2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
Investigation of Solar Passive concepts in building
envelope for a reduction of energy usage
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM) | 978-1-6654-1450-0/20/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICIEM51511.2021.9445359
Jaspal Singh
PhD Scholar HOD, Civil Engineering
Amity University
Uttar Pradesh, India
connectwithjaspalsingh@gmail.com
Gopal Nandan
Associate Professor
Amity University
Uttar Pradesh. India
gnandan@amity.edu
Abstract- Efficient utilization of renewable energy by reducing
the dependency on conventional energy sources has become the
major concern currently in the field of engineering and scientific
research in order to mitigate the environmental issues caused by
the conventional sources. There are many researches happening
worldwide for reducing building energy consumption by
introducing passive concepts. The present work reviews such
passive solar concepts and its integration in building envelope
design to provide thermal, lighting and acoustic comfort for
occupants residing in the building without the help of any
conventional space heating and cooling techniques.
Keywords: Solar passive energy, net zero energy building, phase
change material, energy reduction
I. INTRODUCTION
The construction sector around the globe has consumed
global energy of upto 32% in the last decade and was
responsible for the emission of 1/3rd of global CO2 [1].
Building energy consumption is mostly discussed in locations
having extreme climate conditions where there is a necessity
of indoor space conditioning since it requires a major portion
of total building energy needs. The major factors responsible
for the energy consumption of these buildings are
climatological factors, materials for building's envelope and
space accustoming [2]. Active systems are majorly used in
both cold and hot climates which provide space heating,
cooling, maintains humidity levels and provides fresh air for
occupant comfort by utilizing large amounts of energy. This
is where the importance of passive systems for space heating
and cooling application comes into picture, which is a
sustainable and ecofriendly approach.
Passive integration of solar energy in buildings is one
effective way by which maximum solar heat gains and low
energy consumption can be achieved without the help of any
mechanical systems. The use of various shading structures in
buildings can control the annual heat balance and the amount
of solar radiation reaching the rooms. Horizontal shading
overhangs act as a passive cooling system during summer, by
blocking major portion of sunrays to avoid overheating.
During winter season, the same overhang should not block
978-1-6654-1450-0/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE
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R.K.Tomar N. D. Kaushika
Emeritus Professor
Amity University IIT Delhi
Uttar Pradesh, India ndkaushika@yahoo.com
rktomar@amity.edu
the solar energy coming inside the room, hence requires a
variable geometry to adjust the position according to the heat
requirement. There is shading overhangs incorporated with
photovoltaic panels used in buildings as building integrated
photovoltaic solutions. Composite glazing with a selected
radioactive characteristic can be applied to maintain annual
heat balance of buildings. The size of windows and the
radiative characteristic during summer and winter varies and
the selection of optimum values for the acquisition of sunlight
in winter and blocking of sunlight during summer requires
optimization considering multiple factors. Spectrally
selective glazing used in window panes reduces the electricity
consumption by maintaining the heat level inside the building
providing occupant comfort and by reducing the lighting
requirement by utilizing the daylight. Since the heat transfer
coefficient of glazed windowpanes is low, it is possible to use
larger glazed surfaces without much energy loss unlike the
conventional windowpane. Both the shading structures and
windowpanes with selective radiative properties control the
annual heat balance of a building and improve the visual and
thermal comfort of the occupants [3].
The present review focuses on different passive space heating
and cooling concepts that can be integrated in building
envelope for utilizing the solar energy which is renewable
and hence reduces the consumption of conventional energy
resources. The review discusses on different passive wall
concepts and some measures considered in designing
building envelopes to integrate passive solar concepts for
space heating, cooling, ventilation and day lighting
applications.
II. PASSIVE WALL CONCEPTS
Walls constitute the largest portion of a building envelope
and are responsible to provide acoustic and thermal comfort
without compromising on the aesthetics of the building [4].
Walls act as a medium for thermal transmission and control
the transfer of solar radiation into the building. Thermal
performance of the wall is a crucial factor deciding the energy
consumption of a building; hence selection of an appropriate
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2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
wall type is important in reducing the energy consumption
[5].
Principle of Operation (Non-vented)
• During the day, the heat energy is stored in the thermal,
then radiated and conducted into the living room. (There
is no direct air convection between the air distance and
the living space.)
• Suitable for residential use, as high heating requires
thermal storage.
• Doesn't help with cooling in the summer.
