Lesson 3.

3 : Substation Automation

SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES_EEN 5031 & EEN 5311

Dr. Tarlochan Kaur

Professor, EED,
Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University),
Chandigarh - 160012
tarlochankaur@pec.edu.in
 After this presentation, the student will be able to have knowledge of
(i) Substation Automation
(ii) Feeder Automation
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Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ Generation Automation
➢ Distribution Automation
(IEEE Defination): “A set of technologies that enable an electric utility to remotely
monitor, co-ordinate and operate distribution components in a real –time mode from
remote locations”
o Substation Automation
o Feeder Automation
o Distribution network, Street lighting, Metering, Primary equipment monitoring & control,
o Building Automation Commercial building, building, home, etc,.
o Factory Automation Power management system (PMS) which will have motor, fan, heater,
blower, etc, excluding process automation.

Automation System Technologies –Distribution Utilities

o SCADA/Geospatial Information System (GIS)/DMS/OMS/AMR/ERP/Communication
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systems/ Billing and Business Process Automation

Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311
 With …You receive …which results in

Fault indication Faster fault management Shorter outage time

Measurements More information from network Accurate network analysis

Protection Actual current seen by the relay PM analysis

Remote control Fast outage/fault management Shorter outage times

Quality monitoring Information on problem areas Improved power quality

Condition monitoring Service information of switches Reduced maintenance intervals

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 ➢ Q
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 ➢ Plays a significant role in the smart grid.
➢ With the development of advanced, reliable, integrated intelligent
electronic devices, the smart substations aims to automatically complete
the basic functions of information collection, measurement, control,
protection, computation, and monitoring.

➢ The smart substations also support advanced functions, such as real-time

automatic control of the smart grid, intelligent regulation, online analysis
and decision, and interaction with adjacent substations and power
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dispatching.
Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311
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 ➢ Switchgears are the basic equipment of transmission and distribution systems,
The Primary equipment
o The primary equipment is the high-voltage part of the switchgear, which is used for high-voltage
insulation, current-carrying, and opening-closing such as circuit breakers
The auxiliary (Secondary) equipment:
o The auxiliary equipment is the low-voltage part of the switchgear, which is used for the controlling
and monitoring of the main components and is installed with the high-voltage part dispersedly.
➢ In view of the disadvantages of the traditional switchgears and the increasing
requirements of the reliability and automation, the rapid development of
electronic technology has brought the concept of the intelligent switchgear.
➢ The intelligent switchgear refers to the switchgears and related control
equipment with higher performance, equipped with electronic equipment,
transmitters, and actuators.
➢ It not only has the basic functions of switchgears but also has additional
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functions, such as monitoring and diagnosis functions.

Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ At the same time, the switchgear is gradually being more widely monitored
to ensure the safety and reliability of the power grid.
➢ The online monitoring technology can not only detect early defects of
electrical equipment in time to prevent sudden accidents but also reduce
unnecessary power-off maintenance and make certain pretest items online
to avoid the power losses caused by traditional tests and maintenance.
➢ At present, the intelligent primary equipment is still being developed in
smart substations.
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Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ 1. Protection
➢ 2. Control
➢ 3.Metering for operation & settlement
➢ 4. Monitoring
➢ 5. Analysis and diagnostics
➢ 6.Support for intelligence for operation and restoration
➢ 7. Automatic documentation
➢ 8.Safe and secure operation
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 ➢ The auxiliary control systems of conventional substations, such as
image monitoring, security guard, fire alarm, main transformer fire protection,
plumbing, heating, and ventilation, are still independent and do not have the ability
of intelligent interaction.
It results in many information islands that require more employees to process
information of these devices.
In addition, it is another embodiment of smart substations that the workload is
largely reduced.
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Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ Main system elements in a Substation Automation System are:
IED’s (Intelligent Electronic Devices) Relays
RTU Remote terminal unit / BC Bay controller
HMI Human Machine Interface
Communications bus / busses, linking various devices (Ethernet)
Communication Link to the remote SCADA system / Network
Control Centre (NCC)
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Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ IED is open or proprietary based.
➢ (protection relay, smart meters, etc.)
Acquires data from electrical devices, e.g. relay or circuit breaker status, switch
position.
Reads meter data such as V, A, MW, MVAR.
Some modern meters have IED capabilities, they can
communicate their readings with RTU or MTU.
Control functions include:
o CB control, voltage regulators, recloser control.
Newer substations only use modern IEDs
IEDs can support horizontal communication
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 ➢ The electronic instrument transformer
The electronic instrument transformer is one the key sensor technology to digitalize
smart substations.
Unlike conventional transformers, the electronic transformer consists of one or more
current or voltage sensors connected to a transmission system and a secondary
converter.
It is used for transmitting the information proportional to measured values to
measured instruments, relay protection, or control devices.
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 ➢ With more information remotely available, new supervisory systems are
being developed to facilitate the task of a system administrator in the
control center.
➢ A Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system can collect
information from various IEDs in an electrical system via different methods
of communication and then control and monitor them using various
visualizing technologies – even automating the supervision task based on
predefined parameters and algorithms.
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Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ A Human Machine Interface (HMI), is a toned -down version of a SCADA system
that is used locally in a substation – especially during commissioning and
maintenance.
➢ Unlike a SCADA system, an HMI only monitors local devices and generally doesn’t
have a historian capability.
➢ A HMI could run on a local computer substation, but a better solution is to use a
modern gateway that supports a built-in HMI function..
Single-line diagram
o A graphical representation of the system helps the operator to visually investigate the current state
of the substation and to send commands to the control.
o A HMI has fewer single-line diagram pages as it only needs to represent its own substation.
Alarm management
System health information
o Another function of a HMI system is to show some form of a summary on the general health of a
substation. Information such as the number of successful and failed communications, gateway CPU
and memory usage and the software version can be shown in a graphical form, so an operator can
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evaluate the overall condition of the system at a glance.

Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 Circuit breakers and transformers provide a unified external interface through
intelligent components to realize bidirectional communication between primary and
secondary equipment, thus enabling complete digitization of the entire station’s
information collection, transmission, processing, and output.
The smart substation adopts a unified ethernet communication network to interact
digital information.
After being collected through primary equipment, the information is converted into a
digital signal locally, uploaded to protection relays and measurement and control
devices, and finally arrives at a human machine interface (HMI) via networks.
The primary equipment is also controlled by HMI, relays, measurement, and control
devices via the networks.
Optical cables take the place of a large number of long cables in traditional
substations, avoiding electromagnetic interference, transmission overvoltage and
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two-point grounding, as well as fundamentally improving transmission reliability.

Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ Substation information is collected via communication protocols, physical
communication and other substation technologies.
➢ Network Communication Technology
In smart substations, conventional analog signals and control cables have been replaced by
digital signals and optical fibers step by step.
➢ Communication Link
Phone line / leased line, power line carrier communication (PLCC)
Radio
Cellular network
Satellite
Fibre optic

➢ IEC 61850 –First protocol written for smart Sub Stations

o ( A communication protocol defines a set of rules for transmitting data between two or more
communication parties)
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o Traditional protocols: DNP3, MODBUS, proprietary

Smar t Grid Technologies EEN 5031/5311

 ➢ IEC 61850 Standards
IEC 61850, Communication Networks and Systems in Substations, is an international
standard for substation automation systems and communications.
It is not a simple communication protocol.
IEC 61850 performs information layering, object-oriented modeling, uniform
description language and abstract service interface, which is different from the
common protocol that only specifies format and content of the message such as
TCP/IP, DNP3 and IEC 60870-5-104.
It realizes the standardization of substation project implementation and system
configuration .
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EEN 5031 &
EEN 5311
SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES