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A Generalized Criterion For The Laminar
A Generalized Criterion For The Laminar
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UNCLASSIFIED K-1531
AUTHOR :
Richard W. Hanks
Operating
• OAK RIDGE GASEOUS DIFFUSION PLANT • OAK RIDGE Y. 12 PLANT
UNION
CARBIDE
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
UNCLASSIFIED
Printed in USA. Price : $ 2.50 Available from the
Office of Technical Services
U. S. Department of Commerce
Washington 25, D. C.
LEGAL NOTICE
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nor the Commission , nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission :
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Date of Issue : November 19 , 1962 Report Number : K- 1531
Richard W. Hanks
Flow Research Laboratory
ABSTRACT
late a stability criterion which is more general than the simple Newtonian
Reynolds number . A new parameter is formulated and its general properties
are discussed .
cations which are compared with experimental data include isothermal flow
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ... 2
INTRODUCTION 7
8
REVIEW OF PREVIOUS RESEARCH
APPLICATIONS OF PARAMETER . 16
33
Newtonian Fluids 16
Flow Between Parallel Plates 18
3 88 8
.
Semifluid Materials 36
3
Bingham Model : Pipe -Flow 37
40
4
Powell -Eyring Model : Pipe -Flow . .
* *
Bingham Model : Flow Through Concentric Annuli ܛܐܛܐ
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY 49
APPENDIX
has been derived and compared with previous workers ' results . This new
parameter has been applied to the flow of Newtonian and non - Newtonian
compared with the data and in all cases excellent agreement was obtained .
Perhaps the most striking and significant result of the present anal
ysis is the fact that the parameter which gives rise to the above mentioned
features has only one critical value , the magnitude of which is a constant
The present review suggests strongly that the new parameter is general
in the case of rectilinear flow systems and may be applied without restric
Although the application of the most general form of this new para
meter to nonrectilinear flows will in general involve tedious numerical
work and has not yet been done , it is suggested that the results of such
INTRODUCTION
has been found that, although with extreme care laminar flow may be per
petuated at very large values of the Reynolds number , turbulent flow is a
truly stable form of fluid motion only when the magnitude of the Reynolds
number exceeds a certain lower " critical" value . This lower critical
fluids in pipes .
bulent . Since both types of flow behavior are observed in Newtonian flow
in other geometries and non -Newtonian flow in pipes , one suspects that the
that such a parameter should vary with position in the flow field, proposed
the parameter
)
(
1
р 2 dv
ZR = - (TV-2)e
r r
р dyW
.
dr 1
and v is the velocity of the fluid having density p and viscosity Ho This
can easily be shown to have a maximum value at r = r./3 for the case of a
parabolic ( Poiseuille ) velocity profile . Rouse's parameter , which is
ZR N ( 2)
27 Re
following steps :
.
2 Recognize the similarity between the perturbation form of the
3. Postulate a simplified model from which the base flow terms could
sipation term .
2
p d
ZRJ = dp / dz dr cos (v) (3)
pipe , and has a maximum somewhere between . For the parabolic velocity
2R
ZRJ = 277/27 Nge
' Re ( 4)
For the case of Newtonian pipe - flow both Rouse's and Ryan and Johnson's
obtain a numerical value for the maximized parameters at the critical pipe
the two parameters using the appropriate numerical values given above for
Z
max ' one calculates from both methods (hvp /u ). = 1400 , where h is the
half- separation of the plates .
-
This value is to be compared with the data
4
of Davies and White who observed (hvp /u ). 700. Thus , both parameters
In order to obtain the correct value , one must postulate that Z max
is some function of geometry , but then one is no further ahead than was
not be used to predict correctly the point of transition for flow of non
Newtonian fluids, whereas their own could . The successful application of
their parameter to non -Newtonian pipe - flow data will be discussed in more
detail later .
с W
V1/ 3 = 0.577 .
r / r = 11/3
ll
Senecal and Rothfus using an impact probe report that turbulence seems to
be first observed on the axis of the tube . Lindgren” using a bi -refringent
6
Bentonite sol showed conclusively that Rothfus and Prengle's results were
due not to the instability of the fluid , but rather to the presence of
their dye injection tube which disturbed the flow . It is interesting to
source in a laminar air stream flowing with a Reynolds number larger than
ll
Sibulkin in study
2100 , observed maximum fluctuations at rc/rw = 0.6 . >
ing the decay of turbulence in an air stream which went from a small
furthest into the larger pipe in the region 0.4 < r / r.rW. < 0.6 .
Thus , it appears that although the nature of disturbances in boundary
12
layers and their interaction with the wall is very complex and undoubtedly
incorrect and that Ryan and Johnson's , although more general in that it can
be used for non -Newtonian fluids , is still not the desired generalized
of continuity
do
div ( pv ) - dt ( 5)
13
(a) (b ) (c) ( a)
ду 7
E
p + p grad ( v.v )
.m
ρν και ζ
M
WV
F grad p - div I. (6)
The left -hand terms in equations ( 6 ) represent the mass times acceleration
of a fluid element , term ( a ) being the gradient of the translational kinetic
energy of the fluid, and term ( b ) arising from the vorticity ( 5 curl v)
of the flow . Terms ( c ) represent the forces due to the pressure and ex
ternal force fields acting on the fluid, and term ( a ) represents the viscous
forces ( TI is the stress deviation tensor ) .