A. Trombe walls (Passive Solar Heating)
In 1881, Edward S. Morse introduced the concept of Trombe
wall which later came into existence after Felix Trombe and
Jaques Michel developed it. It was popularized as an
architectural element in 1960s when it was integrated with
buildings [6]. These are walls which provide passive heating
and are large vertical structures in black colour having high
inertia placed at a close distance to glazing, also known as
solar heating walls [7].By natural convection the wall
transfers a portion of thermal energy absorbed from the solar
radiation into the building. The heat absorbed from the
sunlight by the external wall is passed to the inner side
through conduction and then into the building by convection
and radiation [8].
Principle of Operation (Vented)
a. Direct convection between the air gap and the living
space is provided by vents on the upper and lower sides
of the wall, which increases heat transfer throughout the
day.
b. Most appropriate for office buildings, as the working
hours during the daytime can receive efficient heating,
and storage is not needed. In the summer, it helps with
natural ventilation.
c. Warm and cool air ventilation can be supported by a set
of flaps/vents on the wall and glazing.
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Fig 1 (b) Thermal storage divider equipped with vents
B. Water Thermal Storage Walls (Passive Solar Heating)
In order to reduce the temperature inside a building, water
thermal storage walls are mainly used in various rural places.
The heat capacity of water is comparatively high and is
suitable for making the thermal storage mixed water-mass
wall, specifically for single buildings [9]. The thermal
performance of conventional walls and water walls with
opaque building envelope are extensively compared with
each other using various methods. Thermal performance has
been assessed using Empirical methods and water wall and
trombe wall’s performance is measured using Solar Load
Ratio Method. The performance was estimated with or
without a reflector and with or without night-time insulation.
The monthly solar heating fraction of water wall is higher
when compared to the Trombe wall during the experiment
and this method evaluated the amount of space heating load
supplied by the passive solar system [10]. These alternatives
are mainly used for energy efficiency and thus additional
analysis is also carried out. The analysis helped in the
enhancement of the performance of water wall by providing
changes in the parameter applications. A striking
improvement was seen in the performance of water wall
when they increased the thermal storage capacity, the
additional building mass and the wall emissivity and
decreased the number of glazing, the R-value of the night-
time insulation and the wall absorptivity [11].
Operation of Water Wall
a. Water stored in drums pipes is used as a storage medium
in this structure.
b. The outer surface is painted black, and the inner surface
is exposed to the living room.
c. As compared to a typical brick wall (Cp=1 kJ/kg K),
water has a higher specific heat potential (Cp=4.2 kJ/kg
K).
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
Fig 1(c) Thermal storage divider constructed of water
C. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) walls
AAC is used to construct the walls in modern days as it is
easier and simpler while constructing along with its
remarkable thermal and mechanical properties. Dr.Johan
Axel Eriksson and Professor Henrik Kreuger from the Royal
Institute of Technology in Sweden introduced various
materials as a replacement for old construction materials in
the year 1920. These materials were used to form AAC
(Autoclaved Aerated Concrete) walls [12]. AAC walls are
made of non-combustible cement-based materials which are
manufactured using these materials introduced as per the ACI
523.2R. The materials used for manufacturing are Portland
cement, quick lime, gypsum, water, aluminium powder or
paste and fly ash or other sources of silica [13].
D. Double skin facades (DSF)
A Double-skin façade (DSF) is like a second skin to the wall
or a special envelope type kept in the front portion of a regular
building facade. They are transparent with a glazing texture
[14]. The gap present between the skins of the facade is
mechanically or naturally ventilated or can be airtight. The
gap should have the optimum width ranging from 200mm to
more than 2m [15]. Use of an air-tightened DSF enhances the
thermal insulation of building while reducing the heat loss
during winter. Many more particular characteristics such as
the effects of cavity depth on spreading fire in DSFs [16] [17],
day lighting characteristics [18] [19], the effect of plants used
in the cavity on the performance of DSFs and measurements
of airflow inside the DSF [20] were explored during several
studies. An experiment was conducted by Chan to validate
the theoretical model prepared using Energy Plus simulation
software and few data were also collected for the validation
purpose and to understand the energy performance of DSF.
The evaluation of energy performance is carried out in
several configurations such as glazing layers, glazing position
and glazing type and finds out that the double reflective
glazing as outer pane and single clear glazing as inner pane is
the better DSF system than conventional single skin facade
with single absorptive glazing. Thus, a DSF system with both
single clear glazing and double reflective glazing helps in
saving approximately 26% annually in the building cooling
energy.
E. Green walls/systems
Sustainability in rehabilitating urban places can be achieved
using the establishment of green systems comprise of green
roofs and green walls in building construction. The
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importance of greenery is appreciated in cities due to its
various advantages. The green walls and green roofs provide
a therapeutic effect inside the building and fill with a pleasant
atmosphere. This helps in the acoustic protections [21] [22]
and psychological well-being along with an enhanced city
profile [23] and attractive property values [24].
