH V UHSUH H D H GH DSDUL LD L V OHORU GH
IH DOL DUH v P G D RVRDV D D LPDOHORU DG O H F D HPLH VD KLSHUSOD LD
SDSLOLIRUP D HSL HOL O L FD DOHORU ELOLDUH SDUD L D GH (LPHULD LHGDH
LSHUSOD LD UHJH HUD L DVLJ U UHIDFHUHD ILFD O L v FD GH KHSD HF RPLH
SDU LDO v LOH ILFD O DM Jk G OD PDVD L L LDO 3UROLIHUDUHD FHO ODU
HV H UHJOD GH SUR R R FRJH H F IRV F P F F UDV L GH IDF RUL GH FUH HUH
IDF RU GH FUH HUH KHSD RFL DU FDUH V PL RJH L SURG L GH DO H FHO OH
GL ILFD VD GL PH H FKLP O DO RU RUJD H
• L IODPD RULL VH v kO HVF v RD H LS ULOH GH L IODPD LL ILL G R H DS
REOLJD RULH v SURG FHUHD DFHV L LS GH OH L H GDU D H SULPDUH PDMRU v
L IODPD LLOH FUR LFH SUHGRPL D SUROLIHUD L H 6 E L IO H D GLIHUL LORU
DJH L H LRORJLFL L D RU PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL DUH ORF DF L DUHD L
P O LSOLFDUHD FHO OHORU GL IRFDU O L IODPD RU LSHUSOD LD DIHF HD D k
FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH FDUH L HU L v SURFHV O GH L GHFDUH Fk L
FHO OHOH V URPDOH ILEUREODV HOH D JLREODV HOH FDUH V D OD ED D IRUP ULL
HV O L GH JUD OD LH
Metaplazia
0H DSOD LD HV H GHIL L FD SURFHV UH HUVLELO GH DGDS DUH FDUH FR V
v UD VIRUPDUHD L LS FHO ODU LV ODU DG O GLIHUH LD v DO LS FHO ODU
LV ODU F DFHHD L RULJL H HPEULR DU 7UD VIRUP ULOH PRUIRORJLH V v VR L H
GH PRGLILFDUHD I F LHL FHO OHL HV O L DIHF D ( LRORJLD PH DSOD LHL SRD H IL
GH D U FDUH LDO UD PD LF L IODPD RULH R LF VD F GH HUPL LVP
KRUPR DO 0H DSOD LD DIHF HD D k HV ULOH FR M F L H Fk L HV ULOH
HSL HOLDOH
S PRG O GH SURG FHUH PH DSOD LLOH V
• GLUHF H I U R P O LSOLFDUH FHO ODU SUHDODELO GH H HPSO

UD VIRUPDUHD HSL HOL O L SD LPH RV v HSL HOL F ELF VD FLOL GULF
L VL D LD L HUV HSL HOL O SULVPD LF FLOLD VH UD VIRUP v HSL HOL
SD LPH RV
• L GLUHF H v VR L H GH R P O LSOLFDUH FHO ODU UPD GH
GLIHUH LHUH LV ODU F P DU IL GH H HPSO UD VIRUPDUHD HSL HOL O L
LV UD LILFD JOD G ODU v HSL HOL SO ULV UD LILFD SD LPH RV GH LS
FRU RV
I F LH GH JUDG O GH GLIHUH LHUH D HV O L R IRUPD PH DSOD LD

SRD H IL
• SUR UHVL HV O R IRUPD DUH JUDG PDL PDUH GH

GLIHUH LHUH GHFk FHO GH RULJL H GH H HPSO UD VIRUPDUHD
HV O L FR M F L ILEURV v HV RVRV SUL v ORF LUHD ILEUHORU GH
FRODJH F HV RV HRLG L D ILEUREOD LORU F RV HREOD L
• UH UHVL VH IRUPHD HV UL PDL S L GLIHUH LD H PRUIRORJLF
L I F LR DO GHFk FHO L L LDO GH H HPSO UD VIRUPDUHD HSL HOL O L
JOD G ODU v HSL HOL SD LPH RV
( HPSO GH PH DSOD LH HSL HOLDO HV H FHO FDUH DIHF HD HSL HOL O

UDF V O L UHVSLUD RU v LUL D LLOH FUR LFH V IHO HSL HOL O FRO P DU FLOLD GL
UDKHH L EUR KLL HV H v ORF L IRFDO F HSL HOL V UD LILFD GH LS VF DPRV ILL G
R DGDS DUH SUL FDUH HSL HOL O V SUD LH LH H v OLSVD VHFUH LHL GH P F V
KLSR L DPL R D VH SURG FH R PH DSOD LH VF DPRDV D HSL HOL O L UHVSLUD RU
DO FD DOHORU L JOD GHORU ODFULPDOH DO F LORU UL DUH /D SDV UH DFHOD L LS GH
PH DSOD LH DIHF HD HSL HOL O JOD GHORU HVRIDJLH H L DO E UVHL )DEULFL V DF
V LP O O GHFOD D RU DO PH DSOD LHL HV H SHUVLV H VH SRD H L G FH R
UD VIRUPDUH FD FHURDV D HSL HOL O L PH DSOD LD
JDV UL HOH FUR LFH VH GLVF GHVSUH PH DSOD LD L HV L DO D

HSL HOL O L P FRDVHL JDV ULFH HD FR V k G v v ORF LUHD FHO OHORU SDULH DOH DOH
JOD GHORU JDV ULFH F FHO OH FLOL GULFH F SOD R V ULD
0H DSOD LD FR MX F L PH H FKLPDO HV H UH VL v FDGU O

SURFHV O L GH RVLILFDUH KH HUR RSLF v S OPR OD D UL H L FkL H L v DRU OD
D UL H FHOD L SURFHV L HU L H v IRUPDUHD FDO V O L RVRV v FD GH IUDF U
PRULOH PL H DOH JOD GHL PDPDUH OD F HD V URPD PRUDO SRD H IL

VHGL O PH DSOD LHL FDU LODJL RDVH VD RVRDVH
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH PH DSOD LD HSL HOLDO FDUH HV H DVRFLD F D PL L

IDF RUL H LRORJLFL v FD O PH DSOD LHL PH H FKLPDOH PHFD LVP O HV H PDL
S L O P UL HRUL L V DOk G VH I U R FD H LGH
( LV L PH DSOD LH PH H FKLPDO IL LRORJLF GH LS O RVLILF ULL

HV O L ILEURV L FDU LODJL RV v PHFD LVP O FUH HULL RVRDVH RVLILFDUH
H FR GUDO VD SDUDIL LRORJLFH F P DU IL DSDUL LD RDVHORU FDUGLDFH OD
U PHJ RDUHOH DG O H SUL RVLILFDUHD L HO O L DRU LF
Displazia
LVSOD LD FR V v U R DO HUDUH D GH RO ULL FHO ODUH GLVFUH VD
SUR D DVRFLD F OE U UL I F LR DOH (D VHP LILF R IRUPDUH F
FUH HUH D RUPDO D FHO OHORU FDUH VH SRD H UHIHUL VD OD SURFHV PRUDO
(D GHVFULH U VS V SUROLIHUD L v VR L GH SLHUGHUHD GLIHUH LHULL GH DSDUL LD
GH D LSLL L GH RUGL L FHO ODUH GHFL F L V DODUHD SOHRPRUILVP O L FHO ODU
/H L LOH GLVSOD LFH DSDU GH H HPSO v HSL HOLOH V S VH LUL D LLORU VD
L IODPD LLORU FUR LFH 3UL GHIL L LH GLVSOD LD HV H R UD VIRUPDUH H PRUDO L
GHFL UH HUVLELO DF VH v GHS U HD VSL D LUL D L H LV SRVLELOL D HD FD
V U F UD V UH L OD RUPDO 7R L GL H LGH HOH V D LV LFH VH F R H F
P O H GL UH OH L LOH GLVSOD LFH SURJUHVHD VSUH HRSOD LH L DFHDV
FD GLVSOD LD HV H FR VLGHUD GH IRDU H P O L VSHFLDOL L R OH L H
SUH HRSOD LF
LVSOD LD HSL HOLDO FR V v U R SLHUGHUH D LIRUPL LL FHO OHORU

L GL LG DOH L v SLHUGHUHD RULH ULL DFHV RUD v V U F UD HSL HOL O L HO OHOH
GLVSOD LFH PD LIHV SOHRPRUILVP DULD LH GH IRUP L GLPH VL L L DGHVHD
D FOHL PDUL KLSHUFURPL 0L R HOH V PDL PHURDVH GDU RUPDOH FD
DVSHF
Dedifere ierea
HGLIHUH LHUHD H H SURFH XO DGDS D L SUL FDUH R FHOXO PD XU UH L H
OD U XULOH PRUIROR LFH L I F LR DOH DOH DFHOHLD L FHO OH HGLIHUH LD H
HPEULR DUH GH H HPSO GHGLIHUH LHUHD ILEUHORU P VF ODUH V ULD H VFKHOH LFH
SDUD L D H GH 7UL L HOOD SLUDOL FDUH v L SLHUG V U F ULOH FR UDF LOH L FDS
I F LL VHFUH RULL 8 DO H HPSO HV H UHSUH H D GH FHO OHOH P VF ODUH
H HGH GL SHUH LL DVF ODUL FDUH v FR GL LLOH OH ULL L LPHL v L SLHUG
FDSDFL D HD FR UDF LO L FDS FDSDFL D H SUROLIHUD L L VHFUH RULH
VL H L k G PROHF OHOH PD ULFHL H UDFHO ODUH UH ORF R PRGLILFDUH D
IH R LS O L FHO ODU FHO OHOH UH H L G OD IH R LS O HSUROLIHUD L Fk G VH
UHV DELOH H L HJUL D HD H GR HOLDO HGLIHUH LHUHD HV H VSHFLILF
SURFHV O L PRUDO
Capitolul 6.
V P
, IODPD LD HV H FHO PDL LPSRU D L IRORVL RU PHFD LVP GH DS UDUH DO

RU D LVP O L ID GH D H LL SD R H L L v DFHOD L LPS FHO PDL IUHF H LS GH
UHDF LH LV ODU v kO L v RU D LVP ) U L IODPD LH RU D LVPHOH V DU
L GHFD LFLRGD LDU RU D HOH DU SUH H D v SHUPD H OH L L , IODPD LD
UHSUH L OD GH H H LPH H FH GHE HD V E IRUPD RU PRGLILF UL
GH H HUD L H VD HFUR LFH L VH VIkU H H FD SURFHV GH L GHFDUH 0RUIROR LF
IH RPH HOH L IODPD RULL D R FRPSR H DO HUD L D H V GD L L R ID
SUROLIHUD L (V H GLILFLO GH GHOLPL D V ULF SURFHV O L IODPD RU GH v FHS O
UHSDU ULL GHIHF O L IH RPH HOH UH H HUD L H GHFOD k G VH GH LPS UL v
GHU ODUHD L IODPD LHL
, IODPD LD FR V L LH SURFHV FRPSOH H HUDO FUH HUHD P U O L

GH OH FRFL H FLUF OD H OH FRFL R IHEU L LPSOLFDUHD HV ULORU OLPIRLGH
L OR DO v FDUH SDU LFLS
• FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH ORFDOH V IHU SURFHVH DO HUD L H HPL R VHULH GH
VHP DOH FKLPLFH L HU L v UH H HUDUH
• DVHOH VD L H DU HULROH FDSLODUH L H OH SUL L HUPHGL O Vk HO L
V UD VSRU D L PHGLD RULL FKLPLFL DVL U DIO O GH HOHPH H FHO ODUH
VSHFLILFH ILHF U L LS GH L IODPD LH V D OD ED D IRUP ULL S U LL OLFKLGH D
H V GD O L FDUH SUL UH DO H I F LL SURG FH GLO DUHD D H O L SD R H
DVL U URILFL DUHD HV O L SH FDOH GH UH H HUDUH
• HOHPH HOH HV O L FR M F L DVL U GHOLPL DUHD SURFHV O L SD ROR LF
DM OD L GHFDUHD SUL v ORF LUH F IRUPDUH GH FLFD ULFH
• FHO OHOH SUR H L H GL H V GD LH FR ULE LH OD GH HUVLD IRFDU O L DVL U
VL H D GH IDF RUL PRUDOL L PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL FDUH IDFLOL HD FRRSHU ULOH
FHO ODUH D k G GUHS VFRS L GHFDUHD OH L LL 6 LPSOLFD H
SROLPRUIR FOHDUHOH H URILOH HR L RILOH L ED RILOH OLPIRFL HOH
PR RFL HOH L URPERFL HOH HO OHOH VLV HP O L LP D URO FH UDO v
GHU ODUHD SURFHV O L L IODPD RU
5HDF LD L IODPD RULH GH HUPL GLV U HUHD GLO DUHD VD L RODUHD
D H O L SD R H L R RGD L HU L H v SURFHV O UHSDUD RU DO HV O L
GLV U V 6H FR VLGHU F SURFHV O VH V L H v FR GL LLOH v GHS U ULL V LP OLORU
GHFOD D RUL L Fk G GLVSDU VD V L KLED L PHGLD RULL FKLPLFL DL L IODPD LHL
2ULFH L IODPD LH RULFk GH IRORVL RDUH DU IL SH U V SUD LH L UHD

RU D LVP O L SURG FH R L R VHULH GH GLV U HUL LV ODUH , IODPD LD SRD H
GH H L SHULF ORDV v FD O UHDF LHL GH KLSHUVH VLELOL DUH ID GH HOH
PHGLFDPH H VD ID GH HOH R L H DO H VL D LL PDL DOHV v H RO LLOH
FUR LFH UHSDUDUHD GHIHF O L VH UHDOL HD SUL ILEUR DUH DS Uk G R VHULH GH
GLVI F LL RU D LFH UD H L DFHV H FR VLGHUH H VH UHF U H v P O H VL D LL
OD HUDSLH D LL IODPD RULH
Clasificarea şi terminologia generală a inflama iilor

, GLIHUH GH LS O GH L IODPD LH RD H D PHFD LVP GH ED v FDUH
SDU LFLS FHO OH ORFDOH VD DIO L H v IRFDU IH RPH H DVF ODUH L PHGLD RUL
FKLPLFL ODVLILFDUHD V ULF D L IODPD LLORU G S D PL H FUL HULL HV H GLILFLO GH
UHDOL D HU HV H F SH U D IL LO H LFKH DUHD L D PL LS GH L IODPD LH
SH U D R GH PL DV IHO v Fk V L IRORVHDVF FOL LFLD O L D D RPRSD ROR O
UHE LH V FRPEL H R VHULH GH HUPH L GHVFULS L L FDSDELOL GH R GHIL LUH Fk PDL
H DF 6 DSOLFD H PDL P O H FUL HULL GH FODVLILFDUH ILHFDUH VFR k G v
H LGH R D PL U V U D SURFHV O L V GLD
H HUDO HUPH LL VSHFLILFL SH U SURFHV O L IODPD RU VH IRUPHD

SUL LOL DUHD V IL O L L DG D GH PLULL RU D O L VD HV O L
KHSD L DV UL 3UHIL O S VHP LILF L IODPD LD FDSV OHL VD D VHURDVHL
RU D O L SHULKHSD L SHULVSOH L LDU SUHIL O S VH LOL HD SH U D
H SULPD ORFDOL DUHD L IODPD LHL v HV O FR M F L GL M U O RU D O L
SDUD HIUL
S L H L D HD DIH V O L IODPD LLOH V
• PL LPDOH UH GH VHVL D DED HULOH GH OD V U F UD RUPDO ILL G

PL LPH
• PHGLL DIHF DUHD LV ODU HV H GH L H VL D H UHG V F PD LIHV UL
DVF ODUH GLVFUH H KLSHUHPLH L HGHP L SURFHVH H V GD L H VODE
H SULPD H
• PRGHUD H GLV U HUHD LV ODU ORFDO VH DVRFLD F R UHDF LH
SHULIHULF VD V SUDS V FR V k G v DIO OH FRFL DU L IH RPH H
DVF ODUH
• VH HUH GLV U HUHD LV ODU HV H FR VLGHUDELO FD v L GHUH L
L H VL D H FR FRPL H F SURG FHUHD HL H V GD LL DE GH H
• H H VL H GLV U HUHD UD D HV O L DUH R SUR D H GL
GH H L GHUH I U SRVLELOL D HD GHOLPL ULL SURFHV O L
S IR RO IO O V
• V SUDDF H DSDU OD Fk H D RUH GH OD L HU H LD L IDF RU RFL L

VH PD LIHV SUL DO HU UL LV ODUH UHG VH L H H DO R VODE UHDF LH
DVF ODU SUDF LF GD RUL H RO LHL UDSLGH PRGLILF ULOH D LPS
V VH L V DOH H L V VH H SULPH PRUIROR LF VSHFLILF
• DF H VH PD LIHV G S RUH GH OD L HU H LD V LP O O L
IOR R H L SRD H G UD Fk H D LOH UHDF LD DVF ODU HV H H LGH
DVHOH VD L H V GLOD D H SOL H F Vk H RFD LR DO FR L
URPEL VH SURG F KHPRUD LL L HGHPH LDU H V GD O ILEUL RV GH L H
L LELO FOL LF VH PD LIHV SUL F OG U UR HD PHILHUH L
G UHUH FR ULE LD OH FRFL DU HV H DULDELO S k G VH PD LIHV D
GH LPS UL F DPSOLILFDUH G S D GR LOH IUHF H
SUHGRPL H URILOHOH GDU SR IL v kO L H FD UL v FDUH V
SUH H H v P U PDUH FHO OHOH PR R FOHDUH LPSOLFDUHD GH
LPS UL D DVHORU OLPID LFH v GUH DUHD SURG LORU UH O D L v
IRFDU VH VROGHD F OLPIDGH L H OLPIRUH LF OL H UH LR DOH
• V EDF H SR G UD Fk H D LOH VD Fk H D V S Pk L VH
GLIHUH LD UDGLFDO ID GH L IODPD LLOH DF H VFDGH GL L H VL D H
UHDF LD DVF ODU VH UD VIRUP SURILO O FRPSR H HL FHO ODUH D
H V GD O L L ILO UD O OH FRFL DU GH H L G PL DO UL GH
H URILOH UH VL G VH FHO OH PR R FOHDUH OLPIRFL H PDFURID H
SODVPRFL H
• FUR LFH V L IODPD LLOH GH O G UD v FDUH PD LIHV ULOH
L IODPD RULL V L LELO DFRPSD LD H GH UHDF LD UH H HUD L D
HV O L D G SR IL SURG VH GH VSL H LUL D L H F DF L H
SUHO L HV O D G ILL G L FDSDELO GH HOLPL DUHD ORU DGHVHD VH
FRPSOH HD F UHDF LL LP H UHDF LD SUROLIHUD L UH H HUD L
LV ODU HV H H LGH ILH FHD SDUH FKLPD RDV ILH FHD GH ILEUR DUH
GH v ORF LUH D HV O L RELO PLFURVFRSLF V DE GH H FHO OHOH
PR R FOHDUH L FO VL FHOH GR FD H RULL GH PDFURID H ORFDOH L
F RUL L H VD L FHO OH DOH HV O L FR M F L ILEUREODV H L
IH RPH H GH D LR H H FDSLODUH VD L H GH HRIRUPD LH GL
V U F UD HV O L GH UD OD LH , IODPD LLOH FUR LFH V
FR L DUHD FHORU DF H VD SR D HD GH OD v FHS R H RO LH
L VLGLRDV PDFURID HOH GH L URO LPSRU D v SD R H H D
L IODPD LLORU FUR LFH SUREDELO SUL FDSDFL D HD GH D VHFUH D
PDFURPROHF OH ELROR LF DF L H F GLIHUL H HIHF H
• FUR LF DF L H VHP LILF DSDUL LD VHP HORU GH DF L DUH SH IR G
GH L IODPD LH FUR LF
HOLPL DUHD DF V EDF FUR LF HV H GLILFLO GH UDVD ILL G RUED
GHVSUH H RO LD DFHOHLD L OH L L FDUH FDS DOH H PRUIROR LFH L I F LR DOH
RL v I F LH GH UHDF L L D HD HV O L D G GH D UHVL L D HD D H O L
FD DO GH V SUDS HUHD D RL IDF RUL SHU UED RUL DL HFKLOLEU O L ORFDO
S GL ULE V O L IODPD LLOH V
• IRFDOH GH PL H L GUHS IRFDU L IODPD RU V LFH L GHOLPL D H

GH HV HPRGLILFD
• P O LIRFDOH Fk G v U RU D DSDU FR FRPL H PDL P O H IRFDUH
L IODPD RULL GH GLIHUL H GLPH VL L
• GLI H LPSOLF R RU D O VD R PDUH SDU H GL DFHV D I U D

H LV D R EDULHU GH GHOLPL DUH D L IODPD LHL
• F H H VL L D H ORFDO Fk G SURFHV O L IODPD RU F SUL GH R R
GL U RU D ILH FD UPDUH D FR IO ULL RU IRFDUH ILH SUL
H L GHUHD HL OH L L L L LDOH
S H SULPDUHD PRUIROR L D D RPRSD ROR LF L IODPD LLOH V
• SUHGRPL D DO HUD L H
• SUHGRPL D H V GD L H
S U OH H V S UD L H H LROR LH EDF HULD HUPH L
SLR H L
R V S UD L H
• SUHGRPL D SUROLIHUD L H
UD ORPD RDVH
R UD ORPD RDVH
/D DFHV H FD H RULL VH DGD IRUPHOH GH L IODPD LH PL GH LS
KHPRUD LFR HFUR LF ILEUL R S U OH VD VHUR ILEUL RV ILHFDUH FD H RULH
SR IL v FDGUD H GLIHUL H LS UL GH L IODPD LH FDUH RU IL GHVFULVH v U
V EFDSL RO VHSDUD H UHPDUFD F v FDGUDUHD V ULF v U R D PL FD H RULH
PRUIROR LF HV H HRUL DUEL UDU v FDGU O DFHOHLD L OH L L ILL G EL H
H SULPD H L IH RPH HOH DO HUD L H L FHOH SUROLIHUD L H
S I F R R V O L IODPD LLOH V
• L HUV L LDOH S H PR LLOH L HUV L LDOH VD HIUL HOH L HUV L LDOH

• ORPHU ODUH ORPHU OR HIUL HOH
• E ODUH E OR HIUL HOH
• DO HRODUH DO HROL H
• EUR LRODUH EUR LROL H EUR L H
• D PL LS GH V EV D D HV O L HU RV OH FRH FHIDOL H
SROLRPLHOL H
• PL H EUR KRS H PR LL SD H FHIDOL H PH L R H FHIDOR PLHOL H
S SUH H F RR V OR L IODPD LLOH V
• VHS LFH
• DVHS LFH V HULOH
S ROR L IODPD LLOH SR IL
• EDF HULH H
• LUDOH
• SDUD L DUH
• PLFR LFH
• DOHU LFH
• F V EV UD LP
• GH FRUS V U L
Caracteristicile inflama iei acute

L IODPD LLOH DF H IH RPH HOH DVF ODUH GH L URO PDMRU v UHDF LD
GH U VS V LV ODU ID GH D UHVL HD D H LORU SD R H L
( H LPH HOH SURG VH v L IODPD LD DF V UHSUH H D H GH
0RGLILF UL DOH FLUF OD LHL VD L H v IRFDU O L IODPD RU PRGLILF UL

GH O PH DVF ODU
% 0RGLILF UL v HUL RUL O PLFUR DVF ODU DU HULROH FDSLODUH H OH
FDUH GH HUPL FUH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH ID RUL k G
DSDUL LD H V GD O L
( UD D DUHD OH FRFL DU L ID RFL R D IH RPH H FHO ODUH
H UD DVF ODUH
0RGLILF UL DOH FLUFXOD LHL VD L H v IRFDU O L IODPD RU
FHV H PRGLILF UL DSDU SUHFRFH v IRFDU O L IODPD RU GHU Ok G VH

VHF H LDO HE O SURFHV O L L IODPD RU HV H PDUFD GH R DVRFR V ULF LH
UD L RULH L L FR V D D DU HULROHORU UPD GH DVRGLOD D LH OD L HU DO
GH RUGL O VHF GHORU , L LDO V LPSOLFD H DU HULROHOH VH GHVFKLG FDSLODUHOH
GH UH HU v IRFDU DS Uk G IH RPH HOH VSHFLILFH L HUHPLHL DF L H
DVRGLOD D LD GH HUPL UHG FHUHD L H HL GH FLUF OD LH VD L FUH HUHD
kVFR L LL Vk HO L ID RUL k G L V DODUHD V D HL L FUH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL
DVF ODUH V D OH FRFL HOH v GHRVHEL H URILOHOH VH GLVS v DSURSLHUHD
SHUH LORU DVF ODUL IH RPH GH PL PDU L D LH OH FRFL DU
FHV H H H LPH H VH V FFHG v U R SHULRDG DULDELO GH LPS GH OD

Fk H D PL H OD GH PL H L DVL U GHU ODUHD UP RDUHORU H DSH
RGLILF UL v HUL RUL O PLFUR DVF ODU FDUH GH HUPL

FUH HUHD HUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH ID RUL G D DUL LD
H V GD O L
UH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH SHUPL H LH LUHD v VSD L O

H UD DVF ODU D L OLFKLG ER D v SUR HL H F RUL L H VD L H V GD
3LHUGHUHD SUR HL HORU SODVPD LFH GH HUPL R UHG FHUH D SUHVL LL RVPR LFH
L UD DVF ODUH L FUH HUHD HL v L HUV L L R FRPL H F L V DODUHD V D HL
FUH H L SUHVL HD KLGURV D LF L UD DVF ODU H LV k G FR GL LLOH ID RUDELOH
L V DO ULL HGHP O L v IRFDU O L IODPD RU
/D IRUPDUHD H V GD O L FR ULEL H L R VHULH GH PRGLILF UL DOH

H GR HOL O L DVF ODU
• HOH PDL IUHF H H PRGLILF UL V GH HUPL D H GH DF L HD KLV DPL HL

EUDGLNL L HL OH FR ULH HORU L D DO RU PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL L FR V v
FR UDF LD FHO OHORU H GR HOLDOH FHHD FH ID RUL HD DSDUL LD GH VSD LL
L HUFHO ODUH O HUDUHD H GR HOLDO VH L V DOHD UDSLG HV H UH HUVLELO L GH
VF U G UD F RVF L V E GH PLUHD GH U V V LPHGLD UD L RUL
)H RPH O DIHF HD v GHRVHEL H OHOH SRVLELO GD RUL GH VL LL PDL PDUL
GH UHFHS RUL FHO ODUL SH U PHGLD RULL FKLPLFL DPL L L
• 1HFUR D L GH D DUHD FHO OHORU H GR HOLDOH GH PHPEUD D ED DO HV H R
DO HUDUH H GR HOLDO UH VL IUHF H v OH L LOH HFUR LFH H UH O
PRGLILFDUHD HV H GHFOD D LPHGLD G S DF L HD D H O L SD R H L
SHUVLV Fk H D RUH ILL G F RVF GUHS U V V LPHGLD V V L 6
DIHF D H DU HULROHOH FDSLODUHOH L H OHOH DO HUDUHD H GR HOLDO DVRFLL G VH
F DGHUDUH SODFKH DU L URPER
• /H FRFL HOH DGHU GH LPS UL OD H GR HOL FHOH DF L D H HOLEHUk G SURG L
R LFL L H LPH SUR HROL LFH V IHO VH H SOLF DSDUL LD OH L LORU
H GR HOLDOH PHGLD H OH FRFL DU L FO VL F GHVSUL GHUHD ORU GH PHPEUD D
ED DO L DFHV H OH L L FR ULE LH OD FUH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH L
OD IRUPDUHD GH URPEL
• O IH RPH SRVLELO LPSOLFD v SURG FHUHD H V GD O L HV H FHO GH
UHRU D L DUH D FL RVF HOH O L L D MR F L LORU L HU H GR HOLDOH V E
DF L HD FL RNL HORU L HUOH NL D IDF RU GH HFUR PRUDO L HUIHUR
HO OHOH H GR HOLDOH VH FR UDF DS Uk G R GLVFR L L D H H GR HOLDO
• /D SURG FHUHD HGHP O L L IODPD RU PDL SRD H FR ULE L IH RPH O GH
D LR H H Fk G DFHV D VH GHVI RDU GHILFL DU OL VD UH H HU ULL
FD LODUHORU DSLODUHOH R IRUPD H U Pk SHUPHDELOH Sk Fk G FHO OHOH
H GR HOLDOH VH GLIHUH LD L Sk Fk G VH IRUPHD MR F L L L HUFHO ODUH
( UD D DUHD OH FRFL DU L ID RFL R D
2 FRPSR H HVH LDO D SURFHV O L L IODPD RU HV H UHSUH H D GH

DIO O OH FRFL DU /H FRFL HOH GL IRFDU D PHURDVH I F LL EH HILFH
v OREHD R VHOI O GH UDGHD PLFURRU D LVPHOH L GH UL V O FHO ODU H F
L S FD H OH FRFL HOH SR IL U VS RDUH GH SUHO LUHD L D UD DUHD
L IODPD LHL SUL HOLEHUDUHD GH H LPH PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL UDGLFDOL GH R L H
FDUH DFFH HD GLV U HULOH LV ODUH 6 FFHVL HD GH H H LPH H OD FDUH
SDU LFLS OH FRFL HOH GL O PH O DVF ODU Sk Fk G DM v L HUV L L
SRDU GH PLUHD GH H UD D DUH ( DSHOH FR V D v
• 0DU L D LD D O L DUHD L DGHUDUHD OH FRFL HORU OD H GR HOL

DVF ODU
• LDSHGH D UD HUVDUHD SHUH HO L DVF ODU GH F UH OH FRFL H
• KHPR DF LVP O L DF L DUHD OH FRFL DU PL UDUHD L HUV L LDO D
OH FRFL HORU V E L IO H D PHGLD RULORU FKLPLFL
k DGHUDUHD Fk L GLDSHGH D V SURFHVH GH HUPL D H GH OH UL
FRPSOHPH DUH DOH PROHF OHORU GH DGH L H H LV H H SH V SUDID D OH FRFL HORU
L D FHO OHORU H GR HOLDOH ( LV R VHULH GH PHFD LVPH FDUH PRG OHD
SURFHV O GH DGHUDUH OH FRFL DU OD H GR HOL O DVF ODU
8 SULP PHFD LVP HV H UHSUH H D UHGLV ULEXLUHD PROHFXOHORU GH

DGH LX H SH V SUDID D FHO ODU H H HPSO 3 VHOHF L D VHOHF L HOH IDPLOLH
GH PROHF OH GH DGH L H H SULPD H SH OH FRFL H / VHOHF L D SH FHO OHOH
H GR HOLDOH ( VHOHF L D SH URPERFL H L FHO OHOH H GR HOLDOH 3 VHOHF L D
H LV RUPDO v PHPEUD D RU UD OH L UDFL RSODVPLFH GL FHO OHOH
H GR HOLDOH 3UL V LP ODUHD F KLV DPL URPEL VD IDF RU O GH DF L DUH
SODFKH DU 3 VHOHF L D HV H UDSLG UHGLV ULE L SH V SUDID D FHO ODU GH SRD H
IRUPD OH UL F UHFHS RULL OH FRFL DUL
O PHFD LVP FR V v L GXFHUHD VL H HL PROHFXOHORU GH DGH LX H

V IHO HOH FL RNL H L HUOH NL D ,/ IDF RU O GH HFUR PRUDO
)17 PHGLD RUL VRO ELOL F URO ELROR LF FRPSOH VHFUH D L GH GLIHUL H FHO OH
L G F VL H D L H SULPDUHD PROHF OHORU GH DGH L H SH V SUDID D FHO OHORU
H GR HOLDOH
HO GH DO UHLOHD PHFD LVP FR V v FUH HUHD FD DFL LL GH OH DUH

UL UD VIRUPDUHD FR IL UD LHL PROHF ODUH V E DF L HD GLUHF D RU
PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL
7UD V D DUHD OH FRFL DU GLDSHGH D VH SURG FH SUL UH FHO OHOH

H GR HOLDOH /H FRFL HOH v SULP O Uk G SROLPRUIR FOHDUHOH H URILOH HPL
SVH GRSRGH FDUH VH L VHU v MR F L LOH L HUFHO ODUH VH VF U L DM v U
R SR L LH GHOLPL D SH GH R SDU H GH FHO OHOH H GR HOLDOH LDU SH GH DO SDU H GH
PHPEUD D ED DO D H GR HOL O L DVF ODU 7UD HUVDUHD PHPEUD HL ED DOH VH
UHDOL HD SUL GH UDGDUHD H LPD LF D DFHV HLD SHUPL k G PL UDUHD O HULRDU
D OH FRFL HORU SUL L HUV L L GLDSHGH V LPSOLFD H PROHF OHOH GH
DGH L H H LV H H v R D MR F L LORU L HUH GR HOLDOH PROHF OHOH D k G R
GH VL D H PDL PDUH v H OH D H FHS LH v S OPR VH SURG FH L GLDSHGH
FDSLODU
PDMRUL D HD L IODPD LLORU DF H v SULPHOH GH RUH SUHGRPL

GLDSHGH D H URILOLF FDUH HV H v ORF L v LPS GH F UH PR RFL H
GH RUH D H FHS LL SROLPRUIR FOHDUHOH H URILOH SHUVLV v L IHF LLOH F
3 H GRPR D SS LOH v L IODPD LLOH DF H LUDOH SULPHOH FHO OH DIO L H
v IRFDU V OLPIRFL HOH v UHDF LLOH GH KLSHUVH VLELOL D H SUHGRPL GLDSHGH D
HR L RILOLF
R VHF L H UD D ULL OH FRFL HOH PL UHD v HV VSUH IRFDU O

L IODPD RU SUL U SURFHV GH PL FKHPR DF LVP KHPR DF LVP O HV H
GHIL L VLPSO GUHS ORFRPR LH RULH D G S UDGLH FKLPLF 0HGLD RULL
FKLPLFL FDUH L HU L v DFHV IH RPH VH PHVF FKHPRD UDF D L D H L
FKHPR DF LFL L SR IL SURG L EDF HULH L FRPSR H H DOH VLV HP O L
FRPSOHPH OH FR ULH H FL RNL H H F 1 VH F RVF RD H PHFD LVPHOH SUL
FDUH OH FRFL HOH GHSLV HD FKHPRD UDF D LL ILL G LPSOLFD H PHURDVH
PHFD LVPH L HUPHGLDUH UH OD H GH PHVD HUL FHO ODUL SULPDUL L VHF GDUL
H LL FKHPR DF LFL VH OHD VSHFLILF GH UHFHS RUL DL PHPEUD HL

OH FRFL DUH SUR RFk G DF L DUHD HL F L PH DEROLFH FH DUH GUHS VFRS IL DO
DF P ODUHD FDOFL O L v FHO O HFHVDU HOHPH HORU FR UDF LOH DF L L
PLR L LPSOLFD H v ORFRPR LD FHO OHL R FRPL H F V LP ODUHD
ORFRPR LHL P O L IDF RUL FKHPR DF LFL L G F R DF L DUH OH FRFL DU FHO OHOH
GH H L G DS H SH U v GHSOL LUHD I F LLORU O HULRDUH
)D RFL R D FR V L LH D GL UH FHOH PDL LPSRU D H PRGDOL L GH

H UDOL DUH L HOLPL DUH D R VHOI O L GL IRFDU O L IODPD RU (D HV H
DVL UD GH PLFURID H H URILOH HR L RILOH ED RILOH L GH PDFURID H L
FR V v
UHF RD HUHD L D D DUHD PLFURID HORU PDFURID HORU GH R VHOI

RSVR L D VD
v OREDUHD R VHOI O L L IRUPDUHD DF ROHORU GH ID RFL R ID R RPL L
O HULRU ID ROL R RPL
RPRUkUHD VD GH D UDUHD PD HULDO O L ID RFL D SUL GLIHUL H PHFD LVPH
LPS O PL U ULL L HUV L LDOH L DO ID RFL R HL DSDU R VHULH GH
PRGLILF UL PHPEUD DUH DOH SROLPRUIR FOHDUHORU H URILOH L DOH
PDFURID HORU PRGLILF UL FH SHUPL HOLEHUDUHD RU V EV D H D k v
ID ROL R RPL Fk L v VSD L O H UDFHO ODU HOH PDL LPSRU D H V EV D H V
H LPHOH OL R RPDOH PH DEROL LL DF L L SH ED GH R L H L SURG LL UH O D L
GL PH DEROLVP O DFLG O L DUDKLGR LF SURV D OD GL H L OH FR ULH H FH L
SURG L GH HUPL OH L L DVF ODUH L GLV U HUL LV ODUH DPSOLILFk G HIHF HOH
GLV U F L H GH HUPL D H L L LDO GH D H O SD R H V IHO GDF SHUVLV L HV H
HFR UROD L ILO UD O OH FRFL DU GH L H G RU L OH L LOH LV ODUH
VHF GDUH SUR RFD H GH OH FRFL H D UD HD PHURDVH OH L L S H PRSD LL
FUR LFH DU UL D UH PD RLG
DF L L D HD GH ID RFL R L HU L GLUHF VD L GLUHF L URPERFL HOH

SODFKH HOH VD L H V IHO OD PDPLIHUH URPERFL HOH L HU L SUL F SODUHD
ORU F EDF HULLOH ILL G SH SRV GH RSVR L H IDFLOL k G ID RFL R D /D S V UL VH
FR VLGHU D D HD I F LH ID RFL DU
0RGDOL L GH IL DOL DUH D L IODPD LHL DF H
L GHFDUHD FRP OH GH PL L UH RO LH VH SURG FH v

FR GL LLOH HL OH L L GH L H VL D H UHG V F H L GHUH PLF L F H RO LH
VF U v LPS v FDUH GLV U HUHD LV ODU HV H OLPL D 5H RO LD LPSOLF
H UDOL DUHD L HOLPL DUHD PHGLD RULORU FKLPLFL F UH H LUHD OD RUPDO D
SHUPHDELOL LL DVF ODUH , ILO UD O OH FRFL DU GLVSDUH HGHP O D H O
SD R H L GH UL V O FHO ODU V v GHS U D H LDU FHO OHOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH VH
UH H HUHD )D RFL HOH L GUH DM O OLPID LF V HVH LDOH SH U IL DOL DUHD
L IODPD LHL DF H SUL L GHFDUH FRPSOH
9L GHFDUHD SUL v ORF LUH F HV FR M F L GH PL L
ILEUR DUH VD FLFD UL DUH VH SURG FH FR VHF L GLV U HULORU LV ODUH PDVL H
GDU L v FD O GLV U HULORU OLPL D H FH DIHF HD HV UL OLSVL H GH FDSDFL D H
GH UH H HUDUH PLRFDUG H DVHPH HD ILEUR DUHD HV H VSHFLILF OH L LORU v
FDUH DE G H V GD O ILEUL RV
2 DO SRVLELOL D H GH IL DOL DUH D L IODPD LLORU DF H FR V v

FRPSOLFDUHD DFHV RUD F IRUPDUHD DEFHVHORU
FR GL LLOH SHUVLV H HL D H O L SD R H v IRFDU VD v FR GL LLOH

v FH L LULL SURFHV O L GH L GHFDUH L IODPD LD DF VH FUR LFL HD
UD VIRUPk G VH v L IODPD LH FUR LF
Caracteristicile inflama iei cronice

, IODPD LD FUR LF HV H FR VLGHUD L IODPD LD GH O G UD
H RO HD V S Pk L O L GH LOH v FDUH VH GHU OHD VLP O D H H LPH H
DOH HL L IODPD LL DF L H GLV U HULOH LV ODUH L SURFHVHOH GH L GHFDUH FL
Fk G v L DUH RUL L HD v L IODPD LD DF DUH GHE GLILFLO GH DSUHFLD
H RO k G DGHVHD DVLPS RPD LF 6 HFHVDUH UP RDUHOH FR GL LL SH U D VH
SURG FH R L IODPD LH FUR LF
HUVLV H D L IHF LHL SURG V GH HOH PLFURRU D LVPH GH

H HPSO 0 RED HUL P SS VD HOH VSHFLL GH PLFH L
0LFURRU D LVPHOH SHUVLV v IRFDU DF LR HD SUL H GR R L H
VD SUL H RR L H L H HUHD R UHDF LH LP GH
KLSHUVH VLELOL DUH v kU LD
( HUHD UHO L OD D H L D R H L F R H LDO R LF
SH U HV O v FDUH DM GH H HPSO SDU LF OHOH L HU H GH LS O
DFLG O L ULF L DO UD LORU GH HUPL IRUPDUHD RILORU RL
DUL LD UHDF LLORU D RLP H v EROL GH LS O O S V O L
HUL HPD RV VLV HPLF DU UL HL UH PD RLGH VL D LL FDUDF HUL D H SUL U
R UHDF LH SHUPD H GH D UHVL H ID GH V U F ULOH LV ODUH SURSULL
SUL IRUPDUHD GH D R D LFRUSL
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH L IODPD LD DF v FDUH GRPL UD VIRUP ULOH

DVF ODUH HGHP O L L ILO UD O H URILOLF v L IODPD LD FUR LF U V ULOH
FDUDF HULV LFH V UHSUH H D H GH
, ILO UD LD IRFDU O L F FHO OH PR R FOHDUH PDFURID H OLPIRFL H

SODVPRFL H
% LV U HUH LV ODU H LGH D UD D GH DF L HD FHO OHORU L IODPD RULL
FHUF UL GH L GHFDUH SUL v ORF LUH F HV FR M F L IH RPH FH DUH
OD ED D LR H H D L ILEUR DUHD ILEURSOD LD
, ILO UD LD F PR R FOHDUH
DFURID HOH V FHO OHOH FKHLH DOH L IODPD LHL FUR LFH (OH DSDU L
VLV HP O L ID RFL DU PR R FOHDU L v L D RUL L HD v P G D RVRDV
0R REODV HOH GL P G D RVRDV VH UD VIRUP v PR RFL H Fk G DM v
FLUF OD LD VD L LDU Fk G S U VHVF SD O DVF ODU GH L PDFURID H
0DFURID HOH LV ODUH V U VSk GL H v HV O FR M F L VD D R GLVS HUH
V UD H LF v GLIHUL H RU D H L HV UL L HU H L G v DS UDUHD ORFDO FHO OH
. SIIHU ILFD KLV LRFL H VL VDOH VSOL L OLPIR RG UL PDFURID H DO HRODUH
S OPR PDFURID H L UD DVF ODUH S OPR DUH PDFURID H SOH UDOH L
SHUL R HDOH PDFURID H PH D LDOH UD D GH LD D PDFURID HORU LV ODUH
HV H GH Fk H D O L v LPS FH D PR RFL HORU GH R L
0R RFL HOH H UD D HD G S DFHOD L VFH DUL GHVFULV v L IODPD LD