It is suggested 5 that when the magnitude of the acceleration force
arising from the vorticity [term ( b ) in equation ( 3 ) ] reaches a certain
multiple of the magnitude of the viscous force ( a ) , the fluid motion will
be unstable to certain types of disturbances and stable laminar flow will
no longer exist . Mathematically this suggestion may be expressed as
)
(
7
= K
|pv x 51 = K div IT
my
all solid boundaries and along the lines of symmetry of the velocity profile
whereas div I does not . Therefore , it follows that K must also vanish on
solid boundaries and along lines of symmetry of the velocity field . Since
that K is proportional to the Reynolds number for Newtonian pipe flow and
determine the numerical value of k .
1
V
V X
grad ( v.v) (8)
K =
1 grad ( -x)
F grad p ( 10 )
15
1 2
K = į apl
dp az de
år (vs) (7 ( 11 )
K= Ś (1-
1 )NRE
N
Re ( 12 )
KK = » 1/27 NRe ( 13 )
thus satisfying the second condition listed above . To determine the value
к 404 . ( 14 )
APPLICATIONS OF PARAMETER
Newtonian Fluids
NRe = d.vp/H.u
=
d
e
6 84( ) ( 15 )
(D.
where
v (0 ) (1+0%)en 0 + (1-02)
2 ( 16 )
2( 1-0 )2 eno
and ra - ri and o = ri / ra ( see Fig . I for explanation of the coordinate
system used for concentric annuli) . By repeated application of L'Hôpital's
rule to equation ( 16 ) one can show
1
bim v ( 0 )o - ( 17 )
o + 1
( parallel plates )
17
(2
Pri
x8
pari
X :
P2-1
OSXSI
Figure 1
COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR ANNULI
18
lim v ( O) = ( 18 )
o + O
( pipes )
Flow Between Parallel Plates . For flow between parallel plates equations
the plates .
2
where 0 =
y / h and y is the distance measured from the mid -plane. Setting
4
Davies and White >
as mentioned previously, observed (hvp/ ) с
= 700. When
to predict quite accurately the critical Reynolds number for flow between
the pipe flow value 2100 , the same value of k applies in both cases and
definition of the parallel plate Reynolds number , its critical value can be
2
ū ( 1-0 )
v( x )
+6016-oj={2-[041200)x]*
) lno
x1 } .
en [ 0+( 1-0) x ] ( 21 )
1 p /8 a 2
( 22)
K
ਕੋ ( 3)
2 dp / dz dx
(v )
Mamy roo)
W
dz ( 23 )
2
1-0
N.
Re
[ 1-0 eno -0
lno ] [1eno + 20 ]
K
3
( 24 )
821 ) ( 1-0) V( o ) e
where 0 =
= 0 + ( 1-0) x . As a check of equation ( 24 ) , one may apply
L'Hôpital's rule to obtain as a limit for parallel plates
20
lim K =
Ne x ( 11 - x ) (1-2x ).
Re
( 25 )
o + 1
In this limit x =
*( 1+0 ) , and equation ( 25 ) is equivalent to equation ( 19 ) .
Similarly , the pipe flow limit of equation ( 24 ) is
2 2 2
2 2 1-0
1 1-0
0 =
(2-che) gar ({ 20* + hid ) - (20 1.0°) ( 1-02 - Homeenēno)}]
eno
26 -
eno ( 27 )
where 7 = 0 + ( 1-0
1-0)) ī . The open tube limit of ī is v1 /3 while the parallel
plate limit is 262(1 ++ v1/3
+
11/3 ).). These limits are shown in Fig . 2 which is a
plot of ž , obtained by numerical solution of equation ( 27 ) as ordinate and
o as abscissa .
values obtained from Fig . 2 . The solid curve shown in Fig . 3 was obtained
both Fig . 2 and 3. Fig . 3 in particular shows a new and interesting result
of the present treatment , i.e. , the critical Reynolds number as a function
0.9
)+Ź(173 EL
1PLATE
PARALL
0.8
1x
0.7
21
0.6
3
/T1
PIPE
OPEN
0.5
O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.8 1.0
9
2
Figure
WITH
X
OF
VARIATION
O
2800
:
LEGEND
REF
. SYMBOL
.NO
2700
17
18
19
2600 4
20
21
2500 8
U
Х
22
23
2400
c
NRe
2300
22
O
2200 A
O
2100
2000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
o
3 ure
Fig
NU
RE YN OL
IC
MBAT
IT
CRRI
OF
VA DS
ERAL
IO N
FLUIDS
NEWTONIAN
FOR
O
WITH
23
here to remark that the open points were included only to illustrate the
sharp rise in NRe at a low 0 . These data are somewhat questionable 15 and
с
the solid points , which agree much more closely with the predicted curve ,
should be given the most weight .
