K24

KURSUS LITERASI MAKLUMAT

Information Literacy Course
GIG 1004

TITLE/TAJUK: THE EFFECT OF HAZE ON HEALTH

DISEDIAKAN OLEH / PREPARED BY

NUR EMIESHA BT ROSLI

U2104598
NO KUMPULAN / GROUP: K24

DISEDIAKAN UNTUK/ PREPARED FOR

PUAN NORASLINDA BINTI SANUSI

SUBMISSION DATE: 11 JANUARY 2022
 TOPIC: THE EFFECT OF HAZE ON HUMAN HEALTH

INTRODUCTION

Haze can be defined as the tiny particles of small grains, dust or mist which diffuse
in the air that lead to low visibility. The Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) is one of the
instrumentation that been used to measure the degree of air pollutant which is developed
by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Hence, what are the
effects of haze on human health?
During the haze, hospitals and clinic often report a dramatic increase in respiratory
problems, lung infections and asthma attack. The Air Pollution Index (API) usually
indicates the hazardous and dangerous levels of pollution during this period. The haze
has long-term side effects. Prolonged inhalation of polluted air will result in serious lung
infection which particularly affects the elderly. According to the article which distributed
by Ministry of Health Malaysia (Abdullah, 2015), Malaysia has been suffered from a
serious haze problem which caused five areas in Malaysia stand in a very unhealthy air
pollution which is at 201-300 API.
According to Datuk Che Gayah Ismail (2014), areas with high concentration of
haze are located at large municipal areas which actively with economic and industrial
activities and many motor vehicles used on the road. One of the negative outcomes of
the haze problem is it raises the problem of health issues. Haze can lead to physical
health problems such as lung diseases when expose to haze in short period of time. Apart
from that, haze may increase sensitivity of respiratory infection.
Therefore, every individual must remember that we do not own the world, but
instead we lent it from our future generations. We must protect our world so that our
grandchildren woulh have a healthy earth to live.
 SEARCH STRATEGY

Haze is an atmospheric condition where particles, smoke, dust and moisture

suspend in the air obscuring visibility. Sources of haze include emissions from power
plants, industrial activities, traffic as well as farming practices that give a massive impact
on human health. Throughout this topic, we manage to learn on research method to find
all information needed from various sources and databases. Starting with Part A, we
recognised the concept for the question which is ‘haze’ and ‘health’ then come out with
synonyms for both words. The alternative words we came out with for ‘haze’ are ‘pollution’
and ‘mist’ while the alternative words for ‘health’ are ‘irritation’ and ‘well-being’. We
organised the words and came up with a search statement which is Haze AND (Health
OR Irritation) and (Haze OR Pollution*) AND Health

We continued to Part B using the search statement in Part A. We used the Pendeta
Discovery to look for items by going to the University of Malaya library website
(http://umlib.um.edu.my) and browsing on Pendeta Discovery. We had able to locate two
theses and a book which are related to our topic. All the materials can be found in the
Central Library.

In Part C, we were assigned the task of searching for 8 records in online databases
which the University of Malaya has subscribed in. By connecting onto the library portal with
our membership identification number and selecting a database from the drop-down menu,
we may access the online databases. Article materials were retrieved in several databases,
including ProQuest, ScienceDirect, Emerald, and Jstor.

Next was Part D, we were asked to search for articles using the search engine.
Using the concept and search statement, we searched for articles on Google and found
one news article and two personal articles.

Lastly for Part E, we collected all the records from Part A to D and provided
citations for each record. We checked our citations using the EndNote and compiled all
the records. We also wrote an introduction for our topic based on the information we found
from the records.
OBJECTIVE