DF ILL G LPSOLFD H PROHF OHOH GH DGH L H GH RUH GH OD GHE O
OH LR DO PDFURID HOH PR RFL HOH H UD D D H KLV LRFL HOH SR GH H L LS O
GRPL D GH FHO OH GL IRFDU O L IODPD RU L v FD O PDFURID HORU HV H
HFHVDU L HU H LD PHGLD RULORU FKLPLFL F URO v FKHPR DF LVP L DF L DUHD
FHO ODU 0DFURID HOH DF L D H VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL RO P FHO ODU PDL PDUH
GHFk FHO L L LDO DFFH DUHD PH DEROLVP O L FUH HUHD L HO O GH H LPH
OL R RPDOH FUH HUHD FDSDFL LL GH v OREDUH L GH D UDUH D
PLFURRU D LVPHORU L HU DOL D H
F L DUHD SRD H IL SURG V GH OLPIRNL HOH VHFUH D H GH OLPIRFL HOH 7
VH VLELOL D H GH H GR R L H EDF HULH H GH DO L PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL L GH SUR HL H
DOH PD ULFHL H UDFHO ODUH ILEUR HF L D O IHO VS V DF L DUHD PDFURID HORU
HV H D k GH LS LP OLPIRFL HOH 7 G S DF L DUHD D L H LF VHFUH L HUIHUR
Fk L R LP SUL DF L HD H GR R L HORU EDF HULH H 0DFURID HOH
DF L D H VHFUH R PDUH DULH D H GH V EV D H ELROR LF DF L H LPSOLFD H v
GLV U HUHD LV ODU D LR H H L ILEUR DUH 8 HOH GL UH V EV D HOH ELROR LF
DF L H V R LFH FHO ODUH VD SH U FRPSR H HOH PD ULFHL H UDFHO ODUH
SUR HD HOH DO HOH GH HUPL DIO O DO RU LS UL FHO ODUH FL RNL HOH LDU DO HOH
L G F SUROLIHUDUHD ILEUREODV HORU L DF P ODUHD GH FROD H IDF RULL GH
FUH HUH
L IODPD LD DF GDF D H O SD R H HV H HOLPL D PDFURID HOH

V GLV U VH ORFDO VD V GUH D H GL IRFDU SH FDOH OLPID LF L IODPD LD
FUR LF PDFURID HOH SHUVLV SUL D GL UH UP RDUHOH PRGDOL L
IOXLUHD FR L X D PR RFL HORU GL FLUFXOD LH GD RUL

SHUVLV H HL PROHF OHORU GH DGH L H L D FKHPRD UDF D LORU
6 LP OLL FKHPR DF LFL V UHSUH H D L GH FRPSOHPH FL RNL H
VHFUH D H GH PDFURID HOH DF L D H L GH OLPIRFL H R VHULH GH IDF RUL
GH FUH HUH PH DEROL L UH O D L SUL GH UDGDUHD FROD H O L VD D
ILEUR HF L HL
UROLIHUDUHD ORFDO D PDFURID HORU PHFD LVP v kO L v SO FLOH
D HURPD RDVH
,PRELOL DUHD PDFURID HORU v IRFDU O L IODPD RU GH HOH FL RNL H
L GH OLSLGH R LGD H
D F P DP DPL L PDFURID HOH F RD H F D URO HVH LDO v
DS UDUHD RU D LVP O L V FDSDELOH V SURG F LPSRU D H GLV U HUL LV ODUH
FHD GH D GR D FDUDF HULV LF D L IODPD LHL FUR LFH L L HU L v D LR H H L
ILEUR DUH FHD GH D UHLD FDUDF HULV LF D L IODPD LHL FUR LFH
O H LS UL GH FHO OH SUH H H v L IODPD LD FUR LF V OLPIRFL HOH

SODVPRFL HOH HR L RILOHOH L PDV RFL HOH
/LPIRFL HOH V PRELOL DUH D k SUL UHDF LH LP PHGLD FHO ODU VD

PRUDO Fk L SUL UHDF LH R LP /LPIRFL HOH 7 % FHOH V LP OD H
D L H LF VD FHOH GH PHPRULH DM v IRFDU SUL UD V D DUH , HU L R VHULH

GH PROHF OH GH DGH L H L GH PHGLD RUL FKLPLFL FL RNL H L VH SURG F
PHURDVH FRRSHU UL L HUFHO ODUH L DFHDV H DS DSDUH R UHDF LH LSLF
L IODPD LHL FUR LFH /LPIRFL HOH SR IL DF L D H SUL FR DF O F D L H O
OLPIRFL HOH DF L D H VHFUH OLPIRNL H HOH OLPIRNL H V LP OHD PR RFL HOH
L PDFURID HOH L HUIHUR PDFURID HOH DF L D H VHFUH PR RNL H FDUH OD
Uk G O ORU DF L HD OLPIRFL HOH /LPIRFL HOH DF L D H VHFUH PHGLD RUL DL
L IODPD LHL H SOLFk G VH DV IHO SHUVLV H D UHDF LHL L IODPD RULL
3ODVPRFL HOH SUR L GL OLPIRFL HOH % L VHFUH LP R ORE OL H

D LFRUSL
(R L RILOHOH V FHO OHOH VSHFLILFH UHDF LHL LP H PHGLD H GH , ( L

L IHF LLORU SDUD L DUH D L H URILOHOH HR L RILOHOH L HUDF LR HD F
PROHF OHOH GH DGH L H L PD LIHV FKHPR DF LVP H LL FKHPR DF LFL SR
D HD RUL L H PDV RFL DU OLPIRFL DU VD PDFURID LF (R L RILOHOH D I F LH
ID RFL DU L V IHU SURFHVH GH DF L DUH L HOH D R DF L H EH HILF PDL DOHV
vPSR UL D L IHF LLORU SDUD L DUH L R DF L H GLV U F L DV SUD HV O L D G
UD OHOH HR L RILOHORU FR L R SUR HL ED LF PDMRU F HIHF R LF DV SUD
SDUD L LORU GDU FDUH SURG FH L OL D FHO OHORU HSL HOLDOH
0DV RFL HOH V FR VLGHUD H D IL ED RILOHOH LV ODUH H LV H H v HV O

FR M F L 6H SDUH F V FHO OH F LD O LV LPSOLFD H v UHDF LLOH
DOHU LFH UD OHOH PDV RFL HORU FR L KHSDUL KLV DPL L HRUL
VHUR R L 1 P U O PDV RFL HORU FUH H v HOH IRFDUH L IODPD RULL PLR L D
GL ULFKL HOR
1HX URILOHOH GD RUL SHUVLV H HL EDF HULLORU L D RU PHGLD RUL

FKLPLFL SURG L GH PDFURID H L GH GLV U HULOH LV ODUH FR L V ILH
PHURDVH v HOH L IODPD LL FUR LFH RV HRPLHOL HOH FUR LFH
LV UX HUH LVXODU H LGH D UD D GH DF L HD FHO OHORU
L IODPD RULL
) U D UHO D PHFD LVPHOH H D H D HULRU V EOL LHP F ID GH

DF L HD GLV U F L SULPDU D D H O L SD R H OD FDUH VH DGD KLSR LD
LV ODU PDFURID HOH V GLUHF LPSOLFD H v SHUVLV H D HFUR HL GL
L IODPD LLOH FUR LFH
FHUF UL GH L GHFDUH UL v ORF LUH F HV FR M FL

D LR H H D L ILEUR DUHD
L IODPD LLOH FUR LFH GLV U HULOH FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH L D
HOHPH HORU V URPDOH V PDMRUH UD H H LGH H L DFHDV FD
UH H HUDUHD FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH HV H GLILFL DU L GHFDUHD UHDOL k G VH
SUL v ORF LUH F HV FR M F L SUL ILEUR DUH SUL FLFD UL DUH 3URFHV O
HV H DVHP RU F FHO SURG V v SO LOH DFFLGH DOH VD FKLU U LFDOH LIHUH D
FR V v SHUVLV H D D H O L SD R H L GHFL v SHUVLV H D UHDF LHL
L IODPD RULL
( LV PDL P O H IH RPH H FDUH FR F U OD GHU ODUHD SURFHV O L GH

ILEUR DUH
LR H H D IRUPDUHD GH DVH VD L H RL
0L UDUHD L SUROLIHUDUHD ILEUREODV HORU
)RUPDUHD GH GHSR L H v PD ULFHD H UDFHO ODU
0D UDUHD L RU D L DUHD UHPRGHODUHD HV O L ILEURV
)H RPH HOH UHSDUD RULL SUROLIHUD L H V GHFOD D H OD VF U LPS G S

DSDUL LD L IODPD LHL 8 HRUL OD GH RUH GH OD SURG FHUHD GHIHF O L GH F UH
D H O SD R H HV H L L LD SUROLIHUDUHD ILEUREODV HORU L D FHO OHORU
H GR HOLDOH LOH VH IRUPHD LS SDU LF ODU GH HV GH PL HV
GH UD OD LH FDUH v GHSOL H H I F LL HVH LDOH v L GHFDUHD L IODPD LHL
0DFURVFRSLF HV O GH UD OD LH DUH DVSHF UD ODU DVSHF GH v P ULUH
HV H PRDOH IULDELO L UR UR LD LF 0LFURVFRSLF VH FR V D R SUROLIHUDUH
DVF ODU F IRUPDUHD FDSLODUHORU GH HRIRUPD LH L SUROLIHUDUHD ILEUREODV HORU
LR H H D HV H SURFHV ELROR LF LPSOLFD v IH RPH O GH

UH H HUDUH v L IODPD LL GDU L v SURFHV O PRUDO ( LV PHUR L IDF RUL
GHFOD D RUL DL DFHV L IH RPH VHFUH D L GH PDFURID HOH GL IRFDU VD GH F UH
FHO OHOH PRUDOH H IDF RU O GH FUH HUH ILEUREODV LF IDF RU O GH FUH HUH D
H GR HOL O L DVF ODU LR H H D FR V v IRUPDUHD GH RL DVH GH Vk H
SRU L G GH OD FHOH SUHH LV H H v HV 3H U DSDUL LD FDSLODUHORU GH
HRIRUPD LH V HFHVDUH H DSH
• GH UDGDUHD SUR HROL LF D PHPEUD HL ED DOH D DVHORU H LV H H

SH U D SHUPL H IRUPDUHD GH RL FDSLODUH L SH U D DVL UD
PL UDUHD FHO ODU
• PL UDUHD FHO OHORU H GR HOLDOH V E DF L HD V LP OLORU GH
D LR H H
• SUROLIHUDUHD FHO OHORU H GR HOLDOH
• PD UDUHD FHO OHORU H GR HOLDOH L RU D L DUHD V U F ULL FDSLODUHORU
R IRUPD H
FHV H FDSLODUH L HUH D MR F L L L HUH GR HOLDOH LPSHUIHF H L UDUH
SHUPL k G UHFHUHD v VSD L O H UD DVF ODU D PDFURPROHF OHORU SUR HLFH L
HUL URFL HORU UHS FR VHFL DSDUH HGHP O HV O L GH UD OD LH
0L UDUHD ILEUREODV HORU L UROLIHUDUHD ORU V PHFD LVPH UH OD H

R GH IDF RULL GH FUH HUH IDF RU O GH FUH HUH GHUL D SODFKH DU IDF RU O GH
FUH HUH HSLGHUPDO IDF RU O GH FUH HUH ILEUREODV LF L GH HOH FL RNL H 2
VHULH GH IDF RUL V LP OHD VL H D GH FROD H L PRG OHD VL H D L DF L DUHD
PH DORSUR HL D HORU H LPH FH GH UDGHD FRPSR H HOH PD ULFHL
H UDFHO ODUH V IHO VH SURG FH R UHPRGHODUH D HV O L FR M F L
Morfologia inflama iilor

, IODPD LD VH SRD H PD LIHV D PRUIROR LF L FOL LF v GLIHUL H PRG UL v
I F LH GH SDU LF ODUL LOH LV ODUH GH V U F UD H V GD O L FHHD FH UHIOHF
G UD D L VH HUL D HD SURFHV O L L GH SDU LF ODUL LOH D H O L FD DO L
S F GH HGHUH PRUIROR LF L H LROR LF L IODPD LLOH SR IL HVSHFLILFH ILL G
SURG VH GH GLIHUL L D H L SD R H L L SR IL VSHFLILFH SURG FHUHD ORU DVRFLL G
VH F DF L HD L D PL D H H LROR LF UD ORP O EHUF ORV v
EHUF OR , IODPD LLOH VSHFLILFH SR L GLFD H LROR LD OH L LL EROLL v DFHV
FD GLD RV LF O D D RPRSD ROR LF V SUDS k G VH SHV H GLD RV LF O
H LROR LF
ODVLF D D F P DP DPL L GHMD GL S F GH HGHUH PRUIROR LF

L IODPD LLOH VH FODVLILF v
L IODPD LL SUHGRPL D DO HUD L H

L IODPD LL SUHGRPL D H V GD L H
L IODPD LL SUHGRPL D SUROLIHUD L H
, IODPD LLOH UHGRPL D DO HUD L H L H V GD L H

D RUL PHURDVHORU DVSHF H GH V SUDS HUH D PDL P O RU LS UL GH
L IODPD LH L IODPD LH KHPRUD LFR HFUR LF L IODPD LH ILEUL R HFUR LF
VL D LH IUHF H UH VL v SUDF LF L GD RUL IDS O L F v HOH L IODPD LL VH
H SULP H LGH D k IH RPH HOH DO HUD L H Fk L FHOH H V GD L H L IODPD LD
FD DUDO L IODPD LD D UH RDV L IODPD LLOH RU IL SUH H D H I U R
v FDUFHUDUH V ULF v U R D PL FD H RULH 6FRS O DFHV L V EFDSL RO HV H GH
D GHVFULH PRUIROR LD GLIHUL HORU L IODPD LL SH U D OH S HD UHF RD H O HULRU
v SUDF LF GH D LOL D FRUHF HUPL ROR LD L IODPD LLORU L GH D S HD RULH D
VD V DELOL GLD RV LF O H LROR LF
Inflam ia necrotică
L GH L IODPD LH SUHGRPL FRPSR H D DO HUD L HFUR D
LV ODU FHD H V GD L ILL G VODE H SULPD (V H R L IODPD LH HVSHFLILF
D k G H LROR LH EDF HULD KHSD L D PLOLDU HFUR LF GL SDV H UHOR D D LDU
LUDO VSOH L D PLOLDU HFUR LF GL ERDOD MHV N OD V L H SDUD L DU
KHSD L D HFUR LF GL KLV RPR R D D LDU 3RD H IL SUR RFD v V L GH
IDF RUL R LFL VD GH DO D U
( RO LH L IODPD LD HFUR LF H RO HD DF UDUHRUL V EDF
/RFDOL DUH FHO PDL IUHF H DIHF HD ILFD O L VSOL D RU D H v FDUH

GD RUL SDU LF ODUL LORU GH F ORDUH IRFDUHOH L IODPD RULL V RU GH GHSLV D
, IODPD LD HFUR LF VH SRD H ORFDOL D v RULFH RU D VD HV vPEU Fk G

DVSHF H SDU LF ODUH v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH L GH H LROR LD OH L LL
0RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH L IODPD LD HFUR LF VH H SULP FD

L IODPD LH IRFDO VD P O LIRFDO PLOLDU VD v IRFDUH PDUL
• PDFURVFRSLF L IODPD LD HFUR LF PLOLDU VH PD LIHV V E IRUPD
RU HUL RULL GH GLPH VL L PLFL FD v HS ULOH GH DF GH F ORDUH
DOE OE L FH LH HRUL L VHVL DELOH OD SDOSDUHD V SHUILFLDO D
RU D HORU /D SHULIHULD IRFDUHORU v H RO LLOH DF H DSDUH R R GH
KLSHUHPLH , IODPD LD HFUR LF v IRFDUH PDUL VH H SULP
PRUIROR LF GLIHUL v I F LH GH D H O SD R H 1HFUR HOH GH LS
LVFKHPLF VD HFUR HOH GH OLFKHILHUH V GHOLPL D H GH UHDF LD
LV ODU )RFDUHOH FH LL GH HFUR V EL H GHOLPL D H ILH GH
KLSHUHPLH v H RO LLOH DF H ILH GH R R DOELFLRDV UHSUH H D
GH DIO O OH FRFL DU v H RO LLOH V EDF H 8 HRUL VH FR V D R
H GL GH V UD LILFDUH D IRFDU O L HFUR LF F H L GHUHD OH L LL
VSUH SHULIHULH
• PLFURVFRSLF
KLV ROR LF IRFDUHOH HFUR LFH GH UL V FHO ODU V
GHOLPL D H GH HV O HPRGLILFD SUL U R EDULHU GH
KLSHUHPLH V D OD FDUH VH DGD H V GD LD OH FRFL DU
Fk OH L HD HV H PDL HFKH F D k IH RPH HOH DVF ODUH VH
HV RPSHD GRPL G DIO O OH FRFL DU 3R IL GHSLV D H L
PLFURIRFDUH GH L IODPD LH HFUR LF I U FRUHVSR GH
PDFURVFRSLF
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU FR V v UH L LR DG L H U P
PDL DOHV v FD O L IODPD LHL PLOLDUH SRVLELOL D HD UD VIRUP ULL v DEFHVH HV H
FL D v L IODPD LD HFUR LF v IRFDUH PDUL GL HFUREDFLOR D LVFHUDO R DO
SRVLELOL D H HV H L GHFDUHD SUL v ORF LUH F HV FR M F L 8OFHU O HV H
GHIHF ORFDO SURG V SUL v GHS U DUHD L HUL RUL LV ODU F L IODPD LH
HFUR LF 8OFHU O VH SURG FH Fk G L IODPD LD HFUR LF HV H V ILFLH GH
V SHUILFLDO SH U D VH S HD HOLPL D HUL RUL O HFUR D GH H HPSO Fk G
DIHF HD P FRDVHOH VD V EP FRDVHOH VD VH ORFDOL HD V EF D D
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO HFHVL GLD RV LF GLIHUH LDO ID GH DO H
OH L L PLOLDUH GH H HPSO RILL R L GL D LVFHUDO OD SDV UH VD
UD ORDPHOH PLOLDUH GL EHUF OR D D LDU
Inflam ia parenchimatoasă – inflam ia toxic-acută

(V H LS DSDU H GH L IODPD LH DO HUD L v FDUH DO HU ULOH LV ODUH
PDFURVFRSLFH L PLFURVFRSLFH V OD OLPL D GL UH SURFHVHOH GH H HUD L H L
FHOH L IODPD RULL VHPH HD L IODPD LL V D ULE L H RU L IHF LL LUDOH F
H RO LH UDSLG L UD PLRFDUGL D L PLR L D SDUH FKLPD RDV GL IHEUD
DI RDV IRUPD PDOL L RU V UL R LFH L R LFD LH F IRVIRU F F SU
PLFR R LFR H UD L D HD OH L LORU FR V v ORFDOL DUHD ORU DIHF DUHD
PLRFDUG O L ILL G UHVSR VDELO GH PRDU HD D LPDO O L
Inflam ia catarală
L GH L IODPD LH v L IODPD LD FD DUDO ND DUU HL D VH VF U H VH
UH VHVF IH RPH HOH DO HUD L H GHVF DPDUHD FHO OHORU HSL HOLDOH DOH
P FRDVHORU L IH RPH HOH H V GD L H IRUPDUHD FD DU O L VHURV VD D FHO L
S U OH 6H FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R GHU ODUH H DSL D D SURFHVHORU FDUH v
I F LH GH SHUVLV H D L D UHVL L D HD D H O L SD R H VH SR RSUL v U R
D PL H DS H RO k G O HULRU VSUH L GHFDUH ( LROR LD HV H UHSUH H D GH
LU V UL EDF HUL V EV D H LUL D H S OEHUL
( RO LH H RO HD DF H LV k G SRVLELOL D HD GH FUR LFL DUH
/RFDOL DUH L IODPD LH VSHFLILF P FRDVHORU GDU FDUH SRD H IL UH VL

L v S OPR
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH v I F LH GH D H O SD R H L GH ID D

V USUL V H V GD O FD DU O GH OD V SUDID D P FRDVHL SRD H
PD LIHV D GLIHUL H DVSHF H FHHD FH L FR IHU FD DU O L GLIHUL H
GH PLUL , IODPD LD FD DUDO DIHF HD R H v L VH GH P FRDV
D k G FDUDF HU GH L IODPD LH GLI 3 H PR LD FD DUDO VH
PD LIHV OREDU L DUH R H RO LH V DGLDO
• PDFURVFRSLF D DU O HUR VH REVHU IUHF H FOL LF V E IRUPD

MH DM O L VHURV v SULPD ID D UL L HORU DF H 0 FRDVD KLSHUHPLD
L HGHPD LD HV H DFRSHUL GH OLFKLG VHURV F S k G DVSHF
V LFORV FHOHD L IH RPH H VH SURG F L v DO H P FRDVH GL
RU D LVP D DU O P R FR V v DF P ODUHD SH V SUDID D
P FRDVHL KLSHUHPLD H D L OLFKLG RSDOHVFH kVFRV F
FR L ULGLFD GH P F V UD DUHD OH L LL VH PD LIHV SUL
IRUPDUHD D DU O L P R S U OH VD D FHO L S U OH GHSR L O
GH SH V SUDID D P FRDVHL GH H L G ILOD DOELFLRV VD DOELFLRV
OE L HRUL v GHS U k G VH GLILFLO GH SH V SUDID D P FRDVHL
DF GL S F GH HGHUH FOL LF VH V DELOH H F UL
GLD RV LF O GH L IODPD LH FD DUDO D P FRDVHORU DSDUH H G S
PRDU HD D LPDO O L VH HV RPSHD VD FKLDU GLVSDU VHP HOH
L FLSLH H DOH DFHV HL L IODPD LL LILF O D HD REVHU ULL FD DU O L
FR V HRUL L GL FR VLGHUH O F DFHV D HV H PDVFD GH
FR L O RU RU D H FD L DUH
• PLFURVFRSLF
KLV ROR LF v ID D H R V D L IODPD LHL FD DUDOH FHO OHOH
GHVF DPD H V v P U UHG V 0 FRDVD HV H HGHPD LD
L KLSHUHPLD O FRV VH IRUPHD GD RUL
KLSHUVHFUH LHL GH P F V SUL KLSHU URILD L KLSHUSOD LD
FHO OHORU FDOLFLIRUPH V U F UD DFHV L LS GH FD DU V
H LGH LD H PHURDVH FHO OH GHVF DPD H F FR
F O O ID D GH F FR S O VD S O HV H
SUR D H V GD LD H URILOLF L GHVF DPDUHD HSL HOL O L
P FRDVHL RULR O P FRDVHL HV H KLSHUHPLD L HV H VHGL O
H V GD LHL OH FRFL DUH
FL ROR LF FOL LF VH UHF U H OD HIHF DUHD GH IUR L UL SUL
UDFODUHD EDGLMR DUHD VD SHULDM O V SUDIH HORU P FRDVHORU
DSDUH H F L IODPD LH FD DUDO HO PDL IUHF H HV H
V USUL V IRUPD GH FD DU S O VD FR S O Fk G
IUR L ULOH V ER D H v P F V L H URILOH DF L H VD
GH H HUD H HOH LUR H FHO OHOH HSL HOLDOH GHVF DPD H
SUH L L FO LL VSHFLILFH
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU L GHFDUHD VH UHDOL HD GH
UH O SUL U R UH RO LH FRPSOH F UH H HUDUHD HSL HOLLORU DO HUD H ( LV
VL D LL GH FUR LFL DUH D L IODPD LHL FD DUDOH Fk G VH DM H OD DVSHF
SDU LF ODU GH IRUPDUH D RU RG OL PLFL DOELFLR L VD D RU FKLV UL GH
GLPH VL L UHG VH v V U F UD P FRDVHL 1RG OLL D FD V EV UD PRUIROR LF
HV O OLPIRLG KLSHUSOD LF GL P FRDVD UHVSHF L LDU FKLV ULOH GH UH H LH
DSDU FD UPDUH D REV U ULL FD DOHORU GH H FUH LH D OD GHORU GL P FRDV VH
GLVF GHVSUH R L IRO F O 2 FRPSOLFD LH D L IODPD LHL FD DUDOH FR V
v D UD DUHD OH L LL HSL HOLDOH P FRDVD V IHUL G HUR L L L FKLDU OFHUD LL
FHV HD RU ID RUL D H V GD LD ILEUL RDV
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO SUDF LF SR IL REVHU D H IRUPH FODUH GH

L IODPD LH FD DUDO VD IRUPH FRPEL D H V SUDS VH GH L IODPD LH D
HUPL ROR LH D FL Fk G FD DU O vPEUDF DVSHF S U OH VH LOL HD IUHF H
HUPH O FH GHIL H H P FRDVD VD RU D O L IODPD OD FDUH VH DGD FR
S O VD S O
I F LH GH FR H VH D v HOH H FH LS GH L IODPD LH H RO HD
( HPSOHOH V UHGD H v DEHO O U
7DEHO O U
7 O S G RV F O IO F O
7HUPH O PHGLFDO FDUH L GLF L IODPD LD FD DUDO D

( HPSOH GH P FRDVH
P FRDVHL v I F LH GH LS O GH FD DU
RU D H DIHF D H GH
D DU VHURV D DU P FR U OH
L IODPD LD FD DUDO
VHUR P FRV U OH
0 FRDVD D DO 5L L FD DUDO UL L 5L L P FR S U OH
VHURDV VD UL L VHUR VD UL L S U OH
P FRDV
0 FRDVD E FDO 6 RPD L FD DUDO 6 RPD L S U OH
0 FRDV FR M F L DO R M F L L VHURDV R M F L L S U OH
0 FRDVD HUL ( GRPH UL VHURDV VD ( GRPH UL P FR
VHUR P FRDV S U OH VD S U OH
3 OPR 3 H PR LH FD DUDO 3 H PR LH FD DUDO
7HUPH O PHGLFDO FDUH L GLF L IODPD LD FD DUDO D

( HPSOH GH P FRDVH
P FRDVHL v I F LH GH LS O GH FD DU
RU D H DIHF D H GH
D DU VHURV D DU PXFR SXUXOH
L IODPD LD FD DUDO
VHUR PXFRV SXUXOH
ID GH FR VROLGDUH UR LH ID GH FR VROLGDUH
ID GH VSOH L D LH FH LH ID GH
SD FUHD L DUH
OD G PDPDU 0DPL FD DUDO 0DPL S U OH
GHVF DPD L
Inflam ia seroasă
L GH L IODPD LH L IODPD LH SUHGRPL D H V GD L FDUDF HUL D
SUL SUH H D HL FD L L PDUL GH H V GD VHURV ER D v SUR HL H /D
H V GD O SUR H L GL SD O DVF ODU v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH VH DGD
OLFKLG O GH VHFUH LH DO FHO OHORU PH R HOLDOH v FD L LOH VHURDVH VD OLFKLG O
UH O D GL OL D FHO OHORU HSLOH LDOH v HSL HOLL , IODPD LD VHURDV L GLF
OH L L LV ODUH GH L H VL D H PHGLH ( LROR LD SRD H IL EDF HULD SHULFDUGL D
VHURDV GL KROHUD D LDU LUDO SHUL R L D L SOH UH LD VHURDV v SULPD ID
D SHUL R L HL L IHF LRDVH IHOL H UD PD LF H F ILL G L IODPD LH HVSHFLILF
( RO LH L IODPD LD VHURDV HV H R L IODPD LH DF
/RFDOL DUH L IODPD LD VHURDV FR V v H UD D DUHD L DF P ODUHD

H V GD O L VHURV v O PH O FD L LORU VHURDVH VD v V U F UD RU RU D H
VD HV UL HGHP L IODPD RU L L UDHSL HOLDO VD V EHSLGHUPLF H LF OHOH
L UDHSL HOLDOH v LUR HOH HSL HOLR URSH IHEUD DI RDV VD IOLF HOHOH F GLIHUL H
H LROR LL DUV UL
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH SRD H D HD FDUDF HU ORFDOL D V E IRUP

GH H LF OH VD FDUDF HU GLI Fk G VH SURG FH HGHP O L IODPD RU
VD DIHF DUHD FD L LORU VHURDVH SHULFDUGL VHURDV SHUL R L
VHURDV
• PDFURVFRSLF H V GD O VHURV HV H IO LG ER D v SUR HL H v
FDUH H LV FHO OH L IODPD RULL L HRUL D H L PLFURELH L L FDUH
VSUH GHRVHELUH GH UD VV GD FRD OHD v FR DF F DHU O
HGHP O L IODPD RU V EF D D R HOH DSDU PHILD H KLSHUHPLD H
FDOGH OD D LPDOHOH v LD S V RDVH OD SDOSDUH LDU SH V SUDID D GH
VHF L H D DVSHF HOD L RV (GHP O L IODPD RU S OPR DU HV H
DGHVHD R ID SUHPHU RDUH DO RU L IODPD LL 3 OPR O HV H v DO
F SOH UD H HG V E H VL H L F GHVH ORE ODU H LGH /D
SDOSDUH HV H S V RV S V UHD DPSUH D LDU SH VHF L H L v
O PH O F LORU UHVSLUD RULL VH H LGH LD OLFKLG VS PRV DOELFLRV
VD UR DOELFLRV /D SURED SO LULL IUD PH O SO H H v UH GR
DSH /LPIR RG ULOH UH LR DOH V UHDF L H P UL H v RO P
KLSHUHPLD H L P V RDVH SH VHF L H %RDOD HGHPHORU OD V L H
VH SURG FH R DV UL VHURDV HGHPD RDV SHUH HOH DV ULF ILL G
S HU LF v UR D L F DVSHF HOD L RV SH VHF L H FD L LOH
VHURDVH L IODPD LD VHURDV VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL DF P ODUHD L
OLFKLG DOEH FL UL RU RSDOHVFH FDUH FRD OHD OD GHVFKLGHUHD
FD L LL 8 HRUL VHURDVHOH V RU v UR D H RSDFLILD H F S k G
DVSHF OD UD
• PLFURVFRSLF VH SRD H SURG FH L IODPD LH VHURDV L I U R
H SULPDUH PRUIROR LF PDFURVFRSLF H LGH F P HV H FD O
KHSD L HL VHURDVH GL FROLEDFLOR D L GL PLFRSODVPR D D LDU
( V GD O VHURV VH DF P OHD v VSD L O LVVH
KLV ROR LF H V GD O VHURV DSDUH FD OLFKLG F GLIHUL H
UDGH GH HR L RILOLH DF P OD v VSD LL SUHH LV H H v
O PH O DO HRODU v VSD LL R FUHD H DI HOH L UDHSL HOLDOH
VD FDUH GLODFHUHD HV O FR M F L SUHSDUD HOH
KLV ROR LFH DSDUH H LGH UHDF LD DVF ODU L GLIHUL H UDGH
GH H V GD LH OH FRFL DU
FL ROR LF H DPL DUHD IUR L ULORU RE L H GL VHGLPH O
OLFKLG O L UHFRO D SUL S F LH GL FD L LOH VHURDVH S H v
H LGH P U PDUH GH OH FRFL H GRPL k G
H URILOHOH FHO OH PH R HOLDOH GH LUL D LH L PDVH GH
SUHFLSL D SUR HLF v IR G O IUR L O L 3R IL S L v H LGH
L D H L EDF HULH L
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU GDF OH L HD VH FRPSOLF

H V GD O VHURV HV H HOLPL D v GHS U D SUL GUH DM OLPID LF L VH SURG FH
UH L LR DG L H U P GDF SURFHV O GLV U F L VH D UD HD L IODPD LD
VHURDV FDS RL DOH H GH H L G VHUR ILEUL RDV VD S U OH
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO VH LPS H GLIHUH LHUHD H V GD O L VHURV ID

GH UD VV GD ( V GD O VHURV DUH R UHDF LH RU DFLG PDVD VSHFLILF HV H
SHV H FR L H SUR HL H L FO VL ILEUL SHV H GO L FHO OH
L IODPD RULL LDU UHDF LD 5L DO D HV H SR L L
Inflam ia fibrinoasă
L GH L IODPD LH L IODPD LH SUHGRPL D H V GD L L GLF OH L L
DVF ODUH VH HUH SHUPHDELOL D HD DVF ODU ILL G D k GH SUR D v Fk
SHUPL H UD HUVDUHD PDFURPROHF OHORU GH ILEUL R H M V H UD DVF ODU
ILEUL R H O VH UD VIRUP v ILEUL SUR HL L VRO ELO (V H FDUDF HULV LF
FD L LORU VHURDVH L FR V v DF P ODUHD H V GD O L ILEUL RV SUR H L GL
SD O DVF ODU (V H R L IODPD LH HVSHFLILF IUHF H F H LROR LH L IHF LRDV
SDV HU UOR PLFRSODVPR FROLEDFLOR UDUHRUL H V GD O ILEUL RV
H SULPk G SURFHV DVHS LF F P DU IL FHO DF P OD v FD L D HD SHULFDUGLF OD
SRUF v FD GH PLFURD LRSD LH GLH H LF
( RO LH L IODPD LD ILEUL RDV H RO HD DF
/RFDOL DUH IUHF H V DIHF D H VHURDVHOH SHULFDUGL ILEUL RDV

SHULVSOH L ILEUL RDV SOH UL ILEUL RDV PH L L ILEUL RDV SROLVHUR L
ILEUL RDV 3RD H IL DIHF D L S OPR O H V GD O ILEUL RV DF P Ok G VH v
O PH O DO HRODU VD UL LFKL O ORPHU O O UH DO H V GD O ILEUL RV
DF P Ok G VH v VSD L O GH ILO UDUH ORPHU ODU H HUDO L IODPD LD
ILEUL RDV HFRPSOLFD F DO H OH L L DIHF HD V U F ULOH LV ODUH V E LUL v
FDUH v UH O PH O DVF ODU L VSD L O GH DF P ODUH DO H V GD O L VH L HUS H
V UD V E LUH GH FHO OH
0RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH L IODPD LH F FDUDF HU GLI FHO PDL
IUHF H F H LROR LH L IHF LRDV DUDF HU O IRFDO SRD H IL DVRFLD
F OH L L GH LS UD PD LF PL UDUHD RU SDUD L L
• PDFURVFRSLF H V GD O ILEUL RV DSDUH V E IRUPD L GHSR L SH
V SUDID D VHURDVHORU HSR L O SRD H IL DOELFLRV OE L UD ODU
U MRV V E IRUP GH SHOLF OH FDUH VH v GHS U HD F UL GH
V EV UD k G SHOLF OHOH GH ILEUL FRH LV F H V GD O VHURV
GLD RV LF O D D RPRSD ROR LF D IL GH L IODPD LH VHUR ILEUL RDV
• PLFURVFRSLF DVSHF O PDFURVFRSLF HV H FDUDF HULV LF GDU SR IL
GLD RV LFD H IRFDUH GH L IODPD LH ILEUL RDV I U D D HD
FRUHVSR GH PDFURVFRSLF ORPHU OR HIUL D ILEUL RDV
KLV ROR LF H V GD O ILEUL RV DUH DVSHF GH UH HD VD GH
PDV DPRUI FRD OD L VH DVRFLD F SUH H D
H URILOHORU )LEUL D L SURG LL GH GH UDGDUH DL ILEUL HL
V FKHPRD UDF D L S HU LFL SH U H URILOH /D
FRORUD LD ELFURPLF HPD R LOL (R L ILEUL D HV H
HR L RILO 6HURDVD DIHF D HV H v UR D HGHPD LD F
UHDF LH DVF ODU H LGH L v I F LH GH HFKLPHD OH L LL
HV H L ILO UD F OH FRFL H VD HV H VHGL O IRUP ULL HV O L
GH UD OD LH
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU H V GD O SRD H IL v GHS U DU SUL
ILEUL ROL L SUL ID RFL DUH GH F UH PLFURID H L PDFURID H IH RPH
GH PL UH RO LH L GHFDUH HSR L HOH H FHVL H GH H V GD ILEUL RV FDUH
SR IL v GHS U D H SUL UH RO LH V LP OHD SUROLIHUDUHD HV O L FR M F L
GH HUPL k G ILEUR DUHD HUL RUL O L DIHF D V IHO VH H SOLF IRUPDUHD GH
DGHUH H ILEURDVH VD GH VL HFKLL L HU LVFHUDOH VD v UH VHURDVHOH RU
FD L L FHV HD V VHFKHOH G RDUH FH DO HUHD I F LD RU D HORU
FD ULOH UD H VH SRD H DM H OD EORF GH RU D H FHDV IL DOL DUH D
L IODPD LHL ILEUL RDVH L GLF R FUR LFL DUH D SURFHV O L L UD VIRUPDUHD VD v
L IODPD LH ILEURDV SHULFDUGL ILEURDV 2 DO SRVLELOL D H GH IL DOL DUH D
L IODPD LHL ILEUL RDVH HV H UD VIRUPDUHD HL v L IODPD LH ILEUL R SXUXOH
Inflam ia fibrino-necrotică
L GH L IODPD LH HV H R L IODPD LH F R FRPSR H ILEUL RDV v
FDUH V GRPL D H D k IH RPH HOH DO HUD L H Fk L FHOH H V GD L H 6
PHUR L D RUL FDUH v FDGUHD v F L IODPD LD ILEUL R HFUR LF OD L IODPD LD
ILEUL RDV L R V EOL LHP LPSRU D D UHF RD HULL LS O L GH L IODPD LH L
v FDGUDUHD V ULF D DFHV HLD ( LROR LD DFHV HL L IODPD LL HV H DULD ILL G
UH VL v PHURDVH EROL L IHF LRDVH VD SDUD L DUH VDOPR HOR SHV D
SRUFL FODVLF SVH GRSHV D D LDU UL R UDKHL D L IHF LRDV D ER L HORU
KLV RPR R D D LDU
( RO LH H RO HD GH UH O DF
/RFDOL DUH DIHF HD IUHF H P FRDVHOH DSDUD O L GL HV L L DOH

DSDUD O L UHVSLUD RU S k G IL UH VL L v DO H P FRDVH
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH v P FRDVH VH SURG FH L L LDO R DO HUDUH

GLV U HUH HFUR D HSL HOL O L P FRDVHL VD D RU V U F UL GL
P FRDV L V EP FRDV GHIHF HOH ILL G DFRSHUL H SORPED H GH
H V GD ILEUL RV I F LH GH DO HUDUHD V SHUILFLDO VD SURI G D
P FRDVHL L H V GD O ILEUL RV D IL V SHUILFLDO v GHS U k G VH F
UL VD D IL SURI G D FRUD v P FRDV G S v GHS U DUH
P FRDVD U Pk k G OFHUD , IODPD LD ILEUL R HFUR LF
V SHUILFLDO HV H F RVF V E GH PLUHD GH L IODPD LH FU DO
VD VH GRPHPEUD RDV LDU FHD SURI G V E GH PLUHD GH
L IODPD LH GLI HURLG , IODPD LD GLI HURLG SRD H vPEU FD DVSHF
ORFDOL D GH E R L GLI HURL L VD GLI
• PDFURVFR LF v L IODPD LD FU SDO P FRDVD KLSHUHPLD HV H
DFRSHUL GH SHOLF OH DOELFLRDVH OE L VD GH GHSR L H IL UD ODUH
FH VH v GHS U HD F UL L IODPD LD GLI HURLG GLI
GHSR L HOH OE L FH LL V URDVH DE GH H FR IHUL G
P FRDVHL DVSHF GH SUHV UD F Uk H k G H V GD LD ILEUL RDV
HV H PDVL VH IRUPHD P ODMH GH ILEUL v O PH O RU D HORU
% R LL GLI HURL L SR IL DSOD L D L VD ERPED L HRUL F DVSHF GH
V UD LILFDUH FR FH ULF DVSHF O GHSL k G GH H LROR LH L GH
HFKLPHD OH L LL S v GHS U DUHD F GLILF O D H D H V GD O L
ILEUL RV D U Pk H OFHU DO P FRDVHL %UR KRS H PR LD FU SDO
VH SRD H PD LIHV D OREDU VD ORE ODU FR IHUL G S OPR O L DVSHF H
GLIHUL H ( RO LD HV H V DGLDO S OPR O UHFk G SUL DVSHF O GH
HGHP L IODPD RU ID D GH PSOHUH DSRL SUL ID D GH KHSD L D LH
FR VROLGDUH UR LH L v IL DO SUL ID D GH KHSD L D LH FR VROLGDUH
FH LH
• PLFURVFRSLF
KLV ROR LF FDUDF HULV LFLOH PLFURVFRSLFH DOH H V GD O L
ILEUL RV V DFHOHD L FD FHOH GHVFULVH OD L IODPD LD
ILEUL RDV 0RGLILF ULOH DO HUD L H DOH P FRDVHL v
L IODPD LD FU SDO D P FRDVHORU FR V D v GHVF DP UL
PDVL H HSL HOLDOH HFUR V SHUILFLDO L DFRSHULUHD
P FRDVHL F R UH HD GH ILEUL LSHUHPLD L H V GD LD
OH FRFL DU V H LGH H L IODPD LD GLI HURLG HFUR D
HV H SURI G H H HPSO E R LL GLI HURL L VH IRUPHD
SUL HFUR D HV O L OLPIRLG DVRFLD L HV L O L IRUPk G
VH FUD HU OFHU FDUH D IL SORPED F H V GD
ILEUL RV /D SHULIHULD GHIHF O L VH FR V D R EDULHU
OH FRFL DU SUHGRPL D H URILOLF %DULHUD OH FRFL DU
HV H VHSDUD GH HUL RUL O HPRGLILFD DO P FRDVHL GH
HV O GH UD OD LH
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU FD L v L IODPD LD ILEUL RDV HV H
SRVLELO UH RO LD v FD O OH L LORU GH LS FU SDO VD VH SURG FH R L GHFDUH
SUL v ORF LUH F HV FR M F L v OH L LOH GLI HURLGH
Inflam ia purulentă
L GH L IODPD LH L IODPD LH H V GD L F IRUPDUH GH H V GD
S U OH ( V GD O S U OH HV H IRUPD GL H URILOH GH UL V FHO ODU
SUR H L GL HFUR D LV ODU GDU L GL GLV U HUHD FHO OHORU L IODPD RULL
OLFKLG GH HGHP H V GD VHURV ILEUL RV D H L SD R H L 3URFHV O SUL FDUH VH
IRUPHD H V GD O S U OH SRDU GH PLUHD GH V UD LH L VHP LILF
SUH H D H URILOHORU FDUH SURG F R HFUR GH OLFKHILHUH D HV O L D G
SUL L HU H LD H LPHORU SUR HROL LFH ( LROR LD HV H UHSUH H D GH HUPH LL
SLR H L V UHS RFRFL V DILORFRFL FRUL HEDF HUL ( LV L DEFHVH DVHS LFH
DEFHVHOH GH IL D LH PRGDOL D H GH L G FHUH D IRUP ULL L DEFHV v VFRS O
V LP O ULL LP H HVSHFLILFH
( ROX LH L IODPD LD S U OH HV H R L IODPD LH F H RO LH DF