A large and very important class of non - Newtonian fluids is the class
and many complex equations have been proposed to fit the experimental data
for various fluids . However , a surprisingly large number of pseudoplastic
fluids exhibit a stress - strain rate relation which is linear for wide
Iτ == kyn ( 28 )
where t is the shear stress , k is a " consistency " factor somewhat analogous
to a Newtonian viscosity, y is the strain rate ( -dv /ar in a pipe ) , and n
is a number less than unity for pseudoplastic fluids . The equivalent form
n
τ
W k' q ( 29 )
24
where
in
k ' = k [ 1 n+3n ( 30 )
1
3
and t rW ( -dp/dz) is the shear stress at the pipe wall , q = QQ/107
/πY
st w ' =
Il
nr τ In 1 +n
W W n
V( 5 ) 1+n ) (1-5
k ( 31 )
되
nr τ 1/ n
W W
:-)
V
1 + 3n k
( 32)
2 l+n
K
i1 ( 1 +3n ) 1/ n
( 1-5
n
) NRe ( 33 )
16 n ( 1 + n ) i
2 2-n
where N. 8pr W, a / k' is the power law analog of the Newtonian Reynolds
Re Nre, i
24 -1
number . The definition of N. used here satisfies the relation f -
16 N
2
' Re
i Nre. i
1
2 + n ( 34)
25
2
which is the result found by Ryan and Johnson When equation ( 33 ) is
Teen
evaluated at 5 E , one finds
2 +n
2 1 + n
1 ( 1+3n ) 2 N. ( 35 )
지
16 n
[ a]2+n Re
i
N, e ( the
From equation ( 35 ) with K set equal to k , the critical value of NR
i
solid curve shown in Fig . 4 ) was computed . The data shown in Fig . 4 were
obtained from several sources in the literature . The three Newtonian fluid
points ( n = 1 ) were included to show that the scatter involved in the data
for non -Newtonian fluids is not excessive . The data points cluster well
about the predicted curve and very clearly confirm the prediction of a
at n = 0.418 . Most of the data were obtained with
maximum value of NRe ic
pseudoplastic fluids ( n < 1 ) . However , the cement rock slurry data of
28
Wilhelm et al . can also be treated in terms of the Bingham plastic model
as will be shown later . The one Filter -Cel suspension point ( n 1.105 )
The reason for this observation can readily be seen in Fig . 5 . The solid
:LEGEND
2800 SYMBOL MATERIAL REFERENCE
CARBOXYME
O THYLCELLULOSE
CARBOXYME
26
A THYLCELLULOSE
2700 CARBOPOL 26
ATTASOL
CLAY 26
LATEX
SUSPENSIONS 27
VOOO
NNNNN
SLURRIES
ROCK
CEMENT 28
2600 A SUSPENSION
-CEL
FILTER 28
WATER 17
AIR 18
A
AIR 8
2500
N Reic
2400
O
2300 8
8 18
060
26
000
O
2200
O
2100
2000
1900
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
n
4
Figure
COMPARISON
OF
CALCULATED
NReic
WITH
EXPERIMENTAL
DATA
FLOW
PIPE
FOR
LAW
POWER
OF
FLUIDS
0.015
0.014 :
LEGEND
SYMBOL MATERIAL REFERENCE
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
O
O
2
0.013
CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
26
A
NN
CARBOPOL 26
ATTASOL
CLAY 26
SUSPENSIO
LATEX NS27
0.012
ROCK
CEMENT
SLURRIES28
- SUSPENSION
-CEL
FILTER 28
NNN
WATER 17
AIR 18
0.011 AIR 8
0.010
0.009
27
0.008
O
0.007 9A 0948
O
113
A
0.006
0.005
o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
5
Figure
COMPA
OF
CALC
FC
WITH ULAT ED
RISON
EXPE
PIPE
FOR
DATA
FLOW RS
POWERIME
OF
FLUID
LAW NTAL
28
Figures 4 and 5 clearly show that, for those fluids which can properly
be represented by equation ( 28 ) , the generalized parameter given by equa
tion ( 10 ) quite accurately predicts the laminar - turbulent transition, both
with respect to flow rate and pressure drop .
for the case of a power law fluid flowing between parallel plates one ob
1 +n
1 +2n n
v( 0 ) V
1 +n ( 1-0 ) ( 36 )
nh 1/ n
ū
V =
het om ( TL/X)WE
1 + 2n
τ ( 37 )
2 1 + n
in
( 1 +2n ) n
K = 2V2/3
f n (1 +n )
( 1-0 ) (38 )
n
1 +n
Ꮎ
1
l
-[2 ] +n ( 39 )
2 + n
2 1 +n
1K
2 2/3 1
f ((1 + 2n)) ਵਿਜ਼
n 2 +n
( 40 )
manner compared with the similar curve for the pipe - flow case .
01
:6
0.014
0.012
0.010
PIPES
0.008
29
PARALLEL
PLATES
0.006
0.004
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
1.0
6
Figure
nFOR
LAW
POWER
WITH
FACTOR
FRICTION
CRITICAL
OF
VARIATION
PARALLEL
PLATES
PIPES
BETWEEN
AND
IN
FLOWING
FLUIDS
1
30
The present method was not applied to the case of flow through con
centric annuli , although this could readily be done using the velocity
profile expressions of Fredrickson and Bird 29 .
or thermal conditions .
by equation ( 14 ) .
In dealing with the effect of temperature on pseudoplastic fluids the
24,31
present author and Christiansen and Craig32 have found the following
no
T = k у eе
yn
γ ( 41 )
#
no #
where ke = k and 0 = ET/ RT. The quantity E is the energy of
2700
2500
2300
PLATES
PARALLEL
c
NRei
2100
2
PIPES
1900
31
7
1 00
1 1500
O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
n
7
Figure
VARIATION
CRITICAL
OF
REYNOLDS
WITH
NUMBER
POWER
nFOR
LAW
PIPES
IN
FLOWING
FLUIDS
PARALLEL
BETWEEN
AND
PLATES
32
activation for viscous flow , R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute
no ' must
temperature . Since T T ( r ) in aa nonisothermal flow, the term e
be included in all the calculations as a function of position . From equa
tion ( 41) and the equation of motion one can obtain the following expression
for the velocity profile :
in 1 /n -$ ' ( 2 )
E = v/ ) S.
v( s ) = rr.v ( TW/ τ e dz ( 42 )
N
where z is a 'dummy " variable of integration . By introducing equation ( 42 )
into equation ( 11 ) one finds
2
oraW τ
im e - ¢ ' ( $ )
1
im -° ' ( z)
Z
K =
τ
W
k
W
*[ z e
:]
dz ( 43 )
1 l +n -0 ' ((6 )
-O
-
in - o ' ( z ) n
e
dz =
s
***** do
ds
( 44 )
§=
2 2
φ
τ i
W qe
k 21
( 45 )
q
where
1 1
i/n i --° ' ( z )
=
e dzds ( 46 )
H
N
N
q
33
#
and 0
i E * /RTfi T
i
is the inlet value of the temperature which persists
2+n
pra
leen
2
T
WC
W
812 к
n
1
exp 2[°1 -0'(E)]
do '
oc
( 47 )
q
de
8=
n -n
Ś sf
T
T
W
= k
"yi
q
" ( 48 )
where
no' ' n
i 1+3n
3,4 Kg P ( 1432 )" - 2
k
yi
k e
o n
= k ' ( 49)
and ef 2
5p = 2(1+3n)I ,q /n.
n
the equations . For details the reader is referred to the two papers cited .
In Fig . 8 is shown a plot of experimental vs. calculated values of tWC
obtained by the author33. Fig . 9 is a similar plot in terms of 9c : In
these figures CBP stands for carboxypolymethylene and CMC stands for
carboxymethylcellulose .
34
2.0
1.8
1,6
qtALCULATED
1.4
s.f/),Itwc
(Cb.p
+ 3.87 % - 3.87 %
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
LEGEND :
0 --- CMC
. --- _ CMP
A -
0.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Figure 8
COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND OBSERVED
CRITICAL WALL SHEAR STRESSES FOR NONISOTHERMAL FLOW
OF PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUIDS IN SMOOTH PIPES
35
103
LEGEND :
A --- CBP
O .-- CMC
CALCULAT
s1 eED
.- c
1
ac
102
+ 6.71 % -6.71 %
10
10 102 103
OBSERVED ac , sec.- '
Figure 9
COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND OBSERVED
CRITICAL FLOW PARAMETERS FOR NONISOTHERMAL
PIPE FLOW OF PSEUDOPLASTIC FLUIDS
36
1.7 .
Semifluid Materials
n
of a log - log plot of T.W vs. a ) which permits them to write i W = k
m
a .
In terms of their definition they claim that all substances which flow can
be treated as " generalized " power law fluids , with n ' being that physical
property which characterizes the degree of non -Newtonian behavior . Al
though they claim that n ' can be a function of q , in all cases studied by
them
25 n 1 was a constant and hence their result was identical with the
power law .
their " generalized " power law technique in the region of the laminar
turbulent transition and the resulting friction factors and n values
have been compared31 with the theoretical curve calculated from equation
i
and Reed's technique lead to results which were both qualitatively and
37
If | 7o | 2 | TT , equation ( 50 ) becomes y
T = O. In equation ( 50 ) To is the yield
stress beyond which the fluid must be stressed before it flows , and n is
From equation ( 50 ) and the equation of motion one can obtain the
following equations
v( a) =
2v ( 1-a) ? ; Os $
sa ( 51 )
14
1 +
za za
2v
( 52 )
V( E ) 4
[1-20d1-5)-> ] ; as 551 §
nu
1 at a
T r 4
W W
( 53 )
V
In (1 $ a + ša ")α +
Il
ह = a + ( 1-a) V1/ 3 ( 54 )
IN Re = k 127 1 - g + 1/3at
a
3
с
( 55 )
с ( 1 - aa )
where a
с Id/ Twe: With the help of equation ( 53 ) the definition of N,Re
T
4
1
N.
Re
30
+
17/
a
N
" Не ( 56 )
с 8Q일
2 35
where N.
He Мне α /η is the Hedstrom
ρτde/n2 number . The determining equation
is
a N.
с = e
'HНе ( 57 )
( 1-0 ) 16,800
curve in Fig . 10 was calculated in this manner . The data were obtained
N.
