Electric Machines

Rotor Slip
Slip speed, defined as the difference between synchronous
speed and rotor speed

Slip is the relative speed.

It is possible to express the mechanical speed of the rotor shaft in terms of
synchronous speed and slip.
Electrical Frequency on the Rotor

If the rotor of a motor is locked so that it cannot move, then the rotor will
have the same frequency as the stator.

If the rotor turns at synchronous speed, the frequency on the rotor will be
zero.

At nm= 0 r/min, the rotor frequency fr = fe, and the

slip s = I

At nm = n sync’ the rotor frequency fr = 0 Hz, and the

slip s = O.
Rotor frequency is directly proportional to the difference between the speed of
the magnetic field nsync and the speed of the rotor nm
An induction motor is called a singly excited machine

Synchronous motor is called double excited machine

Because in induction motor, power is supplied to only the stator circuit.

The induction of voltages and currents in the rotor circuit of an

induction motor is essentially a transformer operation,

The equivalent circuit of an induction motor will turn out to be very

similar to the equivalent circuit of a transformer.
lt is possible to derive the equivalent circuit of an induction motor from a
knowledge of transformers and from what we already know about the
variation of rotor frequency with speed in induction motors.

The induction motor model will be developed by starting with the

transformer model and then deciding how to take the variable rotor
frequency and other similar induction motor effects into account
The Transformer Model of an Induction Motor

A transformer per-phase equivalent circuit, representing the operation of an

induction motor, is shown in Figure
As in any transformer, there is a certain resistance and self-inductance
in the primary (stator) windings, which must be represented in the
equivalent circuit of the machine.

The stator winding resistance will be called R1 and the stator winding
reactance will be called X l. These two component appear right at the
input to the machine model
there must be an air gap in an induction motor, which greatly increases the
reluctance of the flux path and therefore reduces the coupling between
primary and secondary windings.

Notice that the slope of the induction motor's magnetomotive force-flux

curve is much shallower than the curve of a good transformer.
The curve of magnetomotive force versus flux (magnetization curve) for this
machine is compared to a similar curve for a power transformer is shown in
Fig.
There is an effective turns ratio for the motor

The primary internal stator voltage E1 is coupled to the secondary

Er by an ideal transformer with an effective turns ratio aeff.

it is basically the ratio of the conductors per phase on the stator to

the conductors per phase on the rotor,

The effective turns ratio aeff is easy to determine for a wound-rotor

motor

As there are no distinct windings on the cage rotor, so aeff for the
cage rotor is difficult to find.
The voltage ER produced in the rotor in turn produces a current
flow in the shorted rotor (or secondary) circuit of the machine

Similarities of induction motor equivalent circuit and Transformer

Equivalent Circuit.

Primary Impedance and magnetization Branch

Differences of induction motor equivalent circuit and Transformer

Equivalent circuit.

Effects of varying rotor frequency on the Rotor Voltage Er.

Rotor (secondary) Impedances.