3RD H SHUVLV D LPS v GHO D GH H L G V EDF VD FUR LF
/RFDOL DUH ELF L DU DIHF HD RU D HOH SDUH FKLPD RDVH L FD L DUH

FD L LOH VHURDVH GLIHUL H HV UL PH H FKLPDOH L UDHSL HOLDO
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH IRUPD ORFDOL D D L IODPD LHL

S U OH H SRDU GH PLUHD GH DE H FHD GLI GH IOH PR
DF P ODUHD H V GD O L S U OH v FD L L GH HPSLHP DEFHV O
L UDHSL HOLDO GH S O DIHF DUHD L IROLF O SLOR VHEDFH v
VH V O HL IROLF OL H S U OH H GH I F O I F OR OH L L
P O LSOH VHS LFHPLD SURG V GH HUPH L SLR H L F SURG FHUHD GH
PH DV D H S U OH H v GLIHUL H RU D H GH LDU
S U GHUHD S URL O L v Vk H GH 3H U VL D LD IRUP ULL
GH DEFHVH P O LSOH VH SRD H LOL D HUPH O GH
3R IL LOL D L L DO L HUPH L SH U D H SULPD R
L IODPD LH S U OH GH H HPSO LOL DUHD SUHIL O L
SLRGHUPL SLR RUD
• PDFURVFR LF DVSHF HOH PDFURVFRSLFH GLIHU v I F LH GH IRUPD
PRUIROR LF D L IODPD LHL S U OH H D L v FD O DO RU SURFHVH
L IODPD RULL L IODPD LD S U OH HV H v VR L GH DGH RSD LH
EFHV O VH PD LIHV V E IRUP GH FROHF LH S U OH GHOLPL D GH
HV O V RV SUL U R FDSV O FR M F L DUH DVSHF RG ODU
v DL H GH VHF LR DUH 8 HRUL OD SDOSDUHD DEFHVHORU V SHUILFLDOH VH
SHUFHSH IO F H /D VHF LR DUHD DEFHV O L VH H LGH LD
H V GD O S U OH FHV D DUH GLIHUL H F ORUL DOELFLRV OE L
FH L HU L UR LH LF L GLIHUL H FR VLV H H OLFKHILD kVFRV F
U ML GHVKLGUD D FD HRV v I F LH GH D H O SD R H LPSOLFD
IOH PR HV O HV H KLSHUHPLD PHILD FDOG G UHURV L G UD
L L DGD GH L ILO UD L IODPD RU GLI I U GHOLPL DUH
)OH PR O VH SRD H ORFDOL D v HV O FR M F L DO GHUP O L GH D
O O ILEUHORU P VF ODUH v SHUH LL RU RU D H FD L DUH
• PLFURVFRSLF
KLV ROR LF GL FH U VSUH SHULIHULH VH GLV L UP RDUHOH
R H DOH DEFHV O L FDUH VH L HUS U G SDU LDO R D
H V GD O L S U OH R D KLV GH HFUR PHG R D
GH GH HUVLH v FRPSR H D F UHLD L U SROLPRUIR FOHDUHOH
H URILOH L PDFURID HOH R D UHSDUD RULH DOF L GL
HV GH UD OD LH ER D v FDSLODUH GH HRIRUPD LH L
FHO ODUL D H PL OLPIRFL H SODVPRFL H PDFURID H
ILEUREODV H R D GH GHOLPL DUH IRUPD GL HV FR M F L
ILEURV RULH D FLUF ODU
FL ROR LF IUR L ULOH V ER D H v H URILOH DF L H FDUH D
ID RFL D VD V SDU LDO GH H HUD H OD FDUH VH DGD L
DO H OH FRFL H 3UL H DPH FL ROR LF VH SRD H V DELOL F
UL GLD RV LF O GH L IODPD LH S U OH 6H FR VLGHU
F SUH H D H URILOHORU v SURSRU LH GH SHV H L GLF R
L IODPD LH DF
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU HRUL VH SURG FH UHVRUE LD
VSR D GH HUVLD ILL G DVL UD GH H URILOH L PDFURID H O HRUL GD RUL
SUHVL LL FUHVF H H V GD O S U OH L GH V GLI H H L V VH HOLPL H GL
IRFDU SH V SUDID D SLHOLL D P FRDVHORU VD v FD L LOH SUHIRUPD H DOH
RU D LVP O L SUL SURFHV O GH PL ILV XOL DUH EFHVHOH VH SRD FUR LFL D
GH H L G v FKLV D H L D k G SHUH H ILEURV URV F SHUVLV H D EDF HULLORU v
H V GD 2 DO SRVLELOL D H GH IL DOL DUH D DEFHVHORU HV H L GHFDUHD SUL
FLFD UL DUH 3UL GHVKLGUD DUHD H V GD O L S U OH GL HOH FD L L VH
IRUPHD SVH GRFR FUHPH H FDUH SR IL VHGL O LPSUH ULL F V U UL PL HUDOH
IRUPk G VH FR FUHPH H UROL HOH v FD GH HPSLHP DO S LORU
UDOH OD FDO 1 v O LP O Uk G UHE LH DPL L SRVLELOL D HD PH DV D ULL
FD R FRPSOLFD LH D L IODPD LHL S U OH H
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO FOL LF VH LPS H DGHVHD GLIHUH LHUHD

L IODPD LHL L FO VL D FHOHL S U OH H GH HOH PRUL LD RV LF O GLIHUH LDO
HV H HRUL GLILFLO GD RUL V SUDS HULL SURFHV O L L IODPD RU SHV H SURFHV O
PRUDO
Inflam ia hemoragică
L GH L IODPD LH L IODPD LH SUHGRPL D H V GD L UD FH
VHP LILF DO HU UL SUR D H DOH SHUH LORU DVF ODUL FH SHUPL IRUPDUHD L
DF P ODUHD H V GD O L KHPRUD LF v GLIHUL H HV UL L RU D H , IODPD LD
KHPRUD LF HV H GLD RV LFD v EROL LUDOH UD H SHV D SRUFL FODVLF SHV D
SRUFL DIULFD ERDOD KHPRUD LF D LHS ULORU HOH IRUPH GH ULS v HOH
IRUPH H RO L H DOH RU EROL EDF HULH H GL H HULD D DHURE v HOH
SDUD L R H HLPHULR D S LORU GH L VL DPR D v HOH L R LFD LL
( RO LH SUH H D L IODPD LHL KHPRUD LFH GH R R H RO LH V SUDDF

VD DF D EROLL
/RFDOL DUH H LV R ORFDOL DUH SUHIHUH LDO S k G VH L V DOD v

RU D H L HV UL DULD H ILFD UL LFKL L HV L S OPR F L UHVSLUD RULL
GLIHUL H P FRDVH OLPIR RG UL 61 SLHOH H F
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH L IODPD LD KHPRUD LF VH SRD H

H SULPD IRFDO P O LIRFDO L GLI
• PDFURVFR LF HV H DVHP RDUH KHPRUD LHL H RO LD ORFDOL ULOH
DEOR O D D RPRSD ROR LF FOL LF L FHO FR V D D SRV PRU HP
RULH k G GLD RV LF O H HUL D KHPRUD LF H V GD O
KHPRUD LF HV H SUH H v SHUH HOH L HV L DO GDU L v O PH
FR L O GH H L G VD L ROH
• PLFURVFR LF
LV ROR LF H V GD O KHPRUD LF HV H IRUPD GL ILEUL L
PHURDVH HUL URFL H (O VH L ILO UHD L HUV L LDO SUL UH
GLIHUL HOH V U F UL LV ODUH 3R IL V USUL VH v UH HD D GH
ILEUL L HOHPH H OH FRFL DUH 3UL OL D KHPD LLORU VH
IRUPHD GHSR L H GH KHPRVLGHUL
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU GDF D LPDO O V SUD LH LH H L
D H O H LROR LF HV H v GHS U D L GHFDUHD VH SRD H UHDOL D SUL UH L LR DG
L H U P VD SUL FLFD UL DUH
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO VH LPS H GLIHUH LHUHD ID GH KHPRUD LH

HRUL GHOLPL D HD FHORU GR SURFHVH ILL G UH GH UHDOL D PDFURVFRSLF
Inflam ia hemoragico – necrotică

L GH L IODPD LH L IODPD LD KHPRUD LFR HFUR LF HV H LS
FRPSOH GH L IODPD LH V SUDS k G VH HFUR D LV ODU L H V GD LD
KHPRUD LF SURG Fk G VH D k PRGLILF UL DO HUD L H Fk L H V GD L H (V H
GLD RV LFD v D UD v FROLEDFLOR D VHS LFHPLF D L LORU v
SOH URS H PR LD L IHF LRDV D SRUFLORU v OH L LOH L FLSLH H GH PL UDUH
SDUD L DU D ODU HORU SUL GLIHUL H RU D H
( RO LH H RO LD HV H DF
/RFDOL DUH L IODPD LD KHPRUD LFR HFUR LF VH SRD H ORFDOL D v

L HV L VSOL OLPIR RG UL S OPR ILFD v H HUDO DIHF k G RU D HOH
SDUH FKLPD RDVH L FD L DUH
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH FD L DO H LS UL GH L IODPD LL VH SRD H

H SULPD PRUIROR LF V E IRUP ORFDOL D FDUE F OL v D UD
IRFDUH L IDUF LIRUPH v SOH URS H PR LD L IHF LRDV D SRUF O L L
V E IRUP GLI
• PDFURVFR LF OH L HD DUH R F ORDUH UR LH H ULFLRDV UHV O
FDUDF HULV LFLORU PRUIROR LFH ILL G GLIHUL H v I F LH GH H LROR LH L
ORFDOL DUH 6SOH L D KHPRUD LFR HFUR LF GLI GL D UD VH
FDUDF HUL HD SUL VSOH RPH DOLH F ORDUH UR LH H ULFLRDV L
UDPROLVPH O S OSHL VSOH LFH VH D UD H D H LD DV SUD L HU LFHULL
GHVFKLGHULL FDGD UHORU L D HIHF ULL HFURSVLHL v RULFH V VSLFL H
GH D UD
• PLFURVFR LF
KLV ROR LF GD RUL HFUR HL VH HU FDUDF HULV LFLOH

V U F UDOH DOH HV O L DFHV D ILL G L GD GH H V GD
KHPRUD LF
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU v H HUDO VH SURG FH R L GHFDUH
SUL FLFD UL DUH F D PL H FDUDF HULV LFL v FD O PL U ULORU ODU DUH v VH V O
H V GD LHL ER D H v HR L RILOH DO H VL D LL IL DOL DUHD VH SURG FH
GD RUL PRU LL D LPDO O L D R FRPSOLFD LH D OH L LL SH IR G O HL H HUL H
KHPRUD LFR HFUR LFH VH SURG FH v HOH EROL L IHF LRDVH R H V GD LH
ILEUL RDV L IODPD LH ILEUL R HPRUD LF GL H HULD EUDFKLVSLULF D
S UFHLORU FR L O L HV L O L HV H FLRFROD L LDU P FRDVD HFUR D HV H
DFRSHUL GH GHSR L H DE GH H GH ILEUL
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO PDFURVFRSLF VH LPS H GLIHUH LHUHD VSOH L HL

KHPRUD LFR HFUR LFH GLI H ID GH V D D VSOH LF
Inflam ia gangrenoasă
, IODPD LD D UH RDV HV H R FRPSOLFD LH D L IODPD LLORU S U OH H VD
ILEUL RDVH H L VH L IODPD LL FDUH VH FRPSOLF SUL L HU H LD L P O LSOLFDUHD
EDF HULLORU GH S UHIDF LH ( V GD O IRUPD HV H DE GH L LKRURV PLURV
GH D UHDELO GH S UHIDF LH GH F ORDUH FH LH H ULFLRDV VD HU LH 8
H HPSO vO FR V L LH SHULFDUGL D D UH RDV FRPSOLFD LH IUHF H D
SHULFDUGL HL UD PD LFH OD D UL H ( RO LD HV H DF SUR RV LF O L DO ILL G
IRDU H UD D LPDO O P UL G SUL VDSUHPLH R LHPLH H HUD GH
GH L H U ULOH LV ODUH PDVL H
Inflam ia eozinofilică
, IODPD LD HR L RILOLF VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL ER LD H V GD O L v
HR L RILOH FHV LS GH UHDF LH L IODPD RULH VH DVRFLD F H LROR LD SDUD L DU
D RU OH L L V IHO v SDUD L R HOH L HV L DOH SH Ok H HUL D FD DUDO
KHPRUD LF VD GH DO LS PRUIROR LF v FRULR O P FRDVHL VH FR V D
L ILO UD HR L RILOLF H LGH KHSD L HOH GH PL UD LH SDUD L DU G S R SULP
ID UD PD LF KHPRUD LFR HFUR LF VH SURG FH R S HU LF H V GD LH
HR L RILOLF ID D GH KHSD L HR L RILOLF L HUV L LDO
O H HPSO GH L IODPD LH HR L RILOLF HV H PH L L D HR L RILOLF
v UH LV UD OD V L H v L R LFD LD F VDUH
SD ROR LH PDL V v kO L H L DO H OH L L ER D H v HR L RILOH

FRUHOD H IUHF H F HR L RILOLH 0 O H GL UH HOH V LGLRSD LFH L F v FDGUDUH
PRUIROR LF GLVF DELO V D DM V OD FR VH V GH S UHUL v UH VSHFLDOL L
8 H HPSO DU IL OFHU O HR L RILOLF OD SLVLF H L D H PRUELG FUR LF
ORFDOL D OD MR F L HD P FR F D D D E HORU 0LFURVFRSLF VH H LGH LD R
UHDF LH L IODPD RULH ER D v H URILOH VSUH FH U O OFHU O L L v SODVPRFL H
L PDV RFL H OD SHULIHULH (R L RILOHOH V DE GH H GRDU OD HOH FD UL
UHIOHF k G SUREDELO R D PL H DS v H RO LD OH L LL
flama ia limfo-monocitară acută

(V H LS GH L IODPD LH HV S UD L F H RO LH DF v FDUH
SUHGRPL OLPIRFL HOH DM VH L UD LV ODU SUL IH RPH H H V GD L H 2 DV IHO
GH OH L H HV H PLRFDGUL D OLPIR PR RFL DU GL IRUPD FDUGLDF D SDU R LUR HL
FD L H VD H FHIDOL D HV S UD L GL PDODGLD DUUp F H RO LH DF
0LRFDUGL D OLPIR PR RFL DU VH PD LIHV PDFURVFRSLF SUL SDOLGL D HD
PLRFDUG O L S k G IL FR I GD F SURFHVHOH GH H HUD L H VD F DO H
SURFHVH L IODPD RULL GLI H
, IODPD LLOH UHGRPL D UROLIHUD L H

FHDV FD H RULH GH L IODPD LL VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL DE GH
FHO ODU F GLV ULE LH GLI VD IRFDO L VD SUL IRUPDUH GH HV
FR M F L ODVLF L IODPD LLOH SUROLIHUD L H VH vPSDU v PDL P O H FD H RULL
v I F LH GH LS O LS ULOH FHO ODUH FDUH SUHGRPL v IRFDU O L IODPD RU
)H RPH HOH H V GD L H V HUVH FKLDU GDF HOH FHO OH SUR L GL SD O
DVF ODU H FHOH PDL P O H RUL L IODPD LLOH SUROLIHUD L H L GLF R H RO LH
FUR LF VD R FUR LFL DUH D L SURFHV L IODPD RU D HULRU 8 HRUL GD RUL
PR R R LHL LS O L FHO ODU GL IRFDU O OH LR DO HV H GLILFLO GLIHUH LHUHD GL UH
SURFHV O L IODPD RU FUR LF L ID HOH L FLSLH H DOH L SURFHV PRUDO
VHPH HD OH L L GH UD L V L IODPD LD HR L RFL DU PLR L D
HR L RFL DU FR VLGHUD HRUL GUHS KLSHUSOD LH PRUDO L OH L LOH
F D D H GL PL RPD R D LHS ULORU PL RPD R OH L LOH FR L HOHPH H
LSLFH UHDF LHL L IODPD RULL H V GD PR R FOHDU KLSHUHPLH KHPRUD LH

URPER DVF ODU GDU L FHO OH PL RPD RDVH VSHFLILFH F PRUIROR LH GH
FHO OH PRUDOH
3H U D H L D DVHPH HD GLVS H GH v FDGUDUH OH LR DO GHIL LP FD

L IODPD LH SUROLIHUD L RULFH SURFHV L IODPD RU V EDF FUR LF FDUH VH
FDUDF HUL HD SUL KLSHUSOD LD L DF P ODUHD PDVL D RU HOHPH H FHO ODUH
F RUL L H PH H FKLPDO VD SUR H L H GL H V GD LH OD FDUH VH DGD
SUH H D HV O L GH UD OD LH /D PRPH O DF DO V GR FD H RULL GH
L IODPD LL SUROLIHUD L H L IODPD LL GH LS H UD ORPD RV L GH LS
UD ORPD RV
Inflam ia proliferativă negranulomatoasă

L GH L IODPD LH L IODPD LH SUHGRPL D SUROLIHUD L FDUH v I F LH
GH LS ULOH GH FHO OH VD GH UHDF LD LV ODU V GHIL L H FD L IODPD LH OLPIR
KLV LRFL DU L IODPD LH HR L RFL DU L IODPD LH OLPIR SODVPRFL DU F V EV UD
LP L L IODPD LH ILEURDV
( RO LH V EDF VD FUR LF
/RFDOL DUH SR IL DIHF D H RD H LS ULOH GH HV UL L RU D H
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH L IODPD LD SUROLIHUD L

H UD ORPD RDV F H LROR LH EDF HULD SRD H vPEU FD
PRUIROR LD HL L IODPD LL OLPIR KLV LRFL DUH L ILO UD F FHO OH
PR R FOHDUH RG ODUH VD GLI H D D F P VH v kPSO v
VDOPR HOR OHS RVSLUR VD OLV HULR FHOD L LS GH L ILO UD HV H
UH VL L v S H PR LLOH L HUV L LDOH F H LROR LH LUDO VD
PLFRSODVPLF H GRPH UL HOH V EDF H VD FUR LFH FRULR O
P FRDVHL HV H L ILO UD F OLPIRFL H L SODVPRFL H , IODPD LD
HR L RFL DU DUH GH UH O R GLV ULE LH GLI , IODPD LD ILEURDV
UHSUH L R FUR LFL DUH D RU OH L L D HULRDUH L HV H RU GH
V DELOL GLD RV LF O Fk G V DIHF D H VHURDVHOH SHULFDUGL
SHUL R L ILEURDV
, IODPD LD ILEURDV SRD H IL L HUSUH D L FD R L GHFDUH SUL v ORF LUH F HV
FR M F L F IRUPDUHD GH DGHUH H v UH IRL HOH VHURDVH LD RV LF O GH L IODPD LH
HV H DODELO v GHRVHEL v OH L LOH DF L H F H RO LH FUR LF GHIL L H SUL SHUVLV H D
HV O L GH UD OD LH
• PDFURVFRSLF DVSHF O GLIHU v I F LH GH LS O FHO ODU GRPL D

GH GLV ULE LD DFHV LD RG ODU VD GLI L GH H LROR LD SURFHV O L
L IODPD RU IRUPD RG ODU VH FR V D RG OL DOELFLR L FRPSDF L
L VO L R L SH VHF L H v VDOPR HOR D S LORU GH L V
F RVF L V E GH PLUHD GH RG OL S ORUL L IRUPHOH GLI H
DOH L IODPD LLORU OLPIR KLV LRFL DUH OLPIR SODVPRFL DUH L
HR L RFL DUH VH SURG F PHILHUL P ULUL GH RO P GH GLIHUL H UDGH
L L FR V D PRGLILF UL GH F ORDUH )LH DSDU R H SH H DOELFLRDVH
FH LL UR FH LL v L ILO UD HOH PR R FOHDUH ILH P VF OD UD
VD DO H HUL RULL LV ODUH FDS H H OE L v FD O L L ILO UD
HR L RILOLF DE GH
FD O L IODPD LHL ILEURDVH D VHURDVHORU HUL RULLOH DIHF D H V
v UR D H DOELFLRDVH VD DOE VLGHILL L IRUPHD EH L FR M F L H
URDVH VD IL H FDUH IDF LPSRVLELO VHSDUDUHD FHORU GR IRL H FH
GHOLPL HD FD L D HD VHURDV
• PLFURVFRSLF
KLV ROR LF L ILO UD O PR R FOHDU GLI OLPIR KLV LRFL DU
VD OLPIR SODVPRFL DU GLODFHUHD L SURG FH D URILHUHD VD
HFUR D FHO OHORU SDUH FKLPD RDVH ORFDOH S OPR
L ILO UD O PR R FOHDU SRD H IL GH LS PD R DO
SHUL DVF ODU L SHULEUR LRODU VD GH LS GLI v SHUH LL
DO HRODUL PH L RH FHIDOL HOH LUDOH PD RD HOH
SHUL DVF ODUH V IRUPD H SUHSR GHUH GL FHO OH
PR R FOHDUH L IODPD LD HR L RFL DU SRS OD LD FHO ODU
HV H IRUPD GL HR L RILOH GLVS VH GLI GLODFHUk G L
v ORF L G V U F ULOH LV ODUH , IODPD LD ILEURDV D
VHURDVHORU VH PD LIHV SUL DE GH GH HV FR M F L
F PHURDVH ILEUREODV H FDSLODUH GH HRIRUPD LH L
L FR V D L ILO UD F FHO OH PR R FOHDUH 8 HRUL H LV

H GL D GH H L GHUH v SDUH FKLP
FL ROR LF v IUR L ULOH H HF D H GL OH L LOH GH LS
L IODPD LH OLPIR KLV LRFL DU RU IL S VH v H LGH FHO OH
PR R FOHDUH OD FDEDOL H L FDU L RUH GRPL KLV LRFL HOH
LDU OD U PH RDUH V L H L S V UL GRPL OLPIRFL HOH v
LPS FH v L IODPD LD OLPIR SODVPRFL DU VH FR V D
OLPIRFL H L SODVPRFL H (R L RILOHOH V DE GH H v
IUR L ULOH UHDOL D H GL IRFDUHOH GH L IODPD LH HR L RFL DU
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU FR V v DSDUL LD UHDF LHL GH
ILEUR DUH VD D UHDF LHL UD ORPD RDVH GH LS LP
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO GD RUL DE GH HL GH FHO OH L HRUL GD RUL

PR RPRUILVP O L FHO ODU L IODPD LD SUROLIHUD L H UD ORPD RDV HFHVL
GLD RV LF GLIHUH LDO ID GH KLSHUSOD LLOH PRUDOH
Inflam ia granulomatoasă
L GH L IODPD LH L IODPD LH SUROLIHUD L FDUDF HUL D SUL
LPSOLFDUHD D PHURDVH LS UL GH FHO OH OLPIRFL H SODVPRFL H PDFURID H
HR L RILOH GDU FHD PDL LPSRU D FHO O F URO FH UDO v DFHV LS GH
L IODPD LH HV H FR VLGHUD D IL PDFURID O 3H U D v FDGUD R L IODPD LH F
FHO ODUL D H DE GH GLVS V IRFDO VD GLI v FD H RULD L IODPD LHL
UD ORPD RDVH PLFURVFRSLF GH FHOH PDL P O H RUL VH LGH LILF PDFURID H
UD VIRUPD H FDUH SRDU GH PLUHD GH celule epitelioide O UL GH FHO OHOH
HSL HOLRLGH V L DOL D H L R DO FD H RULH GH FHO OH celulele gigante
multinucleate )RUPDUHD DFHV RUD DUH ORF ILH SUL IH RPH O GH VL FL LDOL DUH D
PDFURID HORU VD D FHO OHORU HSL HOLRLGH VD SUL SODVPRGL DUHD L VL U
PDFURID VFKHPD U HV H UHSUH H D V FFHVL HD H DSHORU GH
UD VIRUPDUH FHO ODU HFHVDUH IL DOL ULL F SURG FHUHD GH FHO OH epitelioide
şi celule gigante multinucleate
Măduva osoasă
Monocit M a cr o f a g e t isu la r e f ix e
(după monoblast şi promonocit)
Macrofage din focarul inflamator

(prin exuda ie şi activare)
Proliferare / Diferen iere
Celule epiteliolide
Sinci ializare
Celule gigante multinucleate
6FKHPD U
2UL L HD FHO OHORU HSL HOLRLGH L D FHORU L D H P O L FOHD H

GL IRFDU O L IODPD RU
8 DO HOHPH GHIL L RUL SH U L IODPD LD UD ORPD RDV HV H L

prezen a unui agent patogen greu fagocitabil EDFLO O EHUF OR HL D H L
SDUD L DUL PLFH L V EV D H OHLRDVH VLOLFL DVEHV ILUH GH V U
HUHVRUEDELOH FULV DOH GH UD L FKHUD L H F I F LH GH PHFD LVPHOH FDUH
L HU L v IRUPDUHD UD ORDPHORU VH GLVF v O LPD SHULRDG GHVSUH
UD ORDPH LP H RD H UD ORDPHOH GH HUPL D H GH SUH H D L R VHOI
UH ID RFL DELO L GH UHDF LD LP PHGLD 7 FHO ODU L GH UD ORDPH GH
FRUS V U L L HU
( ROX LH L IODPD LD UD ORPD RDV HV H IRUPD LSLF GH L IODPD LH F

H RO LH FUR LF
/RFDOL DUH L IODPD LD UD ORPD RDV SRD H DIHF D RD H RU D HOH L

HV ULOH GL RU D LVP
RUIROR LH
• FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIROR LFH VH SRD H H SULPD PRUIROR LF V E

IRUP ORFDOL D GH UD ORDPH L V E IRUP GLI L IODPD LH
UD ORPD RDV GLI
• PDFURVFR LF IRUPD ORFDOL D GH UD ORP DUH DVSHF GH RG OL
GH GLIHUL H GLPH VL L EL H GHOLPL D L VD F H GL GH FR IO DUH
G UL FRPSDF L L VFD L SH V SUDID D GH VHF L H I F LH GH
H LROR LH SR SUH H D VD HOHPH H PRUIROR LFH PDFURVFRSLFH
FDUH V RULH H H GLD RV LF O )RUPD GLI D L IODPD LHL
UD ORPD RDVH GH HUPL R H LGH P ULUH v RO P D RU D O L
v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH D k G VD R PRUIROR LH F D PL H
SDU LF ODUL L 0RGLILF ULOH GH F ORDUH SR IL SUR D H FR IHUL G
RU D O L DVSHF DOELFLRV VO L RV H HUL D UD ORPD RDV
GLI GL SDUD EHUF OR P FRDVD L HV L DO HV H v UR D L
FDS DVSHF GH FLUF P RO L L FHUHEUDOH v FD ULOH H UHPH
• PLFURVFR LF
LV ROR LF UD ORP HV H IRUPD GL D UH D H GH
PDFURID H UD VIRUPD H v FHO OH H L HOLRLGH v DPHV HF F
OH FRFL H PR R FOHDUH GRPL OLPIRFL HOH GDU RFD LR DO
DSDU L SODVPRFL H UD ORDPHOH PD UH GH RO OD
SHULIHULH HV GH UD OD LH FDUH D FR ULE L OD IRUPDUHD
FDSV OHL FR M F L H )UHF H GDU DEVRO HFHVDU
FHO OHOH HSL HOLRLGH I LR HD IRUPk G FHOXOHOH L D H
PXO L XFOHD H FHV HD D R UHSDU L LH L R PRUIROR LH
GLIHUL v I F LH GH D H O SD R H LPSOLFD L GH VSHFLD
GH D LPDO DIHF D IRUPD GLI DFHOHD L LS UL GH FHO OH
V GLVSHUVD H v HV OLSVL G GHOLPL DUHD DVL UD GH
HV O GH UD OD LH
FL ROR LF SUH H D PDFURID HORU v H HUDO D FHO OHORU
PR R FOHD H DVRFLD F H LGH LHUHD FHO OHORU L D H
P O L FOHD H RULH HD GLD RV LF O F UH L IODPD LD
UD ORPD RDV HVL U SH U SUHFL DUHD GLD RV LF O L
V HFHVDUH L DO H HOHPH H ORFDOL DUH GD H D DP H LFH
DVSHF PDFURVFRSLF H F LDU SH U GLD RV LF O H LROR LF
HV H DEVRO HFHVDU LGH LILFDUHD D H O L SD R H
7HUPL DUHD SURFHVXOXL L IODPD RU HV H GLIHUL ILL G L IO H D GH
IRDU H P O L IDF RUL 6H RU SUH H D GLIHUL H LS UL GH UD ORDPH F H LROR LH
GLIHUL L F PRUIROR LH VSHFLILF HOH FD UL VH D SUHFL D L SRVLELOL D HD
GH IL DOL DUH VD UD VIRUPDUH D SURFHV O L L IODPD RU UD ORPD RV
LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO DVSHF O PDFURVFRSLF DO L IODPD LHL

UD ORPD RDVH GLI H VH FR I G RU F KLSHUSOD LLOH PRUDOH ( LV
VL D LL Fk G VH FR I G UD ORDPHOH F KLSHUSOD LLOH PRUDOH VD VH
LPS H HIHF DUHD GLD RV LF O L GLIHUH LDO v UH UD ORDPHOH F H LROR LH
GLIHUL 2 FD H RULH DSDU H R FR V L LH LR UD ORDPHOH OH L L FUR LFH FH
FR L D k HOHPH HOH L IODPD LHL UD OR D RDVH Fk L DVSHF H GH V S UD LH
0DFURVFRSLF FHOH GR OH L L VH SR FR I GD 3H U HO FLGDUHD
GLD RV LF O L HV H V ILFLH v R GHD D GRDU L HV L D LD
D D RPRSD ROR LF (D VH D FRUHOD F DVSHF HOH FOL LFH H RO L H ORFDOL DUH
DO H OH L L H LV H H OD FD O H DPL D 3UHFL DUHD GLD RV LF O L OD D LPDOHOH
v LD HV H HFHVDU SH U V DELOL UHD FR G L HL HUDSH LFH LDU OD D LPDOHOH
DED RUL D H HV H HVH LDO SH U L V L LUHD P V ULORU O HULRDUH FR ILVFDUH
SDU LDO GH RU D H FR ILVFDUH R DO D FDUFDVHL H F
( LROR LD H UHP GH GL HUVLILFD EDF HULD PLFR LF SDUD L DU

LP GH FRUS V U L L HU LPSULP HRUL L IODPD LHL UD ORPD RDVH
U V UL PRUIROR LFH GLIHUL H 6H RU SUH H D SUL FLSDOHOH LS UL GH
UD ORDPH GLD RV LFD H PDL IUHF H v PHGLFL D H HUL DU D RUL RU
SDU LF ODUL L PRUIROR LFH DFHV H OH L L V FR VLGHUD H L IODPD LL
V HFLILFH R L HUSUH DUH FRUHF L FRPSOH D ORU FR ULE L G HVH LDO OD
V DELOLUHD GLD RV LF O L H LROR LF
UD ORP O EHUF ORV
3UR R LS O UD ORP O L L IHF LRV HV H UD ORP O EHUF ORV GDU

H LV L DO L D H L EDF HULH L FDUH L G F R UHDF LH DVHP RDUH GH LS
UD ORPD RV VD SLR UD ORPD RV UN ROGHULD PDOOHL PRU D U HOOD
SS L RP H ER L DF L RPLFR D D UL HORU L RED LOO OL LHUH LL
DF L REDFLOR D D UL HORU DUDF HULV LFD FRP D DFHV RU EDF HULL FR V v
IDS O F D H LL SD R H L V UH ID RFL DELOL L H HUHD UHDF LL LP H
LP L D H PHGLD 7 FHO ODU , HUIHUR O HV H IDF RU LPSRU D v
UD VIRUPDUHD PDFURID HORU v FHO OH HSL HOLRLGH L v FHO OH L D H
P O L FOHD H
%DFLOLL EHUF OR L V FR VLGHUD L D IL SDUD L L L UDFHO ODUL

UH LV H L OD DF L L D HD PDFURID HORU HDF L D H GDU V FDSDELOL L GH
P O LSOLFDUH H UDFHO ODU
/D PDPLIHUH v PRPH O L L LDO Fk G HV O L H v FR DF F

EDFLO O EHUF ORV U VS V O L IODPD RU HV H HVSHFLILF ILL G VLPLODU RULF UHL
L D LL EDF HULH H GRPL PRGLILF ULOH DO HUD L H L H V GD L H UHG VH FD
H L GHUH GH LOH H DSL D OH L HD vPEUDF FDUDF HU
UD ORPD RV U R SULP H DS GH PL L ID GH UH UD ORP VD GH
UD ORP PDFURID LF VH FR V D R D ORPHUDUH IRFDO D PDFURID HORU F
RUL L H VD L L D FHORU ORFDOH LV ODUH 6 E DF L HD OLPIRNL HORU L D RU
FRPSR H H GL V U F UD SHUH HO L EDF HULD OLSLGH L EHUF ORSUR HL H VH
SURG FH DF L DUHD L UD VIRUPDUHD PDFURID HORU v FHO OH HSL HOLRLGH HO OHOH
HSL HOLRLGH VH GLVS v M U O IRFDU O L GH HFUR DVSHF O v FDGUk G VH v
ID D GH UD XORP HSL HOLRLG VD GH UD XORP U
UHLD H DS FR V v IRUPDUHD UD ORP O L PD U FDUDF HUL D GL

S F GH HGHUH PRUIROR LF SUL IRUPDUHD HL R H GH HFUR GH FD HLILFDUH
FH UDO F VD I U IRFDUH GH FDOFLILFDUH GLV URILF 1HFUR D FH UDO HV H
GHOLPL D GH HV GH UD OD LH VSHFLILF FDUDF HUL D SUL U R SRS OD LH
FHO ODU PL DOF L GL PDFURID H FHO OH HSL HOLRLGH FHO OH L D H GH LS
/D KD V OLPIRFL H L SODVPRFL H HO OHOH GH LS /D KD V D IRUP UR G
VD R DODU L FOHLL V GLVS L V E PHPEUD D SODVPD LF D FHO OHL V E
IRUP GH FRUR L VD GH SR FRD /D SHULIHULD UD ORP O L VH SURG FH R
GH VLILFDUH D HV O L FR M F L IRUP G VH FDSV OD FR M F L FDUH
GHOLPL HD IRFDU O L IODPD RU GH UHV O HV O L
UD ORDPHOH HFKL SRS OD LD FHO ODU VH UHG FH PHULF HRUL

GLVSDU FHO OHOH L D H P O L FOHD H SUHGRPL k G UHDF LD FR M F L
/D SDV UH UD ORP O k U VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R UHDF LH IRFDO

PDFURID R HSL HOLRLGR L D RFHO ODU SH U FD v UD ORP O PD U V
DSDU R GLVSR L LH SDU LF ODU D UHDF LHL L IODPD RULL FH U O UD ORP O L VH
FR V D R HFUR GH FD HLILFDUH v FR M UD GH V UD GH FHO OH L D H
P O L FOHD H F PRUIROR LH GH FHO OH L D H GH FRUS V U L HO OHOH L D H
GL UD ORP O EHUF ORV D LDU D FOHLL D ORPHUD L OD SRO O RS V R HL GH
HFUR L SUHO LULOH HUH OD H DOH FL RSODVPHL L v FR DF F R D GH
GLV U F LH HFUR GH FD HLILFDUH HV O GH EL H GHOLPL D VSUH SHULIHULD
IRFDU O L VH FR UHD R R GH FHO OH HSL HOLRLGH R FDUH VH FR L F
HV GH UD OD LH SRS OD F FHO OH PR R FOHDUH RPSDUD L F FHO GH OD
PDPLIHUH HV O GH UD OD LH GL UD ORP O EHUF ORV GH SDV UH HV H PDL
VODE H SULPD
UD ORDPHOH HFKL SHUVLV L VH H L GH HFUR D GH FD HLILFDUH

GHOLPL D GH HV GH UD OD LH L R FDSV O FR M F L SHULIHULF VODE
H SULPD PRUIROR LF 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH PDPLIHUH OD SDV UH OH L LOH GL
PLFREDF HULR D D LDU V ER D H v EDFLOL FDUH V H LGH LDELOL v VHF L LOH
KLV ROR LFH SUL FRORUD LD LHKO 1HHOVR PRGLILFD
DEHO O U V SUH H D H Fk H D HOHPH HOH V U F UDOH GH

GLIHUH LHUH v UH UD ORDPHOH L IHF LRDVH SURG VH GH 0 RED HUL P SS OD
PDPLIHUH L GH OD S V UL
7DEHO O U
3DU LF ODUL L DOH UD ORDPHORU SURG VH GH 0 RED HUL P SS
OD PDPLIHUH L S V UL
5 18/20 / / ( ,
63( ,(
7 L IODPD LH V HFLILF LHUGHUHD V HFLILFL LL
DPLIHUH ORPHU UL F LE UL GH • FH UDO HFUR GH • FHO ODUL D H UHG V
PDFURID H L GH FHO OH FD HLILFDUH F VD I U SRVLELO F GLVSDUL LD
HSL HOLRLGH IRFDUH GH FDOFLILFDUH FHO OHORU L D H
/H L L V UDFH • R PL GH FHO OH P O L FOHD H
v EDFLOL PR R FOHDH L• SUHGRPL HFUR D GH
F LE UL GH FHO OH FD HLILFDUH FH UDO L
HSL HOLRLGH L L D H FDOFLILFDUHD GLV URILF
P O L FOHD H GH LS GHOLPL D GH UHDF LD
/D KD V FR M F L
• FDSV O FR M F L
GH RO D SH
V EV UD O L HV GH
UD OD LH VSHFLILF
V UL 5HDF LH IRFDO • R FH UDO GH • FH UDO SHUVLV HFUR D
PDFURID R HSL HOLRLGR HFUR GH FD HLILFDUH GH FD HLILFDUH HV H
L D R FHO ODU VH SURG FH PDL OH H LGH v
/H L L ER D H G S V S Pk L GH UD ORDPHOH HFKL
v EDFLOL OD L IHF LH • OD SHULIHULH SUHGRPL
• V UD GH FHO OH L D H HV O GH UD OD LH F
P O L FOHD H F R FDSV O FR M F L
PRUIROR LH VODE H SULPD
FDUDF HULV LF DVSHF
GH FHO OH L D H GH
FRUS V U L
• V UD GH FHO OH
HSL HOLRLGH
• HV GH UD OD LH F
L ILO UD
PR R FOHDU
• FDSV O IRUPD GL
HV FR M F L OD
UD XORPXO GL FROL UD XORPD R
FROL UD ORPD R OD SDV UH FROLEDFLOR D LDU FUR LF SUHGRPL

UHDF LD LP PHGLD FHO ODU F IRUPDUHD GH UD ORDPH GH LS LP
0LFURVFRSLF UD ORP O GL FROL UD ORPD R VH GHRVHEH H GH UD ORP O
GL EHUF OR D D LDU SUL SDU LF ODUL D HD FHO OHORU L D H P O L FOHD H GH D
D HD R FL RSODVP E UH RDV F DF ROH
UD XORPXO GL VDOPR HOR D L LORU DGXO H
VDOPR HOR D L LORU DG O H OH L LOH D R H RO LH V DGLDO , L LDO

V E DF L HD H GR R L HORU EDF HULH H VH SURG FH R H V GD LH VHURDV VHUR
KHPRUD LF VD OH FRFL DU IRFDO ID RUL D GH FUH HUHD SHUPHDELOL LL
DVF ODUH 8O HULRU VH SURG FH R KLSHUSOD LH PH H FKLPDO L DUH ORF
RU D L DUHD H V GD O L VHURV F DSDUL LD GH IRFDUH GH L IODPD LH
OLPIRKLV LRFL DU 5DU GRDU OD HOH FD UL v U R ID IL DO VH IRUPHD
UD ORDPH ER D H v FHO OH HSL HOLRLGH L L D H P O L FOHD H /H L HD VH
SRD H FR I GD PDFURVFRSLF F KLSHUSOD LLOH PRUDOH LDU PLFURVFRSLF F
UD ORDPHOH F DO H H LROR L
UD XORP O L LR UD ORP O GL PRU
PRU OH L LOH VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL SHUVLV H D L IRFDU FH UDO

HFUR LFR S U OH F OH FRFL HOH RSUL H v ID D GH FDULRUH D UD ORDPHOH
SUH L UDUH FHO OH L D H P O L FOHD H GH GLPH VL L UHG VH 3R V DSDU
IRFDUH GH FDOFLILFDUH GLV URILF
LR UD ORP O GL DF L REDFLOR
3LR UD ORP O DF L REDFLODU FR L H FH UDO FROR L EDF HULH H V HOD H

R LILOH Fk H D UD ORFL H L UHDF LH HSL HOLRLGR L D GLVS V FRPSDF v
M U O D H O L SD R H 3R V DSDU IRFDUH GH FDOFLILFDUH GLV URILF
UD XORPXO PLFR LF
UD ORP O PLFR LF GL DVSHU LOR VD GL FD GLGR SRD H D HD

ORFDOL DUH LVFHUDO L F D D H LL SD L H L V H LGH LDELOL SUL HK LFL
VSHFLDOH GH FRORUDUH D VHF L LORU KLV ROR LFH PH RGD 3 6 LHPVD V OID DUH
VD SUL LPSUH D LL DU H LFH
, L LDO FD L v FD O DO RU UD ORDPH VH SURG FH R UHDF LH GH LS

H V GD L ER D v H URILOH F IRUPDUHD GH H V GD S U OH I F LH GH
FDUDF HULV LFLOH H RO L H OH L LOH SR vPEU FD DVSHF H V GD L VD
UD ORPD RV 7UHS D H URILOHOH V v ORF L H GH PDFURID H FHO OH
HSL HOLRLGH L UDUH FHO OH L D H P O L FOHD H
/D SDV UH H HPSO O LSLF GH UD ORP PLFR LF HV H FHO DVSHU LODU

H SULPD V E IRUP RG ODU GH E R L VD GH SO FL /H L LOH VH GHSLV HD v
DUERUHOH UHVSLUD RU VD v VDFLL DHULH L )D HOH GH IRUPDUH D UD ORP O L
DVSHU LODU V DVHP RDUH F D FHO L EHUF ORV UHFk G V FFHVL SUL ID D
GH SUH UD ORP UD ORP k U UD ORP PD U L UD ORP ILEUR D VD
L H HUD HO OHOH L D H IRUPD H D DVSHF GH FHO OH L D H GH FRUS V U L
P Ok G VH SH KLIHOH DVSHU LODUH UD ORDPHOH HFKL VH SURG FH OL D
FHO OHORU L D H P O L FOHD H v M U O IRFDU O L FH UDO GH HFUR SHUVLV k G
L ILO UD PR R FOHDU GHOLPL D GH R FDSV O FR M F L
UD XORPXO SDUD L DU KHOPL LF FKLV LF
(V H UD ORP O VSHFLILF ODU HORU GH FHV RGH KLGD LGD FH U O

FLV LFHUF O
KLV O KLGD LF HV H IRUPD ODU DU D H LHL ( L R R UD OR

SDUD L HD v L HV L O FDU L RUHORU KLV O KLGD LF HV H FHO PDL IUHF H
GLD RV LFD v ILFD O L S OPR O R L HORU D UL HORU FDSUL HORU V L HORU L
RP O L KLGD LGR D ILL G R RR R SDUD L DU UD
0DFURVFRSLF FKLV O KLGD LF HV H R IRUPD L H VIHULF EL H GHOLPL D

GH R FDSV O FH LH DOELFLRDV F FR L DSRV OLPSHGH OLFKLG O
KLGD LF
0LFURVFRSLF F LF OD SDUD L O L HV H GHOLPL D GH R UHDF LH LV ODU GH
LS UD ORPD RV FDUH SRDU GH PLUHD GH DG H LFH R D L HU D
DG H LFHL FHD FDUH L H v FR DF L LP F PHPEUD D SDUD L O L F LF OD
HV H IRUPD GL FHO OH L D H P O L FOHD H GH FRUS V U L R D PHGLD
FR L H FHO OH HSL HOLRLGH PDFURID H OLPIRFL H SODVPRFL H L HR L RILOH
FRPSR H H DOH HV O L GH UD OD LH VSHFLILF /D SHULIHULH UD ORP O
SDUD L DU FKLV LF HV H GHOLPL D GH R FDSV O FR M F L GH GLIHUL H URVLPL
UD XORPXO SDUD L DU KHOPL LF FRPSDF
(V H UHSUH H D GH UHDF LD UD ORPD RDV SURG V v M U O ODU HORU GH

HPD RGH F PL UDUH HUD LF FDUH DM v DO H HV UL GHFk FHOH GH HOHF LH
8 H HPSO GH UD ORP KHOPL LF FRPSDF HV H FHO F ORFDOL DUH P VF ODU
SURG V GH ODU HOH GH 7UL L HOOD SLUDOL /DU D S U GH v ILEUD P VF ODU
GH HUPL R V FFHVL H GH UD VIRUP UL v FHO OD D G L GHFOD HD
U VS V L IODPD RU IL DO VH IRUPHD FKLV O GH 7 SLUDOL GHOLPL D GH
FDSV O FR M F L L GH UHDF LH L IODPD RULH H LGH OD FHL GRL SROL DL
FKLV O L 3RS OD LD FHO ODU HV H IRUPD GL HR L RILOH OLPIRFL H SODVPRFL H
L PDFURID H , FR V D SR IL H LGH LD H FHO OH L D H P O L FOHD H GH FRUS
V U L 5HDF LD UD ORPD RDV HV H H LGH v FD O GLV U HULL ODU HL L
FKLV O L FHO OHOH HSL HOLRLGH L FHOH L D H GH FRUS V U L GH H L G
PHURDVH
UD XORPXO UHXPD RLG GL EROLOH GH FROD H
UD ORP O UH PD RLG EL H V GLD v SD ROR LD PD SUH L R

H RO LH V DGLDO FDUDF HUL D SUL U R ID H V GD L HGHP O L HFUR D
HV O L FR M F L R ID SUROLIHUD L UD ORPD RDV F DSDUL LD
FHO OHORU L D H VKRII F FL RSODVP ED RILO FOH PDUH L FOHRO
H LGH FHO OH v RFKL GH E I L L R ID IL DO GH FLFD UL DUH
UD XORPXO GH FRUS V U L
5HDF LD UD ORPD RDV F HOHPH H FHO ODUH VSHFLILFH SRD H IL

GHFOD D GH SHUVLV H D L FRUS V U L UH ID RFL DELO D F P DP
DPL L FRUS O V U L L HU SRD H IL UHSUH H D GH D H L H R H L S U L
DFFLGH DO v U HV D FKLL GH OHP VSL L DULV H SDU LF OH GH DOF ILUH GH
V U L GH D H L H GR H L IRUPD L L GHSR L D L SD ROR LF v D PL H
HV UL DFLG O ULF L UD LL FROHV HURO O FKHUD L D HO OHOH L D H
P O L FOHD H GH FRUS V U L D V U F UD FDUDF HULV LF F FOHLL GLVS L OD
SRO O FHO ODU RS V FRUS O L V U L L F SUHO LULOH FL RSODVPLFH RULH D H VSUH
FH U O GH HFUR VD VSUH R VHOI O L HU HV O GH UD OD LH VSHFLILF HV H
GHOLPL D OD SHULIHULH GH R FDSV O FR M F L
DSL RO O
3URFHV O L IODPD RU L SURFHV O UHSDUD RU V H H LPH H L LP OH D H

L GHFDUHD GHFOD k G VH v F GL ID HOH LPS ULL DOH RULF UHL OH L L
DSDFL D HD GH UH H HUDUH R DO VH SLHUGH SH FDOH ILOR H H LF HOH HV UL
GH OD PDPLIHUH ILL G L FDSDELOH GH UH H HUDUH 0DPLIHUHOH L D GH RO D
FDSDFL D HD GH L GHFDUH SUL v ORF LUHD FHO OHORU SDUH F LPD RDVH OH D H GH
F UH HV O FR M F L
3URFHVHOH GH L GHFDUH L GH UH H HUDUH GHSL G D k GH FRPSR H D

FHO ODU D HV O L Fk L GH D UD OH L LL FDUH DIHF HD L H UL D HD
DU L HF ULL LV ODUH
H H HPSO R OH L H R LF UH DO FDUH DIHF HD GRDU HIURFL HOH

I U GLV U HUHD PHPEUD HL ED DOH VH SRD H L GHFD SUL UH H HUDUHD FHO ODU
v LPS FH DEFHV UH DO D IL L GHFD SUL IRUPDUHD HL FLFD ULFH
L GHFDUHD SH U P O H LS UL GH OH L L VH SRD H UHDOL D SUL U R

FRPEL DUH D UH H HU ULL SDUH F LPD RDVH L D FLFD UL ULL
3URFHV O GH UHSDUDUH L GHFDUH D HL OH L L VH vPSDU H v GR

FD H RULL PDMRUH
• L GHFDUH SUL UH H HUDUH SDUH F LPD RDV

• L GHFDUH SUL v ORF LUH F HV FR M F L HV GH UD OD LH
FLFD UL DUH
H HUDO L GHFDUHD FR V v v ORF LUHD FHO OHORU PRDU H VD OH D H

F FHO OH V RDVH SUR H L H GL SDUH F LP VD GL HV O FR M F L
DF L GHFDUHD VH SURG FH SUL UH H HUDUHD PDVL D FHO OHORU
SDUH F LPD RDVH VH SRD H DM H OD UHFR V L LUHD SHUIHF DG L H U P D
HV O L GH RUL L H 3UL FR V P O DFFLGH DO GH H LOH OLFRO D L HO VH
L V DOHD R L V ILFLH UH DO DF GH HUPL D GH HIHF O R LF DO
H LOH OLFRO O L DV SUD UH RHSL HOL O L DF SDFLH LL SR IL PH L L v LD
SUL GLDOL L GHFDUHD PRUIRI F LR DO D HIURFL HORU HV H GH UH O E
SURG Fk G VH R UH H HUDUH SDUH F LPD RDV LPS FH I F LD UH DO H
V SOL L SUL GLDOL VH UHDOL HD UH H HUDUHD FHO OHORU HSL HOLDOH UH DOH
3H U FD DFHV LS GH UH H HUDUH V VH SURG F HV H HVH LDO
V H LV H v HV O OH D FHO OH SDUH F LPD RDVH F FDSDFL D H

UH H HUD L
V VH FR VHU H PHPEUD HOH ED DOH L HV O FR M F L
L HUV L LDO FR VHU k G VH DU L HF UD HV O L GH RUL L H
DU L HF U DEVRO HFHVDU P O LSOLF ULL L GLIHUH LHULL
FHO OHORU SDUH F LPD RDVH
Capacitatea de regenerare celulară

HO OHOH GL RU D LVP DUEL UDU VH SR vPS U L v I F LH GH FDSDFL D HD
UH H HUD L v U SH PDMRUH FHOXOH ODELOH FHOXOH V DELOH L FHOXOH
SHUPD H H HO OHOH ODELOH L V DELOH V v U UL P GH v ORFL UH
SHUPD H S V Uk G L FDSDFL D HD GH UH H HUDUH 7R L D FL Fk G V
GLV U VH VH DM H v R GHD D OD DVSHF O L L LDO DO HV O L UH H HUDUHD
ILL G DGHVHD LPSHUIHF HO OHOH SHUPD H H VH SR P O LSOLFD FHOH DG O H
ILL G V DGLL HUPL DOH GH GLIHUH LHUH L D k G R FDSDFL D HD GH UH H HUDUH
UHG V VD DEVH V IHO OH DUHD FHO OHORU SHUPD H H D IL UPD GH R
UHSDUDUH SUL v ORF LUHD ORU GH F UH FHO OHOH PDL S L VSHFLDOL D H DOH HV O L
FR M F L
HOXOHOH ODELOH V DFHOH FHO OH FDUH v FR GL LL IL LROR LFH FR L

V VH P O LSOLFH v ORF L G FHO OHOH vPE Uk L H SH R SDUF UV O LH LL
RU D LVP O L VHPH HD FHO OH V FHOH DOH HV O L OLPIRLG DOH HV O L
HPD RSRLH LF L FHO OHOH HSL HOLDOH
HO OHOH P G HL RVRDVH V v U R FR L SUROLIHUDUH SH U D

PH L H v OLPL H RUPDOH FRPSR H D FHO ODU D Vk HO L ORF LUHD UDSLG D
FHO OHORU VD L H HV H V V L GH IRUPDUHD GH RL HOHPH H FHO ODUH PD UH

RDU v FR GL LLOH GLV U HULL FHO OHORU HP GL P G HV H SURI G DO HUD
VD GLVSDUH FDSDFL D HD SUROLIHUD L DFHV H FR GL LL VH SURG FH SUROLIHUDUHD
ILEUREODV HORU L HV O FR M F L v ORF LH H HUL RUL O GLV U V FD v RULFDUH DO
HV UH O k G PLHORILEUR D RV HRPLHORILEUR D
HV O OLPIRLG UHv RLUHD SRS OD LHL FHO ODUH VH IDFH SUL FHO OH
OLPIREODV LFH GL FH UL HUPL D L L VD SUL P O LSOLFDUHD FHO OHORU HP
PH H F LPDOH SULPL L H GL VL V ULOH VSOH LFH L DOH DO RU V U F UL OLPIRLGH
HHD FH VH SURG FH v HV ULOH OLPIRLGH H RDUHF P D DOR F IH RPH HOH
SH UHF H v P G D RVRDV HPD R H
3H U HSL HOLL SURFHV O GH v ORF LUH SHUPD H D FHO OHORU VH SURG FH

v HSL HOLLOH GH DFRSHULUH HSL HOL O SO ULV UD LILFD GH LS FRU RV DO SLHOLL
HSLGHUP HSL HOLLOH P FRDVHORU E GL HV L DSDUD H L DO HSL HOLLOH
P FRDVHL UHVSLUD RULL HSL HOLLOH FD DOHORU H FUH RULL FD DOH ELOLDUH OD GH
VDOL DUH SD FUHDV HSL HOL O UD L LR DO DO UDF V O L UL DU DSDFL D HD
UH H HUD L H DVL UD GH FHO OHOH HP GH UH HU VODE GLIHUH LD H
ORFDOL D H SURI G v HSL HOLL F P DU IL FHOH GL V UD O ED DO DO HSLGHUP O L
HOXOHOH V DELOH RUPDO D R UD UHG V GH v ORF LUH v RU D LVP O

DG O (OH v L PH L FDSDFL D HD GH SUROLIHUDUH FDUH HV H GHFOD D GH D PL L
V LP OL FHV H FHO OH V FDSDELOH GH UH H HUDUHD HV ULORU OH D H SH U D OH
FR IHUL R DU L HF U DSURDSH RUPDO L DFHDV FD H RULH IDF SDU H FHO OHOH
DFL LORU SD FUHD LFL UH RHSL HOLLOH HSL HOL O HSD LF HSL HOL O OD GHORU
VDOL DUH FHO OHOH H GR HOLDOH L PHURDVH FHO OH PH H F LPDOH ILEUREODV HOH
RV HREODV HOH FR GUREODV HOH L FHO OHOH P VF ODUH H HGH
)LFD O GH H HPSO HV H L SH U PHURDVH V EV D H R LFH 6 D

GHPR V UD F VH SRD H SURG FH UH H HUDUHD D GL HSL HOL O HSD LF
G S H FL LH F LU U LFDO FHDV FDSDFL D H UH H HUD L H SOLF UH LV H D
ILFD O L ID GH D UHVL LOH R LFH EDF HULH H LUDOH VD F LPLFH 2 FR GL LH
LPSRU D D UH H HUDULL HSD RFL DUH R FR V L LH PH L HUHD DU L HF ULL
LV ODUH D VF HOH O L FR M F L L D PHPEUD HORU ED DOH
0 O H LS UL GH HSL HOLL V FDSDELOH V L VL H L H H FRPSR H HOH
PHPEUD HORU ED DOH GH H HPSO FHO OHOH H GR HOLDOH GDU v OLSVD L
VF HOH DU L HF UDO VH SURG FH R FUH HUH GHIHF RDV 6 LP OLL GH SUROLIHUDUH
FHO ODU DF LR HD L v DEVH D HL UH HOH FR M F L H SURSULL RU D O L
DIHF D GDU UH O D O FR V v U R SUROLIHUDUH v kPSO RDUH v F LE UL
FHO ODUH FDUH VH DED V U F UDO L I F LR DO GH OD HV O GH RUL L H
5H H HUDUHD HV H L IO H D H D L GH SUH H D L H V GD DE GH
OD ORF O OH L LL k G H V GD O SRD H IL v GHS U D SUL UHVRUE LH VD SUL
GH UDGDUH H LPD LF L SUL ID RFL R H V GD O D IL FHO FDUH D GHFOD D
SURFHV O GH RU D L DUH FR M F L FHV IH RPH VH SURG FH v DO HROHOH L
EUR LROHOH v O PH O F URUD DSDU GHSR L HOH DE GH H GH ILEUL SURG LL GH
GH UDGDUH DL ILEUL HL V LP Ok G ILEUR DUHD
HOXOHOH SHUPD H H V D LFH GHVFUHVF RDUH V FHO OHOH V ULF

VSHFLDOL D H FDUH VH GL LG VD PD LIHV v FHUF UL GH UH H HUDUH DERU L H
R RFL HOH H UR LL ILEUHOH P VF ODUH FDUGLDFH LV U HUHD ORU HV H UPD
GH SUROLIHUDUHD FHO OHORU ORFDOH F FDSDFL D H GH P O LSOLFDUH FHO OHOH OLDOH
ILEUREODV HOH
Tipuri de vindecare
9L GHFDUHD OH LX LORU HSL HOLLORU GH DFRSHULUH

L HV L O V E LUH H LV R SRS OD LH GH FHO OH ODELOH v U SURFHV
FR L GH P O LSOLFDUH HO OHOH I F LR DOH v L D RUL L HD v FHO OHOH
HGLIHUH LD H GL FULS H OD GH ORFDOL D H v M P D HD SURI G D DFHV RU
HUL RULL HO OHOH HGLIHUH LD H FHOH FRO P DUH VD FHOH ROL RP FRDVH V
OLSVL H GH FDSDFL D HD GH P O LSOLFDUH L VH GLIHUH LD UHS D v GU P O ORU
VSUH LOR L L GH H L G ILH H HURFL H ILH FHO OH FDOLFLIRUPH
H HUDO PDVD L RSR UDILD P FRDVHL L HV L DOH V HOHPH H IRDU H

V DELOH V DELOL D H FR IHUL GH UDSRU O FR V D GL UH FHO OHOH FDUH VH
GHSODVHD v H HULRU O FULS HORU L FHO OHOH FDUH VH SLHUG GL kUI O
LOR L LORU ( LV HF LOLEU SHUIHF v UH FRPSR H D HSL HOLDO I F LR DO
D LOR L LORU L FRPSDU LPH O FHO ODU SUROLIHUD L DO FULS HORU 3UL
GLV U HUHD H SHULPH DO D HSL HOL O L I F LR DO DO LOR L LL V D GHPR V UD

H LV H D L FR URO ORFDO GH LS IHHG ED N FDUH GHFOD HD LSHUSOD LD v
FRPSDU LPH O SUROLIHUD L
5HIDFHUHD L H UL LL P FRDVHL L HV L DOH VH SURG FH GLIHUL
v FD O OH L LORU PL RUH V SHUILFLDOH L GH PLF H L GHUH

UHHSL HOL DUHD VH SURG FH SUL DO HFDUHD OD HUDO D HSL HOL O L L DF
GH OD SHULIHULD IRFDU O L v Fk H D PL H
v FD O LVF HPLHL GH VF U G UD VD D OH L LORU GH LS FL ROL LF
L G VH GH R L IHF LH LUDO V SRU O LOR L LL VH FR UDF SUREDELO
SUL DF L L D HD PLRILEUREODV HORU FR UDF U PHGLD GH VLV HP O
HU RV H HULF HO OHOH HDIHF D H VH H L G SHV H V SUDID D
GH GD FR FRPL H F LSHUSOD LD FHO OHORU GL FRPSDU LPH O
SUROLIHUD L U L HF UD P FRDVHL VH UHIDFH v Fk H D LOH
OFHUHOH H L VH DOH P FRDVHL RU H HUD IRUPDUHD HV O L GH
UD OD LH L OH V S Pk L O L OH L LOH SR IL DFRSHUL H GH R
P FRDV R F FULS H L LOR L L FDUH DSDU FD UPDUH D PL U ULL
FH ULSH H D HSL HOL O L DSOD L D GH OD SHULIHULD OFHU O L HFL
HSL HOL O SRD H UH H HUD L v FD O GHIHF HORU SURI GH L v L VH
GRDU G S FH GHIHF O OFHU O D IRV SORPED F HV GH
UD OD LH DVHPH HD VL D LH DUH ORF R UHSDUDUH FRPEL D
GHIHF O HV H v ORF L GH HV FR M F L LDU V SUDID D HV H DFRSHUL
SUL UH H HUDUHD HSL HOL O L
D L GHFDUH D RUPDO D HSL HOLLORU GH DFRSHULUH VH SRD H IRUPD
UD ORP O SLR H LF H PLUHD GHIHF O L GH L GHFDUH HV H L FRUHF
GHRDUHFH v V U F UD UD ORP O L SLR H LF VH IRUPHD S URL LDU
V EV UD O PRUIROR LF HV H R UHDF LH UD ORPD RDV UD ORP O SLR H LF
UHSUH L R FUH HUH H FHVL D HV O L GH UD OD LH SHV H L HO O HSL HOL O L
OH D F IRUPDUHD HL PDVH F U RDVH GH GLPH VL L UHG VH HV O GH
UD OD LH HV H EL H DVF ODUL D GH F ORDUH UR LH L Vk HUHD IRDU H RU
HRDUHFH HV O HV H SUR HMD GH HSL HOL HO HV H IUHF H VHGL O RU
L IHF LL VHF GDUH LPS IRUPD L HD v L UHG FH GLPH VL LOH GH H L G
RG O PLF F V U F U FROD H LF D ORFDOL UL UD ORP O SLR H LF VH
IRUPHD v P FRDVD FD L LL E FDOH L v SLHOH Fk G OD ORF O RU OH L L
VH SURG FH UHHSL HOL DUHD
9L GHFDUHD SO LORU FX D D H
FD O L FL LLORU F LU U LFDOH V HULOH V UD H VH SURG FH R L GHFDUH
SUL FLFD UL DUH SULPDU SHU SULPDP L H LR HP , FL LD SURG FH OH DUHD
L P U OLPL D GH FHO OH HSL HOLDOH L FHO OH DOH HV O L FR M F L FD L R
v UHU SHUH OLPL D D PHPHEUD HL ED DOH 6SD L O v V SURG V GH L FL LH HV H
UDSLG PSO GH FRD O VD L FDUH FR L H ILEUL L FHO OH VD L H
HV LGUD DUHD V SHUILFLDO D FRD O O L ID RUL HD IRUPDUHD FU V HL (V H
vPSLHGLFD DV IHO GHV LGUD DUHD L L IHF DUHD SO LL
GH RUH OD SHULIHULD L FL LHL DSDU H URILOHOH SUR H L H GL SD O

DVF ODU FDUH PL UHD VSUH FRD O O VD L (SLGHUP O GH OD PDU L LOH
OH L LL VH v URD FD UH O D DO DF L L LL GH P O LSOLFDUH D FHO OHORU ED DOH L
v GH RUH VH IRUPHD SUHO LUL HSL HOLDOH FDUH v DL HD GH OD SHULIHULD
SO LL VSUH FH U IRUPk G L FR FRPL H R PHPEUD ED DO SURSULH (OH
I LR HD FH UDO RE L k G VH V UD HSL HOLDO FR L L V E LUH
LV UD LILFD
L L D D D PLFURID HOH V v ORF L H GH PDFURID H L HV O GH

UD OD LH L DGHD UHS D VSD L O GH L FL LH 6H IRUPHD R UH HD GH FDSLODUH
FDUH DVL U UHV DELOLUHD FLUF OD LHL VD L H )LEUHOH GH FROD H V SUH H H
OD PDU L LOH L FL LHL GDU L L LDO V RULH D H HU LFDO L D FRUHD L FL LD
FR L DUH SUROLIHUDUHD HSL HOLDO GH HUPL v UR DUHD HSLGHUP O L
L D D D L FL LD HV H SORPED F HV GH UD OD LH LDU
HR DVF ODUL D LD HV H PD LP )LEUHOH GH FROD H V DE GH H L v FHS V
D FRUH H L FL LD (SLGHUP O UHFR V L L DUH R URVLPH RUPDO L VH
GHFOD HD GLIHUH LHUHD VF DPRDV V SUDID D GH H L G F HUD L L D
FHD GH D D V S Pk SRV RSHUD RULH VH FR L DF P ODUHD GH

FROD H L SUROLIHUDUHD ILEUREODV LF LVSDUH L ILO UD O OH FRFL DU HGHP O L
DVF ODUL D LD H LGH
/D VIkU L O SULPHL O L FLFD ULFHD HV H IRUPD v SURI LPH GL HV

FR M F L DFRSHUL GH HSLGHUP L DF RPSR H HOH GHUPLFH GLV U VH VH
UHIDF
k G GHIHF O F D D HV H PDL PDUH F SLHUGHUH LV ODU H L V

SURFHV O GH FLFD UL DUH HV H PDL FRPSOLFD D k G ORF R L GHFDUH FLFD UL DUH
VHF GDU D SO LORU SHU H GDP L H LR HP 5H H HUDUHD FHO OHORU
SDUH F LPD RDVH SRD H IL FRPSOH GHIHF O ILL G v ORF L GH HV GH
UD OD LH DE GH
DFHV LS GH FLFD UL DUH GD RUL GLPH VL LORU GHIHF O L HV H

GHFOD D R UHDF LH L IODPD RULH ORFDO L H V VH IRUPHD DE GH HV
GH UD OD LH OD SHULIHULD SO LL V E IRUPD P ULORU F U R L FDUH v DL HD
FH ULSH v HGHUHD PSOHULL GHIHF O L L v IL DO VH SURG FH FR UDF LD SO LL
SUL DF L L D HD PLRILEUREODV HORU
HV O GH UD OD LH SUROLIHUHD GH OD ED D SO LL , L LDO SO LOH

GHVF LVH HL IHF D H SUH L V SUDID D DFRSHUL GH H V GD ILEUL R
HPRUD LF FDUH O HULRU HV H L DGD GH H URILOH L PDFURID H HO OHOH
ID RFL DUH DVL U GH HUVLD HO OHOH HSL HOLDOH v FHS SUROLIHUDUHD GH OD
PDU L HD SO LL V E SUR HF LD L FRD O GH ILEUL /DPHOH HSL HOLDOH D R
FUH HUH FH ULSH V E IRUPD L HSL HOL LV UD LILFD DF SOD D H SUHD
PDUH HSL HOL DUHD VH SURG FH G S PSOHUHD GHIHF O L F HV GH UD OD LH
8O HULRU HSL HOL ULL v V UD FR L v FHSH V UD LILFDUHD L F HUD L L DUHD
HSL HOL O L HV O GH UD OD LH VH UH UDF FR FRPL H F PD UDUHD L
UHPRGHODUHD FROD H O L
SO LOH L IHF D H SURFHV O GH UHSDUDUH SRD H IL v FH L L VD RSUL

%ORFDUHD L GHF ULL DUH ORF L v SO LOH F D D H D R H OLSVL H GH UHDF L L D H
LV ODU
8 HRUL SURG FHUHD GH HV FROD H LF v U R FLFD ULFH F D D HV H

H D HUD FLFD ULFHD GHS L G P O V SUDID D SLHOLL 6SUH GHRVHELUH GH
UD ORP O SLR H LF DFHDV FLFD ULFH HV H DFRSHUL GH HSLGHUP DF H FHV O
GH FROD H VH OLPL HD V ULF OD FLFD ULFH DFHDV D VH GHIL H H FD R FLFD ULFH
KLSHU URILF GDF FLFD ULFHD DEHUD HV H P O H L V v HV ULOH
v FR M U RDUH SRDU GH PLUHD GH FKHORLG
HORLG O HV H R FLFD ULFH DEHUD DVF ODUL D FDUH DE G v ILEUH

GH FROD H L v PD ULFH H UDFHO ODU , L LDO F HORLG O DUH R F ORDUH UR L R
FR VLV H UHG V PRDOH S PDL P O H V S Pk L FROD H O VH PD UHD
DVF ODUL D LD VH UHG FH OH L HD GH H L G DOELFLRDV L L G UD
0LFURVFRSLF HOH GL UH ILEUHOH GH FROD H D DVSHF GH H HUD LDOL L D
U R SULP ID F HORLG O HV H ER D v HV GH UD OD LH L ER D v FHO OH
S PD UDUH v V U F UD F HORLG O L DE G ILEUHOH GH FROD H FHDV
FLFD UL DUH SD ROR LF HV H GLD RV LFD IUHF H OD FDO GH RO k G VH
IUHF H v R HOH F D D H DIOD H V E H VL H ( LV ULVF O UHFLGL HL G S
v GHS U DUHD F LU U LFDO D F HORLG O L
5H H HUDUHD H GR HOLXOXL DVFXODU
HO OHOH H GR HOLDOH D UL P GH v ORF LUH IRDU H OH DF

VH PH DVF ODU GH L H GH GD FHO OHOH GH OD PDU L HD OH L LL PL UHD
UDSLG SUROLIHUHD L DFRSHU GHIHF O
3UROLIHUDUHD H GR HOLDO HV H GH DO IHO R FRPSR H PDMRU D IRUP ULL

HV O L GH UD OD LH L HU H L G v D LR H H
( GR HOL O GL H OH DU HULROH L FDSLODUH SUROLIHUHD IRUPk G RL

DVH SURFHV GH PL HR DVF ODUL D LH FHV H FDSLODUH R IRUPD H DVL U
DIO LUHD FHO OHORU ID RFL DUH L DG F v IRFDU PH DEROL LL HFHVDUL SUROLIHU ULL
ILEUREODV LFH
, L LDO v PLFURVFRSLD RS LF DVHOH R IRUPD H GD LPSUHVLD GH

FRUGRD H SOL H SH U FD O HULRU V IRUPH H O PH 0HPEUD D ED DO R
IRUPD SUH L HUH ODUL L L R SHUPHDELOL D H FUHVF ID RUL k G HGHP O
L HPRUD LLOH H HULRU O PHPEUD HL ED DOH VH IRUPHD SHULFL HOH
0DMRUL D HD FDSLODUHORU GH HRIRUPD LH VH D URILD L GLVSDU v HV O

FLFD ULFHDO
5H H HUDUHD ILEUHORU PXVFXODUH H HGH
/HLRPLRFL HOH D R UD UHG V GH v ORF LUH OD RU D LVP O DG O GDU

SRVHG R FDSDFL D H GH SUROLIHUDUH FR VLGHUDELO D D F P VH FR V D v
PLRPH U O HU O L HV D
3UROLIHUDUHD P VF OD ULL H HGH GL SHUH LL DVF ODUL DSDUH FD U VS V

OD LSR LH L OD LSHU H VL H FUH HUHD SUHVL LL VD L H v DU HUHOH
P VF ODUH PHGLL L PDUL
0HFD LVP O HV H SUH H v SD R H H D RU OH L LORU DVF ODUH

GH H HUD L H DU HULRORVFOHUR D GH LS SUROLIHUD L
2 VHF LR DUH D P VF OD ULL H HGH D IL L GHFD SUL L HUS HUHD

L HV FLFD ULFHDO
9L GHFDUHD L UH H HUDUHD HV O L P VF ODU V ULD
0 VF OD UD V ULD VF HOH LF HV H FDSDELO GH R UH H HUDUH OLPL D

GDF V IHU D PL H LS UL GH OH L L 5H H LUHD OD V U F UD L I F LD L L LDO
GHSL GH GH S V UDUHD DUD MDPH O L PHPEUD HL ED DOH L D DO RU HOHPH H DOH
HV O L FR M F L DF PHPEUD D ED DO HV H L DF UH H HUDUHD VH SRD H
SURG FH GDF PHPEUD D ED DO VH GLV U H UH H HUDUHD HV H PDL S L
HILFLH DF VH v UHU SH FR L L D HD ILEUHORU P VF ODUH UD PD LVP
SOD F LU U LFDO SUROLIHUDUHD DUH ORF GDU HV H V ILFLH SH U UHIDFHUHD
ILEUHL P VF ODUH GHIHF O ILL G PSO F HV FLFD ULFHDO
L S FD H P VF OD UD FDUGLDF HV H OLSVL GH FDSDFL D H UH H HUD L

H DFHHD OH L LOH DO HUD L H DOH PLRFDUGLRFL HORU L IDUF H VH L GHF SUL
FLFD UL DUH
0 VF OD UD V ULD VF HOH LF FR L H R SRS OD LH FHO ODU IRUPD GL

FHO OH VD HOL H PLR D HOL H FDUH V PLREODV H L DF L H ORFDOL D H v UH
VDUFROHPD ILEUHL P VF ODUH PD UH L PHPEUD D ED DO k G P VF OD UD
VF HOH LF HV H DIHF D FHO OHOH PLRVD HOL H SUROLIHUHD I LR HD L
IRUPHD PLR E OL L H H DO ILEUH PD UH IH RPH DVHP RU FUH HULL
HPEULR DUH
FD O HL OH L L VH PH DUH D ILEUHORU P VF ODUH F DIHF DUHD

PLRILEULOHORU D VDUFRSODVPHL L D FRPSR H HORU V EFHO ODUH SULPHOH
H H LPH H L LELOH V PL HUDOL DUHD SUR UHVL D VDUFRSODVPHL L R SUH LUH
D FHO OHORU VD HOL H SH U GL L L H HO OHOH ILLFH GH L L LELOH v Fk H D RUH
Fk G v L S U VHVF SR L LD GH V E PHPEUD D ED DO PL Uk G VSUH FH U O ILEUHL
P VF ODUH
/D DSUR LPD L RUH v IRFDU DSDU PLFURID HOH L PDFURID HOH
0DFURID HOH v OREHD GH D UHD L v O U GH UL V O FHO ODU

1H URILOHOH D k G LD VF U GLVSDU UDSLG GL IRFDU F H FHS LD VL D LLORU
GH FRPSOLFD LL EDF HULH H
S v GHS U DUHD UHV ULORU GH VDUFRSODVP VH FUHD VSD L RO v

ILEUD P VF ODU 8 HOH FHO OH VD HOL H SUROLIHUD H S U G v ILEU L GH L
0,2%/ 67( 0LREODV HOH FUHVF PHULF Sk DM OD S F FUL LF
PRPH O v FDUH D PSO GHIHF O
8UP RDUHD H DS FR V v I LR DUHD PLREODV HORU /D LOH

PLREODV HOH I LR D H IRUPHD PLR E R FHO O L D FDUH L
RU D L HD V U F UD L HU 8 HOH V U F UL L v FR DF F VH PH HOH
LDELOH DOH ILEUHL RUL L DOH UH ORF R OL DUH D PHPEUD HL FHO OHL R IRUPD H L
DSDUH FL RVRO LF v U R VL U PLRILEU 3RO O OLEHU DO FHO OHL L D H R
IRUPD H GH L H SRODUL D O U L G VSD L O VDUFROHPDO ROL L FRODED 2 FHO O
PLR EDO v GH RO DUH VH UHF RD H G S FL RSODVPD ED RILO L FOHLL
H LF OR L SR L LR D L FH UDO (D SRD H FUH H SH R GLV D PDUH GDF
PHPEUD D ED DO L VDUFROHPD V L DF H L H LV REV DFROH ILEURDVH
/D DSUR LPD L LOH GH OD SURG FHUHD OH L LL VH UHDOL HD

FR DF O F VH PH O LDELO DO ILEUHL PDP 6H IRUPHD VDUFRPHUH ED RILOLD
ILEUHL VH UHG FH G S LOH L FOHLL PL UHD V E VDUFROHPDO
8 HRUL SHUVLV GR PHPEUD H ED DOH FDUH SR I LR D v LPS 2ULFH

FHO O VD HOL SUROLIHUD FDUH S U GH v FHO OD P VF ODU PDP VD RULFH
SURFHV PLR E ODU FDUH UHDOL HD FR H L L SR SURG FH R ILEU P VF ODU
VHF GDU VD R UDPLILFD LH D DFHV HLD v L HULRU O PHPEUD HORU ED DOH
Fk GHIHF O VH H L GH SH R V SUDID PDL PDUH F D k FUH H ULVF O

DSDUL LHL RU DEHUD LL UHSDUD RULL
0LRSD LLOH UL LR DOH L R LFH VH SR L GHFD GHV O GH EL H

LV URILLOH SULPDUH LDOL R D VH SR L GHFD I U GHIHF GDU GH H HUDUHD
P VF ODU UHSH D L LVF HPLD GH HUPL R UH H HUDUH GHIHF RDV GH LS
DERU L VD OLSVD UH H HU ULL GHRDUHFH V DIHF D H FR FRPL H FHO OHOH
VD HOL H L FHO OHOH FR M F L H GL V U F UD H GRPLVL P O L
,VF HPLD F UHSHUI DUH UDSLG D HV O L P VF ODU SHUPL H HOH

H D L H GH UH H HUDUH v VSHFLDO OD SHULIHULD IRFDU O L
5H H HUDUHD HV O L RVRV L PRGDOL L GH L GHFDUH
5H H HUDUHD HV O L RVRV HV H DVL UD GH HF LOLEU O GL UH DF L L D HD

RV HREODV HORU L D RV HRFODV HORU GH L HU H LD RU L DPL H L GH
DSRU O L HF LOLEU O GL UH FDOFL L IRVIRU L GH DF L HD SDUD RUPR O L L D
FDOFL R L HL
IUDF ULOH RDVHORU O L SUROLIHUDUHD RV HREODV HORU HV H HVH LDO

SH U IRUPDUHD GH HV RVRV UH H HUDUHD UHDOL k G VH RS LP v FR GL LLOH
S V U ULL L H UL LL SHULRV O L
R VHF L HL IUDF UL v UH FHOH GR FDSH H RVRDVH VH IRUPHD

FRD O VD L D L v FD O SURFHV O L GH L GHFDUH GL DO H HV UL L v
IRFDU O GH IUDF U VH GHFOD HD SURFHV L IODPD RU DF v VR L GH SURFHV O
GH GHFDOFLILFDUH D IUD PH HORU GH RV UP RDUHD H DS FHD GH RU D L DUH D
FRD O O L VD L L HU L PDFURID HOH SH U UHDOL DUHD GH HUVLHL VH
SURG FH R SUROLIHUDUH D HOHPH HORU FHO ODUH GL R D SURI G D SHULRV O L L
H GRV O L LDU HV O GH UD OD LH v ORF LH H UHS D ILEUL D HO OHOH
SHULRV DOH L H GRV DOH VH GLIHUH LD RV HREODV LF
D D H DS VH IRUPHD FDOXV ILEURV SUHFDO V v FDUH DE G

ILEUHOH GH FROD H L PD ULFHD SUR HLF
H DSD D D FHD GH FDOXV RVRV SULPDU v FHSH RVLILFDUHD FDO V O L

ILEURV v PD ULFHD SUR HLF GHS k G VH LR LL GH FDOFL L IRVIRU V IHO
FDO V O RVRV SULPDU DUH DVSHF O L PD R FH H H FDSH HOH IUDF ULL (V H
SRVLELO FD GLIHUH LHUHD HOHPH HORU FHO ODUH PH H F LPDOH V GHD D HUH
FR GUREODV HORU DVRFLD H F DSDUL LD RU HUL RULL GH FDU LODM LDOL FDUH VH
RVLILF O HLRU
DOXVXO RVRV VHFX GDU H UH O D O UD VIRUP ULL HV O L RVRV SULPDU

v RV PD U ODPHODU UHPRGHOD G S OL LLOH GH IRU FH DF LR HD DV SUD
RV O L
FDGU O L GHF ULORU D RUPDOH VH SR SURG FH FR VROLG UL

GHIHF RDVH FR V k G v v F OHFDUHD VD UR D LD FHORU GR FDSH H RVRDVH
VF U DUHD RV O L VD IRUPDUHD L FDO V LSHU URILF DF VH SURG FH
PL HUDOL DUHD FDO V O L ILEURV v LPS VH IRUPHD R SVH GRDU UR
HRDU UR FR GL LLOH HL LPRELOL UL GHIHF RDVH D HL IUDF UL FDSH HOH
RVRDVH OHI L H UR ML H V v FR M UD H GH HV ILEURV F S L OD L HULRU F
R PHPEUD VLPLODU PHPEUD HL VL R LDOH IUDF ULOH FRPL L H VSDU HUHD
RV O L v E F L SUH H D D F LLORU RO PL RDVH GH RV v kU LH L FRPSURPL H
UHIDFHUHD IUDF ULL
5H H HUDUHD HV O L HU RV SHULIHULF L PRGDOL L GH

L GHFDUH
FD O DIHF ULL UD H D SHULFDULR O L FHO OD D IL GLV U V v

R DOL D H L FO VL SUHO LULOH D R DOH I U SRVLELOL D H GH UH H HUDUH DF
OH L HD HV H D R DO UH H HUDUHD VH SRD H SURG FH v SRU L HD SUR LPDO
L DF D D R O L
UHU SHUHD FR L L LL VD UD PD L DUHD S HU LF SUL FRPSUHVL H

D HU LORU SHULIHULFL VH IL DOL HD SUL GH H HUDUHD SRU L LL GLV DOH D D R O L
H L H UDUHD H URILEULOHORU v FHSH G S GH RUH GH OD SURG FHUHD OH L LL
R O VH IUD PH HD SURFHV FDUH G UHD Fk H D LOH Sk OD R V S Pk
L GLVSDUH FRPSOH G S V S Pk L 2 GH H HUDUH VLPLODU VH SURG FH L v
VH PH O SUR LPDO DO HU O L Sk OD SULPD VD D GR D V UD OD LH 5D LHU
7HDFD GH PLHOL D D R O L GH H HUD v FHSH V VH IUD PH H H G S

GH RUH LDU LPS GH DSUR LPD L GR V S Pk L DSDUH V E IRUPD RU
SLF UL OLSLGLFH FRUSL 0DUF L /LSLGHOH V v ORED H GH PDFURID HOH
PL UD H v IRFDU L GH FHO OHOH 6F D IH RPH HOH GLVS Uk G G S
DSUR LPD L O L
5H H HUDUHD VH SRD H SURG FH v SRU L HD SUR LPDO L DF D

D R O L S GLV U HUHD D R O L L D HFLL GH PLHOL FHO OHOH 6F D VH
PHILD L HV H GHFOD D SURFHV L H V GH GL L L H GR UHL
V S Pk L GH OD SURG FHUHD OH L LL UDLHF O HU O L DIHF D HV H PDUFD GH
FRUGR GH FHO OH 6F D DF GHIHF O HV H GH GLPH VL L UHG VH FHO OHOH
6F D V FDSDELOH V HDVF FHOH GR VH PH H GH HU DF GHIHF O
HV H H L V FHO OHOH 6F D SUROLIHUD H IRUPHD PHILHUL E OEDUH OD
FDSH HOH HU O L DIHF D S GH RUH VH IRUPHD IL H SUHO LUL GL
HUPL D LD D R O L FDUH VH H L G UDGLF ODU SUL UH FHO OHOH 6F D
3UHO LULOH RGD FH D S U V v U R FRORD GH FHO OHOH 6F D D
VH PH O L GLV DO FUHVF F DSUR LPD L PP L , L LDO ILEUHOH V
HPLHOL L D H SH U FD O HULRU V L UHIDF HDFD GH PLHOL L V SRVHGH
FHO OH 6F D SURSULL )LOH HOH FDUH VHVF FRUGRD HOH GH FHO OHOH
6F D GL SDU HD GLV DO D HU O L IRUPHD SUHO LUL HI F LR DOH V E
IRUP GH HP SUL UH FHO OHOH 6F D L SUL UH HOHPH HOH HV O L
FR M F L FHV H V U F UL IRUPHD PDVH GH D R L UH H HUD L I U RULH DUH
VSHFLILF GH PL H H URDPH HXUR GH DPSX D LH FDUH SURG F G UHUH
v UH L HD DIHF D
6HF LR DUHD HU LORU GLPL HD D VD GH GHU ODUH D DFHV RU IH RPH H

7R L ILEUHOH HU RDVH FUHVF VSUH SDU HD GLV DO L VH SURG FH L HU DUHD
RU D O L F DVL UDUHD HL E H I F LR UL
k G VH UHV DELOH H FR L L D HD v UH FHOH GR IUD PH H GH HU
HUPL D LD GLV DO HV H v ORF L UHS D GH HV FR M F L
FRUS O H UR DO FR VHF L OH ULL D R O L VH SURG F R VHULH GH