He < 105 the data agree well with the calculated curve . For N. > 105
He
the data tend to fall above the curve . A possible explanation for this
105
9
0
8
7
6 :
LEGEND
6
5 MATERIAL REFERENCE
SYMBOL
O SLURRIES 36
MUD
RIVER
4
SLURRIES
ThO2 37
SLURRY
CLAY
YELLOW 38
3
SLUDGES
SEWAGE 38
O
CLAY
SLURRIES 39
SLUDGES
SEWAGE 39
N
SLUDGE
SEWAGE 40 AA
SLURRY
LIME 41 A
SLURRY ΔΙΑ
LIME 42
SLURRY
ROCK
CEMENT 28 AA 4
* +
c
104 SLURRIES
Thoz 43
9 SLURRIES
Thoz
NRe
0
44
8
众女
0
7
6
0
5
39
4
3
V
1
2
10
Figure
OF
VARIATION
NRec PIPES
IN
FLOW
BINGH
FOR
NHE
WITH AM
40
tained from some of the sources listed in Fig . 10 . In Fig . ll the data
the unsheared plug is greater than half the pipe radius ) the analysis fails
to describe the physical situation accurately . This failure is very
probably due to the inadequacy of the simple linear Bingham model to
1 -1
sinh ( A)
τ = μ γ +
1/ ( 58 )
8
region of the flow field , but nevertheless one which is continuous over
the full region of flow .
0.9
LEGEND
:
SYMBOL MATERIAL REFERENCE
0.8
SLURRIES
MUD
RIVER
O 36
SLURRIES
ThO2 37
SLURR
YELLOY
CLAY W 38
0.7 SEWAGE
SLUDG ES 38
O
SLURRIES
CLAY 39
SEWAGE
SLUDGES 39
O
0.6 SLUDGE
SEWAGE
V 40
OA
LIME
SLURRY 41
SLURRY
LIME 42 +
SLURRY
ROCK
CEMENT 28
0.5
Qc
0.4
V
41
0.3
0.2
0.1
.
2
.
2
NHE
11
Figure
PIPES
IN
FLOW
BINGH
FOR
O AM
ITH TION
NHE
WOF
VARIA
42
ETW wł + sinh Г ( 59 )
I
where T
W
= BT
W ܐ ܝ y/A, and w = ABM In terms of these variables the
46
expression for the volumetric flow Q can be written in the form
T
W
3
q' = }r-}. ( 60 )
| par
W
1 1 3 4 2 3 -1 2 2
Jitra
4'
q'
-= r
} T
W
3T,W
3
{tul,****(Ram " , - ribor
w T + Г sinh Г
W
T
W
l +T
W
-1 2 -1 2
2
++ ${1+1,3
( * - ]3 +- fu [(era + 1)(sinn 21
W
2
( 3)2-21,voinb
rive
"
W 1+ arr.]
2T
,vt W
+
-1 -1 -1 2
W
Г
ru$ +6 [rv
+ Ev,(sinn“ „5 - 311+ 2 (sina? v3W W
T
W
sinh
Ty - V7+ + ]}(61)
W
1 1
W
-1
where TTvW WT
W
+ sinh T.
W
If the procedure used above for pipe - flow is followed using equation
( 59 ) , the following equation is obtained, which must be solved for ī ( the
value of I at the position ) :
Z
(žurnarve + Votre) VI+ FP
1 + Fe ( 22 + Ž wV1+r )) - czwr
W
WC
1 +1
WC
= 0. ( 62 )
1 1 2 2
F2
к
eget le w cenie - I 2) ++ wi ++pepe - 11++*)
12
WC
( WC
* WC
N.
" Не
( 63 )
2 2
where Ny
" Не
pa< / M B is the Powell -Eyring analog of the Hedstrom number .
.
calculate q q from which one can then calculate the critical Reynolds
1
1
number from the relation N =
NRe (exp't)/NRe ( theory) = 1.13, whereas for the Powell -Eyring calculation
с с
the same ratio was 1.03 . Since for these data , N"Не = 2.8x105 which is in
the range where deviations of the data from the curve in Fig . 10 are clear,
the closer agreement between the experiment and theory for the Powell
include the case of flow between parallel plates and through concentric
annuli .
44 .
317
2
v ( a) 3 (1 - a ) ; ΟO Σ ¢Φ şa
5 α ( 64 )
2 3
1 - a + a
2a ( 1-0 ) 02
v( a) = 3ū 1 -
30=
2
1 a + a
3
α S Φ § 1 ( 65 )
ht
W 3 ( 66 )
V =
3η za?)
(1 - 2a + 2a
Ꮎ
= a + ( 1-a) V1 / 3 ( 67 )
l
a N
aс He
3 22,400 ( 68 )
(1 - a. ) a
Kamera Digner
Il Re
с
8
1
1 a
a
с
с
+ a
с
N
" Не
( 69 )
2 2
where , as before , TW -hdp/az , d e Nhe
4h 2/3, and N.
He
= ptain
Оe
η ? and
N.
Re = d v pln
/ . Equation ( 69 ) has been plotted in Fig . 12 and labeled
с
O = 1.
o =
flow of Bingham fluids one must pay particular attention to the sign of
dr
τ
in equation ( 50 ) since dv_ /ar changes sign in the region of flow .
