Chemistry Investigatory Project

To study factors affecting rate of

evaporation in different liquids
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Vikrant Kumar Mishra

Class 12th A (Science)
The academic year 2021-2022
Army Public School
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that vikrant Kumar mishra of class XII science, board
roll no. 15609690 has satisfactorily performed the chemistry practical
and has given a report project as per requirements of CBSE
examination for the year 2021-22.

Signature of internal signature of external principal’s signature

examiner examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere

gratitude to my Chemistry teacher Dr Mrs.Kusum chawla for
providing her invaluable guidance, support and suggestions
throughout the course of the project. I would also like to extend
my gratitude to the Principal Mrs Vipanjot sehdeva who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
“To study factors affecting rate of evaporation in different
liquids” which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came
to know about so many new things. Secondly, I would like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finishing this
project within the limited time. The project work has not only
enhanced my knowledge but has also improved my listening and
speaking skills.
Reason for choosing this topic

To study the rate of evaporation in different liquids is the topic

that is chosen though it does not have anything super interesting
but i still chose it because one day i saw the nail polish remover
bottle was empty because my sister had not properly closed the
lid of the bottle . so it came to my notice that the rate of
evaporation is certainly different for different liquids . So to try
to verify it,I chose this experiment.
 INDEX
Sl. No. Content Page
no
1 Introduction 1
2 Aim 5
3 Materials required 6
4 Procedure 7
5 Observation 13
6 Result 14
7 Bibliography 15
Introduction

When liquid is placed in an open vessel. It slowly escapes into gaseous

phase ,eventually leaving The vessel empty. This phenomenon is
known as vaporisation or evaporation.

Evaporation of liquid can be explained in terms of kinetic molecular

model although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold
molecules together, the molecules having sufficient kinetic energy can
escape into gaseous phase. if such molecules happen to come near the
surface in a sample of liquid although molecules do not have the same
kinetic energy.

There is a small fraction of molecules Which have enough kinetic energy

to overcome The attractive forces and escape into gaseous faces.
Evaporation causes a cooling effect. This is due to the reason that the
molecules which undergo evaporation have high kinetic energy ,
therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules which are left behind is
less.
➔ Evaporation: a process by which a liquid or solid is transformed
into vapour. Evaporation is a form of vaporisation that usually happens
on the surface of liquids and it involves the transition of the liquid
particles into the gaseous phase.

➔ Rate of evaporation: the process whereby atoms or molecules in a

liquid state gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state per unit of
time.
The thermal motion of a molecule must be sufficient to overcome the
surface tension of the liquid for it to evaporate, that is its kinetic energy
must exceed the work function of cohesion at the surface. Evaporation,
therefore, proceeds more quickly at higher and in liquids with lower
surface tension. Since only a small portion of the molecules are located
near the surface and are moving in the proper direction to escape at any
given instant the rate of evaporation is limited.

Also, as the faster-moving molecules escape, the remaining molecules

have lower average kinetic energy, and the temperature of liquids thus
decreases. If the evaporation takes place in a closed vessel, the escaping
molecules accumulate as a vapour above the liquid. Many of the
molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules becoming more
frequent as the density and pressure of the vapour increases. When the
process of escape and return reaches equilibrium, the vapour is said to
be “saturated,” and no further change in either vapour pressure and
density or liquid temperature will occur.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION
● Temperature: It is affected by temperature, as the temperature
of the air is increased, its capacity to hold moisture increases. An
increase in air temperature raises the temperature of the sample
liquid at the evaporation source, which means that more is
available for the liquid molecules to escape from the liquid to a
gaseous state.
Hence, evaporation is directly proportional to the temperature of
the evaporating surface.

● Air pressure: Evaporation is also affected by air pressure exerted

on the evaporating surface. Lower surface p[ressure on the
surface results in higher rates of evaporation.

● Relative humidity: since the moisture-holding capacity of air at a

given temperature is limited, drier air evaporates more liquid
than moist air. In other words, the higher the vapour pressure
the, lower the rate of evaporation. It is a common experience
that evaporation is greater in summer and mid-day than in
winter at night.

● Surface area: because molecules or atoms evaporates from a

liquid’s surface area allows more molecules or atoms to leave
the liquid, and evaporation occurs more quickly. For example -
the same amount of water will evaporate faster if spilt on a table
than it's left in the cup.
● intermolecular forces: Most liquids are made up of mutual
attraction among different molecules to help explain why some
liquids evaporate faster than others. Attractions between
molecules arise because molecules typically have regions that
carry a slight positive charge.

These regions of electric charges are created because some tons

in a molecule are often more electronegative than the hydrogen
atoms. Intermolecular attractions affect the rate of evaporation
of a liquid because strong intermolecular attractions hold the
molecules in a liquid more tightly.

As a result, liquids with strong intermolecular attractions

evaporate more slowly than those with strong intermolecular
forces, this is the reason why gasoline evaporates faster than
water.

The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the

liquid state the more energy that must be input in order to
evaporate them.
 Aim
To investigate the rate of evaporation of liquids with respect
to variation of its affecting properties such as nature of
liquids, temperature, surface area and change in surroundings.
 MATERIALS REQUIRED
● Acetone
● Benzene
● Chloroform
● Thermometer
● Test tubes
● Stopwatch
● Pipette
● Petri dish
Procedure
Experiment 1

To compare the rate of evaporation of acetone, benzene,

and chloroform.

● Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A,

B, and C.

● Pipette out of 10 ml acetone on petri dish “A” with

stopper similarly pipette out 10 ml of benzene and
chloroform in each of Petri ”B” and “C”.

● Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and

start the stopwatch.

● Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute.

Now each of the Petri dishes and note the volume of
the remaining material in them.
 Experiment 2
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of
evaporation of diethyl ether.

● Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B,

and C.

● Pipette out 10 ml. Diethyl ether in each of the Petri

dishes A, B, and C and cover them immediately.

● Uncover all the Petri dishes and start the stopwatch.

● Note the remaining volume after 10 min.

Vaporization of diethyl ether from each petri dish.
Experiment 3
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of evaporation
of acetone.

● Wash and clean, dry the Petri dishes and mark them as
A, B.

● Pipette out 10 ml of acetone to each of the Petri dishes A

and B and cover them.

● Put one petri dish at room temperature and to the other

heat for some time.

● Note reading.
Experiment 4
To study the effect of air current on the rate of evaporation of
acetone.

● Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them as A and
B.

● Keep one dish where there is no air current and the

other under a fast air current.

● Note the reading.

 Observation
I)
Petri Liquid Volume Vol. evap. Rate (V/T)
dishes taken remaining V=V1-V2 (ml/s)
marked (V1) ml (V2) ml ml

A 10 2 8 0.0133

B 10 3 7 0.0116

C 10 4 6 0.010

II)
Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Volume Evaporated
marked P.T.Ds taken( ml) remaining Volume
(ml) (ml)

A 2.5 10 4 6

B 5.0 10 2 8

C 7.5 10 0 10

III)
Petri dishes Time (s) temperatur Volume Evaporated
marked e(°C) taken( ml) Volume
(ml)

A 10 30 10 10

B 20 40 10 10

IV)
Petri dishes Counditions Time (s) Evaporated
marked Volume
(ml)

A With fan 40 10

B Without fan 50 10
 Result
1. Rate of evaporation of acetone is 0.0133 ml/s , benzene is
0.0166 ml/s and chloroform is 0.010 ml/s .
So intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform
are in order:
Benzene > chloroform > acetone.

2. The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes as

7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm .
The larger the surface area, more is the evaporation.

3. The order of evaporation of acetone in two petri dishes as

given
heating > room temperature
Observation clearly shows that the evaporation increases with
temperature.

4. The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri dishes

With fan > without fan
The rate of evaporation of liquid increases with the increase in
rate of flow of air current.
 Bibliography

● NCERT chemistry class 11

● chemistry practical
● Reference book class 11
● Wikipedia
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