UD VIRUP UL FDUH FR V D v GH RU D L DUHD FRUS VF LORU 1LVVO , L LDO VH
SURG FH OL D FRUS VF LORU 1LVVO GL M U O FOH O L FDUH VH H L GH O HULRU v
RD FL RSODVPD L UROL D V S Pk L H UR O VH PHILD LDU
FOH O PL UHD VSUH SHULIHULD FHO OHL 8 LL H UR L PRU PDL DOHV GDF
OH L HD D R DO HV H v DSURSLHUHD FRUS O L H UR DO GDU PDMRUL D HD v L
UHFDS DVSHF O L L LDO G S DSUR LPD L O L
/H L LOH HU LORU SHULIHULFL V v R GHD D VH HUH F DIHF DUHD

URU V U F ULORU ILOH HORU HU RDVH UHPLH VH v UH LV UHD GLV U HUL
VH PH DUH DOH HFLL GH PLHOL 0LHOL D GH H HUD HV H v GHS U D GH
PDFURID H D R O V SUD LH L G 5HSDUDUHD HFLL GH PLHOL HV H DVL UD GH
FHO OHOH 6F D
5H H HUDUHD HV O L HU RV FH UDO L PRGDOL L GH

L GHFDUH
LV U HUHD D R DO GH HUPL GH H HUDUH DOOHULD ILL G IUHF H

FR VHFL D OH ULL SHULFDULR O L R O GH L H HUH OD L VH PH D FD
LUD GH P U HOH DSRL GLVSDUH SURFHV O ILL G DVHP RU GDU P O PDL OH
GHFk FHO GL HU LL SHULIHULFL 0LHOL D VH VH PH HD VH IRUPHD SLF UL
OLSLGLFH FDUH V ID RFL D H GH PDFURID H SUREDELO GH FHO OHOH OLDOH 3H U
H LGH LHUHD PLHOL HL GH H HUD H VH IRORVH H FRORUD LD 0DUF L H UDR LG GH
RVPL FDUH GH L H SR L L G S DSUR LPD L V S Pk L L SHUVLV D L
VD F LDU PDL P O 0LHOL D GH H HUD VH FRORUHD v H U VSUH GHRVHELUH GH
PLHOL D RUPDO FRORUD v PDUR GHVF LV
5H H HUDUHD D R O L GLV U V v VLV HP O HU RV FH UDO VH SURG FH
DF OH L HD SULPDU HV H D R DO H UR O DIHF D V IHU OL

SHUL FOHDU D FRUSLORU L URL L L v IL DO GLVSDUH 8 HRUL OH L LOH VH H L G v
FR L DUH V IHO Fk G H UR O DIHF D HV H V UVD SUL FLSDO GH V LP ODUH D
DO RU H UR L DFH LD GL UP V IHU SURFHVH GH H HUD L H L PRU
SURG Fk G VH R GH H HUDUH UD VVL DS LF
FD O OH L LORU VH HUH v VLV HP O HU RV FH UDO OD ORF O GHIHF O L

VH DF P OHD FHO OH OLDOH PDFURID H L SRVLELO DO H FHO OH L IODPD RULL 3UL
ID RFL DUHD OLSLGHORU UH O D H SUL GH L H UDUHD H UR LORU v IRFDU DSDU
FHO OH F FL RSODVP VS PRDV V URFL HOH ORFDOH VH PHILD IRUPHD RL
SURFHVH DV URFL DUH DV IHO v Fk HUL RUL O DIHF D HV H v ORF L VD v FR M UD GH
R UH HD GH V GH SUHO LUL OLDOH 3UL IH RPH O GH OLR SUROLIHUDUHD
FHO OHORU OLDOH VH IRUPHD R FLFD ULFH OH L LOH VLV HP O L HU RV
FH UDO H LV SUROLIHUDUH ILEUREODV LF VD SURG FHUH GH FROD H FHV H
IH RPH H VH SURG F GRDU v FD O DIHF ULL PH L HO L VD D DVHORU VD L H
DF OH L HD L FO GH V EV D D HU RDV L PH L HOH VD DVHOH VD L H OD
OLPL D GHIHF O L SUHO LULOH DV URFL DUH VH D D HD GH ILEUHOH GH FROD H LDU
FOHLL DV URFL HORU GH L DO L L L GLVS L v SDOLVDG OD SHULIHULD R HL GH
OLR
Organizarea patologică
2U D L DUHD SD ROR LF VH UHIHU OD D PL LS GH H RO LH D RU

OH L L F LPSOLFDUHD HV O L FR M F L 6 V S VH RU D L ULL
FR MX F L H H V GD HOH ILEUL RDVH GL FD L LOH VHURDVH IRUPk G VH DGHUH H
FR M F L H v UH FHOH GR IRL H V E IRUP GH EULGH VD GH VL HF LL
FD ULOH UD H LD D HUH EORF UL GH RU D H FD O S OPR O L
RU D L DUHD FR M F L D HL S H PR LL OREDUH D GH HUPL D FDU LILFDUHD
S OPR DU
2 DO SRVLELOL D H GH RU D L DUH SD ROR LF HV H IRUPDUHD VHFKHV UXOXL

FDUH FR V v GHOLPL DUHD SUL U R FDSV O FR M F L URDV D RU R H
v L VH GH HFUR D RU HPD RDPH VD D RU DEFHVH GH GLPH VL L PDUL
DSL RO O
V P
Generalită i
1HRSOD LD VHP LILF R IRUPDUH R D RUPDO GH H X FH DUH FD

XE UD R PXO LSOLFDUH DEHUD ORFDO DX L HPLF D FHOXOHORU )RUPD LX HD
RX DS UX SRDU GH XPLUHD GH IRUPD LX H XPRUDO XPRU DX HRSOD P
2 FROR LD H H LL D FDUH V GLD FRPSOH ERDOD HRSOD LF

RF Sk G VH GH H LRORJLH HSLGHPLRORJLH PD LIHV UL FOL LFH DEOR OH LR DO
GLDJ RV LF HUDSLH SUH H LUH H F
D FHU GL OD L D D D D HV H HUPH O FH GHIL H H

PRULOH PDOLJ H F H GL GH D VH L VHUD SUL UH V U F ULOH HV O L JD G
(OHPH HOH GHIL L RULL SH U SURFHV O PRUDO V UHSUH H D H GH
• DSDUL LD HL PDVH D RUPDOH GH HV F R FUH HUH H FHVL FDUH

SHUVLV L G S v GHS U DUHD V LP OLORU FH D GH HUPL D IRUPDUHD
PRULL
• SDU LF ODUL LOH PRUIRORJLFH L I F LR DOH PH DEROLFH DOH PRULL
VH V SUDS SHV H FHOH DOH HV O L JD G
• PDVD LV ODU R IRUPD HV H L LO SH U RUJD LVP D DF
HV O v FDUH VH IRUPHD L DUH R D R RPLH LU DO
DX R RPLD VH UHIHU OD SDU LFXODUL D HD FHOXOHORU

XPRUDOH GH D VF SD GH VXE FR UROXO DX RUH O ULL
PXO LSOLF ULL FUH HULL L GLIHUH LHULL FHO ODUH
RUPDOH
D R RPLD HV H L FRPSOH GHRDUHFH PRUD GHSL GH GH
DVF ODUL D LD L UL LD HV O L JD G L HRUL
HFHVL V SRU H GRFUL
)H RPH O FKHLH DO SURFHV O L PRUDO HV H LSHUSOD LD

P O LSOLFDUHD FHO ODU IH RPH FH GHS H H OLPL HOH KLSHUSOD LHL UHJH HUD L H
L IODPD RULL VD IL LRORJLFH GDU v L SRD H D HD RULJL HD v DFHV H UHDF LL
Terminologia generală a procesului neoplazic
7HUPL RORJLD R FRORJLF HV H H UHP GH LPSRU D GHRDUHFH

GLDJ RV LF GH PRU DUH LPSOLFD LL FOL LFH L HUDSH LFH VSHFLILFH D F P
DP DPL L OD RUD DF DO PRULOH PDL V UD D H FD OH L L FL FD EROL
PRUDOH VLPLODU EROLORU L HU H EROLORU SDUD L DUH L IHF LRDVH L R LFD LLORU
/LPEDM O R FRORJLF UHE LH V ILH FRP SD RORJ O L L PHGLF O L FOL LFLD
v FHUFk G VH R LIRUPL DUH D GH PLULORU PRULORU
7RD H PRULOH L GLIHUH GH FDUDF HU O ORU EH LJ VD PDOLJ D GR

FRPSR H H V U F UDOH GH ED SDUH F LP O PRUDO L V URPD PRUDO
3DUH FKLP O HV H DOF L GL FHO OHOH HRSOD LFH FDUH D SUROLIHUD L SH ED D
O L VH V DELOH H HUPL RORJLD GH PLUHD PRULL 6 URPD HV H IRUPD GL
H X FR MX F L L DVH VD J L H
3DUH FKLP O HV H GHIL L RUL SH U RULJL HD PRULL v LPS FH

FUH HUHD L H RO LD HRSODVP O L GHSL G v PDUH P V U L GH V URP 6 URPD
LPSULP HOH FDUDF HULV LFL PRUIRORJLFH DOH PRULL k G HV H VODE
UHSUH H D PRULOH D R FR VLV H PRDOH L SR IL IULDELOH LDU Fk G PRUD
SRVHG R V URP DE GH FR VLV H D HV H G U HOH VL D LL FHOXOHOH
SDUH F LPD RD H XPRUDOH LPXOHD IRUPDUHD X HL URPH FROD H LFH ER D H
H FH L UHSUH H D H IH RPH GH XPL GHVPRSOD LH
D F P DP DPL L HUPL RORJLD PRUDO L H FR GH SDUH FKLP O

PRULL GH FHO OD GH RULJL H FD O PRULORU F RUL L H PH H F LPDO VH
D LOL D V IL O RP SH U PRULOH EH L H L HUPH O GH VDUFRP D

D V E IRUP GH V IL VD DG D GH PLULL PRULL SH U PRULOH
PDOL H
3H U PRULOH F RUL L H HSL HOLDO HUPL ROR LD HV H PDL FRPSOH

L k G VH FR v SULP O Uk G GH LS O GH HSL HOL GL FDUH SUR L H FHO OD
PRUDO GDU L GH FDUDF HULV LFLOH PDFURVFRSLFH L PLFURVFRSLFH DOH
HRSODVP O L
• DGH RP PRU HSL HOLDO EH LJ F SD HU VU F U

FDUDF HULV LF JOD G ODU VD FDUH v L DUH RULJL HD v HSL HOL
JOD G ODU GDU UHSURG FH REOLJD RUL V U F UD JOD G ODU
• F LV DGH RP PRU HSL HOLDO EH LJ F IRUPDUHD GH FKLV UL
• F LV DGH RP SDSLODU DGH RP SDSLOLIHU FKLV LF PRU HSL HOLDO EH LJ
F IRUPDUHD GH FKLV UL v O PH O F URUD SURHPL
IDOG UL HSL HOLDOH GL L LIRUPH VD UDPLILFD H
• SDSLORP PRU HSL HOLDO EH L D HSL HOL O L V UD LILFD
SD LPH RV FKHUD L L D VD HFKHUD L L D D HSL HOL O L
UD L LR DO D HSL HOLLORU X RU FD DOH GH H FUH LH
DODF RIRU PDFURVFRSLF L PLFURVFRSLF DSDUH V E IRUPD
HL H FUHVFH H GLJL LIRUPH GHDV SUD V SUDIH HL HSL HOLDOH
SDSLORPD R FUH HUH P O LFH ULF GH SDSLORDPH
• SROLS PRU HSL HOLDO EH LJ F RULJL HD v HSL HOLLOH F ELFH
VD FLOL GULFH DOH P FRDVHORU FDUDF HUL D SUL IRUPDUHD
GH H FUHVFH H FH SURHPL v O PH O RUJD O L FD L DU
• SROLSL PDOLJ L FD FHU SROLSRLG PRU HSL HOLDO PDOLJ F RULJL H v
HSL HOLLOH P FRDVHORU
• FDUFL RP DGH RFDUFL RP PRU HSL HOLDO PDOL v JH HUDO
HUPH O GH DGH RFDUFL RP HV H LOL D v FODVLILFDUHD RU
PRUL HSL HOLDOH SH U D H SULPD V U F UD JOD G ODU D
PRULL v LPS FH FDUFL RP O L GLF SD HU R VROLG
FRPSDF L FDUFL RDPHOH DGH RFDUFL RDPHOH v I F LH GH
SDU LF ODUL LOH PRUIRORJLFH D R HUPL RORJLH DULD
FDUFL RP VF DPRFHO ODU FDUFL RP VFKLURJH
DGH RFDUFL RP SDSLOLIHU FKLV LF DGH RFDUFL RP FULEULIRUP
HF
• XPRUD VODE GLIHUH LD VD HGLIHUH LD PRU PDOL v FDUH
VH SRD H V DELOL F H DF L D H RULJL HD FHO OHORU PRUDOH
• PRUD VLPSO SDUH FKLP O PRUDO DUH VL J U LS FHO ODU GH RULJL H
VL J U LS GH FHO O V IHU UD VIRUPDUHD PRUDO
• PRUD PL SDUH FKLP O PRUDO HV H IRUPD GL GR LS UL FHO ODUH
GH H HPSO PRULOH PL H DOH JOD GHL PDPDUH V
IRUPD H GL FHO OH HSL HOLDOH JOD G ODUH L GL FHO OH
PLRHSL HOLDOH SRVLELO VH SURG FH R GLIHUH LHUH GL HUJH
D HL OL LL FHO ODUH
• HUD RP PRU HPEULR DU IRUPD GL U R P O L GL H GH FHO OH F
GLIHUL H RULJL L RD H SUR H L G GL FHO OH P O LSR H H
v U HUD RP FRH LV HV ULOH HSL HOLDOH L FHOH
PH H FKLPHOH FR L H HSLGHUP GL L HSL HOL L HV L DO
ILUH GH S U HV P VF ODU HV DGLSRV H F
FL ROR LD H IROLD L VH LOL HD HUPH L FR VDFUD L FDUH L GLF

D XPL H U XUL PRUIROR LFH DOH FHOXOHORU SH ED D F URUD H SR DELOL R HULH
GH FDUDF HUL LFL GH FRPSRU DPH XPRUDO
PR RPRUILVP FHO OH DVHP RDUH GH VL U LS F R RUL L H

FRP
SOHRPRUILVP FHO OH GH GLIHUL H IRUPH L GLPH VL L
D L RFL R FHO OH GH GLPH VL L GLIHUL H
D L RFDULR FOHL GH GLPH VL L GLIHUL H
RPSRU DPH O GLIHUL DO PRULORU O D GH HUPL D SH LSRFUD V

vPSDU DFHDV FD HJRULH GH OH L L v FHO S L GR V EGL L L L tumori
benigne EOk GH F D PL H FDUDF HULV LFL FDUH SHUPL L GHFDUHD L tumori
maligne JUD H SHULF ORDVH FDUH SURG F ERDOD FD FHURDV L GH HUPL
PRDU HD , HV LJD LLOH GH PDUH DF UD H H D LPS V L DSDUL LD D FHOHL GH D UHLD
FD HJRULL L D PH leziunile de grani ă v FDUH SHU UE ULOH I F LR DOH L
L IRUPD LR DOH DOH FHO OHORU L LPSOLFL FHOH GH RUGL V U F UDO V FODU
H SULPD H I Fk G GLILFLO v FDGUDUHD SURFHV O L v FD HJRULD PRULORU EH LJ H
VD D FHORU PDOLJ H VHPH HD H HPSOH V FHOH RIHUL H GH OH L LOH
H GRPH ULDOH L FHOH DOH UR HOL O L v FDUH v FDGUDUHD OH L LL v U R D PL

FD HJRULH GRDU G S FUL HULL V ULF PRUIRORJLFH HV H GLILFLO
Clasificarea tumorilor
( LV PDL P O H FUL HULL GH FODVLILFDUH DOH PRULORU HOH UHIHUL G VH

OD PRUIRORJLH DO HOH OD FRPSRU DPH O ELRORJLF DO PRULL 3UL FLSDOHOH
FUL HULL GH FODVLILFDUH L LS UL GH PRUL V
• 0RUIRORJLD L FRPSRU DPH O ELRORJLF JH HUDO
7 PRUL EH LJ H GH E D J U
7 PRUL PDOLJ H GH U D J U FD FHUH
• 2ULJL HD FHO OHL PRUDOH GL S F GH HGHUH HPEULRORJLF
7 PRUL HSL HOLDOH

7 PRUL PH H FKLPDOH
7 PRUL H URHF RGHUPLFH
7 PRUL HPEULR DUH
• /RFDOL DUHD D D RPLF D PRULL
7 PRUL DOH SLHOLL L DOH HV ULORU PRL

7 PRUL DOH DSDUD O L UHVSLUD RU
7 PRUL DOH DSDUD O L GLJHV L
7 PRUL DOH DSDUD O L FDUGLR DVF ODU
7 PRUL DOH DSDUD O L JH L DO
7 PRUL DOH JOD GHL PDPDUH
7 PRUL DOH DSDUD O L UL DU
7 PRUL DOH VLV HP O L OLPIR KHPD RIRUPD RU
7 PRUL RF ODUH
7 PRUL DOH VLV HP O L HU RV
7 PRUL DOH OD GHORU H GRFUL H
7 PRUL RV HR DU LF ODUH
7 PRUL P VF ODUH
• UL HUL O FOL LF FODVLILFDUH 710 PRU OLPIR RG PH DV D

SUL L HUSUH DUHD L IRUPD LLORU H DELOH H V DGL O FOL LF DO
PRULL
7 PRUD SULPDU
7 7 7 7 7 v I F LH GH GLPH VL L L GH JUDG O
GH L D LH DO HV ULORU v FR M U RDUH
1 OLPIR RG UH LR DO
1 1 1 1 v I F LH GH JUDG O GH LPSOLFDUH L GH
DGHUDUH OD V EV UD
0 PH DV D OD GLV D GL HPL DUH D XL
0 0 v I F LH GH DEVH D VD SUH H D PH DV D HORU
UHDOL D H OD GLV DV
• UL HUL O PRUIRORJLF v I F LH GH D PL L SDUDPH ULL VH DSUHFLD

JUDG O GH PDOLJ L D H 3 SURI LPHD L ILO U ULL PRULL 3 3
3 3 L UDG O GH PDOL L D H v RUGL H GH OD EL H GLIHUH LD
OD HGLIHUH LD
Carcinogeneza
DUFL RJH H D FR V v H H LPH HOH FHO ODUH FDUH VH SURG F v

V U F UD PD HULDO O L JH H LF 1 O L V E DF L HD RU IDF RUL H GRJH L
L H RJH L L GH HUPL v IL DO DSDUL LD HL FHO OH FD FHURDVH DUFL RJH H D
VH SURG FH H DSL D FR V k G v L L LHUH SURPR LH FR HUVLH SURJUHVLH
L D LH L PH DV D DUH
, L LHUHD HV H ID D v FDUH FHO OD V IHU PRGLILF UL v V U F UD

1 O L SURG VH GH DJH L L LD RU 3URFHV O HV H GH VF U
G UD DUH SR H LDO UH HUVLELO L FR IHU FHO OHL FDSDFL D H GH
SUROLIHUDUH VH PD LIHV U Pk H v V DUH GH OD H
5H HUVLELOL D HD H DSHL GH L L LHUH H H SOLF SUL L HU H LD

PHFD L PHORU GH UHSDUDUH D 1 XOXL DX SUL HOLPL DUHD FHOXOHL
GL RU D L P
3URPR LD FHO OD L L LD XIHU DF LX HD X XL D H SURPR RU
FDUH X H H REOL D RULX FDUFL R H H XO SURPR RU HOHF HD
FHOXOHOH L L LD H L FR L SURFHV O GHFOD D v SULPD ID 6H
SURG FH R DFFHOHUDUH D DF L L LL SUROLIHUD L H L R H SD VL H
FOR DO D FHO OHORU DFHDV ID VH SRD H GLVF D GHVSUH PRU
EH L
R HUVLD D ORF RL PRGLILF UL H H LFH FH GH HUPL
UD VIRUPDUHD PRULL EH L H v PRU PDOLJ
UR UHVLD VH FR VLGHU D IL ID D v FDUH FHO OD UD VIRUPD HV H
FDSDELO V SURG F FOR H FHO ODUH F FDULR LS L V DELO (V H ID D
GH DU L RP L L FDUH SRD H U Pk H V E DFHDV IRUP R
SHULRDG O J GH LPS ID D GH SUR UHVLH VH IRUPHD
V ESRS OD LL FHOXODUH FX RL FDUDF HUL LFL GH FUH HUH L D LH
PH DV D DUH UHFHS L L D H KRUPR DO L VH VLELOL D H OD PHGLFD LH
VSHFLILF V IHO PRUD GHSLV DELO FOL LF HV H IRDU H KH HURJH v
FHHD FH SUL H H FRPSR H D SDUH FKLPD RDV
D LD FDSDFL D HD FHO OHORU PRUDOH PDOL H GH D Fk LJD RL
HUL RULL
H DV D DUHD IH RPH FRPSOH SUL FDUH VH IRUPHD RL
PRUL v DO H HV UL OD GLV D ID GH PRUD SULPDU
0DMRUL D HD PRULORU SUR L GL UD VIRUPDUHD HL FHO OH RD H

FHO OHOH R IRUPD H ILL G FOR H DOH DFHV L SUHF UVRU PRULOH PDOL H F
UDG PDUH GH D DSOD LH FHO OHOH HRSOD LFH PDL UHSUH L R FOR D
HL VL UH FHO OH (OH GLIHU FD L IRUPD LH H H LF L FD PRUIRORJLH GD RUL
HL PDUL L V DELOL L JH H LFH 8 HRUL v DFHHD L PDV PRUDO FRH LV LS O
L L LDO GH FHO O PRUDO DO UL GH R D FOR H LGH Lk G VH SRS OD LL
FHO ODUH EL H GLIHUH LD H L F LE UL GH FHO OH S HU LF D DSOD LFH GHVHD
FHO OHOH RL v L v ORF LHVF SUHF UVRULL SUL P O LSOLFDUH
8 HRUL PH DV D D HV H PDL S L GLIHUH LD GHFk PRUD SULPDU

DFHV FD FOR D RUL L DO GH FHO OH PRUDOH G D HUH OD R LS FHO ODU
P O PDL D DSOD LF FDUH VH SRD H U VSk GL F UL v RUJD LVP
, V DELOL D HD H H LF D FHO OHORU PRUDOH H SOLF IH RPH O GH
UH LV H ID GH F LPLR HUDSLFH FH D DSDUH GHRDUHFH PHGLFDPH XO
GL UX H FHOXOD XPRUDO H LELO GDU SHUPL H HOHF DUHD L V SUD LH LUHD
FHO OHORU UH LV H H (OH VH P O LSOLF HV L JKHUL L v IL DO UHIDF v UHDJD
VU F U PRUDO 1 PHURDVH V EV D H HUDSH LFH V FDUFL RJH H VD
P DJH H ID RUL k G DSDUL LD RU RL LS UL GH FHO OH PRUDOH SRVLELO
UH LV H H OD FKLPLR HUDSLF O LOL D
Caracteristici generale ale tumorilor benigne şi maligne
H P O H RUL GLIHUH LHUHD EH LJ PDOLJ VH UHDOL HD F GHV O

FHU L GL H G S FDUDF HUHOH PRUIRORJLFH DOH IRUPD L LL PRUDOH ( LV v V
VL D LL Fk G D PL H U V UL PRUIRORJLFH V JHUHD v FDGUDUHD PRULL v U R
FD HJRULH v LPS FH DO H FDUDF HULV LFL SOHGHD SH U R DO FD HJRULH 2 DO
VL D LH FDUH VH v kO H H v SUDF LF L V EOL LD v F R GD HFHVL D HD
F RD HULL ILHF UHL EROL PRUDOH HV H DFHHD D GLIHUH HORU PDMRUH FDUH H LV
v UH FDUDF HULV LFLOH PRUIRORJLFH DOH PRULL L FRPSRU DPH O ELRORJLF DO
DFHV HLD 3URG FHUHD GH PH DV D H L L D LD ORFDO V FDUDF HULV LFL UHJ VL H
v FRPSRU DPH O PRULORU PDOLJ H 7R L H LV PRUL EH LJ H FDUH
SRVHG H GL GH L D LH F P DU IL DGH RP O L V OHORU SD FUHD LFH ILEURP O
ERJD FHO ODU PL RP O VD PRUL PDOLJ H FDUH L DGHD HV ULOH
v FR M U RDUH GDU PH DV D HD VD SURG F UDU PH DV D H F P DU IL
FDUFL RP O ED RFHO ODU F D D
( LV R VHULH GH FUL HULL GH FDUH VH L H FR v L HUSUH DUHD PDOLJ L LL

VD D JUDG O L GH PDOLJ L D H FUL HULL UHGD H v DEHO O U 0DMRUL D HD
VSHFLDOL LORU V EOL LD HFHVL D HD FR O FU ULL GL UH SD RORJ L FOL LFLD v
PH RGRORJLD V DELOLULL PDOLJ L LL SURFHV O L PRUDO HRDUHFH V DELOLUHD
GLDJ RV LF O L HV H HRUL V ELHF L OD RUD DF DO VH GH RO RL
PH RGRORJLL GH GLDJ RV LF DO EROLL PRUDOH PDUNHUL PRUDOL
LP RFL RFKLPLH LP RKLV RFKLPLH H F 1LFL D GL UH PH RGH DUH R
DORDUH DEVRO SH U GLDJ RV LF Fk PDL H DF ILL G HFHVDU FRURERUDUHD
UH O D HORU RE L H SUL GLIHUL H PH RGH GH H DPL DUH
7DEHO U
UL HULL H HUDOH GH GLIHUH D D
1U
UL HULX XUP UL 7XPRUL EH L H 7XPRUL PDOL H
FU
5D D GH FUH HUH UHVF OH UHVF UDSLG HRUL FUHVF OH
2SULUHD FUH HULL UHJUHVLH )UHF H 5DU
HOLPL DUH FDSV OD VD EL H ) U GHOLPL DUH PDV FRP
GHOLPL D GH H X XO v F HV O v FDUH VH GH RO
FDUH VH GH RO
0RELOL D H JUDG GH DGHUDUH 6 PRELOH DGHU 6 IL H DGHU OD HV ULOH
OD HV OD HV ULOH v HFL D H SURI GH L OD FHOH V SHUILFLDOH
R VLV H H UHJ O FR VLV H H UHJ O FR VLV H PRDOH
IHUP
DSDFL D HD GH L D LH D ) U L D LH FDUDF HU , D LH IUHF H L D LD
HV O L JD G ORFDOL D PRUD HV O L v FR M U RU
FRPSUHVHD HUL RULLOH
v FR M U RDUH
5HFLGL SRV RSHUD RULH H UHJ O VH SURG F 6H SURG F UHFLGL H IUHF H
UHFLGL H
DSOD LH FHO ODU 5HG V 6ODE VD DFFH D F DSDUL LD
GH FHO OH LPD UH L F
DUD MDPH LV ODU KDR LF
LVI F LL ORFDOH L JH HUDOH 2FD LR DO )UHF H
0H DV D DUH 1 VH SURG F PH DV D H 0H DV D DUH IUHF H
3URG FH PRDU HD )RDU H UDU GHVHD
Elemente de biologie a creşterii tumorale
H RO DUHD PRULORU VH SURG FH H DSL D HV O R IRUPD F S k G

D PL H FDUDF HULV LFL FH O GLIHUH LD GH DO H SURFHVH SD RORJLFH ( RO LD
PRULORU ELROR LD FUH HULL PRUDOH FRPSRU DPH O PRUDO HV H L IO H D
GH IH RPH H GH ED
GLIHUH LHUHD L D DSOD LD SDUH FKLP O L PRUDO

% UD D GH FUH HUH PRUDO
L D LD ORFDO D PRULL
PH DV D DUHD
LIHUH LHUHD L D DSOD LD SDUH FKLPXOXL XPRUDO

7HUPH LL GH GLIHUH LHUH L GH D DSOD LH VH DSOLF HOHPH HORU
SDUH FKLPD RDVH GL V U F UD PRULORU
LIHUH LHUHD VH UHIHU OD JUDG O GH DVHP DUH PRUIRORJLF L

I F LR DO GL UH FHO OHOH SDUH FKLP O L PRUDO L FHO OHOH RUPDOH GH
RULJL H 7 PRULOH EL H GLIHUH LD H V DOF L H GL FHO OH DVHP RDUH F
FHO OHOH RUPDOH PD UH DOH HV O L GH RULJL H 7 PRULOH VODE GLIHUH LD H
VD FHOH HGLIHUH LD H V IRUPD H GL FHO OH F DVSHF SULPL L
HVSHFLDOL D H H HUDO PRULOH EH L H V EL H GLIHUH LD H LDU FHOH
PDOL H DX GLIHUL H UDGH GH GLIHUH LHUH Sk OD DVSHF O GH PRU
HGLIHUH LD 7 PRULOH PDOLJ H IRUPD H GL FHO OH HGLIHUH LD H VH PHVF
PRUL D DSOD LFH /LSVD GH GLIHUH LHUH VD D DSOD LD FHO ODU HV H
FR VLGHUD VSHFLILF UD VIRUP ULORU PDOLJ H
7 PRULOH UHSUH L R GH LHUH GH OD PRUIRORJLD I F LD L

FRPSRU DPH O RUPDO DO V U F ULL v FDUH VH GH RO DSOD LD UHSUH L
R FUH HUH GH LD GH OD SDUDPH ULL RUPDOL L F Fk R PRU GLIHU PDL
SUR D ID GH HV O GH RULJL H F D k D DSOD LD HV H PDL FODU DPL L G
GH FHO OHOH HPEULR DUH V IHO FHO OHOH PRUDOH PDL UPHD H DSHOH HL
GLIHUH LHUL IL LRORJLFH HOH SLHU k G PHURDVH FDUDF HULV LFL L F S k G DO HOH
RL D JDMk G VH SH R UDLHF RULH SHULF ORDV L D RUPDO GH GLIHUH LHUH
Fk PRUD HV H PDL D DSOD LF F D k D IL PDL HGLIHUH LD DSOD LD
SRD H IL V U F UDO L FHO ODU
DSOD LD V U F UDO LV ODU DUKL HF UDO HV H UHJ VL D k v

PRULOH EH LJ H OHLRPLRP SRD H D HD R GLVSR L LH FLUF ODU D
OHLRPLRFL HORU Fk L v PRULOH PDOLJ H HVLJ U D DSOD LD V U F UDO HV H
FRUHOD F PRGLILFDUHD I F LLORU FHOXOHORU XPRUDOH FDUH XIHU R D DSOD LH

IX F LR DO DSOD LD UXF XUDO H UHIHU OD RULH DUHD GL SX HUHD FHOXOHORU
XPRUDOH v V U F UD PRULL
PRULOH EH L H D DSOD LD V U F UDO HV H DGHVHD VL UD U V U

FDUH GLIHUH LD H X XO RUPDO GH FHO HRSOD LF 3UL H DPH PLFUR FRSLF DX
HOHF UR RPLFUR FRSLF FHOXOHOH L UHOD LLOH GL UH HOH SR IL RUPDOH VD DSURDSH
RUPDOH v GH ULPH O HL PRGDOL L D RUPDOH GH FUH HUH
6SUH GHRVHELUH GH PRULOH EH LJ H v FHOH PDOLJ H D DSOD LD

FHOXODU HV H FR V D SUH H DO UL GH FHD V U F UDO HHD FH GLIHU HV H
JUDG O GH D DSOD LH HOH FHO OH ILL G F JUDG UHG V GH D DSOD LH DPL L G
GH FHO OHOH GH RULJL H v LPS FH v DO H FD UL D DSOD LD HV H SUR D
DS Uk G FHO OH EL DUH SOHRPRUIH DSOD LD FHO ODU VH DSUHFLD L k G FR GH
GLPH VL LOH FHO ODUH

IRUPD FHO OHORU
DVSHF O FOHLORU
PL R H
FDUDF HULV LFL DOH FL RSODVPHL
LPH VL LOH FHO OHORU PRUDOH GLIHU v FRPSDUD LH F FHOH GH

RULJL H v kO L G FHO OH PDL PDUL PDL PLFL VD F GLPH VL L LGH LFH F FHOH
DOH FHO OHORU RUPDOH Fk FUH H JUDG O GH D DSOD LH F D k FHO OHOH
PRUDOH GH L PDL HUHJ OD H L GLIHU FD GLPH VL L L IRUP
PDMRUL D HD VL D LLORU XFOHLL FHOXOHORU PDOL H X PDUL FX X

UDSRU XFOHR FL RSOD PLF FUH FX H DSURSLH GH ID GH UDSRU XO RUPDO GH
DX FURPD L D GL SX v EORF UL HUHJ OD H L SRVHG FOHRO
JLJD VD FOHROL PHUR L GHVHD UD D PL R HORU HV H ULGLFD L HRUL
V V USUL VH PL R H D LSLFH FHHD FH L GLF JUDG v DO GH PDOLJ L D H
0L R HOH V EL DUH F I V UL ULSRODUH F DGULSRODUH VD P O LSRODUH
3UH H D PL R HORU L GLF REOLJD RUL PDOLJ L D HD VD SURFHV PRUDO 0 O H

HV UL PD LIHV R UD PDUH GH v ORF LUH FHO ODU GH H HPSO v P G D RVRDV H LV
RUPDO PHURDVH PL R H
2 DO FDUDF HULV LF D HRSOD LHL HV H IRUPDUHD GH FHO OH PRUDOH
L D H HOH D k G FOH H RUP SROLPRUI v LPS FH DO HOH D GRL VD
PDL P O L FOHL FHV H FHO OH VH RU GLIHUH LD ID GH FHO OHOH L IODPD RULL
JLJD H P O L FOHD H GH LS /D JKD V VD GH FRUS V U L FDUH SRVHG
PHUR L FOHL F PRUIRORJLH RUPDO FHO OHOH L D H GL FD FHU FOHLL
V LSHUFURPL L D GLPH VL L PDUL v UDSRU F GLPH VL LOH FHO OHL
0RGLILF UL DSDU L v FL RSODVPD FHO OHORU PRUDOH FDUH GH L H R

V U F U VLPSOLILFD RUJD L HOH I F LR k G v GLUHF LD ELRVL H HL SUR HLFH
HFHVDUH FUH HULL P O LSOLF ULL FHO OHORU PRUDOH HVHRUL V L LELOH
U V UL V U F UDOH FDUH L GLF RULJL HD FHO OHORU HRSOD LFH F P DU IL
SLF ULOH GH P F V D HV RUL L HD v U HSL HOL VHFUH RU GH P F V
PLRILEULOHOH RUL L HD FR V L L G R ILEUHOH P VF ODUH
(OHF UR RPLFURVFRSLF V D FR V D D R VHULH GH UD VIRUP UL DOH

V SUDIH HL FHOXOHORU XPRUDOH IHO MR F LX LOH L HUFHOXODUH X UHGX H
XPHULF L F D RPDOLL H SOLFk G L PDUHD FDSDFL D H GH GHVSUL GHUH D
FHO OHORU PRUDOH IRUPD L LOH PLFUR LODUH V PDL S L H PDL VF U H L F
IRUPH D LSLFH PHPEUD D ED DO HV H DGHVHD L FRPSOH ID RUL k G
UD HUVDUHD HL GH F UH FHO OHOH PDOLJ H
DUDF HUHOH PRUIROR LFH DOH FHOXOHORU FD FHURDVH

,GH LILFDUHD FHO OHORU FD FHURDVH SUL PLFURVFRSLH RS LF D GH H L R
HK LF REL L v GLDJ RV LF O R FRORJLF SUL H DPH FL RORJLF /LPL HOH
V GD H GH GR FD HJRULL GH FLUF PV D H HRUL SUROLIHU ULOH EH LJ H LPL
FD FHU O L v DO GRLOHD Uk G DVSHF O HV O L FD FHURV SRD H V GLIHUH
L V ILFLH ID GH FHO OHOH RUPDOH FHV H GR V UVH GH HURDUH V H LDH
GRDU SUL DF P ODUHD HL H SHULH H v GHO JD H L SUL DVRFLHUHD GD HORU GH
PRUIRORJLH FHO ODU F GLDJ RV LF O KLV RSD RORJLF L F LV RULD FD O L
FDUDF HULV LFLOH FOL LFH L H RO L H 8 HOH HOHPH H GH GLIHUH LHUH D FHO OHORU
PRUDOH EH LJ H GH FHOH PDOLJ H V UHGD H v DEHO O U
7DEHO U
LIHUH D D D D
1U
DUDF HU HOXOH EH L H HOXOH PDOL H
U
LPH VL L DULDELOH v OLPL H IL LRORJLFH
9DULDELOH SHV H OLPL HOH
IL LRORJLFH D L RFL R
)RUP 9DULDELO v OLPL H IL LRORJLFH )UHF H IRUP D RUPDO
L v I F LH GH LS O GH HV SOHRPRUILVP
LPH VL L FOHDUH 9DULDELOH F OLPL H v I F LH GH 9DULDELOL D H VHP LILFD L
FLFO O FHO ODU D L RFDULR
)RUPD FOH O L H HUDO VIHULF VD UH LIRUP )RUP DEHUD
7H UD FURPD L HL 7H U IL UD ODU 7H U UD ODU URVROD
UD VSDUH RSDF
LSHUFURPD LD 5DU )UHF H
FOHDU
HO OH P O L FOHD H 1HFDUDF HULV LF 1HFDUDF HULV LF IUHF H
1 FOHROL 0LFL IRUP UH OD OLPL D L 0DUL HUH XOD L XPHUR L L H V
XPHULF ED RILOL
7DEHO U D
D D D D
1U
DUDF HU HOXOH EH L H HOXOH PDOL H
U
GH L H 3UR D v PRULOH 6ODE
L HUFHO ODU HSL HOLDOH
-R F L L FHO ODUH FR FRUGD FX LSXO GH H X LSLFH DX DE H H
DUDF HUL LFD GH , KLEL LH GH FR DF ) U L KLEL LH GH FR DF
FUH HUH v F O UL
FHO ODUH
/HF L HOH 1 OH DJO L HD /H DJO L HD
8O UDV U F UD 0LFUR LOL v ORF UL VSHFLILFH 0LFUR LOL F IRUPH DULDELOH
V SUDIH HL v 6(0 PD LL ILOLSRGH ODPHOLSRGH PD LL O UL D LSLFH D DSOD LFH
5D D PL R HORU k SH U UHv RLUH DO
0L R HOH LSRODUH )RUPH DEHUD H D LSLFH
3ODVDUHD PL R HORU v RDU v V UD O ED DO 2UL GH v JURVLPHD HSL HOL O L
HSL HOL
7UD VIRUP UL IX F LR DOH DOH FHO OHORU PRUDOH
I F LH GH UDGXO GH GLIHUH LHUH FHOXOHOH XPRUDOH v L SR S V UD VD
SR SLHUGH D PL H SDU LF ODUL L I F LR DOH Fk GLIHUH LHUHD FHO ODU HV H
PDL VODE H SULPD PH DEROLVP O FHO ODU VH PRGLILF L FHO OHOH PRUDOH
V IHU R VLPSOLILFDUH I F LR DO VD R GH LHUH PH DEROLF DEHUD 7RD
HFR RPLD FHO OHL VH RULH HD VSUH GL L L H
HO OHOH PRUDOH FDS RL DOH H FHOH PDOLJ H SLHU k G L

L KLEL LD GH FR DF SURSULH D H FDUH DVLJ U U R HU FHO ODU RUPDO UD D
GH v ORF LUH FHO ODU O HRUL FHO OHOH PDOLJ H V PDL S L D JUH D H v
V U F UD PRUDO GH D k G VH F UL L IRUPk G H SD VL LOH HFHVDUH
L D LHL PRUDOH O H FHO OH PDOLJ H SRVHG PRELOL D H GHSODVk G VH F
UL v HV O v FR M U RU O HOH VHFUH KLDO UR LGD VD DO H H LPH
OL LFH FDUH IDFLOL HD L D LD 2 VHULH GH IDF RUL FKHPR DF LFL HOLEHUD L v LPS O
UHVRUE LHL RVRDVH VD GH DF L DUHD FRPSOHPH O L V D UDF D L SH U HOH
LS UL GH FHO OH PRUDOH 8 HOH FHO OH PRUDOH SR SURG FH SUR HL H IH DOH
LDU HOH FDUFL RDPH H H GRFUL H v FHS V VL H L H H KRUPR L GH H HPSO
FDUFL RP O EUR KRJH LF HV H U VS RU GH VHFUH LD GH KRUPR
DGUH RFRU LFR URS GH KRUPR SDUD LURLG OLNH GH L V OL L JO FDJR
D D GH FUH HUH XPRUDO

SURFHV O HRSOD LF FHO OHOH PRUDOH SUROLIHUHD PDL UHSHGH GHFk
FHO OHOH RUPDOH LDU v FD O FHORU PDOLJ H SUROLIHUDUHD vPEUDF FDUDF HU
FR L L UL P UDSLG HOH PRUL EH L H FUH HUHD VH UHDOL HD OH
VD VH SURG FH R SHULRDG GH LPS G S FDUH V DJ HD
k PRULOH EH LJ H Fk L FHOH PDOLJ H FUHVF FR V D v LPS

( LV PHUR L IDF RUL FDUH L IO H HD FUH HUHD DF L HD KRUPR LORU
DSRU O VD J L L GH ULH L PHUR L IDF RUL HF RVF L 5D D GH FUH HUH
HV H v V Uk V FR FRUGD GH L HO O GH GLIHUH LHUH FHO ODU v PRULOH
HGLIHUH LD H FR V D k G VH GH FHOH PDL P O H RUL R FUH HUH H SOR L
O HRUL HOH PRUL PDOLJ H FUHVF OH D L GH LOH L EU VF D R FUH HUH
VSHF DF ORDV H SOR L GH HUPL k G UDSLG PRDU HD 6H SUHV S H F DFHV
FRPSRU DPH DSDUH FD UPDUH D VHOHF ULL RU V EFOR H FHO ODUH DJUHVL H GL
V U F UD PRULL 2 DO SRVLELOL D H FR V v FUH HUHD v U UL P OH UPD
GH R SHULRDG GH OD H GH D L GH LOH GXS FDUH XPRULOH L FOX L FHOH

PDOL H SR UH UH D Sk OD GLVSDUL LH
L HUSUH DUHD SURFHV O L PRUDO VH D L H FR GH IDS XO F R

XPRU ROLG v PRPH O GHSLV ULL FOL LFH D SDUF UV GHMD R VHULH GH H DSH DOH
FDUFL RJH H HL
UH HUHD GLPH VL LORU PRUDOH HV H GHSH GH GH SRS OD LD GH