105
9 2
8
m
7N
6O
5
4
00: .5
3
0=o .1
2
0
=
O 1
=0.0
o.76
=0
c
104
NRe
9
8
7
6
5
0
=o.1
45
4
0
=O.76
0=0.5
3
0
:0
2 1:0.0
N
He
12 ure
Fig
VAR
IN
OF
FLO
FOR
BIN
NRe
NHе
WIT W ION
GHA
ANNcIAT
HULI M
46
variable x ( see Fig . 1 ) and the above described procedure is followed , one
finds the following determining expression for ž :
2
( 1-0 )
[ 22 ( 1-B. ) én ő + ( 1-0)(1 +0-2B )(1-7) ][ē + 2 (7-3 ) ]
2
01
2
2
-B 2
3 3
1-04-20(1-B.)(1-03) - 38
FB (1+0°) ++.
+ (21-B )
14
N.
Re
7 ( 2
N ( 72 )
"Не
с
B.(1+0)( 1-0)2voy
2 2
where N. V = ρτ d η In equation ( 72 ) the parameter
Pre =- džep /n and Nie = pt a /n
с
е с Не
2
N.
NHE
He ( 1-0 ) ө
- вBlē
- ( 73 )
12,928 ( 22( -B . ) en 7 + (1-0)( 1+ 00 - 2B )(1-2 ) ](1-7) (1n+ē
+ -B .)
out numerically for several values of these parameters and some of the
tion of the numerical values is found in the appendix section of the report .
One very interesting result of this treatment may be seen from Fig . 12 .
For low values of N. the curve for 0 = 0 lies below all the other curves .
He
This is in accord with the results of the Newtonian flow treatment shown
to that for annuli or parallel plates . This implies that the flow of
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1
Rouse , Hunter , Elementary Mechanics of Fluids, p . 171 , John Wiley &
Sons , Inc. , New York ( 1946 ) .
2
1954 , p . 229 .
31 Hanks, R. W. , and Christiansen, E. B. , " The Laminar - Turbulent Transi
tion in Nonisothermal Flow of Pseudoplastic Fluids in Tubes , " A.I.Ch.E.
Journal, by 8,467-471 ( 1962 ) .
51
385-393 ( 1952 ) .
43 Thomas , D. G. , " Heat and Momentum Transport Characteristics of Non
Newtonian Aqueous Thorium Oxide Suspensions," A.I.Ch.E. Journal, 6,
6
631-639 ( 1960 ) .
44 Nimmo , R. H. , and Kitzes , A. S. , " A Collection of Pseudo - Shear 11
Diagrams Obtained in a Low Temperature Capillary Tube Viscometer, '
Union Carbide Nuclear Company, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (CF -56
L2-124 ) , Dec. 7 , 1956 .
45 Salt , D. L. , Ryan, N. W. , and Christiansen , E. B. , " The Rheology of
Carboxymethylcellulose Dispersions in Water , " J. Colloid Sci. , 6,
146-154 ( 1951 ) .
52
46
Sisko , A. W. , " The Flow of Lubricating Greases , " Ind . Eng . Chem . , 50 ,
1789-1792 ( 1958 ) .
47 Hanks , R. W. , " The Laminar - Turbulent Transition for Fluids with a
Yield Stress ," A.I.Ch.E. Journal, ( in press ) .
>
53
N FC RE
N FC RE
N.
Table 3 - Computed values of Q , Nue' and Re
Nke for flow of Bingham fluids in pipes
SIGMA # 0
ALPHA HE RE
0. 0. 0.
0.0200 0.3569946 03 2171.7
0.0400 0.759549 € 03 2247.0
0.0600 0.12 1 360E 04 2326.1
0.0800 0.172598E 04 2409.2
0.1000 0.230453E 04 2496.7
0.1200 0.295830E 04 2588.7
0 , 1400 0.369779 € 04 2685.7
0.1600 0.453515E 04 2788.0
0.1800 0.548454E 04 2896.0
0.2000 0.656250E 04 3010.0
0.2200 0.778840E 04 31 30.6
0.2400 0.918501E 04 3258.3
0.2600 0.1077926 05 3393.7
0.2800 0.126029 € 05 3537.3
0.3000 0.146939 € 05 3690.0
0.3200 0.170975 € 05 3852.5
0.3400 0.198681E 05 4025.6
0.3600 0.230713E 05 4210.5
0.3800 0.267866 € 05 4408.2
0.4000 0.311TTIE 05 4620.0
0.4200 0.361638E 05 4847.4
0.4400 0.420918E 05 5092.0
0.4600 0.490779 € 05 5355.8
0,4800 0.573509E 05 5640.9
0.5000 0.672000E 05 5950.0
0.5200 0.7899305 05 6286.0
0.5400 0.932029 € 05 6652.4
0.5600 0.110443E 06 7053.5
0.5800 0.131519E 06 7494.0
0.6000 0.157500E 06 7980.0
0.6200 0.189824 € 06 8518.6
0.6400 0.230453E 06 9118.7
0.6600 0.282109E 06 9790.9
0.6800 0.34 86336 06 10549.0
0.7000 0.435555 € 06 11410.0
0.7200 0.5510205 06 1 2396.0
0.7400 0.707328 € 06 1 3535.8
0.7600 0.923610E 06 1 4868.0
0.7800 0.123065 € 07 16444.9
0.8000 0.168000E 07 1 8340.0
0.8200 0.236214 € 07 20659.3
0.8400 0.344531 € 07 23562.0
0.8600 0.526530E 07 27298.0
0.8800 0.855554 € 07 32284.0
0.9000 0.151 2006 08 39270.0
0.9200 0.301 874 € 08 49756.0
56
SIGMA # 1.0
ALPHA HE RE
0. 0. 0.
0.0200 0.475992 E 03 2356,2
0.0400 0.101273E 04 24 29.1
0.0600 0.161814 € 04 2505.1
0.0800 0.230131E 04 2584.4
0. 1000 0.307270E 04 2667.2
0.1200 0.394 440 E 04 2753.8
0 , 1400 0.493038E 04 2844.4
0.1600 0.604686 € 04 2939.4
0. 1 800 0.731272E 04 3039.0
0.2000 0.875000E 04 31 43.5
0.2200 0.103845 € 05 3253.4
0.2400 0.122467E 05 3369.1
0.2600 0.14 3723E 05 3491.1
0.2800 0.168038E 05 3619.8
0.3000 0.195918E 05 3755.9
0.3200 0.2279676 05 3900.0
0.3400 0.264908E 05 4052.8
0.3600 0.30 7617E 05 4215.2
0.3800 0.357155E 05 4388.0
0.4000 0.414815E 05 4572.4
0.4200 0.482185 € 05 4769.5
0.4400 0.561224E 05 4980.6
0.4 600 0.654 372E 05 5207.4
0.4800 0.764679 € 05 5451.7
0.5000 0.896000E 05 5715.5
0.5200 0.105324 € 06 6001.2
0.5400 0.124271E 06 6311.9
0.5600 0.147258 € 06 6650.7
0.5800 0.175359E 06 7021.9
0.6000 0.210000E 06 74 30.1
0.6200 0.253098E 06 7881.3
0.6400 0.307270E 06 8382.7
0.6600 0.376145 € 06 8943.0
0.6800 0.464 844 € 06 9573.4
0.7000 0.580740E 06 10287.9
0.7200 0.734 693 € 06 11104.4
0.74 00 0.94 3104E 06 12046.5
0.7600 0.123148E 07 13145.6
0.7800 0.164087E 07 1 44 44.6
0.8000 0.224000E 07 16003.3
0.8200 0.31 4952 € 07 17908.5
0.8400 0.459374 € 07 20289.9
0.8600 0.702040E 07 23351.8
0.8800 0.114074 € 08 2744 34.3
0.9000 0.201599 € 08 33149.7
0.9200 0.4024 996 08 41723.0
58
SIGMA # 0.02
SIGMA # 0.04
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 1.06
SIGMA # 0.08
SIGMA # 0.10
SIGMA # 0.12
SIGMA # 0.14
SIGMA # 0.16
SIGMA # 0.18
SIGMA # 0.20
SIGMA # 0.22
SIGMA # 0.24
SIGMA # 0.26
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.28
SIGMA # 0.30
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.32
BETA LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.34
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
92
SIGMA # 0.36
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
0. 0.65267 0 . 0.24335E 04 0.75560
0.0100 0.65727 0.38785E 03 0.24953E 04 0.75916
0.0200 0.66190 0.81490E 03 0.25591 E 04 0.76273
0.0300 0.66656 0.12851E 04 0.26251 € 04 0.76631
0.0400 0.67124 0.18029 € 04 0.26934 E 04 0.76989
0.0500 0.67594 0.23733E 04 0.27641E 04 0.77349
0.0600 0.68068 0.300 1 6E 04 0.28373E 04 0.77708
0.0700 0.68543 0.36941E 04 0.29132E 04 0.78069
0.0800 0.69022 0.44576E 04 0.29919E 04 0.78430
0.0900 0.69503 0.52999 € 04 0.30735 € 04 0.78792
0.1000 0.69987 0.62298E 04 0.31582E 04 0.79155
0.1100 0.70473 0.72569E 04 0.32462E 04 0.79518
0.1200 0.70962 0.83923E 04 0.33377E 04 0.79882
0.1 300 0.71454 0.96487E 04 0.34328 € 04 0.80247
0.1400 0.71948 0.110404 05 0.353196 04 0.80612
0.1500 0.72445 0.12583 € 05 0.36352 € 04 0.80978
0.1600 0.72944 0.142955 05 0.37428E 04 0.81345
0.1700 0.73446 0.16197 € 05 0.38551 € 04 0.81713
0.1800 0.73951 0.18314 € 05 0.39724 € 04 0.82082
0.1900 0.74458 0.20673E 05 0.40951E 04 0.82451
0.2000 0.74968 0.233054 05 0.42235 € 04 0.82821
0.2100 0.75481 0.26247E 05 0.43579E 04 0.83192
0.2200 0.75996 0.29541E 05 0.44989E 04 0.83564
0.2300 0.76514 0.33236 € 05 0.46469E 04 0.83936
0.2400 0.77035 0.37389 € 05 0.480246 04 0.84 310
0.2500 0.77558 0.42066E 05 0.49661E 04 0.84684
0.2600 0.78084 0.473455 05 0.51385E 04 0.85059
0.2700 0.78613 0.53318E 05 0.53204E 04 0.85434
0.2800 0.79144 0.60093E 05 0.55126 € 04 0.85811
0.2900 0.79678 0.67799E 05 0.57159E 04 0.86189
0.3000 0.80214 0.76588E 05 0.593146 04 0.86567
0.3100 0.80753 0.86645 € 05 0.61601E 04 0.86946
0.3200 0.81295 0.98189E 05 0.64032E 04 0.87326
0.3300 0.81839 0.111495 06 0.66623E 04 0.87707
0.3400 0.82386 0.12687E 06 0.69388E 04 0.88089
0.3500 0.82936 0.14472E 06 0.72346 € 04 0.88472
