Reinforced Concrete Structures

Part II – Course 8-9

Single Level Structures

 General issues
 Necessity for single level structures
 large spans
 large live loads
 heavy machinery
 horizontal production processes
 use of natural illumination
 General issues
 Types of single level structures according
to openings:
 rectangular openings (L=6÷36 m,
T=3÷18 m)
 square openings (L,T=7.5÷36 m)
 General issues
 rectangular square openings
openings (Losan - (Tetarom - Cluj)
Bucureşti)
 General issues
 structural system selected according to
 spans and openings
 production processes (presence of
bridge cranes)
 type of foundation soil
 execution type (cast in place,
prefabricated, mixed)
 General issues
 Structures with rectangular openings are
usually composed of plane elements,
braced along the direction perpendicular to
their plane
 Structures with square openings are
usually composed of spatial elements
 General issues
 Principles
 whenever possible, fully prefabricated
elements are preferred; only assembly
works are performed on site
 dry joints (no concrete over-pour) are
preferred for prefabricated elements =>
structures are fully un-mountable
 bidirectional elements are more efficient,
use the entire concrete cross section
 Classification
 Cast in place Prefabricated frames
frames (Il Caffe - (Polus - Cluj)
Cluj)
 Classification
 Structures with Structures with
ribbed slabs networks of beams
 Classification
 Structures with thin reinforced concrete
shells
 Classification
 Single span Multi-span structures
structures
 Classification

 Structures with flat roofs

 Structures with sloped roofs
 Structures with mixed roofs
 Classification

 Structures with horizontal braces

 Structures without horizontal braces
 Classification

 Structures with hinged supports

 Structures with fixed supports
 Classification
 Structures with Structures with
transversal frames longitudinal frames
Influence of element rigidities on
the moment distribution
q
2
ql
R
2
ql
8 12
2
ql
2 8
ql
24

S
R S
R

H
l
Influence of element rigidities on
the moment distribution
 Case 1: when the beam has the rigidity
much smaller than the columns, it behaves
similar to a double fixed beam => fixed
nodes => bending moment in the columns
 Case 2: when the beam has the rigidity
much larger than the columns, it behaves
similar to a simply supported beam =>
nodes rotate => almost no bending moment
in the columns
Influence of element rigidities on
the moment distribution
 column and beam rigidities

 influence of ρbeam/ρcol on the field bending

moments
ρbeam/ρc 0 1 ∞
ol
double
ql2/24 ql2/13.3 ql2/8
hinged
double
ql2/24 ql2/14.4 ql2/8
fixed
Influence of supports on the
moment distribution
Încărcări verticale Încărcări orizontale Variaţii detemperatură
şi contracţie
 Influence of supports on the
moment distribution
 Double fixed frames: smaller bending
moments in the beams and columns,
except for the efforts due to contraction and
temperature variation, support bending
moments
 Double hinged frames: larger bending
moments in the beams and columns,
except for the efforts due to contraction and
temperature variation, no support bending
moments
Influence of support settlements on
the moment distribution
 Rotation of the foundation loaded by M1
N M1
M 1,2  
N M1 A W
2M
1 2  1
W
 2 M
M1 M2    1
c c W
 2 M1 L
f    ; W If
L cL W 2
M
f  1
B
cIf

2
1 
tasareauniforma

f
Influence of support settlements
on the moment distribution
 Rotation of the column loaded by M2
încastrarepartialã
graddeîncastrare“g”

S S S

M2
M2
M2
l l
S  M2; S  M2; S 
1 g
(2 )M2;
4ES IS 3ES IS 6ES IS 2
Influence of support settlements
on the moment distribution
 Continuity conditions Θs=Θf