FHO OH v GL L L H L GH UDSRU O GL UH FHO OHOH v GL L L H L FHO OHOH
GLV U VH HOLPL D H GL PRU H H HPSO v HOH OLPIRDPH SRS OD LD
IUDF L HD FHO ODU v GL L L H HV H PDUH H RO LD ILL G UDSLG )UDF L HD GH
FUH HUH HV H H UHP GH LPSRU D SH U VH VLELOL D HD FD FHU O L ID GH
FKLPLR HUDSLFH 0DMRUL D HD DJH LORU D LFD FHUR L DF LR HD DV SUD FHO OHORU
FDUH VL H L HD DF L 1 D VH H SOLF GH FH R PRU v FDUH GRDU
GL FHO OH V v ID GH P O LSOLFDUH D IL UHIUDF DU OD FL RV D LFHOH FH
DF LR HD DV SUD FHO OHORU v GL L L H OLPIRDPH GH UD D GH GL L L H
FHO ODU HV H PDUH HIHF O FL RV D LFHORU VSHFLILFH VH L V DOHD UDSLG
R FO LR k G UD D GH FUH HUH D HL PRUL HV H GHSH GH GH
• UD D GH GL L L H D FHO OHORU
• UD D GH GLV U JHUH D FHO OHORU
• FRPSRU DPH O HOHPH HORU V URPDOH GL V U F UD HRIRUPD L LL
1 P U O PL R HORU L GLF v R GHD D UL P O GH GL L L H D
FHO OHORU PRUDOH FHV L GLFD RU DM OD V DELOLUHD SURSRU LHL GH FHO OH v
PL R L GHSL GH GH UD D GH GL L L H FHO ODU L GH G UD D PL R HL HOH
PRUL G UD D PL R HORU HV H O DV IHO H SOLFk G VH P U O PDUH GH
FHO OH v GL L L H F RD H F UD D GL L L LL HV H UHG V DO H PRUL G UD D
PL R HORU HV H VF U L GHFL P U O GH PL R H REVHU D H HV H PLF F RD H F
UD D GL L L LORU HV H ULGLFD H PL R HOH SR IL PHURDVH v FDUFL RP O
ED RFHO ODU F D D F RD H F PRUD DUH UL P OH GH FUH HUH
LV U JHUHD FHO OHORU PRUDOH GL FH U O HL PRUL FDUH DUH UL P

PDUH GH GL L L H FHO ODU VH DSUHFLD SUL SUH H D HFUR HORU LV U JHUHD
FHO ODU H SOLF UL P O UHG V GH FUH HUH PRUDO v FL GD SUH H HL FHO OHORU
F GL L L L UDSLGH
(OHPH HOH V URPDOH L IO H HD GLPH LX LOH HRSOD LHL FD v FD O
FDUFL RP O L VFKLURJH FDUDF HUL D SUL U R DE GH GH V URP FDUH
v FR MRDU F LE ULOH GH FHO OH PRUDOH P UL G GLPH VL LOH PRULL
LR H H D PRUDO L IO H HD UD D GH FUH HUH PRUDO

7 PRULOH FR L IDF RUL LPSOLFD L v IRUPDUHD GH FDSLODUH GH HRIRUPD LH
FH L IDF RUL IDF RU O GH D JLRJH H DVRFLD PRULORU V VL H L D L GLUHF
GH F UH FHO OHOH PRUDOH VD V SURG L GH F UH FHO OHOH L IODPD RULL GL
V U F UD PRULL )DF RULL GH D JLRJH H V LP OHD FHO OHOH H GR HOLDOH v
HGHUHD IRUP ULL FDSLODUHORU FH RU DVLJ UD URILFL DUHD PRULL
1HR DVF ODUL D LD PRUDO VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R SHUPHDELOL D H FUHVF
L IUDJLOL D H LPD UL D H DVF ODU FHHD FH D ID RUL D SURG FHUHD GH
KHPRUD LL L SURG FHUHD GH PH DV D H D RUL VODEHL DVF ODUL D LL GL FH U O
PRULORU GH GLPH VL L PDUL IUHF H v FH U O DFHV RUD VH IRUPHD HFUR H
LVFKHPLFH
0HFD LVPHOH PROHF ODUH L JH H LFH DOH D JLRJH H HL D IRV L V

v F L H V V GLD H SH SOD L HU D LR DO L R P O L GL H GH VLV HPH GH
VHP DOL DUH PROHF ODU V D GR HGL D IL FU FLDOH SH U IH RPH O IL LRORJLF
3UL UH IDF RULL V GLD L 9( ) 9DVF ODU ( GR KHOLDO UR K )DF RU GH L H
URO LPSRU D v D JLRJH H D SD RORJLF L FO VL v FHD PRUDO 7 PRULOH
PDOLJ H v F GL V DGLLOH L FLSLH H HFHVL R ERJD DVF ODUL D LH FDUH V OH
DVLJ UH FUH HUHD L PH DV D DUHD 6 D V DELOL FRUHOD LL H LGH H v UH
GH VL D HD PDUH D FDSLODUHORU GH HRIRUPD LH H SUHVLD S HU LF D IDF RULORU
V LP OD RUL DL D JLRJH H HL L DJUHVL L D HD PRUDO
9( ) HV H R SUR HL FDUH VH OHDJ L DF L HD GRL UHFHS RUL SH U
LUR L NL D 9( )5 )O L 9( )5 . 5 )ON V LP Ok G
SUROLIHUDUHD PLJUDUHD L V SUD LH LUHD H GR HOLDO FD L SHUPHDELOL D HD
DVF ODU 9( ) HV H LPSOLFD D k v D JLRJH H D PRUDO Fk L v
SURG FHUHD PH DV D HORU SH FDOH KHPD RJH PHURDVH L V L H GH
FHUFH DUH VH GHVI RDU H SHULPH H FDUH D GUHS VFRS RE L HUHD L HV DUHD GH
PROHF OH SUR HLFH S HU LF D DJR LV H F VLV HP O 9( ) 9( )5 L H
HUDSH LFH D L D JLRJH H LFH
, D LD ORFDO D XPRULL
SURDSH RD H PRULOH EH L H VH GH RO H SD VL V E IRUP GH
PDVH PRUDOH FDUH U Pk ORFDOL D H v HV O GH RULJL H L D FDSDFL D H GH
L ILO UDUH L D LH VD PH DV D DUH D RUL FUH HULL L H SD VL LL OH H HOH
IRUPHD OD SHULIHULH R FDSV O FR M F L SUR H L GL V URPD ORFDO L GL
HUL RULLOH OLPL URIH PRULL FDUH D V IHUL SURFHV O GH D URILH D RUL DFHV RU
FDUDF HULV LFL PRUD HV H PRELO EL H GHOLPL D L SRD H IL v GHS U D
FKLU UJLFDO v R DOL D H 2 H FHS LH GH OD DFHDV UHJ O HV H UHSUH H D GH
KHPD JLRDPH PRUL DVF ODUH EH LJ H Hv FDSV OD H FDUH IRUPHD R PDV
FRP F HV O JD G
, D LD PRUDO HV H VSHFLILF PRULORU PDOLJ H SURDSH RD H

PRULOH PDOLJ H ULPL H SD VL L F LE UL VD FRUGRD H FHO ODUH v HV ULOH
v FR M U RDUH L VL k G VH SUL UH HOHPH HOH LV ODUH ( SD VL LOH VH
v JURD SURJUHVL VH HVF G Fk G SURJUHVL OD FUH HUHD GLPH VL LORU
PRUDOH R FRPL H DSDU RL SUHO JLUL SHULIHULFH FDUH VH RU FRPSRU D
VLPLODU FHORU GHVFULVH D HULRU HOLPL DUHD PRUDO HV H VODE H SULPD
SOD O GH VHSDUDUH GL UH PRU L HV O GH RULJL H OLSVH H LDU FUH HUHD
PRUDO HV H GH LS L ILO UD L
0DFURVFRSLF PRULOH PDOLJ H F UL P OH GH FUH HUH SDU GHOLPL D H

GH R FDSV O FR M F L LV RORJLF v V V S VH v H LGH UDPLILFD LL
H SD VL L FHO ODUH FDUH SH H UHD L L DGHD V U F ULOH v FR M U RDUH
VHPH HD LS GH FUH HUH IDFH FD L HU H LD FKLU UJLFDO V ILH GLILFLO
H LV k G ULVF O DSDUL LHL GH UHFLGL SRV RSHUD RULH L DFHDV FD v
VL D LD V DELOLULL GLDJ RV LF O L FL RSD RORJLF GH FD FHU FKLDU v FR GL LLOH HL
PRUL EL H GHOLPL D H VH LPS H R H FL LH ODUJ UDGLFDO F PDUJL L JURDVH
GH HV DSDUH RUPDO GL M U O PRULL
H FHOH PDL P O H RUL PRUD VH H L GH v R HOH GH J VH H R

UH LV H LV ODU PL LP SUL UH VSD LLOH LV ODUH GH D O J O IDVFLLORU
RFROL G L L LDO V U F ULOH GH VH FD H GRD HOH VD DU HUHOH (GHP O GL M U O
RU PRUL ID RUL HD L D LD
3UL Fk LJDUHD VSD LLORU LV ODUH FHO OHOH PRUDOH DM J F UL v
DVHOH OLPID LFH Hv kPSL k G UH LV H GL SDU HD SHUH LORU ORU H DLFL VH
SR H L GH HV L JKHUL H FHO S L Sk OD SULPD V D LH OLPIR RGDO GH
FUHD PH DV D H
0DL UDU PRULOH PDOLJ H IRORVHVF DVHOH VD J L H SH U D VH H L GH

7 PRUD L DGHD GH UHJ O SHUH LL FDSLODUHORU GDU H LV L VL D LL Fk G VH
GH RO GH D O J O H HORU H FDUFL RP O UH DO
)LHFDUH PRU SRVHG SDU LF ODUL L DOH L D LHL H LV k G R L R

VHULH GH SDUDPH ULL FRP L
• DU L RDPHOH L DGHD GH UH O SH GLV D H PLFL ID GH

PDU L LOH XPRULL HOH IRUPHD FRORD H FXU H L JURDVH GH FHO OH
PRUDOH FDUH v ORF LHVF HUL RUL O RF SD
• DU RDPHOH SRVHG R DULDELOL D H PDUH HOH D k G JUDG
UHG V GH L D LH v LPS FH DO HOH ULPL SUHO JLUL O JL L IL H OD
GLV D GH Fk L D FH LPH UL ID GH PRUD PDP L RF Ok G
F LE UL GH FHO OH PRUDOH FDUH SR VF SD F UL L HU H LHL
FKLU UJLFDOH
• PRULOH HPD RSRLH L H ULPL H SD VL L GH FHO OH PRUDOH
FL VH H L G DVHP RU L H V GD SUL UH HOHPH HOH LV ODUH
3H U FD FHUHOH HSL HOLDOH L D LD HV H UHSUH H D GH GHS LUHD
PHPEUD HL ED DOH F GLV U JHUHD PD ULFHL H UDFHO ODUH L GLVHPL DUHD
FHO OHORU v H HULRU O FDGU O L KLV RORJLF RUPDO DFHV FR H VH SURG F R
VHULH GH IH RPH H FHO ODUH SLHUGHUHD L LEL LHL GH FR DF L D DGH L L LL
FHO ODUH F GHVSUL GHUHD FHO OHORU PDOLJ H GL D JUH DM O D UDO D FRUDUHD
FHO OHL PDOLJ H GH PHPEUD D ED DO SUL L HUPHGL O UHFHS RULORU SH U
ODPL L UHFHS RULL V UHGLV ULE L L SH V SUDID D FHO OHL PRUDOH
GHJUDGDUHD H LPD LF D PHPEUD HL ED DOH L UD HUVDUHD HL GH F UH FHO OHOH
PRUDOH PLJUDUHD FHO OHL PRUDOH v HV O v FR M U RU SURFHV PHGLD GH
FL RNL H 7RD H DFHV H IH RPH H V SUHPHU RDUH SURFHV O L GH PH DV D DUH
v IL DO FHO OD PRUDO D k G DFFHV OD DVHOH OLPID LFH VD OD DVHOH VD J L H
0H DV D DUHD
0H DV D HOH UHSUH L LPSOD H PRUDOH FDUH DSDU OD GLV D ID GH
XPRUD SULPDU O k G D HUH v UPD IH RPH O L GH PH DV D DUH (OH
UHSURG F PRUIRORJLD PRULL SULPDUH VD PD LIHV JUDG PDL PDUH GH
D DSOD LH 0H DV D HOH V FDUDF HULV LFH PRULORU PDOLJ H 0H DV D DUHD HV H
v V Uk V FRUHOD LH F IH RPH O GH L D LH SUH H D D HULRU IH RPH FH
SHUPL H FHO OHORU FD FHURDVH V SH H UH H v DVHOH VD J L H OLPID LFH L v
FD L LOH RUJD LVP O L 6 UDUH VL D LLOH v FDUH R PRU PDOLJ
PH DV D HD H H HPSO JOLRP O L FDUFL RP O ED RFHO ODU F D D V
PRUL S HU LF L D L H GDU FDUH PH DV D HD UDU KLDU GDF FHOH GR
IH RPH H V v V Uk V OHJ U VH SRD H V SUDS H SURSULH D HD GH
L D LH SHV H FDSDFL D HD GH D PH DV D D D PRULORU PDOLJ H
D VD FD R FHO O PDOLJ V SURG F PH DV D H DULD GH OD LS

PRUDO OD DO O 8 HOH FD FHUH PH DV D HD LPS UL DO HOH kU L H HUDO
SURG F PH DV D H HRSODVPHOH D UHVL H F UL P UDSLG GH FUH HUH L F
GLPH VL L PDUL ( LV v V L VL D LL v FDUH PRUL PLFL EL H GLIHUH LD H
F UL P OH GH FUH HUH SURG F PH DV D H LDU HRSODVPH F R FUH HUH UDSG
PH DV D HD
1 VH SRD H DSUHFLD v R GHD D GRDU SUL H DPH KLV RSD RORJLF DO

PRULL SULPDUH SRVLELOL D HD GH D SURG FH PH DV D H HU HV H F GLVHPL DUHD
PH DV D LF UHG FH VHP LILFD L SRVLELOL D HD GH L GHFDUH D EROLL PRUDOH
LOH GH PH DV D DUH V UHSUH H D H v SULP O Uk G GH DVHOH

OLPID LFH L VD J L H L PDL UDU GH UD HUVDUHD FD L LORU VHURDVH 2FD LR DO
FHO OHOH PRUDOH VH IRORVHVF GH OLFKLG O FHUHEURVSL DO PRUL DOH 6 1 L
GH VSD LLOH SUHFUHD H F P DU IL UHFHUHD GL U R DO HRO S OPR DU v DO D
FHO OHOH PRUDOH L KDOD H VH SR LPSOD D L FUH H VD SDVDM O SUL O PH O
RU RUJD H FD L DUH FD v FD O PRULORU H GRPH ULDOH FDUH SUL L HUPHGL O
URPSHL HUL H DM J V SURG F PH DV D H R DULH H ,D URJH VH SRD H
SURG FH v V Pk DUHD GLUHF D FHO OHORU PRUDOH SUL L HUPHGL O
L V U PH HORU FKLU UJLFDOH
LVHPL DUHD OLPID LF HV H FHD PDL FRP FDOH GH PH DV D DUH D
FDUFL RDPHORU GDU SRD H IL v kO L L v FD O VDUFRDPHORU H DVHPH HD
PHOD RP O PDOLJ L PDV RFL RP O SURG F PH DV D H OLPIR RGDOH 6HSDUDUHD
V ULF v UH GLVHPL DUHD OLPID LF L FHD KHPD RJH HV H JUH GH DSUHFLD
GD RUL PHURDVHORU FR H L L H LV H H v UH VLV HP O DVF ODU VD J L L
FHO OLPID LF
)RUPDUHD PH DV D HORU v OLPIR RG ULOH UHJLR DOH VH ED HD v SULP O

Uk G SH U D D UDO GH GUH DM OLPID LF /LPIR RG ULOH DVRFLD H L SURFHV
PRUDO FDUH V P UL H HUHJ OD H G UH L LPRELOH L GLF SURG FHUHD GH
PH DV D H PHURDVH VL D LL OLPIR RGXULOH FR L XLH DGH UD H EDULHUH
FDUH vPSLHGLF GLVHPL DUHD O HULRDU D PRULL S FH D S U V v DV O
OLPID LF HPEROLD IRUPD GL FHO OH PRUDOH DM JH v VL V ULOH
V EFDSV ODUH DOH OLPIR RG O L UHJLR DO 8 HRUL SUL DSDUL LD L U VS V
LP VSHFLILF FHO OHOH PRUDOH DM VH v OLPIR RG SR IL GLV U VH
( LV VL D LL v FDUH GD RUL REV U F LLORU DVHORU OLPID LFH VD D DO RU

LS UL GH OH L L OLPIR RGDOH PH DV D HOH VH SURG F v OLPIR RG O UHJLR DO
GDU V UHJ VL H F DO H ORFDOL UL
1 RULFH DGH RSD LH UHJLR DO DVRFLD HL PRUL DUH FD V EV UD

PRUIRORJLF R PH DV D 6 FL D H VL D LL v FDUH GUH DUHD UHV ULORU GH FHO OH
PRUDOH D D LJH HORU PRUDOH L D SURG LORU UH O D L GL SURFHV O
L IODPD RU V SUDS V PRULL GH HUPL R KLSHUSOD LH UHDF L D OLPIR RG O L
LVHPL DUHD KHPD R H HV H LSLF VDUFRDPHORU L PHOD RDPHORU

PDOLJ H GDU SRD H IL R FDOH GH PH DV D DUH L SH U FDUFL RDPH 5 D
KHPD RJH v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUHD PRULL ID RUL HD IRUPDUHD GH
PH DV D H KHSD LFH L S OPR DUH LV ULE LD PH DV D HORU KHPD RJH H HV H
DGHVHD D LSLF )UHF H HOH V ORFDOL D H v ILO UHOH VD L H UHSUH H D H
GH ILFD SURFHV O SRU H H GL VSD L O SRU RELOLDU L S OPR
U HUHOH GD RUL SDU LF ODUL LORU V U F UDOH V PDL UDU SH H UD H GH

FHO OHOH PRUDOH FRPSDUD L F H HOH LVHPL DUHD DU HULDO VH SRD H
SURG FH Fk G HPEROLLOH PRUDOH DM J v SD O FDSLODU S OPR DU VD v R HOH
GH DU HULR H RV H DVHPH HD HPEROLLOH UH O D H GL PH DV D HOH
S OPR DUH DM v FRUG GH GH SUL FLUF OD LD DU HULDO VH SR U VSk GL v R

RUJD LVP O
, DGDUHD FD L LORU VH SURG FH Fk G HRSODVP PDOLJ SH H UHD

v U VSD L GHVFKLV H LV H v RUJD LVP 7UD HUVDUHD FD L LORU VHURDVH
L HD v SULP O Uk G FD L D HD SHUL R HDO GDU RULFH DO FD L D H SRD H IL
DIHF D SOH UDO SHULFDUGLF VL R LDO HO OHOH PRUDOH GHVSUL VH GL
PRUD SULPDU V HKLF OD H SUL L HUPHGL O IO LG O L FHORPLF S k G VH
LPSOD D OD GLV D v FD L D H FHV LS GH PH DV D DUH HV H FDUDF HULV LF
FDUFL RDPHORU R DULH H L D FHORU GH SURV D L SRDU GH PLUHD GH
FDUFL RPD R SHUL R HDO 0RUIRORJLF RD FD L D HD SHUL R HDO HV H
F S L GH R OD U GH FHO OH PRUDOH 8 HRUL FHO OHOH HRSOD LFH U Pk
OD V SUDID D VHURDVHL I U D S U GH v V U F UD LVFHUHORU DEGRPL DOH
H HUDO PRULOH PDOL H SURG F PH DV D H RUL GH v RUJD LVP FHO

PDL IUHF H DIHF D H ILL G RUJD HOH ILO U VD DFHOH RUJD H HV UL SH U FDUH
FHO OHOH PRUDOH PD LIHV URSLVP SH ED GH UHFHS RUL PHPEUD DUL 6SOL D
SD FUHDV O L PLRFDUG O V FR VLGHUD H RUJD H PDL UH LV H H ID GH
SURG FHUHD PH DV D HORU 6SOL D SUL DF L L D HD LP L H V SD FUHDV O SUL
FR L O ULGLFD GH H LPH OL LFH L PLRFDUG O SUL DF L L D HD FR UDF LO
SHUPD H FR V L LH PHGLL PDL S L SULHO LFH SH U GH RO DUHD
PH DV D HORU
0H DV D HOH OD H H DSDU HRUL v UPD v V Pk ULL OD GLV D D

Fk RU D FHO OH PRUDOH FDUH L FR L GH RO DUHD L U Pk DVF VH
HGHSLV DELOH LPS v GHO JD HRUL L GH D L G S FDUH v FHS V VH
GH RO H GH H L G H LGH H FOL LF
DUDF HULV LFLOH JH HUDOH GH PH DV D DUH FR V D v
• PDMRUL D HD FDUFL RDPHORU SURG F PH DV D H v OLPIR RG ULOH

UHJLR DOH SR SURG FH PH DV D H UHFk G GL OLPIR RG v OLPIR RG
L O HULRU V IRORVHDVF L FDOHD KHPD RJH GH PH DV D DUH
• PDMRUL D HD PH DV D HORU PRULORU PDOLJ H GH RULJL H
PH H FKLPDO V SURG VH SH FDOH KHPD RJH IUHF H
SURG Fk G VH v S OPR L RDVH UDU DSDU PH DV D H OLPID LFH
HOH VDUFRDPH PH DV D HD kU L DO HOH SUHFRFH L H SOR L
• SH U PRULOH FHO OHORU VD J L H DSDU DVSHF HOH SDU LF ODUH
/H FHPLD SUL GHIL L LH VHP LILF FD FHU DO Vk JHO L HO OHOH
OH FHPLFH SR S U VL SD O DVF ODU RUL GH v RUJD LVP GDU D R
SUHGLOHF LH SH U P G D RVRDV VSOL ILFD L UL LFKL FD O
OLPIRDPHORU GH UH O V LPSOLFD H OLPIR RG ULOH L DO H RUJD H
OLPIRLGH VD VHGLL GH H LV DJORPHU UL GH HV OLPIRLG
Etiologia generală a tumorilor

D HOH FDUH G F OD DSDUL LD PRULORU V P O LSOH L GH P O H RUL
HF RVF H FHDV D GHRDUHFH H LV SRVLELOL D HD DF L LL PDL P O RU IDF RUL
LL ID RUL D L L DO LL GHFOD D RUL FDUH VH SR H HD UHFLSURF SURG F
PRGLILF UL JH H LFH L L G F UD VIRUPDUHD PRUDO H HUDO VH DGPL H F v
H LRORJLD PRULORU L HU L DJH L H RJH L L DJH L H GRJH L JH LL H RJH L
V IL LFL FKLPLFL L ELRORJLFL LDU FHL H GRJH L V LP RORJLFL JH H LFL L
KRUPR DOL 6 SUH H D H Fk H D H HPSOH GH DVRFLHUL GL UH DJH O FD DO L
DSDUL LD GH PRUL GH GLIHUL H LS UL L F GLIHUL H ORFDOL UL
H L H R H L IL LFL
• 5DGLD LLOH LR L D H V UVH DUPHOH FOHDUH FH UDOHOH FOHDUH
PH RGHOH GH GLDJ RV LF L HUDSLH VD H S HUHD SURIHVLR DO
V LPSOLFD H v H LRORJLD OLPIRDPHORU L OH FHPLLORU D PRULORU
F D D H D PRULORU GLJHV L H L D PRULORU HV ULORU PRL
• 5DGLD LLOH O UD LROH H V DVRFLD H F DSDUL LD FDUFL RDPHORU
FX D D H ED RFHOXODUH L VF DPRFHO ODUH L D PRULORU
PHOD RFL DUH
• 7UD PD LVPHOH UHSH D H DOH H LORU SLJPH DUL SR L G FH
IRUPDUHD PHOD RP O L
• RUS ULOH V U L H F DF LX H LUL D L ILEUH GH LFO LMH PH DOLFH
X LOL D H v RV HRVL H H VH DVRFLD F DSDUL LD DUFRDPHORU GH
GLIHUL H LSXUL
H L H R H L F LPLFL
• 3URG L L G V ULDOL D RUJD LFL
FURP L LFKHO DSDUL LD GH XPRUL DOH DSDUD XOXL UH SLUD RU

FDGPLX DSDUL LD GH XPRUL SXOPR DUH L DOH H LFLL UL DUH
D EHV DSDUL LD GH XPRUL SXOPR DUH L PH R HOLRDPH
• 3URG L L G V ULDOL RUJD LFL
L UR DPL H LPSOLFD H v H LRORJLD FD FHUHORU GLJHV L H
KLGURFDUE UL SROLFLFOLFH DURPD LFH GH HUPL FD FHUH
S OPR DUH GL HV L H DOH H LFLL UL DUH VDUFRDPH F GLIHUL H
ORFDOL UL
FORU UD GH L LO LPSOLFD v H LRORJLD KHPD JLRVDUFRP O L
D LOL D LPSOLFD v DSDUL LD GH PRUL DOH H LFLL UL DUH
EH H GH HUPL OLPIRP L FDUFL RP SD FUHD LF
SHV LFLGH HUELFLGH LPSOLFD H v H LRORJLD OH FHPLHL
• 3URG VH PHGLFDPH RDVH
FORUDPIH LFRO DVRFLD F GHFOD DUHD OH FHPLHL
FLFORIRVIDPLGD GH HUPL DSDUL LD FDUFL RPXOXL GH H LF
XUL DU
H UR H L LPSOLFD L v DSDUL LD GH PRUL DOH DSDUD O L JH L DO
• 3URG L DOLPH DUL L UD L L UL L GLIHUL H SURFHGHH GH FR VHU DUH
JU VLPL D LPDOH DPL H DURPD LFH L GLIHUL H E UL LPSOLFD L v
DSDUL LD GH PRUL F GLIHUL H ORFDOL UL
• 0LFR R L H
DIOD R L HOH GH HUPL DSDUL LD GH XPRUL HSD LFH L
S OPR DUH
RFKUD R L D GH HUPL DSDUL LD GH XPRUL UH DOH
H L H R H L ELROR LFL
• 3DUD L L
7UL RPR D SS VH DVRFLD F DSDUL LD GH XPRUL H L DOH
UHPD RGH ELOLDUH ID RUL HD IRUPDUHD GH PRUL DOH F LORU
ELOLDUH
6SLUR HU D O SL LPSOLFD GLUHF v DSDUL LD VDUFRP O L
HVRIDJLD F PH DV D H S OPR DUH
• %DF HULL
HOL RED HU SS VH DVRFLD F DSDUL LD GH PRUL JDV ULFH
• LU V UL 1
LU V HUSHV D H O H LROR LF v OLPIRP L OH FHPLH OD LHS UL
PDLP H KDPV HUL ERDOD 0DUHN
LU V 3DSLOORPD D H O H LROR LF v SDSLORPD R OD FkL H
DF LHS UH RP
LU V 3R D H O H LROR LF v PL RPD R OD LHS UH
• 9LU V UL 51 UH UR LU V UL D H O H LROR LF v OH FHPLH L
OLPIRP OD S V UL SLVLF D UL H RP
H L H GR H L IDF RUL LP ROR LFL
• RUJD LVPHOH F LP RGHILFLH H FR JH L DOH VD GREk GL H IDF PDL
IUHF H FD FHU OD SLVLF VH F RD H DVRFLHUHD GL UH L IHF LLOH F
LU V O SD OH FRSH LHL IHOL H L F LU V O LP RGHILFLH HL IHOL H
L DSDUL LD OLPIRP O L VD D DO RU PRUL PH H FKLPDOH
H L H GR H L IDF RUL H H LFL
• H LV H D VD DSDUL LD RU GHIHF H GH UHSDUDUH D 1 O L OH D v
F UV O FDUFL RJH H HL
H L H GR H L IDF RUL RUPR DOL
• U SHUHD HFKLOLEU O L HV URJH L SURJHV HUR LPSOLFD v DSDUL LD
PRULORU PDPDUH
• HV RV HUR O LPSOLFD v DSDUL LD PRULORU GH SURV D
Caracteristici de creştere tumorală (pattern-ul de

creştere tumorală)
PRULOH HSL HOLDOH V IRUPD H GL LU UL VD FRUGRD H GH FHO OH
HSL HOLDOH HRSOD LFH v FDUH ILHFDUH FHO O HV H D D D GH FHOH v FR M U RDUH
DF PRUD HV H EL H GLIHUH LD MR F L LOH GL UH FHO OHOH PRUDOH V
DVHP RDUH F FHOH H LV H H v HSL HOL O RUPDO DF PRUD HV H
D DSOD LF IUHF H GLVSDU MR F L LOH L HUFHO ODUH
FDUFL RP O L L HSL HOL O HRSOD LF v ORF LH H IRFDO HSL HOL O

RUPDO HO OHOH PRUDOH L G F IRUPDUHD GH V URP IRORVL G HV O
FR M F L V ELDFH v DFHHD L PD LHU FD L HSL HOL O RUPDO
7 PRULOH SDSLODUH DOH HSL HOL O L GH V SUDID IRUPHD IDOGXUL FDUH

X SURLHF D H OD XSUDID )DOGXULOH X DFRSHUL H GH FHOXOH XPRUDOH L
SRVHG VFKHOH ILEUR DVF ODU FDUH FR V L LH V URPD L G V GH DFHV LS
PRUDO 7 PRULOH SDSLODUH EH LJ H D HSL HOL O OLPL D GH V URP SUL
PHPEUD D ED DO v LPS FH PRULOH SDSLODUH PDOLJ H VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL
L D LD HSL HOLDO GL FROR GH PHPEUD D ED DO
7 PRULOH HSL HOLDOH VROLGH EH LJ H VD PDOLJ H V IRUPD H GL

FRORD H VD FRUGRD H GH FHO OH U VSk GL H v PDVD PRUDO L V VHSDUD H GH
V URPD SURSULH D PRULL FL Fk G FRUGRD HOH GH FHO OH PRUDOH V
VHF LR D H UD V HUVDO HOH DSDU v FkPS O PLFURVFRSLF V E IRUP GH F LE UL GH
FHO OH PRUDOH v FR M UD H GH V URP
PRULOH HSL HOLDOH v FDUH FRORD HOH GH FHO OH PRUDOH PDOLJ H V

FRPSDF H VROLGH PRUD SRDU GH PLUHD GH FDUFL RP VLPSO FL Fk G
FHO OHOH PRUDOH V DV IHO GLVS VH v Fk v VHF L LOH UD V HUVDOH V
L LELOH IRUPD L L DFL DUH PRUD D IL GH PL DGH RFDUFL RP DF
FHO OHOH GL F LE ULOH VD FRUGRD HOH PRUDOH VH GLIHUH LD VSUH SURG FHUHD
GH FKHUD L VD GDF FR H L LOH L HUFHO ODUH V H LGH H PRUD VH D
PL FDUFL RP HSLGHUPRLG F RVF L V E GH PLUHD GH FDUFL RP VF DPR
FHO ODU v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH
7 PRULOH EH LJ H F RULJL H HSL HOLDO JOD G ODU VH PHVF

DGH RDPH FHV HUPH VH UHIHU D k OD FHOH F SD HU VROLG ORE ODU Fk L OD
FHOH F V U F UL E ODUH G F DOH VD DFL DUH HRDUHFH HUPH O GH DGH RP
HV H RDUHF P HVSHFLILF VH D L GLFD HV O GH RULJL H DGH RP DO JOD GHORU
V GRULSDUH DGH RP DO JOD GHL PDPDUH DGH RP GH LURLG DGH RP GH
SURV D /D DFHV H GH PLUL VH DGD J HUPH L GHVFULS L L FKLV DGH RP
DGH RP SDSLOLIHU DGH RP G F DO GHUL GL HSL HOL O FD DOHORU GH H FUH LH
0D HOH SDSLODUH HRSOD LFH FDUH H GH RO OD XSUDID D H XPH F SROLSL DX
SDSLORDPH
GH RDPHOH DX R FD L D H UHGX GH URP SUL UH FRUGRD HOH GH

FHOXOH 6SUH GHR HELUH GH HOH FDUFL RDPHOH SR HG URP v SURSRU LH GH
GL PDVD ORU 0 O H FDUFL RDPH V G UH GD RUL V URPHL PRUDOH
DE GH H 8 HOH GH HUPL SURG FHUHD HL V URPH UHG VH D k G R
FR VLV H PRDOH L HUL RULL PDUL HFUR D H
HOH PDL FRP H PRUL EH LJ H HSL HOLDOH V SDSLORDPHOH L SROLSLL

DPEHOH VL D LL H RE HU X XSRU IRUPD GL H X FR MX F L 8 HOH
XPRUL HSL HOLDOH EH L H X FDSDELOH GH IH RPH H UH UH L H v LPS FH DO HOH
VHU HVF GUHS V EV UD SH U UD VIRUPDUH PDOLJ
7HRUH LF DVSHF O FL RORJLF DO HL PRUL EH LJ H HV H DVHP RU F

FHO DO HV O RUPDO SUDF LF v HOH PRUL EH LJ H F RULJL H HSL HOLDO DSDU
D RPDOLL FL RORJLFH LPSRU D H
7XPRULOH PH H FKLPDOH VH FDUDF HUL HD SUL IDS O F FHO OHOH

PRUDOH SRVHG MR F L L L HUFHO ODUH F P GH DO IHO VH v kPSO F
FHO OHOH PH H FKLPDOH RUPDOH P O H FD UL FHO OHOH PRUDOH V
VHSDUD H GH V EV D D L HUFHOXODU SURGX GH HOH DFHD FDUDF HUL LF
v JUH k G V DELOLUHD RULJL LL PRUDOH FL Fk G PD ULFHD H UDFHO ODU
HV H v FD L D H UHG V DUD MDPH O FHO OHORU PRUDOH PLPHD FDUDF HUHOH
V U F UDOH DOH HV O L GH RULJL H VHP DUHD F HV O GH RULJL H HV H
L IO H D L GH JUDG O GH GLIHUH LHUH FHO ODU D DSOD LD SUR D
vPSLHGLFk G V DELOLUHD RULJL LL
0DMRUL D HD PRULORU PH H FKLPDOH FR L S L V URP (OH

GH HUPL IRUPDUHD GH DVH VD J L H SUL IH RPH O GH D JLRJH H v UR
UH HD UHG V GH FRODJH DUDF HULV LFLOH HL PRUL PH H FKLPDOH GHSL G PDL
DOHV GH LS O GH V EV D H UDFHO ODU D R SURG V FR GURP O HV H G U
SURG FH FDU LODM OLSRP O HV H PRDOH SURG FH PD HULDO L HUFHO ODU
2 H FHS LH D XPRULORU PH H F LPDOH H H UHSUH H D GH XPRULOH

EH L H DX PDOL H DOH H GR HOLXOXL D FXODU FDUH IRUPHD D H D XL H
FHOXOHOH XPRUDOH ILL G v OHJ U HOH F DO HOH SUL L HUPHGL O MR F L LORU
9DVHOH IRUPD H GH FHO OHOH PRUDOH V VHSDUD H GH R V URP ILEURDV
OHXFHPLH FHO OHOH PRUDOH V OLEHUH v Vk JH (OH L G F

IRUPDUHD GH V URP LFL FKLDU v VL D LD L DG ULL HV ULORU L RUJD HORU
OLPIRDPH FHO OHOH PRUDOH GLV U L v ORF LHVF HV O JD G

KLDU GDF V IRDU H DSURSLD H v UH HOH FHO OHOH PRUDOH v L S V UHD
L GHSH GH D 6 URPD HV H GLVFUH ILL G IRUPD GL Fk H D DVH V V L H GH
R IL UH HD FRODJH LF DUDF HULV LF OLPIRDPHORU HV H PR R R LD PRUIRORJLF
D FHO OHORU PRUDOH
7XPRULOH D DSOD LFH V IRUPD H GL FHO OH EL DUH SOHRPRUIH F

V U F UD P O VLPSOLILFD DV IHO v Fk VH SRD H L L RULJL HD HSL HOLDO
PH H FKLPDO KHPD RSRLH LF VD DO RULJL H D FHO OHORU PRUDOH H UHJ O
FHO ODUL D HD HV H DE GH LDU V URPD RUL H LV RUL HV H D LSLF )UHF H
FR L R H GH HFUR LVFKHPLF GD RUL UL P O L UDSLG GH FUH HUH L D HL
D JLRJH H H GHILFL DUH VHPH HD PRUL FR L L UHJL L GH FHO OH PDL EL H
GLIHUH LD H FDUH SHUPL V DELOLUHD L GLDJ RV LF
I nflama ia în procesul neoplazic

2FD LR DO DSDUH R UHDF LH L IODPD RULH OD SHULIHULD VD v V U F UD RU
PRUL H RELFHL L IODPD LD DF V S UD L DSDUH FD R UHDF LH VHF GDU
OFHU ULL L D V SUDL IHF ULL DO H PRUL VH FR V D L ILO UD
PR R FOHDU ER D v OLPIRFL H GHVHD HV H V JHUD IDS O F OLPIRFL HOH L G
V GLV U J PRUD SUL U R UHDF LH LP PHGLD FHO ODU
3UH H D L IODPD LHL v U SURFHV PRUDO SRD H v JUH D V DELOLUHD

GLDJ RV LF O L SUL H DPH FL RORJLF 0DV L D FDUFL RPD RDV HV H HUPH
LOL D IUHF H GH F UH FOL LFLH L HUPH FDUH SRD H FUHHD FR I LL GH
L HUSUH DUH D GLDJ RV LF O L (O H SULP GH IDS FDUFL RP PDPDU F SURFHV
L IODPD RU V SUDS V
HU HV H F SUH H D SURFHV O L L IODPD RU D FHO OHORU L IODPD RULL

L IO H HD SURJ RV LF O v I F LH GH LS O GH PRU
Forma tumorilor
HOH FDUH VH GH RO L UDRUJD LF V GH UHJ O VIHURLGDOH UH HUHD
H RIL LF D PRULORU VHP LILF R GH RO DUH VSUH H HULRU V E IRUP GH SDSLOH
LDU FUH HUHD H GRIL LF UHSUH L R GH RO DUH PRUDO VSUH SURI LPHD
HV ULORU
7 PRULOH EH L H DOH HSL HOLLORU GH V SUDID IRUPHD SO FL DX
H FUH FH H SDSLOLIRUPH 2FD LR DO GH L SROLSRLGH L SHGLF OD H DGH RP
L HV L DO 2 PRU PH H FKLPDO GH RO D LPHGLD V E HSL HOL GH
V SUDID SRD H vPEU FD R DVSHF SROLSRLG
7 PRULOH PDOLJ H DOH HSL HOLLORU DSDU HRUL V E IRUP GH RG OL

HU FR L O HRUL LD IRUPD RU SUHO JLUL GLJL LIRUPH IL H GHOLFD H D RU
HUL RULL DO JL H L v JUR D H UHOD L LIRUP D RU H FUHVFH H HUHJ OD H
FDUH SR v J V D O PH O RUJD HORU v FDUH VH GH RO GHVHD VH SURG F
OFHU UL GH GLPH VL L DULDELOH %D D OFHU O L HV H L G UD DIOk G VH V E
L HO O HSL HOL O L v FR M U RU LDU PDUJL LOH OFHU O L V G UH L
SURHPL H H HV O v FR M U RU HV H v JUR D L L G UD
Conceptul de carcinom preinvaziv ( carcinom in situ)

şi de leziune preneoplazică
O LPLL D L V D DG V R VHULH GH GR H L UHIHUL RDUH OD RUL L HD
FD FHU O L HSL HOLDO v U R OH L H HSL HOLDO HL D L FDUH SRDU GH PLUHD
GH FDUFL RP SUHL D L VD GH FDUFL RP L L 7UD VIRUPDUHD PRULL
HSL HOLDOH EH LJ H v U FDUFL RP L L HV H SURFHV OH GHU OD GH D
O J O D LORU 6 D PDL GHPR V UD F SH U UD VIRUPDUHD FDUFL RP O L L L
v FDUFL RP L D L V HFHVDUH O L VD D L GH LOH DUFL RP O L L
SRVHG D R RPLH GH FUH HUH GDU SRVHG FHO OH D RUPDOH DVHP RDUH F
FHOH GL FDUFL RP O L D L (O SURG FH L D LH PH DV D HD L VH
PD LIHV FOL LF L LELO LDJ RV LF O V VH ED HD GRDU SH H DPL DUHD
PLFURVFRSLF D HV O L L FHO OHORU V IHO v GLVSOD LD HSL HOL O L GH LS
VF DPRV VH FR V D R GLVSR L LH D LSLF D PL R HORU ILL G V USUL VH L v
V UD ULOH V SHUILFLDOH DOH HSL HOL O L k G PRGLILF ULOH GLVSOD LFH V
SUR D H L VH SURG FH R v JUR DUH D HSL HOL O L ) U FD DFHV D V GHS HDVF
PHPEUD D ED DO VH GLVF GHVSUH FDUFL RP L L
( LV R VHULH GH OH L L v SD RORJLH V Uk V DVRFLD H F GH RO DUHD

O HULRDU D L FD FHU (OH V GH PL H OH L L GH JUD L VD OH L L
SUH HRSOD LFH 5HDF LLOH GH LS GLVSOD LF VD KLSHUSOD LF UHJH HUD L KRUPR DO
L L IODPD RU V FR VLGHUD H D IL PRGLILF UL LV ODUH SURSLFH SH U
GH RO DUHD O HULRDU D L SURFHV PRUDO SD ROR LD PD V
PHURDVH H HPSOH FDUH X L DFHD DILUPD LH GH H HPSOX SH H GL
FDUFL RDPHOH HSD RFHOXODUH H GH RO SH X IR G GH FLUR HSD LF Lv
PHGLFL D H HUL DU H LV DVHPH HD H HPSOH F P DU IL PRULOH H LFLL

UL DUH FDUH VH GH RO SH IR G GH FLV L FUR LF OD FkL H
HOH RU D H FHU L O HUL H LFD UL DU EUR KLLOH VH SR

V USUL GH DULD H DVSHF H DOH GH RO ULL OH L LORU SUHFD FHURDVH L UDHSL HOLDOH
F ULVF FUHVF GH UD VIRUPDUH HRSOD LF
HV O HSL HOLDO HV H VL U O FDUH RIHU DV IHO GH H HPSOH GH UHFHUH