a) Identify the causes and reasons of haze

b) Identify effects of haze on human health

c) Identity the solution regards to haze problem

 Literature Review

Seasonal haze episodes and the associated inimical health impacts have become
a regular crisis among the ASEAN countries. Even though many emerging experimental
and epidemiological studies have documented the plausible health effects of the
predominating toxic pollutants of haze, the consistency among the reported findings by
these studies is poorly understood. By addressing such gap, this review aimed to critically
highlight the evidence of physical and psychological health impacts of haze from the
available literature in ASEAN countries. Systematic literature survey from six electronic
databases across the environmental and medical disciplines was performed, and 20
peer-reviewed studies out of 384 retrieved articles were selected. The evidence
pertaining to the health impacts of haze based on field survey, laboratory tests, modelling
and time-series analysis were extracted for expert judgement. In specific, no
generalization can be made on the reported physical symptoms as no specific symptoms
recorded in all the reviewed studies except for throat discomfort. Consistent evidence was
found for the increase in respiratory morbidity, especially for asthma, whilst the children
and the elderly are deemed to be the vulnerable groups of the haze-induced respiratory
ailments. A consensual conclusion on the association between the cardiovascular
morbidity and haze is unfeasible as the available studies are scanty and geographically
limited albeit of some reported increased cases. A number of modelling and simulation
studies demonstrated elevating respiratory mortality rates due to seasonal haze
exposures over the years. Besides, evidence on cancer risk is inconsistent where
industrial and vehicular emissions are also expected to play more notable roles than mere
haze exposure. There are insufficient regional studies to examine the association
between the mental health and haze. Limited toxicological studies in ASEAN countries
often impede a comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanism of haze-
induced toxic pollutants on human physiology. Therefore, the lack of consistent evidence
among the reported haze-induced health effects as highlighted in this review calls for
more intensive longitudinal and toxicological studies with greater statistical power to
disseminate more reliable and congruent findings to empower the institutional health
planning among the ASEAN countries (Ramakreshnan, Aghamohammadi, Fong,
Bulgiba, Zaki, Wong, & Sulaiman ,2018).

In 2014 (Othman, Sahani, Mahmud, & Sheikh Ahmad) mentioned that this study
assessed the economic value of health impacts of transboundary smoke haze pollution
in Kuala Lumpur and adjacent areas in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. Daily inpatient
data from 2005, 2006, 2008, and 2009 for 14 haze-related illnesses were collected from
four hospitals. On average, there were 19 hazy days each year during which the air
pollution levels were within the Lower Moderate to Hazardous categories. No seasonal
variation in inpatient cases was observed. A smoke haze occurrence was associated with
an increase in inpatient cases by 2.4 per 10,000 populations each year, representing an
increase of 31 percent from normal days. The average annual economic loss due to the
inpatient health impact of haze was valued at MYR273,000 ($91,000 USD).

According to Odihi (2001) , A study of the impacts of the 1997-98 haze episodes
in Brunei Darussalam was carried out in two districts between September 1997 and
September 1998 through random surveys of households. The aim of the study was to
understand health problems caused by haze; whether such health impacts differed
amongst different groups in the population; and the nature of the differences that might
exist. The study also sought to understand whether health impacts of haze varied
between urban and rural areas. Furthermore, the study aimed to understand respondents'
perception of the haze problem. Some hypotheses formulated to establish the existence
or otherwise of significant difference between health conditions during haze (September
1997 and January-June 1998) and haze-free periods (January-June 1997 and September
1998) were verified through the p-value statistical approach. The conclusions from the
verifications are that adverse health effects of the haze were statistically significant and
were not uniform with respect to different groups in the population. For example, the
deleterious effects of haze appeared skewed towards the young (age 1-5 years) and the
aged (≥60 years). A higher proportion of urban population was more adversely affected
than in rural areas and, other things being equal, a higher proportion of outdoor workers
was more adversely affected by haze than their indoor counterparts. The paper suggests
cooperative efforts amongst ASEAN governments to reduce poverty in communities that
burn forests; improve their socioeconomic opportunities; lessen their dependence on
land; and share information related to haze to prevent or mitigate its adverse effects.
There is a need to intervene especially in the private sector with respect to work schedules
of those who work outdoors (e.g. construction workers) and the housing of immigrant
workers occupying makeshift structures to escape rents in proper accommodation. There
is also a need for greater and sustained programme of educating the public on
environmental hazards to mitigate their adverse impacts on society

Ramakreshnan, L., Aghamohammadi, N., Fong, C. S., Bulgiba, A., Zaki, R. A., Wong, L.
P., & Sulaiman, N. M. (2018). Haze and health impacts in ASEAN countries: a
systematic review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), 2096-
2111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0860-y

Othman, J., Sahani, M., Mahmud, M., & Sheikh Ahmad, M. K. (2014). Transboundary
smoke haze pollution in Malaysia: Inpatient health impacts and economic
valuation. Environmental Pollution, 189, 194-201.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.03.010

Odihi, J. O. (2001). Haze and Health in Brunei Darussalam: The Case of the 1997-
98 Episodes [https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9493.00092]. Singapore Journal of Tropical
Geography, 22(1), 38-51. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9493.00092