III. APPLICATION OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS
(PCMS) IN WALL SYSTEMS
PCM functioning is depended upon the absorption of surplus
energy when it is abundant and releasing it afterward when
there is a lack of energy. Soares et al. conducted a study using
various real-life and European climatic conditions to examine
the influence of PCM-drywalls on monthly and annual
heating and cooling energy savings of an air-conditioned
lightweight steel-framed (LSF) residential building. Several
variables are taken into account for the study of multi-
dimensional optimization by merging GenOpt and
EnergyPlus tools [25]. The solar absorbance of the inner
surfaces, properties of the PCM, thickness and location of the
PCM-drywalls are the variables measured for the
optimization study and it determined the remarkable role of
PCM-based drywalls in saving the cooling and heating
energy and thus is energy efficient.
IV. PASSIVE COOLING CONCEPTS
The most sustainable way of providing ventilation, lightning
and cooling necessity inside a home is by utilising the
purpose of sun and wind while constructing. These are
renewable energy sources that are abundant, free and easily
accessible. This way of cooling is called passive cooling and
it's an alternative for other mechanical cooling sources. The
differences between the indoor temperature and outdoor
temperature decreases as passive cooling methods are
provided. Passive cooling not only helps in enhancing the
indoor air quality and gives a calm and pleasant space to live
in but also protects the environment from the
overconsumption of non-renewable energy sources. The
usage of passive cooling helps in the cutdown of greenhouse
gas emissions into the atmosphere and thus helps in
controlling the causes of global warming. Well-designed
envelopes are used to remove the heat of the sun during
summer seasons and to improve the cooling movement of air.
There has been a rapid rise in the last decade for the usage of
passive cooling design in construction work as a way to
sustainable architecture. When water is easily accessible, the
incoming heat flux via the roof can be minimised successfully
by using an evaporative cooling technique. This type of
passive cooling technique is more effective when compared
to other passive cooling techniques and the entry of incoming
flux via walls can be minimised with a help of an air cavity
[26]. The orthogonal and listed methods were combined by
Gong et al. [27] to find a solution for the overconsumption of
energy in residential buildings. They optimised 7 passive
design measures for various Chinese cities to reduce the
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
consumption of energy. The measures they have taken into
account were altering the thickness of the walls, thickness of
external wall insulation, the thickness of roof insulation,
glazing type, window–wall ratio, window orientation, and
sunroom depth/overhang depth. Their optimisation study has
validated that passive design can significantly minimise the
thermal load of buildings.
The best way to decrease the overconsumption of energy can
be provided by natural ventilation. The low carbon
ventilation system provides fresh air inside the building and
gives a healthy indoor space. Wind towers are used to provide
this ventilation system. A low carbon ventilation system is an
effective alternative for many mechanical systems [28]
V. DESIGN OF BUILDING ENVELOPES
The effectiveness of an internal space in architecture is based
on the design of a building envelope, and nature of
composition, its integration with the size, shape, design
patterns and distribution of the external openings. These
factors act as insulation and a thermal barrier and are
significant in providing reducing glare, day lighting, and
shielding inhabitants from solar radiation directly [29]. All
these factors can influence the productivity, performance and
ease of inhabitants. The importance of the design of envelope
and facades on the day-lighting inside the building are
emphasised in various studies [30] [31] [32]. The most
significant factors that affect the design and effectiveness of
building envelope are the working of these buildings and the
climatic conditions around it [33].
Fig 2. Schematic of the adopted passive cooling design strategies.
VI. ENERGY AND SITE PLANNING
The parameters that affect the construction of a building in an
environmentally safe manner are site planning and building
orientation [34]. The designers could only understand the
impacts though these parameters. They find out the space in
which the atrium or facade design of the building gets
affected by sunlight directly. The distribution of solar
radiation differs based on building orientation and that is the
basic information needed to create an energy efficient facade.
According to Yeang et al. [35] This can be seen in the plan
layout, the depth of the house, the location and layout of
entrances and exits, the modes of travel through and between
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spaces, and the orientation and views as depicted in the plan.
The definition should also include the entry of light and the
passage of air within the structure. The orientation of the
building is always connected with the site planning and it
should be accumulated with the sun path (position of the sun
on the hemisphere) [36]. Sun path is stated based on 2 angles
such as solar attitude angle and solar azimuth angle.
VII. RECENT TRENDS
Zuazua et al investigated the usage of thermoelectricity for
heating, cooling and ventilation of buildings and categorised
passive systems into two main categories which are systems
which can be integrated with building envelopes and systems
which work independently. This thermoelectric technology
can be an alternative to conventional vapour compression
systems even though it doesn't provide similar comfort
because of its advantages like non use of refrigerants and high
durability [37].