GH OD OH L L H PRUDOH OD PRUL EH L H VD OD PRUL PDOL H ( LV HOH
PRUL EH L H GH RUL L H PH H FKLPDO OHLRPLRDPHOH v V U F UD F URUD
V V USUL VH F LE UL GH FHO OH PDOLJ H OHLRPLRVDUFRDPH
6 USUL GHUHD HL OH L L v ID GH FDUFL RP L L VD GH OH L H

SUH HRSOD LF L UD DUHD FRUHVS RDUH D DFHV HLD D UHG FH VHP LILFD L
ULVF O GH RO ULL O HULRDUH D L FD FHU
Diagnosticul anatomopatologic al principalelor

tipuri de tumori
LDJ RV LF O v ERDOD PRUDO HV H H UHP GH FRPSOH LOL k G VH
GLIHUL H PLMORDFH GH L HV LJD LH H DPH H GH ODERUD RU H DPH H LPDJLV LFH
H DPH H D D RPRSD RORJLFH FL RORJLFH L KLV RORJLFH FRURERUD H F GD HOH
D DP H LFH Fk PDL FRPSOH H L F R H DPL DUH FOL LF M GLFLRDV
D RPRSD RORJLF PRULOH VD OH L LOH V VSLFLR D H D IL PRUL V

FDUDF HUL D H GL S F GH HGHUH PDFURVFRSLF REOLJD RUL L k G FR GH
ORFDOL DUHD L FRPSRU DPH O ELRORJLF DO DFHV HLD FL RORJLF SUL S F LH
DVSLUD L VD SUL UHDOL DUHD GH IUR L UL GL SLHVD RSHUD RULH L KLV RORJLF VD
LP RKLV RFKLPLF GL IUDJPH H UHSUH H D L H DOH IRUPD L LL GH H DPL D
6 EOL LHP v F R GD F GLDJ RV LF FL RSD RORJLF VD KLV RSD RORJLF

FRUHF GDU U S GL FR H O EROLL PRUDOH SRD H IL L V ILFLH VD HUR D
SH U H DO DUHD SURJ RV LF O L L DO HUDSLHL L DFHDV FD UHE LH V
H LV H R FR O FUDUH L R FRP LFDUH RS LP v UH SURSULH DU PHGLF O FOL LFLD
R FRORJ L PHGLF O SD RORJ
6 SUH H D H HOH DVSHF H H HUDOH RULH D L H GH PRUIROR LH v
SUL FLSDOHOH LS UL GH PRUL GLDJ RV LFD H OD D LPDOH 1 V SDUF UVH RD H
LS ULOH GH PRUL P O H GL UH HOH ILL G UHO D H L DSURI GD H v FDGU O
SD RORJLHL ILHF U L RUJD
• H XPLUHD XPRULL 3 3,/20 ), 523 3,/20

H XPLUL VLPLODUH DULD H SDSLORPD R FUH HUH P O LFH ULF
• 2UL L H HSL HOL O V UD LILFD L ILEUREODV O
• /RFDOL UL SLHOH RF ODU P FRDV GLJHV L HSL HOL SO ULV UD LILFD
SD LPH RV GH LS FRU RV HSL HOL UD L LR DO HSL HOL FD DO O L
JDODF RIRU
• 0RUIROR LH SDSLORP VF DPRV L ILEURSDSLORP
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF GH SDSLORP H FUHVFH GHD XSUD HSL HOLXOXL
FUH HUH H RIL LF FR RSLGLIRUP F V SUDID D H HG VD U JRDV
SHGLF OD VD F R ED ODUJ GH LPSOD DUH KLSHUFKHUD R
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF GLIHU v I F LH GH VSHFLD DIHF D v
JH HUDO H LV k G VFKHOH DVF OR FR M F L VLPSO VD UDPLILFD SH
FDUH VH GLVS H HSL HOL O DFD R LF L KLSHUFKHUD L L D VD
SDUDFKHUD R LF
• 2EVHU D LL SDSLORDPHOH VH SR V SUDL IHF D VD VH SR OFHUD
• H PLUHD PRULL /
H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H SROLSL DGH RPD R L
• UL L H HSL HOL O L F ELF VD FLOL GULF DO P FRDVHORU
• /RFDOL UL V RPDF L HV L FD L D H D DO
• RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF H FUHVFH H FH SURHPL v O PH O
RUJD O L FD L DU SHGLF OD H VD VHVLOH GH GLPH VL L DULDELOH LFH
VD P O LSOH
VSHF LV RSD ROR LF SH D DVF OR FR M F L VODE
GH RO D HV H GLVS V HSL HOL O P FRDVHL UHVSHF L H V E IRUP
V UD LILFD SVH GRV UD LILFD VD LV UD LILFD I U D GHS L
PHPEUD D ED DO
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO DO H OH L L F DFHOD L DVSHF GH H FUHVFH H

SH XSUDID D PXFRD HL FD FHU SROLSRLG SROLSL H XPRUDOL GH
LSHUSOD LH UH H HUD L DX GH D XU L IODPD RULH
• H PLUHD PRULL (
• UL L H HSL HOL OD G ODU
• /RFDOL UL OD G PDPDU OD G DOL DU ILFD SD FUHD SUR D
OD GH H GRFUL H OD GH HEDFHH OD GH XGRULSDUH OD GH SHULD DOH
HF
• RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF D SHF RGXODU DX F L LF GLPH LX L
DULDELOH SR HG DX X FDS XO FR MX F L GH GHOLPL DUH
VSHF LV RSD ROR LF FHOXOHOH HSL HOLDOH X GL SX H SH X XO
DX GRX UD XUL GDU X GHS HVF PHPEUD D ED DO I F LH GH
SD HU XO GH FUH HUH VH SR GLDJ RV LFD DGH RDPH UDEHF ODUH
HSL HOL O GLVS V v FRUGRD H E ODUH HSL HOL O GLVS V V E IRUP GH
EL FKLV LFH VD FKLV DGH RP OD FDUH VH DGD J U V UD OLFKLG O L
DF P OD VHURV P FRV SDSLOLIHUH SURLHF LL HSL HOLDOH GLJL LIRUPH VD
UDPLILFD H VSUH O PH O JOD G ODU FKLV LFH SDSLOLIHUH SURLHF LL
HSL HOLDOH GLJL LIRUPH VD UDPLILFD H VSUH O PH O FKLV O L
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF FHO OH HSL HOLDOH LSLFH I U FDUDF HUH GH
PDOLJ L D H
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO VH LPS H HIHF DUHD GLDJ RV LF O L GLIHUH LDO
ID GH DGH RFDUFL RP
• EVHU D LL V VL D LL Fk G v V U F UD L DGH RP DSDU IRFDUH GH
FDUFL RP L VL VD IRFDUH GH FDUFL RP SR IL OH L L GH JUD L
• H PLUHD PRULL / (/ /( /(
H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H ED DOLRP FDUFL RP ED RFHO ODU
FDUFL RP ED RVF DPRV
• UL L H FHO OHOH ED DOH DOH HSLGHUP O L
• /RFDOL UL RULFH UHJL H FRUSRUDO FDS Jk P U
• RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF RG OL H GRIL LFL VD H RIL LFL SODFDUGH
OH L L LFH VD P O LSOH FDUH D FR L L D H F HSLGHUP O EL H
GHOLPL D H GLDPH U DULDELO FP OFHUHD I U D D HD H GL
GH L GHFDUH
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF FHOXOHOH ED DOH GHS HVF PHPEUD D
ED DO SH H UHD v GHUP FHO OHOH V LIRUPH D GLPH VL L PLFL
D FOHL R DODUL L DKLFURPD LFL D FL RSODVPD L H V ED RILO V
V USUL VH PHURDVH PL R H I F LH GH SD HU X GH FUL H PDL
PXO H LSXUL L ROR LFH FHOXOH GL SX H v FRUGRD H LS VROLG LS
PHG VRLG LS DGH RLG LS FKLV LF
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF OD UL VD SODMH PLFL GH FHO OH HSL HOLDOH
ED DOH DVSHF v kO L L v DO H PRUL F D D H H DPH FL ROR LF
HVSHFLILF
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO VH D GLIHUH LD ID GH XPHURD H DO H OH LX L
XPRUDOH DX XPRUDO OLNH FX ORFDOL DUH FX D D
• EVHU D LL FUH H OH SURG FH L D LH ORFDO SURG FH PH DV D H
• H PLUHD PRULL / (/ /( (
H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H FDUFL RP VF DPRFHO ODU FDUFL RP
VSL RFHO ODU
• UL L H HSLGHUP FHO OHOH V UD O L VSL RV HSL HOLL SD LPH RDVH VD
F PH DSOD LH SD LPH RDV
• /RFDOL UL SLHOH SOD D DO FR F LH D ULF ODU SOHRDS ORFDOL DUH
RF ODU E H GH H H V E KLDO DEGRPH IOD F H FKL I UR
SH LV O D V P FRDVH FD L D H E FDO R VLOH OD G PDPDU
• RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF OH L H LF VD P O LFH ULF VH
PD LIHV FD LS SUROLIHUD L V E IRUP GH SODFDUG G U DOELFLRDV
VD GH IRUPD LX L SDSLODUH FR RSLGLIRUPH DFRSHUL H GH FUX H L FD LS
HUR L V E IRUP GH OH L H OFHUD L I U H GL GH L GHFDUH SH
VHF L H PRUD SUH L IRFDUH DOE J OE L
VSHF LV RSD ROR LF PRUD HV H IRUPD GL PDVH
HUHJ OD H VD FRUGRD H GH FHO OH HSL HOLDOH FRU RDVH FDUH VH H L G
Sk v GHUP O SURI G L v HV O FR M F L V EF D D HO OHOH
SROLJR DOH F FOHL PDUL L FL RSODVP HR L RILO OHJD H SUL
L HUPHGL O GHVPR RPLORU V GLVS VH v SODMH VD L V OH FHO ODUH L
V v FR M UD H GH R V URP H LGH 6SHFLILF DSDU SHUOHOH
FKHUD R LFH v PDVD PRUDO FKHUD L D ILL G GLVS V FR FH ULF FD
IRLOH GH FHDS D RUL OFHU ULL OH L LOH PRUDOH VH FRPSOLF F

L ILO UD L IODPD RU FUR LF 0L R HOH V D LSLFH L PHURDVH
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF FHO OHOH HSL HOLDOH L ROD H VD v SODM
V PDUL FKHUD L L D H SDU LDO F UDSRU FOH FL RSODVP PDUH
%D RILOLD FL RSODVPHL FUH H GLUHF SURSRU LR DO F JUDG O GH D DSOD LH
DO PRULL L VSHFLILF DSDU DF ROL UL SHUL FOHDUH DOH FL RSODVPHL
RPSDUD L F FHO OHOH RUPDOH v FHO OHOH PRUDOH DSDUH R OLSV D
VL FUR L ULL GL UH UD VIRUP ULOH FOH O L L FHOH DOH FL RSODVPHL
FKHUD L L DUHD FL RSODVPHL HV H v VR L GH FDULRSLF R
LDJ RV LF O FL RORJLF VH D V DELOL F UH HU H L k G FR GH SUH H D
FHO OHORU F GLIHUL H JUDGH GH FKHUD L L DUH H LV H H v FD O
ULFKRHSL HOLRP O L D SLORPD ULFRP O L D FDUFL RP O L F FHO OH
ED DOH L D FKLV O L HSLGHUPRLG D RUL OFHU ULL FDUFL RP O F
FHO OH VF DPRDVH VH SRD H RU FR I GD F OH L L GH LS L IODPD RU
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PD LIH GLIHUL H UDGH GH D DSOD LH FHOXODU EL XFOHHUHD L PL R HOH
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R HR DUFRP ILEUREOD LF R HR DUFRP HOHD LHF D LF R HR DUFRP
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FR M F L FDUH UD HUVHD PRUD 6H PDL SR REVHU D IRFDUH
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GH UHJ O KLSRFURPD LFL I F LH GH UDGXO GH GLIHUH LHUH FHOXOHOH
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FD H DUH SURJ RV LF UH HU D JUD GHSL k G GH ORFDOL DUH
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VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF HPD JLRP v V U F UD VD DSDU
FD DOH H GR HOLDOH IRUPD H GL U H GR HOL UHOD L RUPDO 7LS O
FD HU RV HV H IRUPD GL FD L L GHOLPL D H GH H GR HOL L VHSDUD H
GH R V URP ILEURDV O PH D k OD LS O FDSLODU Fk L OD LS O
FD HU RV DSDUH FR V D Vk JH 3HUH LL DVF ODUL GLIHU FD L JURVLPH
GDU D v V U F U GRDU HV FR M F L I U D FR L H ILEUH P VF ODUH
VD SHULFL H
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L ILO UD L HV H IRUPD GL FHO OH H GR HOLDOH I VLIRUPH KLSHUFURPH
L SOHRPRUIH 3D HU O DVF ODU F SUH H D HUL URFL HORU v O PH HOH
VSD LLORU GHOLPL D H GH FHO OHOH H GR HOLDOH PDOLJ H UHD V DELOLUHD
GLDJ RV LF O L 1 P U O PL R HORU HV H DULDELO
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DVF ODUH PRUD SRD H IL FR I GD F DO H PRUL F FHO OH
I VLIRUPH ILEURVDUFRDPHOH
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L FR V D v VFKLPE UHFLGL HOH ORFDOH SRV H FL LR DOH OD SLVLF V
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• H XPLUHD XPRULL 5 20,20 5 20,26 5 20

H XPLUL VLPLODUH DULD H v I F LH GH PRUIRORJLH H LV PDL
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• HOXOD GH RUL L H ILEUH P VF ODUH V ULD H SUREDELO FHO OHOH
HPEULR DUH SO ULSR H H FDSDELOH GH GLIHUH LHUH PLREODV LF VD
FHO OHOH VD HOL H ILEUHL P VF ODUH V ULD H VFKHOH LFH FHOH FDUH L HU L L
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• /RFDOL UL P VF OD U V ULD PLRFDUG H LF UL DU UL LFKL
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L D L V E IRUP GH PDVH VIHULFH ORFDOL D H SURI G 3H VHF LX H DX R
FXORDUH UR FH LH L SR FR L H R H GH HFUR L KHPRUDJLH
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FH IRUPHD VL FL LL L D FOHLL H LF OR L L KLSRFURPL 6 ULD L LOH
VDUFRSODVPHL VH GLV L J v R GHD D
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PL R H L DFFH D SOHRPRUILVP FHO ODU HRUL DSDU FHO OH F
SUR HL H FR UDF LOH v VDUFRSODVP VD UDEGRPLRFL H HPEULR DUH
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF UDEGRPLRVDUFRDPH FHO OHOH SR IL
PLFL L UR GH R DODUH VD F IRUP GH PRUPRORFL VD SR IL PDUL
SROL FOHD H VD F FOH PDUH F GLIHUL H UDGH GH SROLSORLGLH
L RSODVPD SRD H IL DF ROL D VD FR L H ULD LX L v DSUR LPD L
GL FD UL V L LELOH PLFURVFRSLF
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO ID GH DO H PRUL PH H FKLPDOH D DSOD LFH
• EVHU D LL 6 PRUL UDUH GLDJ RV LFD H OD D LPDOHOH L HUH V E
D L D k G GLIHUL H JUDGH GH GLIHUH LHUH GH OD EH LJ H EL H
GLIHUH LD H OD IRDU H PDOL H L PH DV D D H 0H DV D HOH VH SURG F SH
FDOH KHPD RJH v ID HOH L L LDOH DOH GH RO ULL
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• /RFDOL UL UDF V GL HV L UDF V H L DO VSOL
• 0RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF RG O G U EL H VD VODE GHOLPL D SRD H
IL SHGLF OD UR SH VHF LX H
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF OHLRPLRP FHO OH EL H GLIHUH LD H
GL SX H v IDVFLF OH RULH D H GLIHUL OHLRPLRVDUFRP FHO OH EODV LFH
F FOHL H FURPD LFL SR IL D DSOD LFH L SR DSDUH FHO OH
P O L FOHD H
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF /HLRPLRP O HV H DOF L GL ILEUH
P VF ODUH H HGH PD UH F FOHL DO J L
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FHO OH F FOHL PDUL R DODUL KLSRFURPL SDU PL R H L FHO OH JLJD H
P O L FOHD H
OHLRPLRDPHOH OHLRPLRVDUFRDPHOH H L DOH H DPH O
FL ROR LF GL SLHVD RSHUD RULH HV H HORF H SH U V DELOLUHD
GLD RV LF O L v FR H O DVSHF O L PDFURVFRSLF
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO VH LPS H GLDJ RV LF GLIHUH LDO v UH IRUPHOH
EH LJ H L FHOH PDOLJ H FD L v UH DFHV H PRUL L ILEURDPH
ILEURVDUFRDPH
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• H PLUHD PRULL /
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• /RFDOL UL F D D SHUL H I UR VFUR VLV HPLF IUHF H OD FkL H
GL UH UDVH SH SULP O ORF VL k G VH ER HU O
• RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF PRU RG ODU F D D LF VD
P O LSO GH UHJ O PRUD HV H Hv FDSV OD L F GLDPH U PHGL
GH DSUR LPD L FP F OLPL H v UH L FP 6H GH RO v HV O
FR M F L V EF D D VD v GHUP 8 HRUL VH SUH L V E IRUPD HL
OH L L GHOLPL D H G UH F V SUDID D HUL HPD RDV L OFHUD VD V E
IRUPD RU OH L L V EF D D H VODE GHOLPL D H ORFDOL DUH 3H
V SUDID D GH VHF L H PRUD SRD H D HD DVSHF JHOD L RV L
HUL HPD RV Fk G VH V SUDS UHDF LLOH GH HUPL D H GH HOLEHUDUHD
KLV DPL HL VD VH SRD H PD LIHV D V E IRUP GH IRFDUH VD V UL UL
DOELFLRDVH VO L RDVH
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF 7 PRUD HV H IRUPD GL PDV RFL H

FHO OH F UDG DULDELO GH v F UFDUH F JUD OD LL GH OD FD OD FD VD v
FDGU O DFHO LD L FD HO OHOH GLVS VH v FRUGRD H VD SODMH V
UR GH R DOH SROLJR DOH VD DO JL H L F FOHL FH UDOL L UR L
8 HOH PRUL D FHO OH V UDFH v JUD OD LL GLDJ RV LF O V DELOL G VH
GRDU G S FRORUDUHD F DOEDV U GH RO LGL VD DO H FRORUD LL VHOHF L H
O HRUL SR V DSDU FHO OH EL DUH P O L FOHD H RUGRD HOH GH FHO OH
PRUDOH SR DO HU D F EH L GH FRODJH H UHPDUFD F OD V SUDID
GDF V D SURG V OFHUDUHD PRUD HV H GHOLPL D GH HSLGHUP
L DF L GH V UD V E LUH GH GHUP D URILD O H OH L L DVRFLD H
L FR V D H V FHOH GH LS O HFUR HL ILEUL RLGH D SHUH LORU DVF ODUL
DVF OL HORU HR L RILOLFH VD PR R FOHDUH L GHJH HU ULL ILEUHORU GH
FRODJH 6 D V DELOL JUDGH KLV RORJLFH v I F LH GH FDUDF HULV LFLOH
FHO ODUH LS O PD U EL H GLIHUH LD LS O L HUPHGLDU F
GLIHUH LHUH PRGHUD L LS O D DSOD LF HGLIHUH LD
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF 7LS O EL H GLIHUH LD VH FDUDF HUL HD
SUL FHO OH F FOHL UR L L FH UDOL F VL J U FOHRO
FL RSODVP DE GH F JUD OD LL LIRUPL D H FHO ODU L DEVH D
PL R HORU 7LS O D DSOD LF SUH L JUD OD LL S L H FOHL PDUL
IRUP HUHJ OD D L RFDULR PRGHUD FOHROL P O LSOLL RFD LR DO
FHO OH EL FOHD H VD PL R H 0L R HOH PHURDVH V UDU L DOL D H
FKLDU L OD FHOH PDL D DSOD LFH IRUPH PRUDOH ( DPH O FL RORJLF HV H
HGLILFD RU SH U V DELOLUHD GLDJ RV LF O L
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO LDJ RV LF O GLIHUH LDO DO PDV RFL RP O L
F D D VH IDFH ID GH KLV LRFL RP ED DOLRP DGH RFDUFL RDPH
OLPIRDPH F D D H H F
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PH DV D H 1 VH F RD H v FH P V U PDV RFL RDPHOH F GH RO DUH
OH VH SR UD VIRUPD v IRUPH DJUHVL H GL DFHV FR VLGHUH RULFH
LS PRUDO D IL UD D F R PDUH UHVSR VDELOL D H 7 PRUD SRD H H RO D
P O LIRFDO IUHF H SURG Fk G UHFLGL H SRV RSHUD RULL L PH DV D H
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V D LH D PH DV D HORU R FR V L LH OLPIR RG ULOH SH U FD DSRL V VH
U VSk GHDVF v VSOL ILFD L P G RVRDV
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H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H 6L R LRP 6L R LRVDUFRP VDUFRP
VL R LDO
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SUL DSDUL LD X HL PD H SDOSDELOH HGXUHURD H GH RO D H v DSURSLHUHD
HL DU LF OD LL D PHPEUHORU 7 PRUD SRD H D HD R FR VLV H IHUP
VD SRD H SUH H D HUL RULL PRL IO F D H 3H VHF L H SUH L R H
GH H U PRDOH R H GH KHPRUDJLH L GH HFUR VD VSD LL FKLV LFH
SOL H F FR L kVFRV D RUL S HULL PDUL GH L D LH
VL R LRVDUFRP O GLV U JH DU LF OD LD SUL HURGDUHD PDUJL LORU DU LF ODUH
L DGk G RV O V EFR GUDO
VSHF LV RSD ROR LF OD D LPDOH VDUFRP O VL R LDO HV H
IRUPD GL FHO OH PH H FKLPDOH PDOLJ H I VLIRUPH R DOH SROLJR DOH
VD V HOD H DUDF HU O ELID LF DO PRULL VSHFLILF OD RP HV H D k GH
SUHJ D OD D LPDOH FHV FDUDF HU VH UHIHU OD SUH H D D GR
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LS ILEUREODV LF HO OHOH JLJD H P O L FOHD H SR V DSDU D k v
IRUPD EH LJ Fk L v FHD PDOLJ GH PRUL GH VL R LDO
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF IUR L ULOH UHDOL D H SUL S F LH DVSLUD L
FR L FHO OH PH H FKLPDOH PDOLJ H F FOHL H FH ULFL L FL RSODVP
ED RILO FHO OH I VLIRUPH L FHO OH JLJD H P O L FOHD H ( DPH O
FL RORJLF HV H UHOH D SH U GLIHUH LHUHD F H DF L D H D LS O L GH
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PRUL PH H FKLPDOH F DFHHD L ORFDOL DUH
• EVHU D LL 6L R LRVDUFRP O SURG FH L D LH ORFDO GLV U Jk G L
UD HUVk G V U F ULOH DU LF ODUH L ILO UDUHD RVRDV L UHDF LD SHULRV DO
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H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H ILEUREODV RDPHOH DUDK RLGHL
• HOXOD GH RUL L H FHO OH PH L R HOLDOH VD DUDK RLGDOH V

GH PL H ILEUREODV H OHS RPH L HDOH
• /RFDOL UL PH L H IUHF H v UHJL HD E OE O L ROIDF L L ORE O L
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H FHIDO O 6 R RLGH VD JORE ORDVH F V SUDID H HG VD F DVSHF
ORE ODU EL H GHOLPL D H L GH F ORDUH FH LH VD J OE LH 8 HOH D FUH HUH
L ILO UD L
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF GHSL GH GH SD HU O GH FUH HUH VH GLV L J
LS O HSL HOLRLG FHO ODUL D H GLI GLVS V v V UD UL VD F SD HU DO HRODU
LS SVDPRPD RV FHO OHOH V GLVS VH v VSLUDO v FH U H LV k G GHSR L
ODPHODU KLDOL SUL LPSUHJ DUHD F U LD F V U UL GH FDOFL VD ILHU VH IRUPHD
FRUSLL SVDPRPD R L LS O ILEUREODV LF L LS O D JLREODV LF DVSHF GH
KHPD JLRSHULFL RP
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO v I F LH GH LS O KLV RORJLF PH L JLRP O VH
D GLIHUH LD ID GH PH DV D HOH FDUFL RPD RDVH
• H PLUHD PRULL ( (/
H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H PH R HOLRP EH L L PH R HOLRP
PDOL
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• /RFDOL UL SOH U SHUL R H SHULFDUG
• 0RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF VH GH RO V E IRUPD RU RG OL GH
GLPH VL L DULDELOH G UL VHVLOL VD SHGLF OD L VD V E IRUPD RU
H FUHVFH H LORDVH SH R VHURDV v JUR D
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF HOH PH R HOLRDPH vPEUDF SD HU
SDSLODU FHO OHOH ILL G GH LS HSL HOLRLG LDU DO HOH V IRUPD H GL FHO OH
I VLIRUPH )UHF H SD HU O KLV RORJLF HV H ELID LF
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF HO OHOH PH R HOLDOH PDOLJ H VH
FDUDF HUL HD FD PDMRUL D HD FHO OHORU PDOLJ H SUL GLPH VL L PDUL
SODMH GH FHO OH PR RPRUILVP FHO ODU D L RFL R D L RFDULR FOHL
PDUL P O L FOHHUH PL R H D LSLFH FOHROL JLJD L VD P O LSOLL
GHIRUP UL DOH IRUPHL L GLPH VL LORU PHPEUD HL FOHDUH FL RSODVP
ED RILO GHVHRUL GLD RV LF O FL RSD ROR LF UHE LH FR ILUPD SUL
H DPH KLV ROR LF GHRDUHFH v FD GH PH R HOLRP DSDU PHURDVH SODMH
GH FHO OH PRUDOH JUH GH GLIHUH LD GH FHO OHOH PH R HOLDOH UHDF L H
GH LUL D LH
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO 0DFURVFRSLF OD HOH VSHFLL PH R HOLRP O VH
SRD H FR I GD F UL F VHUR L HOH JUD ORPD RDVH L HFHVL
GLDJ RV LF GLIHUH LDO ID GH FDUFL RPD R D SHUL R HDO L RORJLF VH
LPS H HIHF DUHD GLDJ RV LF O L GLIHUH LDO ID GH PH R HOL
DF L D VD UHDF L
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H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H VFK D RP H URILEURP
H URILEURVDUFRP VFK D RP PDOLJ
• HO OD GH RUL L H FHO OD 6FK D
• /RFDOL UL F D D VD GH D O J O ILOH HORU L U G FL LORU HU RDVH
FDS
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GHOLPL D H VD F FDUDF HU L ILO UD L F DVSHF ILEURV HOH
GH RO D H SH V U F ULOH HU RDVH V EL H GHOLPL D H L I VLIRUPH
VSHF LV RSD ROR LF V U F UD PRULORU VH PRGLILF v
I F LH GH SUH H D KHPRUDJLLORU D ILEUR ULL PL HUDOL ULL L
SURFHVHORU GHJH HUD L H FD L GH JUDG O GH D DSOD LH FHO ODU FL
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EH L kU HM UL SDOLVDG VD RDVH GH SH H O HRUL SUHGRPL
HUL RULLOH V S VH GH H HU ULL
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO IRUPD PDOL D PRULORU HFLORU HU LORU
SHULIHULFL HV H DVHP RDUH KLV ROR LF L FRPSRU DPH DO F
KHPD JLRSHULFL RP O FD L
• EVHU D LL IRUPHOH EH LJ H UHFLGL HD UDU SRV RSHUD RU IRUPHOH
PDOLJ H SURG F IUHF H UHFLGL GDU PH DV D HD UDU
• H PLUHD PRULL
H XPLUL VLPLODUH DULD H VDUFRP KLV LRFL DU KLV LRFL R PDOL

VD VDUFRP F FHO OH GH GUL LFH IRUPD F FHO OH L D H P O L FOHD H
HV H F RVF GUHS KLV LRFL RP ILEURV PDOL
• HOXOD GH RUL L H FHO OD /D HUKD V LV LRFL RP O F D D FD L
FHO OD GH GUL LF VDUFRP O LV LRFL DU
• /RFDOL UL LV LRFL RP O F D D FD L VH ORFDOL HD F D D v
UHJL HD FDS O L SH PHPEUH L U FKL DIHF k G IUHF H FkL LL L HUL
V E D L
6DUFRP O KLV LRFL DU IRUPD ORFDOL D SRD H D HD FD ORFDOL DUH
SULPDU H X XO FR MX F L XEFX D D SOL D SXOPR XO OLPED H FHIDOXO
RD HOH HU HEUDOH )RUPD GL HPL D DIHF HD GLIHUL H RU D H L HU H L GRDU
RFD LR DO SLHOHD
• 0RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF KLV LRFL RP O F D D FD L DSDUH FD R
OH L H RG ODU VD DSOD L D LF GH FP v GLDPH U
L UDGHUPLF FLUF ODU G U F V SUDID D DORSHFLF VD OFHUD 3H
V SUDID D GH VHF L H HV H DOE EL H GHOLPL D GDU OLSVL GH FDSV O
2FD LR DO DUH FUH HUH P O LFH ULF
6DUFRP O KLV LRFL DU HV H R PRU G U F FDUDF HU
L ILO UD L
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF v KLV LRFL RP O F D D FD L FHO OHOH
PRUDOH VH L ILO UHD v HSLGHUP VD V L LP DO UD H V UD O L
ED DO DO HSLGHUP O L L GHUP O V SHUILFLDO DPL L G GH V U F UD
KLV LRFL RP O L F D D PDOLJ GH OD RP FDUH DUH SURJ RV LF JUD
6H FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R SUROLIHUDUH GH V GH FHO OH UR GH VD
SROLJR DOH GLVS VH v FRUGRD H RD H F SOHRPRUILVP O FHO ODU L
L GLFHOH PL R LF SOHGHD SH U R PRU PDOLJ OD R H DPL DUH
DP L VH FR V D PL R H LSLFH FURPD L FOHDU IL FOHROL
L FR V D L VD DEVH L PHPEUD FOHDU I U PRGLILF UL )UHF H
V REVHU D L FOHL FOL D L UH LIRUPL FDUH UHD V DELOLUHD
GLDJ RV LF O L DM OD LGH LILFDUHD FHO OHORU KLV LRFL DUH
FD O PRULORU v UHJUHVLH DVSHF O KLV RORJLF DPL H H GH
SURFHV L IODPD RU H LV k G L ILO UD H PR R FOHDUH ERJD H v
OLPIRFL H L SODVPRFL H
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF KLV LRFL RP O F D D FD L VH
FDUDF HUL HD SUL U R SRS OD LH SOHRPRUI GH FHO OH PR R FOHDUH F
D L RFL R PRGHUD 1 FOHLL V UR L VD R DODUL D FURPD L IL
UD ODU L HRUL SUH L R VFL U FDUDF HULV LF
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO GDF KLV LRFL RP O F D D FD L DSDUH OD
D LPDOH F kUV v DL D VH LPS H HIHF DUHD GLDJ RV LF O L
GLIHUH LDO ID GH OLPIRP O VD SODVPRFL RP O F D D
• EVHU D LL RD H F GL LV RULF O FD O L v KLV LRFL RP O F D D
FD L VH UHPDUF R FUH HUH UDSLG PRUD DUH FRPSRU DPH
EH LJ DGHVHD v UHJLV Uk G VH UHJUHVLL VSR D H SRVLELO PHGLD H
LP VD L GHFDUH SUL H FL LH FKLU UJLFDO
6DUFRP O KLV LRFL DU SURG FH PH DV D H SH FDOH OLPID LF
• H PLUHD PRULL (/ (/
H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H PHOD RP PDOLJ
• HO OD GH RUL L H PHOD RFL FHO OH GH GUL LFH GHUL D H GL
PHOD REODV HOH H URHF RGHUPLFH
• /RFDOL UL FD L D H E FDO E H SLHOH GHJH RFKL
• RUIROR LH
VSHF PDFURVFRSLF HV H IRDU H DULDELO v I F LH GH
ORFDOL DUH ORDUHD SRD H V DULH H GH OD JUL PDUR VD HJU OD UR
VD DOEDV U v FKLV 3LJPH D LD HV H R U V U VSHFLILF GHRDUHFH
L DO H OH L L PRUDOH VD H PRUDOH SR IL SLJPH D H LDU HOH
PHOD RDPH V DPHOD R LFH LPH VL LOH V DULDELOH
0HOD RDPHOH F D D H SR D HD IRUP GH F SRO H HG GH RG O VHVLO
SR IL SROLSRLGH F DVSHF GH SODFDUG VD GH PDVH ORE OD H 7 PRULOH
PDUL OFHUHD IUHF H
VSHF LV RSD ROR LF H LV GLIHUL H LS UL KLV RORJLFH
HO OHOH PRUDOH SR IL HSL HOLRLGH VD I VLIRUPH 7 PRULOH F
DF L L D H MR F LR DO VH PD LIHV V E IRUP GH F LE UL FHO ODUH
IRUPD H GL FHO OH R RLGH L H V SLJPH D H ORFDOL D H v HSLGHUP
L v DSURSLHUHD MR F L LL GHUPR HSLGHUPLFH L DFHV H F LE UL VH
GHVSUL G DJORPHU UL GH PHOD RFL H FDUH VH H L G v GHUP OD GLIHUL H
GLV D H HO OHOH PRUDOH GL DSURSLHUHD HSLGHUP O L GH RELFHL V
R RLGH HSL HOLRLGH LDU SH P V U FH S U G v GHUP GH L DO JL H
I VLIRUPH FHV H SUROLIHU UL FHO ODUH V v FDSV OD H GDU D R
GHPDUFD LH FODU ID GH HV O V RV 3D HU O KLV RORJLF HV H DULD
FD L FD L D HD GH SLJPH GL FL RSODVPD FHO OHORU PRUDOH 7 PRULOH
F FHO OH HSL HOLRLGH FR L FHO OH UR GH F PDUJL L GLVFUH H
FL RSODVP UD VSDUH L DE GH FOHL PDUL L FOHROL

SURHPL H L 7 PRULOH F FHO OH I VLIRUPH D DUD MDPH FHO ODU v
kU HM UL VD GH EH L v UHS U VH 1 FOHLL V PDL PDUL F FOHROL
SURHPL H L 7LS O PL GH PRU FR L H DPEHOH LS UL GH FHO OH
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF FHO OHOH GL IUR L ULOH UHDOL D H GL
PHOD RFL RDPH PHOD RDPH GLIHU v I F LH GH LS O KLV RORJLF GH
PRU 3R IL REVHU D H FHO OH UR GH VD FHO OH I VLIRUPH F
UDSRU FOH FL RSODVP PRGHUD P UL FOHL UR L FURPD L IL
FOHROL H LGH L L PHUR L L R FD L D H DULDELO GH FL RSODVP
HSLJPH D 8 HRUL FHO OHOH UR GH V SOHRPRUIH GLVS VH v
SODMH F FL RSODVP DE GH L F GRL VD PDL P O L FOHL UD OH
IL H GH SLJPH V GHSLV D H RFD LR DO 3R V H LV H FHO OH F FOHL
FOL D L
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO HV H GLILFLO GH UHDOL D v UH PHOD RFL RP L
PHOD RP v FD O SLJPH ULL L H VH SLJPH O PHOD LF PDVFKHD
FOH O FD O PRULORU DPHOD R LFH v I F LH GH SD HU O
KLV RORJLF VH LPS H HIHF DUHD GLDJ RV LF O L GLIHUH LDO ID GH
VDUFRDPH VD ID GH FDUFL RDPH
• EVHU D LL PHOD RFL RP PRU EH L PHOD RP PRU
PDOL 0HOD RP O FUH H UDSLG L SURG FH L D LH UHFLGL HD L
PH DV D HD v OLPIR RG O UHJLR DO v S OPR L v DO H RUJD H
5HDF LD L IODPD RULH VH V SUDS H SHV H SURFHV O PRUDO 3H U
GLDJ RV LF KLV RORJLF GH IL H H L SH U DSUHFLHUHD JUDG O L GH
PDOLJ L D H v FD O PRULORU ERJD H v SLJPH VH UHF UJH OD
GHFRORUDUHD VHF L LORU /RFDOL DUHD PRULL DUH R LPSRU D GHRVHEL
SH U V DELOLUHD SURJ RV LF O L
• H PLUHD PRULL / )
H PLUL VLPLODUH DULD H OLPIRP RGJNL OLPIRP R
RGJNL GH PLUH VSHFLILF v I F LH GH LS O GH OLPIRFL
• HO OD GH RUL L H OLPIRFL HOH FDUH D S U VL HUL RUL O PHG ODU L
SRS OHD HV ULOH OLPIRLGH D GLIHUL H JUDGH GH GLIHUH LHUH
OLPIRFL H % OLPIRFL H 7 OLPIRFL H 1. D UDO NLOOHU
• /RFDOL UL OLPIR RGDOH LVFHUDOH LPLF GLJHV L HU RV RF ODU
UH DO F D D
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VSHF PDFURVFRSLF DGH RSD LH LF OLPIRP VROL DU
SROLDGH RSD LH F P ULUHD v RO P D OLPIR RG ULORU DVSHF
VDUFRPD RV VO L RV SH VHF L H v I F LH GH H RO LH L GH LS O GH
OLPIRP OLPIR RG O SRD H IL PRELO VD SRD H DGHUD OD HV ULOH
v FR M U RDUH
VSHF KLV RSD ROR LF OLPIR RG O HV H VHGL O HL KLSHUSOD LL
OLPIRLGH FDUH GH HUPL R LIRUPL DUH D V U F ULL /LPIRFL HOH
PRUDOH SR L ILO UD FDSV OD OLPIR RG O L SR SORPED VL V ULOH VH
HUJH GLIHUH D GH V U F U GL UH FRU LFDO L PHG ODU ORFDOL ULOH
LVFHUDOH OLPIRP O VH SRD H PD LIHV D RG ODU VD GLI /LPIRFL HOH
PRUDOH VH L ILO UHD GLI v HV UL GLV U Jk G HOHPH HOH
SDUH FKLPD RDVH
VSHF FL RSD ROR LF HV H GRPL D GH PR RPRUILVP O FHO ODU
HO OHOH GLIHU FD PRUIRORJLH v I F LH GH LS O GH OLPIRP S k G IL
LPSOLFD H FH URFL HOH FH UREODV HOH LP REODV HOH SODVPREODV HOH
FHO OHOH GH LS KLV LRFL RLG 3R IL VHVL D H GL L L L D LSLFH L
UD VIRUP UL FHO ODUH VSHFLILFH FHO OHORU PDOLJ H
• LD RV LF GLIHUH LDO VH DSOLF v GHRVHEL SH U D GLIHUH LD
OLPIRP O F GHVF UFDUH FL HPLF ID GH OH FHPLH /H FHPLD HV H
FD FHU DO FHO OHORU VD J L H ILL G LPSOLFD H OL LLOH FHO ODUH GL
V U F UD P G HL KHPD RJH H 8 HOHPH GHIL L RUL v GLDJ RV LF O
OH FHPLHL HV H HIHF DUHD PHG ORJUDPHL S F LH RVRDV SH U
SUHOH DUHD GH P G KHPD RJH
• EVHU D LL SH U GLDJ RV LF GH FHU L GL H L SH U V DELOLUHD
SURJ RV LF O L VH UHF UJH OD LP RIH R LSL DUHD FHO OHORU PRUDOH
IRORVL G VH D LFRUSL PR RFOR DOL k v OLPIRP Fk L v OH FHPLH
SURJ RV LF O HV H IRDU H JUD
DSL RO O
7 OE U ULOH GH GH RO DUH F RVF H V E GH PLUHD H HULF GH

PDOIRUPD LL FR H L DOH X PRGLILF UL FH XU L v LPSXO LH LL L UDX HUL H
IX F LH GH UDYLWDWH VH vPSDUW v GRX PDUL FDWH RULL D RPDOLL L
PR VWUXR LW L RPDOLLOH VX W FR VLGHUDWH PDOIRUPD LL PDL SX L UDYH FDUH
X PRGLILF HVH LDO VWUXFWXUD RU D HORU L FDUH X FRPSURPLW FHO SX L L L LDO
YLD D L GLYLGXOXL DOIRUPD LLOH DSDU SUL SHUWXUEDUHD PRUIR H H HL X XL RU D
VDX HVXW 0R V UXR L LOH VX W GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL L FRPSDWLELOH FX YLD D
L SRW FR VWD v OLSVD X RU HVXWXUL L RU D H FX URO YLWDO D H FHIDOLD D DWLD
DSURVRSLD HWF VDX SRW FR VWD v OLSVD GH v FKLGHUH D X RU FDYLW L
FUD LRVFKLVLV WRUDFRVFKLVLV HWF HRUL SURGX LL GH FR FHS LH SUH L W R
RU D L DUH D DUKLF VDX VX W X L L v GLIHULWH R H DOH FRUSXOXL SURVRSRSD L
VWHU RSD L LVFKLRSD L HWF
WLL D FDUH VH RFXS FX VWXGLXO WXOEXU ULORU GH GH YROWDUH SRDUW
GH XPLUHD GH teratologie LDU IDFWRULL LPSOLFD L v DSDUL LD DFHVWRUD VX W
FX RVFX L FD factori teratogeni
Etiologia tulburărilor de dezvoltare

)DFWRULL WHUDWR H L SRW IL UXSD L v IL LFL FKLPLFL XWUL LR DOL
H HWLFL YLUDOL KRUPR DOL
)DF RULL IL LFL PHFD LFL HUPLFL DF L LFL
)DFWRULL PHFD LFL VX W IUHFYH W LPSOLFD L v DSDUL LD PDOIRUPD LLORU
FR H LWDOH OD D LPDOH L SRW DYHD RUL L H H WHU VDX L WHU L WUH IDFWRULL
H WHU L SUHVLX LOH H HUFLWDWH DVXSUD SURGXVXOXL GH FR FHS LH v FD GH ORYLWXUL
DOH DEGRPH XOXL VDX v FD XO F GHULL PDPHL SRW GHWHUPL D PDOIRUPD LL OD
LYHOXO R HL GH LPSDFW D IDFWRUL L WHU L SRW IL FR VLGHUDWH FD XULOH GH
v I XUDUH D FRUGR XOXL RPELOLFDO v MXUXO GLIHULWHORU R H D DWRPLFH SUHFXP L
KHPDWRDPHOH SODFH WDUH L EULGHOH IRUPDWH GH v YHOLWRULOH IHWDOH 6W ULOH GH
KLSHUWHUPLH DOH PDPHL v FD XO HYROX LHL X RU EROL IHEULOH SH SHULRDGD
HVWD LHL SRW DYHD HIHFW WHUDWR H DVXSUD SURGXVXOXL GH FR FHS LH
(IHF O HUD R H DO UDGLD LLORU LR L D H H H GHMD EL H FX R FX
)DF RULL FKLPLFL X UHSUH H D L GH XPHURD H XE D H F LPLFH
FDUH v IX F LH GH FD L D H SR GH HUPL D PDOIRUPD LL FR H L DOH ( H FD XO
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Clasificarea tulburărilor de dezvoltare