Exposure to high levels of air pollution can cause a variety of adverse health
outcomes. It increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung
cancer. Both short- and long-term exposure to air pollutants have been associated with
health impacts. More severe impacts affect people who are already ill. Children, the
elderly and poor people are more susceptible. Therefore, fighting air pollution is
everybody’s responsibility. We all need to do more, a lot more. Swiftly and proactively to
reduce air pollution. Concerted and coordinated efforts with active involvement of all the
sectors is imperative. This includes the Government (national, state, and local
governments), cities, community at large and individuals.
Major sources of ambient air pollution include inefficient modes of transport
(polluting fuels and vehicles), inefficient combustion of household fuels for cooking,
lighting, and heating, coal-fired power plants, agriculture, and waste burning.
Interventions to reduce air pollution include developing sustainable transport in
cities; implementing solid waste management; providing access to clean household fuels
and cookstoves; developing market for renewables energies and energy efficiency and
implementing industrial emissions reductions.
WHO's main function is to identify and monitor those air pollutants with the greatest
impact on people's health. This helps the WHO Member States to focus their actions on
the most effective way to prevent or reduce health risks. WHO's task is to review and
analyze the accumulated scientific evidence and use expert advice to draw conclusions
on how much different air pollutants affect health as well as identify effective measures
to reduce the air pollution burden.
Part A

The effects of haze to health

CONCEPT A CONCEPT B

Haze Health

Alternative Keyword 1 Alternative Keyword 1

Pollution Irritation

OR OR
AND
Alternative Keyword 2 Alternative Keyword 2

Mist Well-being
Search Statement:

Haze AND (Health OR Irritation)

(Haze OR Pollution*) AND Health

Name: NUR EMIESHA BT ROSLI Student ID: U2104598

Topic: The Effect of Haze to Health

PART B

Item 1: Book

Material Information:
Author Rosnah Ismail, Zawiah Mansor, Siti Aishah Mokhtar
Publication Year 2019
Title Jerebu dan kesihatan: Selamatkah anda?
Publisher Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kuala Lumpur

APA 7th Style:

Rosnah Ismail, Z. M., Siti Aishah Mokhtar. (2019). Jerebu dan kesihatan: Selamatkah anda? Dewan
Bahasa dan Pustaka Kuala Lumpur.
Item 2: Thesis

Material Information:
Author Mohd Hafiz Jaafar
Year of Submission 2019
Title Respiratory health impact of haze exposure and its financial
implications
Thesis Type Unpublished master’s thesis
Name of University Universiti Malaya

APA 7th Style:

Jaafar, M. H. (2019). Respiratory health impact of haze exposure and its financial implications
[unpublished master's thesis, University Malaya].
Item 3: Electronic Book

Material Information:
Author Aruni Bhatnagar

Year 2011
Title Environmental cardiology: Pollution and Heart disease

Publication Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry

Electronic Access https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732307

APA 7th Style:

Bhatnagar, A. (2011). Environmental cardiology: Pollution and Heart disease. Cambridge: Royal Society
of Chemistry. https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732307
PART C

Topic: The effect of haze to health

Record 1:

Material information:

Type of Material Journal Article from Online Database

Author of Article Ho Andrew Fu Wah,Wah Win, Earnest Arul, Ng Yih Yng, Xie Zhenjia,
Shahidah Nur, Yap Susan, Pek Pin Pin, Liu Nan, Lam Sean Shao Wei,
Ong Marcus Eng Hock

Publication Year 2018

Article Title Health impacts of the Southeast Asian haze problem – A time-
stratified case crossover study of the relationship between ambient
air pollution and sudden cardiac deaths in Singapore

Journal Title International Journal of Cardiology

Volume 271
Issue -
 Pagination 352-358
DOI https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.070
Date Retrieved 9 December 2021

APA 7th Style:

Ho, A. F. W., Wah, W., Earnest, A., Ng, Y. Y., Xie, Z., Shahidah, N., Yap, S., Pek, P. P., Liu, N., Lam, S. S. W.,
& Ong, M. E. H. (2018). Health impacts of the Southeast Asian haze problem – A time-stratified
case crossover study of the relationship between ambient air pollution and sudden cardiac
deaths in Singapore. International Journal of Cardiology, 271, 352-358.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.070
First Page:
Record 2:

Material information:

Type of Material Journal Article from Online Database

Author of Article Shechter Mordechai, Epstein Leon, Cohen Ayala

Publication Year 1993

Article Title Air Pollution and Health: Economic and Epidemiological Aspects

Journal Title Environmental Management and Health

Volume 4
 Issue 1
Pagination 6-15
DOI https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169310025214
Date Retrieved 9 December 2021

APA 7th Style:

Shechter, M., Epstein, L., & Cohen, A. (1993). Air Pollution and Health: Economic and Epidemiological
Aspects. Environmental Management and Health, 4(1), 6-15.
https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169310025214
First page:
Record 3:

Material information:

Type of Material Journal Article from Online Database

Author of Article Simon Hales, Philippa Howden-Chapman

Publication Year 2007

Article Title Effects of air pollution on health

Journal Title BMJ: British Medical Journa

Volume 335
Issue 7615
Pagination 314-315
DOI http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.um.edu.my/stable/25689996
Date Retrieved 9 December 2021

APA 7th Style:

Hales, S., & Howden-Chapman, P. (2007). Effects of air pollution on health. BMJ: British Medical Journal,
335(7615), 314-315. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.um.edu.my/stable/25689996
First Page:
Record 4:

Material information:

Type of Material Journal Article from Online Database

Author of Article Jorgenson Andrew K.
Publication Year 2009
Article Title Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment, the Mitigating
Influence of Institutional and Civil Society Factors, and Relationships
Between Industrial Pollution and Human Health: A Panel Study of
Less-Developed Countries
Journal Title Organization & Environment

Volume 22
Issue 2
Pagination 135-157
DOI https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026609338163
Date Retrieved 9 December 2021
APA 7th Style:

Jorgenson, A. K. (2009). Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment, the Mitigating Influence of
Institutional and Civil Society Factors, and Relationships Between Industrial Pollution and
Human Health: A Panel Study of Less-Developed Countries. Organization & Environment, 22(2),
135-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086026609338163

First page:
Record 5:

Material information:

Type of Material Journal Article from Online Database

Author of Article Elizabeth Frankenberg, Douglas Mckee, Duncan Thomas
Publication Year 2005
Article Title Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia

Journal Title Demography

Volume 42
Issue 1
Pagination 109-29
DOI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15782898
Date Retrieved 9 December 2021

APA 7th Style:

Frankenberg, E., McKee, D., & Thomas, D. (2005). Health consequences of forest fires in Indonesia.
Demography, 42(1), 109-129. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2005.0004
First page:
Record 6:

Type of Material Journal Article from Online Database

Author of Article Tilt Bryan

Publication Year 2013

Article Title Industrial Pollution and Environmental Health in Rural China: Risk,
Uncertainty, and Individualization
Journal Title The China Quarterly
Volume 214
Issue -
Pagination / Article Number 283-301
DOI https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/industrial-pollution-and-
environmental-health-in-rural-china-risk-uncertainty-and-
individualization/02660043743A43D807AC1D6D1395128C
Date Retrieved 10 December 2021

APA 7th Style:

Tilt, B. (2013). Industrial Pollution and Environmental Health in Rural China: Risk, Uncertainty and
Individualization. The China Quarterly, 214, 283-301.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741013000350
First page:
Record 7:

Material information:

Type of Material Journal Article from Online Database

Author of Article Grant S. B., Kim J. H., Jones B. H., Jenkins S. A., Wasyl J., Cudaback C.

Publication Year 2005

Article Title Surf zone entrainment, along-shore transport, and human health
implications of pollution from tidal outlets
Journal Title Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
Volume 110
Issue C10
Pagination / Article Number -
DOI https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002401
Date Retrieved 10 December 2021

APA 7th Style:

Grant, S. B., Kim, J. H., Jones, B. H., Jenkins, S. A., Wasyl, J., & Cudaback, C. (2005). Surf zone
entrainment, along-shore transport, and human health implications of pollution from tidal
outlets [https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002401]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans,
110(C10). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JC002401
First Page:
Record 8:

Material information:

Type of Journal Article from Online Database

Material
Author of Kelishadi Royal
Article
Publication 2012
Year
Article Environmental pollution: health effects and operational implications for pollutants
Title removal

Journal Journal of environmental and public health

Title
Volume 2012

Issue -
Pagination 341637
/ Article
Number
 DOI https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=22619687&site=ehost-
live
Date 10 December 2021
Retrieved