M M M S
1
 2

I
c 4E I 4E I
f S S
I
cf  S S

l l
cIf
1
M M
4EI 
cIf  S S f
l
 Influence of support settlements
on the moment distribution
 Foundation rotations reduce moments at
the bottom of the columns; the fixed
support turns in to a partially fixed support
of degree g
M cIf
c
reste
! g 
1
M cI 4E SIS
f
l

sc
ade
!
 The effect is similar to an increase in the
beam rigidity => moments increase in the
beam and decrease in the columns
 Optimal shapes

 a) double fixed frame with high rigidity

beam
 b) double hinged frame with equal rigidities
for beams and columns
 c) frame with 3 hinges
 Structural examples
 Civil structures

 a) frame with horizontal beam and flat

slab
 b) frame with arch and curved shell
 Structural examples
 Civil structures

 a) frame with sloped beam

 b) frames for sports structures
 Structural examples
 Industrial structures

 a) frame with classical skylight

 b) frame with “M” skylight
 Structural examples
 Industrial structures

 a) frames with 2 spans and classic

skylight
 b) frames with 2 spans with “M” shaped
skylights
 Structural examples
 Industrial structures

 shed frames with cylindrical slab (the

slab also acts as a longitudinal stiffening
beam)
 Structural examples
 Industrial structures

 shed frames with “S” shaped slab (the slab

also acts as a longitudinal stiffening beam)
 Pre-dimensioning
 The goal of pre-dimensioning is the
selection from the first design stages of
concrete section dimensions that ensure
optimal reinforcement ratios for the ULS
and satisfy the conditions for the SLS
(deformations, displacements, crack width,
etc.)
 As a first step approximation, the beam
dimensions are selected with respect to
span and the number of spans
 Pre-dimensioning
 Pre-dimensioning is performed in 2 ways:
 comparison with similar projects
 simplified design
 Based on design history, standards contain
tables with element dimensions with
respect to frame type, span and number of
spans
 Pre-dimensioning
 Table with values for hb/L
Single span Multiple span
Beam shape
frame frame
Straight 1/10...1/12 1/12...1/16
Sloped without
1/12...1/16 1/12...1/18
brace
Sloped with
1/16...1/20 1/16...1/24
brace
Curved without
1/18...1/24 1/18...1/30
brace
Curved with
1/24...1/35 1/30...1/40
brace
 Pre-dimensioning
 Approximate values for beam width:

 For pre-dimensioning using simplified static

design, the beam of multi-span frames is
considered a continuous beam, the beam
of single span frames is considered a fixed
beam with degree of fixation g:
1 2
g≈ ÷
2 3
 Pre-dimensioning
 Considering the fact that pre-dimensioning
is performed considering vertical loads
only, in order to take into account the effect
of horizontal forces, bending moments are
increased with 15-30%
 If for several pre-dimensioning criteria
different cross section dimensions result,
the ones that satisfy all of the conditions
are selected
 Pre-dimensioning
 Column pre-dimensioning:
 flexibility limitation: bs , hs  lf/25
 constructive condition: bs  br
k N Ed
 compressive capacity condition: Ac =
0.8 f cd

k takes into account the position of the

column in the structure (corner, side,
central), values between 1.3 - 1.7
 Pre-dimensioning
 Recommendation:

h
r h
r

hs 0.5hr
s
h 0.6h
r
Cast in place frames
 Cast in place frames
 Uses
 unique structures with low degree of
structural repetition (unequal spans), with
long service life
 structures situated in areas where
transport of prefabricated elements is
expensive
 Composition
 Compromise between functionality and
structural efficiency (spans, element
dimensions, efforts)
 Isolated foundations
 Rigid nodes
 Usually linear or curved elements along two
orthogonal directions (exceptions)
 Designed either as braced plane frames or
as spatial frames
 Composition
 Elements
 beams (horizontal or inclined)
 columns (vertical or inclined)
 diagonals
 bracing elements
 Node reinforcement
 For most current cases, the frame analysis
is performed in the elastic domain
 From the static design model, the M,V,N
envelope diagrams are used
 The RC elements are designed and verified
in the critical zones: in the middle of spans,
in the nodes, near the supports or in any
other zones considered critical
 Node reinforcement
 The critical zones are the corner nodes (A),
the top of the sloped beam (B) and the
supports (C)
B
A A

C C
 Node reinforcement
 Nodes are also critical at the execution
stage due to concrete pouring difficulties