H YROWDUHD R WR H HWLF SUHVXSX H X D VDPEOX GH SURFHVH GLYL LX H
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L GH RELFHL L WHUHVHD X VL XU RU D
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PRGXUL
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H FHVXO GH GH YROWDUH
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L FDSDFLWDWHD FDUWLODMXOXL GH FR MX DUH GH D DVL XUD R FUH WHUH v OX LPH
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ED HL FUD LXOXL FHVWD VH GH YROW PDL v FHW FHHD FH GXFH OD DVSHFWXO WLSLF GH
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v W O LW OD WRDWH VSHFLLOH FDUDFWHUL DW SUL WU R GHILFLH D SURFHVXOXL H HUDO
GH FUH WHUH , GLYL LL DIHFWD L DX WRDWH GLPH VLX LOH PDL PLFL GHF W FR H HULL
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L GLYL L VX W L IHFX L L PRU SUHPDWXU
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Malforma iile aparatelor şi sistemelor
0DOIRUPD LLOH D DUD O L FDUGLR DVF ODU

D PDOIRUPD LL XPHULFH DX IRVW VHP DODWH FD XUL GH DFDUGLH OLSVD
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L WHU D DFHVWXLD VWIHO V DX VHP DODW FD XUL GH FRUG ELORFXODU L WULORFXODU OD
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L WHUYH WULFXODU ERDOD R HU VX W GHVFULVH OD P ML F HL L YL HL HUVLVWH D
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VHP DODW OD F L H L YL HO 6WH R D DUWHUHL SXOPR DUH SRDWH IL VXSUDYDOYXODU
YDOYXODU L VXEYDOYXODU GDU L GLIHUH W GH ORFDOL DUH WUX FKLXO DUWHUHL
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L GH GLODWD LD DRUWHL LVSOD LD YDOYXOHL WULFXVSLGH HVWH v W O LW PDL IUHFYH W OD
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UR LDWLF
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VWH R D DUWHUHL SXOPR DUH GH WURSR L LD DRUWHL FRPX LFDUHD L WHUYH WULFXODU
L KLSHUWURILD YH WULFXOXOXL GUHSW ULDGD OXL )DOORW VH FDUDFWHUL HD SUL
VWH R D DUWHUHL SXOPR DUH FRPX LFDUH L WHUDWULDO L KLSHUWURILD YH WULFXOXOXL
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D LYHOXO YDVHORU VD XL H VX W GHVFULVH GLYHUVH D RPDOLL DOH DUWHUHORU

L DOH YH HORU FHOH PDL VHP LILFDWLYH ILL G UHSUH H WDWH GH IRUPDUHD X XL
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DUWHUHORU L YH HORU v FRUG GHGXEODUHD YH HL FDYH VXSHULRDUH VDX GLYL DUHD
WUX FKLXOXL DRUWLF v GRX UDPXUL VLWXDWH GH R SDUWH L GH DOWD D WUDKHHL L
HVRID XOXL UDPXUL FH VH SRW UHX L XOWHULRU VXE FRORD D YHUWHEUDO VDX SRW
U P H VHSDUDWH FR WL X GX VH ILHFDUH FX DUWHUD LOLDF FRUHVSX WRDUH
0DOIRUPD LLOH D DUD O L UHV LUD RU

DOIRUPD LLOH DSDUDWXOXL UHVSLUDWRU SRW IL VHVL DWH OD LYHOXO WXWXURU
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DGHUH FR H LWDO D IRVHORU D DOH VDX FD RFOX LH FR H LWDO D FRU H LORU
D DOL 6HSWXO D DO SRDWH SUH H WD v UR UL FUHVWH VDX GHYLHUL FH LPSX
GHRVHELUHD ORU GH OH LX L GH DFHOD L IHO FXP DU IL FHOH GL UL LWD DWURILF
L WUH D RPDOLLOH ODUL HOXL FHOH PDL IUHFYH WH VX W DEVH D HSL ORWHL OD
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FH SHUPLWH FRPX LFDUHD v WUH ODUL H L HVRID X PDL IRVW GHVFULVH DWUH LD L
V H R D ODUL HO L GLDIUD P O OR LF V E OR LF VD V SUD OR LF RD H
PDOIRUPD LL L FRPSD LELOH FX LD D
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OXPH XOXL DX FD DSOD L UL U XFLUL L GHIRUP UL SUHFXP L VXE IRUPD
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L FRPSDWLELO FX YLD D OREL VXSUD XPHUDUL L VXE XPHUDUL GH PLF LPSRUWD
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SHUPLWH GLODWDUHD DOYHROHORU L S WUX GHUHD DHUXOXL v SXOPR L WUHEXLH
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0DOIRUPD LLOH D DUD O L GL HV L

D LYHOXO FDYLW LL EXFDOH ILVXULOH GLVUDILLOH DSOD LLOH L KLSRSOD LLOH
UHSUH L W FHOH PDL IUHFYH WH PDOIRUPD LL DS U G ILH L RODWH ILH DVRFLDWH FX
DOWH D RPDOLL
L WUH DFHVWHD VX W GH PH LR DW FKHLORVFKLVLVXO EX D GH LHSXUH

D RPDOLH PDL IUHFYH W OD EX D VXSHULRDU FH VH FDUDFWHUL HD SUL OLSVD GH
X LUH D PX XULORU EX HORU SDODWRVFKLVLVXO XUD GH OXS FDUDFWHUL DW SUL OLSVD
GH X LUH D RDVHORU SDODWL H D ORVLD OLSVD OLPELL F G v ORFXO OLPELL HVWH
SUH H W PXFRDVD EXFDO FX UDUH SDSLOH ILOLIRUPH LFURFKHLOLD PLFUR DWLD
PLFUR H LD L PLFURVWRPLD VX W KLSRSOD LL DOH EX HORU PD LODUXOXL VDX
PD GLEXOHL VROGDWH FX R UHGXFHUH D GHVFKLGHULL RULILFLXOXL EXFDO v WLPS FH
D DWLD OLSVD PD LODUXOXL D H LD OLSVD PD GLEXOHL L DSURVRSLD OLSVD IH HL
VX W PDOIRUPD LL UDYH FDUH SRW IL v FDGUDWH v FDWH RULD PR VWUXR LW LORU
6X W FLWDWH L FD XUL UDUH GH ELVWRPLH XU GXEO L GL ORVLH OLPE GXEO
SUHFXP L PDFUR DWLH PDFUR H LH L PDFURVWRPLH DFUR DWLD SUR DWLD
L PLFUR DWLD EUDKL DWLD VX W FDUDFWHUH GH UDV OD X HOH VSHFLL VXL H
FDU LYRUH L WUHEXLHVF L WHUSUHWDWH FD DWDUH DPSLOR DWLD v FUXFL DUHD
FLRFXOXL HVWH VHP DODW OD S V UL v VSHFLDO OD FXUF
RPDOLLOH GH WDUH VX W L HOH SUH H WH OD D LPDOH VWIHO D RGR LD

DEVH D GL LORU ROL RGR LD DEVH D SDU LDO D GL LORU L KLSHURGR LD GL L
VXSUD XPHUDUL VX W FR VLGHUDWH D RPDOLL XPHULFH LDU KLSRSOD LD VPDO XOXL L
D FHPH WXOXL VX W FR VLGHUDWH PRGLILF UL FDOLWDWLYH v W O LWH OD FDEDOL H L
D UL H 3H O IDFWRUXO HUHGLWDU v HWLRSDWR H H D DFHVWRU D RPDOLL PDL

L WHUYL L IDFWRUL XWUL LR DOL WR LFL L L IHF LR L
HD PDL VHYHU D RPDOLH D HVRID XOXL HVWH OLSVD DFHVWXLD GDU PDL SRW IL
SUH H WH L DOWHOH SUHFXP DOLSLUHD SHUH LORU HVRID LH L REWXUDUHD v GLIHULWH
R H ILVWXOHOH HVRID R WUDKHDOH PH DHVRID XO L GHGXEODUHD DFHVWXLD
LSRSOD LLOH L KLSHUSOD LLOH DVWULFH L YHUV ULOH SR L LHL VWRPDFXOXL

GHVFKLGHUHD D RUPDO F WUH HVRID L L WHVWL H VX W GRDU F WHYD GL WUH
D RPDOLLOH DFHVWXL VH PH W DO WXEXOXL GL HVWLY 6X W FLWDWH v OLWHUDWXU L FD XUL
GH VWH R SLORULF GDWRULW KLSHUWURILHL FR H LWDOH D PXVFXODWXULL SLORUXOXL
SUHFXP L FD XUL GH DWUH LH SLORULF
RPDOLLOH L WHVWL HORU VX W UHODWLY UDU v W O LWH 6X W VHP DODWH WRWX L

VWH R H KHU LL L DWUH LL FR H LWDOH OXPH L FRPSOHW VDX DEVH W
LPSRUWD PDL GHRVHELW R SUH L W PH DFROR XO FR H LWDO VHP DODW OD SRUF
F L H L SLVLF L FDUDFWHUL DW SUL WU R GLODWDUH PXOW SHVWH OLPLWHOH RUPDOH D
FROR XOXL XUPDW GH VWD FUR LF D IHFDOHORU IHUPH WD LL L LULWD LL DOH
PXFRDVHL (VWH DVRFLDW FX HGH YROWDUHD SOH XULORU HUYRDVH GL SHUHWHOH
L WHVWL DO H H LD X L VDX ELODWHUDO D VDFLORU FHFDOL SUHFXP L KLSRSOD LD
DFHVWRUD VX W D RPDOLL GHVFULVH OD SDV UH LDU OD IHPHOH YDF LDS HWF HVWH
VHP DODW R D RPDOLH GH DWXU H HWLF FDUDFWHUL DW SUL GHVFKLGHUHD
UHFWXOXL v YD L
0DOIRUPD LLOH D DUD O L UL DU

RPDOLLOH UH DOH SRW IL XPHULFH YROXPHWULFH GH IRUP GH OH WXU
L GH SR L LH
H H LD L DSOD LD X L VDX ELODWHUDO SUHFXP L UL LFKL VXSUD XPHUDUL

DX IRVW VHP DODWH OD PDMRULWDWHD VSHFLLORU LSRSOD LD X LODWHUDO v VR LW GH
KLSHUWURILD FRPSH VDWRULH D FR H HUXOXL UL LFKLL v SRWFRDY VDX L HODUL VX W
VLWXD LL UHODWLY IUHFYH W v W O LWH OD D LPDOH L LFKLXO SROLFKLVWLF FR H LWDO
HVWH GHVFULV OD WRDWH VSHFLLOH FX SUHF GHUH OD YL HL SXUFHL L SLVLFLOH SHUVD H D
SXUFHL HVWH v W O LW IRDUWH IUHFYH W UL LFKLXO IHWDO FDUH LPSULP VXSUDIH HL
UL LFKLXOXL X DVSHFW PDL PXOW VDX PDL SX L ERVHODW
5HIHUL RU OD F LOH UL DUH V D FR V D D FD UL GH G EODUH VD ULSODUH D
UH UHL OLSVD VD V SOLPH DUHD UH HUHORU FRUHVS RU D RPDOLLORU UH DOH
GHVFKLGHUHD UH HUHORU v UH U D L VD UHF SUHF P L DWUH LL DOH XUHWUHL
HUVLVWH D FD DOXOXL XUDF FRPSDUWLPH WDUHD YH LFLL XUL DUH L GHGXEODUHD
DFHVWHLD VX W DOWH SRVLELOH D RPDOLL
0DOIRUPD LLOH VLV HP O L HU RV

UL FLSDOD D RPDOLH D P GXYHL VSL ULL HVWH VSL D ELILGD FDUH VH SRDWH
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VDFUDO FHDVW D RPDOLH HVWH FR VHFL D RSULULL GH YROW ULL P GXYHL v SULPXO
V X VWDGLX OW D RPDOLH D P GXYHL GHVFULV OD D LPDOH HVWH DPLHOLD WRWDO
VDX SDU LDO v VR LW VDX X GH DEVH D VDX KLSRSOD LD FRORD HL YHUWHEUDOH L GH
FR WUDFWXUD VXV L XW D PHPEUHORU SHOYL H
L WUH WXOEXU ULOH GH GH YROWDUH DOH H FHIDOXOXL D H FHIDOLD

KHPLFHIDOLD DUL H FHIDOLD VX W PR VWUXR LW L L FRPSDWLELOH FX YLD D
H L RFHOXO H FHIDORFHOXO L PH L RH FHIDORFHOXO UHSUH L W KHU LHUL DOH
FR L XWXOXL L WUDFUD LD SUL ILVXUL H LVWH WH v WUH RDVHOH FUD LH H
FUD LRVFKLVLV
H H LD FHUHEHORDV PLFURH FHIDOLD L KLSRSOD LD FHUHEHORDV VH

REVHUY OD SLVRL FR VHFXWLY L IHF LHL FX SDUYRYLUXV OD YL HL FD XUPDUH D
L IHF LLORU FX YLUXVXO EROLL PXFRDVHORU L OD SXUFHL v L IHF LLOH FX YLUXVXO
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D RPDOLH UHODWLY IUHFYH W HVWH KLGURFHIDOLD FDUH VH PD LIHVW SUL

DFXPXODUHD OLFKLGXOXL FHIDORUDKLGLD ILH OD LYHOXO PH L HORU KLGURFHIDOLH
H WHU ILH OD LYHOXO YH WULFXOLORU FHUHEUDOL KLGURFHIDOLH L WHU VDX v
DPEHOH VHFWRDUH KLGURFHIDOLH FRPX LFD W 6 D GHPR VWUDW FDUDFWHUXO HUHGLWDU
DO DFHVWHL D RPDOLL OD YL HL L OD X HOH UDVH GH F L L
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RIWDOPLD HVWH UHODWLY IUHFYH W OD VXL H L DWUD H GXS VL H L DEVH D
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FR VWDWDW F RFKLXO SUH H W PD LIHVW L HO UDYH WXOEXU UL UHSUH H WDWH SUL
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V UDELVP O GH LHUHD ORELORU RF ODUL GD RUL L V DELOL LL PX FKLORU RFXODUL

D LULGLD DEVH D LULVXOXL VX W DOWH D RPDOLL FH SRW IL v W O LWH OD D LPDOH D
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D RUPDO D ORELORU RFXODU L GH UDUHILHUHD FRUSXOXL YLWURV RPDOLD HVWH
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SXSLOHL v VR LW GH RUELUH L GH FUH WHUHD SUHVLX LL L WUDRFXODUH LFORSLD VH
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SDYLOLRD H H WHU H DXULFXODUH VX W D RPDOLL v FDUH HVWH UHFX RVFXW DF LX HD
X RU H H
D PDOIRUPD LL DOH SLHOLL LKWLR D HVWH R WXOEXUDUH D FRU LILF ULL

HFWRGHUPXOXL L VWDODW v WLPSXO YLH LL L WUDXWHUL H L PD LIHVWDW SUL
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6HFUH LD OD GHORU VHEDFHH L VXGRULSDUH HVWH VLVWDW LDU SLHOHD HVWH XVFDW
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,KWLR D D IRVW VHP DODW v VSHFLDO OD ERYL H L F L H PDL DOHV REHUPD
6FOHURGHUPLD SDKLGHUPLD FR VW WRW v WU R v UR DUH H D HUDW D SLHOLL GDU SH
VHDPD GHUPXOXL SLHOHD F S W G DVSHFW GH SLHOH GH HOHID W XOEXUDUHD HVWH
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L VH FDUDFWHUL HD SUL OLSVD GH PDWXUDUH D ILEUHORU GH FROD H LHOHD HVWH
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FDUDFWHUL DWH SUL SUH H D X RU SURWXEHUD H FRU XDOH PRELOH GH GLPH VLX L
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FR H LWDO ORSHFLD FR H LWDO DWULFKLD DWULFKR D VH FDUDFWHUL HD SUL
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v O LW OD WDXUL H RPDOLD FR VW v F GHUHD S UXOXL SH UH LX L VLPHWULFH DOH
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GHUHD v FHSH GH OD FDS L VH H WL GH WUHSWDW VSUH FRDG L VSUH PHPEUHOH
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SURGXF WLM SLORDV LSRWULFKR D FR H LWDO HVWH H HUDW GH KLSRSOD LD
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L HVWH GH DWXU HUHGLWDU
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RPDOLLOH FRORD HL YHUWHEUDOH VH SRW PD LIHVWD FD D RPDOLL XPHULFH
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SUH L W DGHVHD R YHUWHEU v SOXV VDX v PL XV D VROLSHGH OD UD L D WRUDFR
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OD OX LPHD DFHVWRUD VWIHO VX W VHP DODWH FD XUL GH EUDKLPHOLH VDX
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PD LIHVWDUH D WXOEXU ULORU GH GH YROWDUH DOH PHPEUHORU HVWH PHORPHOLD
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VH VDX GL FR WU VH SRDWH GH YROWD v H FHV DGHVHD SUL L ILOWUDUH DGLSRDV
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FR D DGH HD v DSRLD X HUXOXL X XO DX GRX PLFL PDPHORD H /D RDLH L
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FX PDPHOH DEGRPL DOH SH GRX U GXUL IUHFYH W VH FR VWDW X D VDX PDL PXOWH
v SOXV SH R SDUWH VDX SH DOWD
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EVH D X XL WHVWLFXO PR RUKLGLD VDX D DPEHORU D RUKLGLD v VR LW
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SRUFL DU FHD PDL LPSRUWD W PDOIRUPD LH WHVWLFXODU HVWH FULSWRUKLGLD WUDGXV
SUL OLSVD GH PL UDUH FULSWRUKLGLH DEGRPL DO PL UDUHD L FRPSOHW
FULSWRUKLGLH L YL DO VDX HUDWLF H WUD H LWDO D WHVWLFXOHORU (VWH
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VSHFLL L L GLIHUH W GH WRSR UDILH SRDWH IL X L VDX ELODWHUDO
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KLSRSOD LD WHVWLFXODU RDWH IL GDWRUDW DF LX LL X HL H H UHFHVLYH VDX GH
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UHSUH H WDW v SUL FLSDO GL FHOXOHOH 6HUWROL HOXOHOH H GL L v H HUDO
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FR VLVWH IHUP D PDVFXOL H LVW R HUHGRSDWLH GH XPLW DSOD LD VH PH WDU
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FDUDFWHUL DW SUL DEVH D HSLGLGLPXOXL D FD DOXOXL GHIHUH W L D YH LFXOHORU
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DEVH GHIRUPDUH U VXFLUH GHYLHUL VDX PRGLILF UL GH YROXP DW W v OX LPH
F W L v GLDPHWUX ID GH VWD GDUGHOH VSHFLLORU L UDVHORU
H L DH D L LL D RV RSL H D R D H R L HV LR
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H DSH
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v G RGH
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HV L FR M FL
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L V SL DSL D LDD L L SD v IL L L LI P D
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D LD
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D V SL I D VD S LL EL LPL D D LVSD D PS VL v
D L D P L V D D VD
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D LD v LPS L LL D LPD L
S DL D PELL S IL SD L D L EL D L VD L LD S S PL D D
P VD L L V D PE L S IL D EL D LD L v D D ILE L
S PL PE L L L LL L v D D ILE L S PL
L L VD PL L
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V EL LV PL
D L D D M L VD
D DL D L ID
D LIL D D PEL PE LVP
DP L D V S L VD DV S L P DV D
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v DSL D D L VD V L LD P D L
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LV PL VD P D L L , H RV
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L V SL D V D V S D D VI PD v DV D
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H DV D D HD D VS P D VD L I DPD LL L I D v D
v V EL S L L P L V L L LPI L / L D I PD P DV D
H L L SL L D P D D D VV D v L VL
L PL D D L
D VV D L L DS V D VSD D D D v D D
D VV D P LIL D V VLPL D V LV D L D D D
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L S L L D L S L D
L L LPID L D L LPI P
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PH DEROL LOR R PDOL DF P OD HD R PH DEROL L L H PHGLD L DSD L LD R PH DEROL L
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H PL H R D PH DEROL oză
D LIL D HD GL ILL G S F L H L O ELRF LPLF
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L ILL H LG LGL H LSH LG D D H FHO OD

• GLV RILD D OD L PHVFH OE H GLV RILD SD H F LPD RDV
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L ILD D D ORFDOL D H V LF L DFHO OD
0DF RVFRSLF DVSHF GH R D ILH
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L ILD D D
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FH DO
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L ILL H LGL H
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SR L L
Hialinoza intracelulară ILE HOH P VF OD H VF HOH LFH FD GLDFH L H HGH HSD RFL HOH
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L D RDOD P F LOR DOEL
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FH RDV GH LS =H NH L FDOFLILFD H GLV RILF
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Hialinoza extracelulară SH H L DVF OD L PHPE D HOH ED DOH HV O FR M FL
L RLGR D ORFDOL D HD V LF H DFHO OD D D L RLG L ROR D

GH
PLORLGR D VSOH L IR PD ORFDOL D VSOL 6 2 L IR PD GLI VSOL
/ 5 (( VD VSOL F
SOL D SOL D / ((
PLORLG v M O D H LROHOR FH R RG OD H VH PLORLG O VH GHS H SH L H LF OD v S OSD R LH
L ILO HD v V F D RG OLOR OLPIRL L L v SH H LL VL V LOR H RDVH
0DF RVFRSLF RG OL DOELFLR L D VO FL L 0DF RVFRSLF VSOH RPH DOLH F DVSHF VO L RV
DVHP R L F ERDEHOH GH R H VD F DPLGR O SH VHF L H
0LF RVFRSLF OD +( PDV RPR H EOH GHVF LV OD +( R VODE 3 6 SR L L ROR D LD
HOHF L R GH R R
PLORLGR D HSD L OD SDOPLSHGH EOR GH HD ILFD P L FDVD DOEH FH RV
L GHRVHEL GH GH V /D FDO DPLORLG O GLV HV F D H LF OD ILFD O GH L H IRD H
I LDELO
ORFDOL D HD H DO DPLORLG O VH GHS H v PHPE D D ED DO D FDSLOD HOR
ORPH OD H v VSD L O PH D LDO v PHPE D HOH ED DOH DOH ELOR H DOL 0DF RVFRSLF
L LF L O HV H P L SDOLG F DVSHF FH RV R D VO FLG
3O FLOH GH DPLORLG GL V DVRFLD H H FHIDORSD LLOR VSR LIR PH D VPLVLELOH
L ILD IL L LG SH H LL DVF OD L RPR H L D HD L GH R D L D HD ILE HOR GH
FROD H VH FRPSOLF F HF R D ILE L RLG
L ILL H H LGL H D GHS H HD v GLIH L H HV L D DFLG O L LF L

D LOR
D D LD
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0DF RVFRSLF GHSR L H DOE F H DFHH VH RDVHOH SD FD V RSL H D IRFD H PLOLD H
DOEH v LVFH H
0LF RVFRSLF PH RGH D LG H GH FROR D H LHPVD D LG FHV HD DSD V E IR P
D OD L DFLF OD GLVS VH V E IR P GH H D DL
IR PHOH F R LFH HDF LH L IODPD R LH D ORPD RDV GH FR S V L RI RV
D D LIH H R L LF L GHSR L H VPk k RDVH v ED L H L D LF OD LL
LV RILL H LSLGL H
L L H LGR H H
HD R D OLSLGR D ILFD L LF L PLRFD G
+HSD RV HD R D VD V HD R D OLSLGR D HSD L FH RORE OD SH LDFL D
HSD RV HD R H RORE OD FH RDFL D HSD RV HD R SD ORE OD SD DFL D
0DF RVFRSLF ILFD O P L DOEH O RV I LDELO O FLRV SH VHF L H
0LF RVFRSLF FROR D LL VSHFLDOH 6 GD ,,, , VD H GH 6 GD L FO GH H OD
HD L VHF LR D H OD F LR RP +( +( DF ROH RS LF RDOH v FL RSODVPD HSD RFL HOR
FOH DIHF D vPSL V VS H SH LIH LD FHO OHL
ILO OS O OS H H DIHF L H VLV HPLF
R HV HD R H H DF P OD HD v HV L D FROHV H RO O L L HV H LOR GH FROHV H RO
SH H LL DVF OD L
LV RILL H LGL H L R H R H
SH O H GLDEH O D D D
0LF RVFRSLF FD PL HV VD 3 6 OLFR H D OH R LILOH v HSD RFL H
HI RFL H H F
+S O H LSR OLFHPLD S FHLOR
LV RILL H L H DH
D L LV L H PD D LD
D LIL LH D L H HH L H
O H GHS H HD V LOR GH FDOFL OD L HO O R OH L L GLV RILFH
HF R LFH FD H V IH PRGLILF L GH S+
0DF RVFRSLF IRFD H DOEH PD H VFD H L G D H RPR VSHFLILF OD VHF LR D H
0LF RVFRSLF +( GHSR L H ED RILOH FROR D LD VSHFLDO . E v F LV
DO LIL D HD PH DV D L LSH FDOFHPLH H GR H VD H R H PRELOL D HD FDOFL O L
GL RDVH L GHSR L D HD v HV L R PDOH S OPR L LF L P FRDV DV LF SLHOH SH H L
DVF OD L
/L LD D D R D S HFLSL D HD V LOR PL H DOH IR PD HD GH PLF ROL H

PDF ROL H FDOF OL v H LF L D H LF ELOLD
HPH H H PD H LDO R D LF SH H S LPS H D F V L PL H DOH
EH RD H
H G HPH H H PD H LDO R D LF SD LDO GHV LG D D SVH GRFR F HPH H GH
R I PL H DOL D H
L ILL H L PH D H
HP LGH D
)R PH ORFDOL D L H H DOL D
2 D H OLPIR RG L L LF L ILFD S OPR H F
0DF RVFRSLF R D HOH V P LH F PL LL V S DID D R GH L HOD
0LF RVFRSLF HPRVLGH L D FROR D LH VSHFLDO 3(5/6 DOEDV H LH
/D + ( D OH E D LL
K v H RHSL HOLL F IR PD HD FLOL G LOR HPRVLGH L LFL v O PH O ELOR
0DF RID HOH v F FD H F HPRVLGH L H H
6LGH RID HOH v S OPR O GH V D HO OH H FD D IR P LL OR H
L V ILFLH D FD GLDF
H ELOL EL D v Vk H L v HV L LPS LP F ORD HD DOEH

S H HSD LF VD HPROL LF
L D HSD LF VD HSD R R LF
SRV HSD LF PHFD LF VD GH V D
PL
0LF RVFRSLF LF H O HPROL LF HPRVLGH R D H H DOL D
LF H O L D HSD LF DO H L HSD RFL D H VH H H
LF H O GH V D FD DOLF OH ELOLD H H LGH H
IL LD DF P OD H GH SR IL L H v HV L LR D H
/RFDOL L HV RVRV RV HR HPR RPD R D GL L ERDOD GL O L LF L
K H ILFD SLHOH IH RPH H GH IR RVH VLELOL D H
H D R H H SH ED HD PH DEROLVP O L PHOD L HL L D GLV LE LHL v R D LVP

SH HO PDF OD L GLI S OPR ILFD PLRFD G L LF L H F
0DF RVFRSLF DEO GH D
0LF RVFRSLF +( +( D OH IL H E H LFLRDVH v FL RSODVP
S HO DOEL LVP OH FRGH PLD SLHOH DOE OH FR LF LH S DOE L LOL R
FD L LD v F L HD
/L I L D DF P OD HD L DFHO OD D SL PH O L GH OLSRI VFL D

0DF RVFRSLF D RILD E D FR G O L
0LF RVFRSLF D OH IL H E OE L L DFL RSODVPLFH SD H v VSHFLDO v M O
FOH O L
D D S OEH L GH FD ER I HF H v S OPR
0DF RVFRSLF S OPR O V RSL F
0LF RVFRSLF SD LF OHOH GH FD ER VH H VHVF v SH H LL DO HROD L VD v HV O
FR M F L GL VHS L S HF P L v PDF RID H
L H D HH
L H H D D DF P OD H H FHVL GH F H D L PD K SO FL FR RDVH
F V H FDOR L L SODFD GH FR RDVH
0LF RVFRSLF V D O GH FR RV ODPHOH R LILOH V S DS VH I FOHL
D D H D D DF P OD H GH F H D L LPD PLF RVFRSLF F FOHL
H D D LD D
RGLIL L DGDS D L H
D VIR D HD D L D HD PRGLILF L V F DOH S RI GH L H H VLELOH DOH
FHO OHOR L V LR VRFL F v SL L R F LL RL P F R F
SL LRL LP RFL S VPRFL
6L L H L F R F L P L F
L P L F LS / V V RF P P
RP R F F LL LVS L S L LF v FR R L V SR FR
L P L F LS FR S V L V R F L F S LL
FL RS VPLF VS FR S V L LF F LL RP L SR RS V
I I
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L LSRS L S L V L LF L R L
RL v F D RILH RO PH L L D RILH PH L
H H H H
RILH GH RPS HVL H RILD R L
RILD R PR DO RILD D L L
RILD GH L D L LDH RILD PD DVPD L
DPLR RILH RILD VH LO
RILD H R L H R H
H P I
RILD VLPSO PLF R R RP P S F LP R V
RILD DV v LF F R S F LP R V V R V LSRV
SVH GR LSH RILH
RILD ILE RDV V L RDV F SRL
RILD VH RDV F V LSRV VS F L RV
LP F F LF
RILD E F P LSR VFL
H I P L v R P L V V R S V P H H P
F R FR V L LS F
H I H
H I H H
H I P H HV F R S F
LSH S D LD P LHD R P L L V V R S V P H H P
P R FR V L S F LP R V L V RP
H. adaptativă R PR
H. regenerativă L V L P L RVR V
H. inflamatorii L P
H DS D LD VRP L V L L v V L L
F LR L L P LRR R Lv L v V L SL L L FR FL
RD HD H D
GHIL H P D D VD D V L
D L DS S P D D S DPD L
1 V EV PD V SL
P L D L L DS D P LS PD LS PD
PD L D PD L D L SL DL DL L
V D I V S G VD D ID D D
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D D G D ID D v S S DS S V DS G
ID D I V G ID D D
H V I G D D
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D V S I D D v G D VD D v I D D
D D V D I D S V
V S V D DV D D I D D I I
DS V G G V
H H H H NH H O
D V S S G D DVS V DVS D
V S I V D ID V D I D I
V D D I VD I V D
H V M G V DS DV D
H H V DG S V
D V S I D D V D D
V S D VS D GD ,,, , G GD
H H H H VS I S S G V G H
D V S I D G G G V D D D D
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V S D D V DV D
Necroza umedă (de colicv ie sau de lichefac ie) – localizare în 61 FD DPROLVPH
VD PDODFLH 1HF R D GH FROLF D LH HV H v v D D V
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H V GD L H L S ROLIH D L H
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L IO F S O L S L S L S L IO O L F M FL L M O
O L S IL
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0LF F SLF F F F LILO O S L E ILO O
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F F L SL S O Lv I F O L IO ( L L
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0 F F SLF O L L I LF OL L F S O F M FL OE L IL
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LS L I O LF LF LF F LF I LI Lv I F
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FO O F LF
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L L L O L F S O L L FL SO LF S
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F S L F OF L F F v M OI F O L F
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Granulomul parazitar O S L L L L L L O S L
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Granulomul de corp străin inert I
Inflam ia ‚granulomatoasă’ difuză L IO L LI F SL OL L L F O O
L S OLI SL OL L L F F F L ILO L S E F O S O
L L O v F SOL SL OLF O O O FL F O L L
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F O O FO OL I FL L F I
RGLIL LH R DH
1HRSOD LD HS H L R PDV GH HV D RUPD D F UHL FUH HUH GHS H H L VH
FRRUGR HD F FHD D HV UL RU RUPD H DUH VFRS v VL H L HV H v FRPSH L LH F
V U F UL H RUPD H 1HRS D LH HRS DVP PRDUH PRDUH
D FHU PRUL RU PD L H
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F O O O F L L GH FRPSRU DPH ELR R LF
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• L P GH F H HUH H
• SURG F PH DV D H L S v SHULFR LD D D LPD L
7 PRUL H PD L H
• UL P GH FUH HUH UDSLG
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UHFLGL H SRV RSHUD RULL
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3H U GHVFULHUHD PRUIR R LHL FH H RU HRS D LFH VH IR RVH H R HUPL R R LH VSHFLD
UHSUH L V PD GHRVHEL L R PRUIR R LFH SH FDUH H SUH L FH H H VD
HV HRS D LF ID GH DFH HD L V U F UL RUPD H
HV H SURFHV GH PRGLILFDUH D FH H RU DG H GLIHUH D k
F F I O LF L L F F F LF O O L L L LO F F O LS
EL LI LD H VD V DE GLIHUH LD H DS D LD SRD H DIHF D v V L FHO OHOH L H H
PDL S FD H OD k OO F L SO LF
H P I P S L ELOL OL L L IRUPHL FH H RU FDUH IDF SDU H
GL DFHHD L SRS D LH FH DU
HV H R FRPSR H D S HRPRUILVP L L HV H UHSUH H D GH FH H FDUH
SUH L D LH GLPH VL L GLIHUL H v FDGU DFH HLD L SRS D LL FH DUH
FDUDF HUL HD v DFHHD L P V U S HRPRUILVP L VH UHIHU D F HL GH
GLPH VL L DULDEL H DL FH H RU GL DFHHD L SRS D LH FH DU
3H U FDUDF HUL DUHD FL R R LF D HL PRUL UHE LH D Hv HGHUH H H DVSHF H
PRUIR R LFH FDUH R RU v FDGUD v FD H RULD FH RU EH L H VD PD L H
LIH H H P I H H H H L PD L H
D D H H H H L H H H PD L H
LPH VL L D LDELOL D H v LPL L LL P S V LPL

L LR R LF L LR R LF L RFL R
)R P L LL v LPL )UHF H IRUP GLIHUL GH FH D
L LR R LF L v I F LH GH GH RUL L H L S HRPRUILVP
HV LPS LFD
LPH VL L H 9DULDEL L D H v I F LH GH 9DULDEL L D H PDUH D L RFDULR
FH L ID D FLF L FH DU
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FH L FH HL GH RUL L H RUL L H L S HRPRUILVP F HDU
UD MDPH VHP RU F DFH D D 7H U FDUDF HULV LF GLVS HUH v
FURPD L HL FH HL GH RUL L H E UL v UH HD IL S HUL D
F HDUH D UH D H FDUH GD FH L
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H H 1HFDUDF HULV LF 1HFDUDF HULV LF VD v I F LH GH
P L F HD H LS GH PRU
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GLPH VLR D GLPH VL L DULDEL H L D L
L RS DVPD 5H D L DE GH L L FR , H V ED RIL VD F
ULD L D H RPR H v SRS D LH L F RULD L D H GLIHUL v SRS D LH
DVHP RDUH FH H RU RUPD H
5DSRU FH ID RD HD FL RSODVPHL ID RD HD FOH O L L GH VS H
FL RS DVP R PDO DSR GH VD
5D D PL R HOR k S v RL DO
VSHF O PL R HOR LSROD H LSLFH VSHF DEH D D LSLFH
GH L HD 3 H LF H P G D 6ODE
L H FHO OD RVRDV OLPIR RG L VSOL
H PL LD P L PH H LPD H
H D D H H H P H H H P HP H
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GLSRFL /LSRP /LSRVD FRP
R G RFL FR G REODV R G RP R F RVD FRP
2V HRFL RV HREODV 2V HRP 2V HRVD FRP
LREODV +HPD LRP +HPD LRVD FRP
3H LFL +HPD LRSH LFL RP
0LREODV O V LD 5DEGRPLRP 5DEGRPLRVD FRP
0LREODV O H HG /HLRPLRP /HLRPLRVD FRP
HO OHOH S HF VRD H /H FHPLH
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0DV RFL 0DV RFL RP F 0DV RFL RP
FRPSR DPH EH L
3ODVPRFL 3ODVPRFL RP F D D 0LHORP P O LSO
H L R R LD R R L HSL H LD H
(SL H L GH R L L H R L EH L H R L DL H
(SL HOL O SO LV D LILFD 3DSLORP D FL RP VF DPR FHO OD
VF DPRV
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SVH GRV D LILFD
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(SL HOL O D L LR D 3DSL RP DUFL RP UD L LR D
HSD RFL GH RP HSD RFH DU DUFL RP HSD RFH DU
HSD RP
R L H H RH RGH L H
H D RFL D D D
H L R R LD R R L H E LR D H
H D H H H H P
V D
S GD D V
GI LD H F FDSDFL D H GH 7HUD RP HUD RFDUFL RP
GLIHUH LHUH S ULSR H LV GHUPRLG

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0 OO 0 O FRR GR R

Anatomie patologică generală veterinară (G (O V RV F ,6 1 ,6 1

3D O LD F FHOH DP L LPS D H DOH DOH D D PLD SD O LF L

( L PH D H PHFD L PH D D I P L P I O LFH FD H DSD v F L LLOH

H L LH ELHF O S L FLSDO H L DO D D PLHL SD O LFH S IL HIL L H FD

• OH L L F RVFRS F L LELOH S LF SH D LPDO O L SH SLH HOH SH D LL D SH

1 L LOH H SD O LH D HP LILFD LH LIH L v I F LH H PH L O H DSOLFDELOL D H

O F O F L H SD O LD FDOH H DELOL H D LD LF O L HFH D v HD

3H S ROR D D PLD SD O LF HS H L L O OH L LO D FLD H E OLL L DO

D PLD SD O LF D H DSOLFDELOL D H D v LD LF O FOL LF F L v FHO HF S LF

LD LF O FOL LF L LOH H D D PLH SD O LF H H H F L H DSOLF v

O IHO S SD O LD L H LILF OH L LOH L S D H I L D LD LF

D PLD SD O LF SD O LD H H H L D H OH v H L FLSOL HOH S HFOL LFH L

D PLD SD O LF F LE LH DO L H DO H L FLSOL H IL L SD O LD HPL O LD

D L H SO LHL L I PD L DOH D DS H LH H SHFLDOL L DOH SD O LHL SD O LH F PSD D

( H H HP H H FD SHFLDOL LL ILH OD F H F DH LOH L PDM L D HD SD O LO HF F

1 L LOH H D D PLH SD O LF F DH v HL FDSL OH PD L anatomia

Mijloace de studiu utilizate în anatomia patologică

0DF F SLD H H FHD PDL LPSO PH H L H L D LH D D HO L H LO

L S FD H DFHD PH H L H L D LH H H D H HD L ILFLH H L DFHOHD L

0LF F SLD H H PH D FD H HF H OD H DPL D HD S EHO F DM O

( DPH O PLF F SLF FL O LF L L O LF H S D H DSOLFD S EHO HF O D H S L

0 F RVFRS RS F DSHOHD OD LIH L H PH H H L H L D LH v I F LH H LS O H

• 0R IR FR S HF H OD S DPH FD H H DSOLF SH LPD L L H

L S LD S H L LPS D H HEL v DELOL HD LD LF O L D D P SD O LF

D H PH HOH H ED HD SH H DPH O FL O LF L SH DELOL HD LD LF O L

L SD O LD H H LL D PH LFDO FD H D H HS ELHF H L OH L LOH L S F

D PLD SD O LF H H DO H H F D L DF LF v PDL P O H FDSL OH L HD

• D D PLD SD O LF D P LILF LO FL F OD LHL D L H OLPID LFH L D P LILF LO

0 LILF LOH FL F OD LL H HIH OD SH E L DOH

, V DODUHD PRGLILF ULORU FLUF OD RULL DUH OD ED GH HFKLOLEU FUHD v UH

0RGLILF ULOH FLUF OD RULL SR IL U SD H v UHL FD H RULL

OE U UL GH RO P L GLV ULE LH DOH Vk HO L KLSHUHPLD V D D KHPRUD LD

Modificările circula iei sanguine

0RGLILF ULOH v FLUF OD LD VD L DSDU v PHURDVH V UL SD ROR LFH LS ULOH GH

• LSHUHPLH DF L L KLSHUHPLH • URPER

LSH HPLD H D FH FD Vk H SUHD P O L VH UHIHU OD DSRU O VSRUL GH Vk H v

LSHUHPLD P O LPS D D FD VL R LP HUPH O GH FR HV LH GDU v O LP O LPS FHL

LSHUHPLD v I F LH GH ORFDOL DUH L GH FR GL LLOH v FDUH VH SURG FH SRD H IL

LSHUHPLD SD ROR LF IUHF H HV H SDU H FRPSR H D DO RU SURFHVH SD ROR LFH

3H U FODVLILFDUHD KLSHUHPLHL VH LD v FR VLGHUDUH UHL IDF RUL

• G UD D H LGH LHULL OH L LL H RO LD DF L FUR LF

LSH H LD DF L DF FD HV H HRUL UH GH V USUL V (D FR V v P ULUHD

LSHUHPLD DF L UHSUH L U VS V DO FLUF OD LHL HUPL DOH OD DF L HD RU

0RUIROR LF KLSHUHPLD DF L GH HUPL v UR LUHD HUL RULLORU DIHF D H F VD I U

0LFURVFRSLF v FDSLODUHOH L DU HULROHOH GLOD D H VH H LGH LD P U PDUH GH

LSH H LD SD L D D F LF FD VH L V DOHD GH H HPSO v FD O RU

LSH H LD SD L D D F LF H H D L D VHP LILF ILH R V IHUL FDUGLDF

L V ILFLH D GH FRUG V k SURG V GH V H R D DRU HL VH L V DOHD v LPS R V D

V D RU D HOH V PHILD H U HVFH H VD RU L G UD H FDS R F ORDUH UR LH

OL LF V D D H HUDOL D VH PD LIHV SUL F R P FRDVHORU L D H UHPL LORU

0LFURVFRSLF v RU D HOH VD HV ULOH F V D FDSLODUHOH H OHOH L H HOH V

3H U H HPSOLILFDUH V SUH H D H DVSHF HOH PRUIROR LFH UH VL H v S OPR O L

D D S OPR DU VH L V DOHD v L V ILFLH D GH FRUG V k 0LFURVFRSLF FDSLODUHOH

D D KHSD LF DSDUH v L V ILFLH D GH FRUG GUHS , L LDO VH FR V D FUH HUHD

0LFURVFRSLF v I F LH GH V DGL O V USUL V V D D KHSD LF VH PD LIHV GLIHUL , L LDO

DF SURFHV O D D VHD R D FH UDO L PLMORFLH D ORE OLORU KHSD LFL V IHU