HYDRAULICS

FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLUID FLOW
LESSON 1

EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
SET 1
Example Prob 1.1:
A city requires a flow of 1.50 m3/s for its water supply.
Determine the diameter of the pipe if the velocity of flow
is to be 1.80m/s
Given:
Q = 1.50m3/S
V = 1.80 m/s
Req’d: diameter of the pipe (d)
Sol’n:
From the Formula: Q = AV
Solve for A = Q/V
= 1.50/ 1.80
= 0.833 m2
Solve for d from the formula of Area of circle
A = /4 d2
therefore : d = 1.03 m
Example Prob 1.2: A pipeline consists of three successive lengths of
50cm, 40cm, and 30cm pipes. With a continous discharge of 300
litre/s of oil (sp.gr. 0.75) compute the mean velocity in each pipe.
Given:
d1 = 50cm, d2 = 40cm, d3 = 30cm
Q = 300 li/s, SGoil = 0.75
Req’d: V1, V2, V3
Sol’n:
A1V1 = A2V2 = A3V3 = Q
A1 = /4d12 = /4(0.5)2 = 0.1963 m2
A2 = /4d22 = /4(0.4)2 = 0.1257 m2
A3 = /4d32 = /4(0.3)2 = 0.0707 m2
since: Q = 300 li/s or 0.30 m3/s
therefore: V1 = Q/A1=1.53 m/s
V2 = Q/A2=2.39 m/s
V3 = Q/A3=4.24 m/s
Example Problem 1.3 A fluid flowing in a pipe 30cm
in diameter has a uniform velocity of 4m/s. The
pressure at the center of the pipe is 40KPa, and the
elevation of the pipe’s centerline above an
assumed datum is 4.5m. Compute the total energy
per unit weight of the flowing fluid if it is oil (sp. Gr.
0.80)
Given: d = 30cm, v = 4m/s
p = 40 KPa, z = 4.5m, SG = 0.80
Req’d: Total E (total energy head)
Sol’n:
ET = V2/2g + p/ + z
ET = (4)2/[2(9.81)] + (40)/[(0.8)(9.81)] + 4.5
ET = 10.41 J/N (or m)
Example Prob 1.4: A liquid of specific gravity 1.75 flows in a
6cm pipe. The total energy at a point in the flowing liquid is
80J/N. The elevation of the pipe above a fixed datum is
2.60m and the pressure in the pipe is 75KPa. Determine
the velocity of flow and the power available at that point.
Given: SG = 1.75, D = 6cm, ET = 80J/N
Z = 2.60m, p = 75KPa
Req’d: V & P
Sol’n:
E = V2/2g + p/ + z
80 = V2/2(9.81) + (75)/[(1.75)(9.81)] + 2.60
Therefore: V = 37.85 m/s
P = QE, Q = AV
P = [/4(0.06)2(37.85)]x[(9.81x1000)(1.75)]x[80]
P= 146.98 x 103 W
P = 146.98 KW
Example Prob 1.5: The cross section of a pipe was divided into
eight equal areas by means of concentric circles. The mean
velocities in the areas, starting at the center of the pipe, were
measured, in m/s, as follows: 2.72, 2.70, 2.67, 2.65, 2.49,
1.38, 1.05 & 0.78. Compute the correction factor  of the
velocity head.
Given: V1=2.72m/s, V2=2.70m/s, V3=2.67m/s, V4=2.65m/s
V5=2.49m/s, V6=2.38m/s, V7=2.05m/s, V8=1.78m/s
Req’d: correction factor ()
Sol’n:
Va2/2g = V2/2g
Va2/2g = 1/8[(2.72)2/2g+ (2.70)2/2g+ (2.67)2/2g+ (2.65)2/2g+
(2.49)2/2g+ (2.38)2/2g+ (2.05)2/2g+ (1.78)2/2g]
=0.306 m
V = 1/8 (2.72+2.70+2.67+2.65+2.49+2.38+2.05+1.78)
= 2.43m/s
V2/2g = (2.43)2/2g
= 0.301m
since: (0.306) =  (0.301)
therefore:  = 0.306/0.301 = 1.017
• Example Prob 1.6: A pump draws water from reservoir A and
lifts it to reservoir B. The head losses are: A to 1: V12/2g and 2
to B: 20V22/2g. Compute the output power in KW of the pump
and the pressure head at point 2 if the discharge is 15li/s.
Given: HL(A-1) = V12/2g, HL(2-B) = 20V22/2g,
d1 = 15cm, d2 = 10cm
Q = 15li/s
Req’d: P(out) (of pump in KW)
p2/w
Sol’n:
Consider point A & B:
VA2/2g + pA/ + zA+ HP(out) = VB2/2g + pB/ + zB + HL(A-1 )+HL(2-B )
0 + 0 + 0 + HP(out) = 0 + 0 + 80+V12/2g+ 20V22/2g
but Q = A1V1 = A2V2
0.015 = /4(0.15)2V1 = /4(0.10)2V2
therefore: V1 = 0.85m/s & V2 = 1.91m/s
Substituting the values:
HP(out) = 80+(0.85)2/2g+ 20(1.91)2/2g
HP(out) = 83.76 N-m/N or (m)
From: P = QE, P(out) = QHP(out),
P(out) = (0.015)(9.81)(83.76)
P(out) =12.33 KW
• Consider point 2 to B to solve p2/
V22/2g + p2/ + z2 = VB2/2g + pB/ + zB +HL(2-B )
(1.91)2/2g +p2/ +(-6) = 0 + 0 + 80 + 20(1.91)2/2g
therefore: p2/ = 89.53 J/N or (m)