Gracia et al. incorporated PCM in building envelopes for
cooling purposes. He proposed a dynamic concept where
PCM overcomes its technical disadvantages as a passive
cooling system. The concept focused on the capacity of the
system to change the position of the PCM layer inside the
building envelope and the results indicated that the dynamic
approach facilitates the solidification of the PCM which
enables the system to be designed with materials of peak
melting temperatures [38]. Lee et al developed an intelligent
building envelope system which collects sunlight during
winter and act as a dehumidifier during summer passively
with the help of renewable energy. The work analyses the
heat and moisture movement in the envelope and the results
indicated a significant reduction in sensible and latent heat
[39]. Lagou investigated on the optimum position for PCM in
building envelope design and suggested factors with respect
to the position and type of PCM which is responsible for an
optimum building solution [40]. Agathokleous et al.
developed a prototype of flat-plate solar collector using cost
effective materials and investigated its energy performance
when integrated with the building envelope. The novel simple
design is made in such a way that so that it can be easily
integrated with the building facade. The energy performance
is studied using a simulation model developed using
MATLAB and observed an energy saving in the range of 1.9
– 8.0 MWh/Y when compared with traditional buildings [41].
Zhu et al introduced a two phase thermo syphon loop (TPTL)
integrated with facade for thermo-activated passive building
systems. This replaces the pump driven setups for heat
injection. The thermal performance of the TPTL is done and
the results suggested the effect of filling ratio on the thermal
resistance and concluded that the optimal filling ratio value
varies with respect to the varying operating conditions [42].
Sudimac et al. investigated on the heat flux transmission in
vegetation walls integrated in the building facade
development. The facade wall with plants is observed to have
positive effects on the wall surface temperature and thermal
2021 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering and Management (ICIEM)
conductivity. It is observed to have an influence on the
temperature balance of the building envelope and the
vegetations are treated as factors which reduces the
overheating of the facade envelope [43]. Xaman et al. studied
the performance of solar chimney with PCM using global
energy balance (GEB) and CFD. The temperature difference
between the air and PCM in the chimney is used for
ventilation during evening and night times [44]. Ochedi et al.
investigated on the influence of sun and its path on space
heating, cooling and energy consumption in residential
buildings. The reduction of energy consumption with respect
to different building orientation, shading devices and glazing
were analysed. Results showcased a reduction of energy
consumption up to 29.45% with the utilization of natural
ventilation [45]. Gracia numerically investigated on the effect
of movable PCM in building envelopes. He optimised the
design variables like the PCM melting point and found out
that it can reduce the heat loss and can provide space heating
from the stored heat whenever required [46]. Berardi et al.
also have done experimental investigation on PCM using a
test cell and a temperature drop of up to 6ºC is achieved. He
observed a close relation between solar heat gain and heat
loss period with the melting and solidification patterns of
PCM [47]. Laera et al. suggested the importance of thermally
active building systems in the integration of building
envelopes. These thermally active building systems work at
low temperatures and allow efficient usage of renewable
resources [48]. Beemkumar et al experimentally investigated
the incorporation of PCM in roof and its affect on the thermal
behaviour of the building. The temperature variation in the
room with the PCM roof observed to be reduced and the
average peak temperature rise showcased a drop of 2-4ºC.
Also the thickness of the PCM layer observed to have a
relationship with the energy demand, where the increase in
thickness reduced the energy demand and maintains the
thermal comfort required in the room at constant temperature
[49]. Habibi et al investigated on different re-roofing
solutions focusing on the reduction of energy consumption.
The re-roofing solutions also improve the thermal
performance of the building. The novel concept of re-roofing
comprises of a three layers system including photovoltaic
panel, EPDM membrane and an insulation layer which
provides electric energy, water proofing and thermal
insulation required for making the building energy producing
system, sustainable and watertight [50].
VIII. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
The present work reviews different passive solar concepts
that can be incorporated in the building envelope for reducing
overall building energy consumption. Various wall concepts
provide passive heating by allowing the heat to pass through
the walls and provide passive cooling by blocking the
sunlight and without allowing the heat to pass through the
wall. Trombe wall and water walls are used for space heating
application widely. Green walls are currently gaining
popularity in space cooing applications. These passive
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concepts promise a sustainable growth in providing thermal
comfort hence mitigates many environmental issues like
global warming. Many factors are needed to be addressed
while designing the building envelopes in order to
incorporate different passive systems which use renewable
solar energy. The building orientation and site planning also
plays a major role in the integration of passive solar concepts
in building envelopes. We would work on Paraffin-based
nano PCM and RUBITHERM RTline in our future work
because of their promising specifications as PCMs.
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