APA 7th Style:

Kelishadi, R. (2012). Environmental pollution: health effects and operational implications for
pollutants removal. Journal of environmental and public health, 2012, 341637.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/341637
First Page:
Part D

Item 1:

Item Type Document from Organization / NGO Website

Author Dr. Norlen Mohamed
Publication Year, 26 April 2012
Month Date
Document Title Haze & Our Health

Date Retrieved 29 December 2021

DOI/URL Address http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/haze-a-our-health/

APA Citation Style

Mohamed, D. N. (26 April 2012). Haze & Our Health. Retrieved from
http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/haze-a-our-health/
Attachment:
Item 2:

Item Type JOURNAL ARTICLE from Web Resources

Author Kian Fan Chung, Junfeng (Jim) Zhang, and Nanshan Zhong
Publication Year 2015
Article Title Haze, health and disease

Journal Title Journal of thoracic disease

Volume 7
Issues 1
Pagination 1-2
Number (if any)
Date Retrieved 29 December 2021
DOI/URL Address https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.01.01

APA Citation Style

Chung, K. F., Zhang, J. J., & Zhong, N. (2015). Haze, health and disease. Journal of thoracic
disease, 7(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.01.01
Attachment:
Item 3:

Item Type
Personal article from Web Resources
Author Dr Ong Kian Chung
Date / Year 2016
Article Title The Effects of Haze on Your Health

Journal Title Health Plus

Pagination Number -
(if any)
Date Retrieved 29 December 2021
DOI/URL Address https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/healthplus/article/the-effects-
of-haze-on-your-health
APA Citation Style

Chung, D. O. K. (2016 ). The Effects of Haze on Your Health [Personal Article]. Health Plus.
https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/healthplus/article/the-effects-of-haze-on-your-health

Attachment:
 References

1. Rosnah Ismail, Z. M., Siti Aishah Mokhtar. (2019). Jerebu dan kesihatan:
Selamatkah anda? wan Bahasa dan Pustaka Kuala Lumpur.

2. Tilt, B. (2013). Industrial Pollution and Environmental Health in Rural China:

Risk, Uncertainty and Individualization. The China Quarterly, 214, 283-301.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741013000350

3. Shechter, M., Epstein, L., & Cohen, A. (1993). Air Pollution and Health:
Economic and Epidemiological Aspects. Environmental Management and
Health, 4(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566169310025214

4. Mohamed, D. N. (26 April 2012). Haze & Our Health. Retrieved from
http://www.myhealth.gov.my/en/haze-a-our-health/

5. Kelishadi, R. (2012). Environmental pollution: health effects and operational

implications for pollutants removal. Journal of environmental and public health,
2012, 341637. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/341637

6. Jaafar, M. H. (2019). Respiratory health impact of haze exposure and its

financial implications [unpublished master’s thesis, University Malaya].

7. Ho, A. F. W., Wah, W., Earnest, A., Ng, Y. Y., Xie, Z., Shahidah, N., Yap, S.,
Pek, P. P., Liu, N., Lam, S. S. W., & Ong, M. E. H. (2018). Health impacts of
the Southeast Asian haze problem – A time-stratified case crossover study of
the relationship between ambient air pollution and sudden cardiac deaths in
Singapore. International Journal of Cardiology, 271, 352-358.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.04.070

8. Hanafi, N. H., Hassim, M. H., & Noor, Z. Z. (2018). Overview of Health

Impacts due to Haze Pollution in Johor, Malaysia. JOURNAL OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 50(6), 818-831.
https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2018.50.6.5

9. Hales, S., & Howden-Chapman, P. (2007). Effects of air pollution on health.

BMJ: British Medical Journal, 335(7615), 314-315.
http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.um.edu.my/stable/25689996

10. Frankenberg, E., McKee, D., & Thomas, D. (2005). Health consequences of
forest fires in Indonesia. Demography, 42(1), 109-129.
https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2005.0004

11. Chung, K. F., Zhang, J. J., & Zhong, N. (2015). Haze, health and disease.
Journal of thoracic disease, 7(1), 1-2. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-
1439.2015.01.01
12. Chung, D. O. K. (2016 ). The Effects of Haze on Your Health [Personal
Article]. Health Plus.
https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/healthplus/article/the-effects-of-haze-on-
your-health

13. Bhatnagar, A. (2011). Environmental cardiology: Pollution and Heart disease.

Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.
https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781849732307