0.3600 0.83488 0.16554 € 06 0.75518E 04 0.88856
0.3700 0.84043 0.18993E 06 0.78927E 04 0.89241
0.3800 0.84601 0.21866E 06 0.82601E 04 0.89626
0.3900 0.85161 0.25267E 06 0.86571E 04 0.90013
0.4000 0.85724 0.29319E 06 0.90874E 04 0.90400
0.4100 0.86289 0.34 1 76 € 06 0.95555E 04 0.90789
0.4200 0.86857 0.40040E 06 0.10066E 05 0.91178
0.4300 1.87428 0.47175 € 06 0.10626E 05 0.91568
0.4400 0.88001 0.559 305 06 0.112436 05 0.91959
0.4500 0.88576 0.66775E 06 0.11924 € 05 0.92352
0.4600 0.89155 0.80348E 06 0.12681E 05 0.92745
94
SIGMA # 0.38
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.40
SIGMA # 0.42
SIGMA # 0.44
SIGMA # 0.46
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.48
SIGMA # 0.50
BETA- O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.52
BETA - 0 LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.54
SIGMA # 3.56
SIGMA # 0.58
SIGMA # 1.60
SIGMA # 0.62
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.64
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
0. 0.81330 0 . 0.23687E 04 0.77313
0.0100 0.81813 0.701 42E 03 0.24741 E 04 0.77924
0.0200 0.82297 0.15326 € 04 0.25858E 04 0.78536
0.0300 0.82784 0.25180E 04 0.27045E 04 0.79149
0.0400 0.83273 0.36875 € 04 0.28307E 04 0.79762
0.0500 0.83763 0.50775 € 04 0.29651E 04 0.80377
0.0600 0.84256 0.67327E 04 0.31087E 04 0.80993
0.0700 0.84751 0.87084 € 04 0.32623E 04 0.81610
0.0800 0.85248 0.11073E 05 0.34271E 04 0.82228
0.0900 0.85747 0.139 140 05 0.36042E 04 0.82847
0.1000 0.86248 0.17338E 05 0.37951E 04 0.83467
0.1100 0.86751 0.21484 € 05 0.400146 04 0.84088
0.1200 0.87257 0.265296 05 0.42252E 04 0.84711
0.1300 0.87764 0.32700E 05 0.44686E 04 0.85334
0.1400 0.88273 0.40297E 05 0.47343E 04 0.85959
0.1500 0.88785 0.49711E 05 0.50255 € 04 0.86584
0.1600 0.89298 0.61470E 05 0.53461E 04 0.87211
0.1700 0.89814.0.76283E 05 0.57007E 04 0.87839
0.1800 0.90331 0.95127E 05 0.60950E 04 0.88468
0.1900 0.90851 0.11936E 06 0.65358E 04 0.89098
0.2000 0.91373 0.15091E 06 0.70322E 04 0.89730
0.2100 0.91897 0.19257E 06 0.75949 € 04 0.90362
0.2200 0.92422 0.24847E 06 0.82386 € 04 0.90996
0.2300 0.92950 0.324 88 € 06 0.89815E 04 0.91631
0.2400 0.93480 0.43160E 06 0.98486 € 04 0.92267
0.2500 0.94012 0.58448E 06 0.10874 E 05 0.92905
0.2600 0.94546 0.810146 06 0.12105E 05 0.93543
0.2700 0.95083 0.11556 € 07 0.13610E 05 0.94183
0.2800 0.95621 0.17087E 07 0.15493E 05 0.94824
0.2900 0.96161 0.264496 07 0.17912E 05 0.95467
0.3000 0.96703 0.43505 € 07 0.21139 € 05 0.96110
0.3100 0.97248 0.77817E 07 0.25670E 05 0.96755
0.3200 0.97794 0.15709 € 08 0.32453E 05 0.97402
0.3300 0.98342 0.38537 € 08 0.43862E 05 0.98049
0.3400 0.98893 0.13458E 09 0.66737 € 05 0.98698
0.3500 0.99445 0.11965 € 10 0.14555E 06 0.99348
117
SIGMA # 0.66
BETA - O LAMBDA НЕ RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.68
SIGMA # 0.70
SIGMA # 0.72
BETA - O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.74
BETA LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 3.76
BETA - 0 LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
123
SIGMA # 0.78
SIGMA # 0.80
BETA- O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.82
BETA - 0 LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.84
SIGMA # 0.86
SIGMA # 0.88
SIGMA # 0.90
BETA - 0 LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 2.92
SIGMA # 0.94
BETA- O LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 1.96
BETA - 0 LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
SIGMA # 0.98
BETA - 0 LAMBDA HE RE XBAR
UNCLASSIFIED