 Reinforcing bars' collisions must be

avoided from the design stage
 Node reinforcement
 In the nodes special attention must be paid to:
 complete embedding of bars in concrete
 avoiding the occurrence of empty spaces
 ensure trajectories that do not intersect for
bars in columns and beams that pass
through the node
 Actions to be taken
 limit the maximum size of aggregates (16
mm)
 vibration of concrete
 additives for increasing the plasticity
 Efforts in nodes
 The efforts inside the nodes 1
can be determined by:
I M
 Theory of Elasticity
C
 experimental photo
elasticity studies 1
 In order to avoid concrete
crushing at the inside
M
corner, the node section is
increased as shown in the
drawing
 Node reinforcement
 Example for R
reinforcing a node R
M
h
subjected to small
efforts la
rost de
turnare

R  0 .8  h
M
R R R

la
 Node reinforcement
 Example for R
>la

reinforcing a node M h
la >la
subjected to large
la
efforts
la

M R  0.8  h
la

R R R

la
 Node reinforcement
 Example for reinforcing a node subjected to
large efforts
Mh R10
d d
2

la

h
1

M
 Node reinforcement
 Examples for reinforcing the top of a sloped
beam
 Node reinforcement
 At the top of the sloped beam the bottom
part is tensioned => placing a
reinforcement following the beam shape
would lead to tensional efforts in the
concrete => expulsion of the coverage
layer

M  N N
M
N
e
 Node reinforcement
 Examples for reinforcing the top of a sloped
S
beam S/2 S/2 S/2 S/2

la

/2
h/2 h
la
a. b.
la S

d.

c.
 Node reinforcement
 The reinforcing of the top of the sloped
beam is made by extending the bottom
rebars coming from the two sides and
anchoring them in the compressed
concrete
 Because of the resultant Ne it is necessary
to provide “suspending stirrups” along a
distance s, on both sides of the node
 Node reinforcement
 Reinforcing the top of the sloped beam:
 if the bottom rebars from the 2 sides are
properly anchored in the compressed
concrete (above the neutral axis), the
suspending stirrups are placed
constructively
 for angles with tg γ < 0.05, continuous
reinforcement is accepted at the bottom
of the beam


0
tg ,05
 Node reinforcement
 Design of suspending stirrups
 the necessary area for suspending Ne
stirrups is: As= n Abar =
f yd
 the suspending stirrups are added to the
shear force stirrups
 if necessary, inner stirrups are provided
in such a way that every bar at the
bottom is in the corner of a stirrup
 the distance along which the stirrups are
placed:
s = h tg 3/8 (180 – ).
 Supports
 Fixed column-foundation connection
 achieved in two ways, the column is
connected directly to the foundation
block, or to an intermediate RC block
 in both cases, connection reinforcement
must be provided in the foundation,
having the area equal to the column
reinforcement area; the column
reinforcement must meet prescriptions
 !!! take care when designing the
connection reinforcement
 Supports
 Fixed
a.
column-foundation connection
b.
hs

15
d
hs

HS 8

100
mm 60 cm
1,5h
 S

ls
rostdeturnare
10
d
ls

rostdeturnare
 Supports
 Hinged column-foundation connection
 hinged connections must transmit vertical
and horizontal forces, but must allow rotation
 the vertical and horizontal forces are
transmitted by a metallic core of by a reduced
reinforcement frame; in order to avoid
foundation concrete crushing, local
reinforcement must be provided for the
support area
 the gap between the column and the
foundation is filled with a watertight
deformable material (bitumen based
materials, neoprene, etc.)
 Supports
 Hinged column-foundation connection
a. h b. h c. h

3
3

15...20mm
1 1 2
2
a a b 1 b c c
2

a-a b-b c-c

h h h

b
b

(1/2...1/3)h

1 - pâslã bitumatã 2 - plasã armatã pt. compr. localã

- mastic, plumb, neopren
- bitumcu filer (sau azbest) 3 - element metalic: sâmbure fretat, dorn
- pânzã sau carton bitumat