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Minna noNihongoll

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Translation & Grammatical Notes

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FOREWORD

© 1998 by 3A Corporation
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ihe
Publisher.
As the title Minna no Nihongo indicates, this book has been designed to make
the study of Japanese as enjoyable and interesting as possible for students and
teachers alike. Over three years in the'planning and compilation, it stands as a
complete textbook in itself while acting as a companion volume to the.)lighly
regarded Shin Nihongo no Kiso.
As readers may know, Shin Nihongo no Kiso is a comprehensive introduction to
elementary Japanese that serves as a highly efficient resource enabling students
wishing to master basic Japanese conversation to do so in the shortest possible time.
As such, although it was originally developed for use by AOTS's technical trainees,
it is now used by a wide.range of people both in Japan and abroad.
The teaching of Japanese is branching out in many different ways. The growth in
international relations has led to a greater level of interchange between Japan and
other countries, arid non-Japanese from a wide varie_ty of backgrounds'have come
to Japan with a range of different objectives and are now living within local
communities here. The changes in the social environment surrounding the teaching
of Japanese that have resulted from this influx of people from other countries have in
tum influenced the individual situations in which Japanese is taught. There is now a
greater diversity of learning needs, and they require individual responses.
It is against this background, and in response to the opinions and hopes expressed
by a large number of people who have been involved in the teaching of Japanese for
many years both in Japan and elsewhere, that 3A Corporation proudly publishes
Minna no Nihongo. While the book continues to make use of the clarity and ease
of understanding provided by the_special features, key learning points and learning
methods of Shin Nihongo no Kiso, the scenes, situations and characters in
Minna no Nihongo have been made more universal in order to appeal to a wider

Published by 3ACorporation, range of learners. Its contents have been enhanced in this way to allow all kinds of
Shoei Bldg., 6-3, Sarugaku-cho 2-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0064, students to use it for studying Japanese with pleasure.
Minna no Nihongo is aimed at anyone who urgently needs to learn to
Japan ISBN4-88319-108-7 C0081
communicate in Japanese in any situation, whether at work, school, college or in
Firstpublished 1998 their local community. Although it is an introductory text, efforts bave been made to
Printed in Japan make the exchanges between Japanese and foreign characters in the book reflect
Japanese
J,,.
social conditions and everyday life as faithfully as possible. While it is intended EXPLANATORY NOTES
principally for those who have already left full-time education, it can also be
recommended as an excellent textbook for university entrance courses as well as sbort I• Structure
tenu intensive courses at technical colleges and universities. f"J.,./..Ji(1) B*
1:.1:l,{,. l.l >111
fJJ l&II consists of a Main Text, a Translation and Grammar
We at 3A Corporation are continuing actively to produce·new study materials Text and a set of cassette tapes. The Translation and Grammar Text is currently
designed to meet the individual needs of an increasingly wide range of learners, and available in English. Versions in other languages will be published shortly. The'
we sincerely hope that readers will continue to give us their valued support. materials·have been prepared with the main emphasis on listening and speaking
In conclusion, I should like to mention the extensive help we received in the Japanese; they do not provide instruction in reading and writing hiragana,
preparation of this text, in the form of suggestions and comments from various katakana or kanji.
quarters and trials of the materials in actual lessons, for which we are extremely
II . Content and Method of Use
grateful. 3A Corporation intends to continue extending its network of friendship all
1. Main Text
over the world through activities such as tl1e publishing of Japanese study materials,
and we hope that everyone who knows us will continue to lend us their unstinting 1) Lessons
encouragement and support in this. There are 25 lessons, from Lesson 26 to Lesson 50, which follow rJ.,./..,-t.i:
(1)B *
1::. IU, :' L.1 .,7
flJ m.I J, and each contains the follo.,.,ing:
Iwao CD Sentence Patterns
Ogawa President, 3A Basic sentence patterns are shown.
Corporation (2) Example Sentences
June 1998 A small dialogue in the style of a question and answer is given to
show how the sentence patterns are used in practical conversation.
New adverbs, conjunctions, and other grammatical points are also
introduced.
@ Conversation
In the conversations, various foreign people staying in Japan appear
in a variety of situations. The conversation includes everyday
expressions and greetings. As they are simple, learning them by
heart is recommended. If time allows, students should try
developing the conversation by applying the reference words given
in each lesson of the Translation and Grammar Text in order to
maximize their
communication skills.
@Drills
The drills are divided into three levels: A, B, and C.
Drill A is visually designed in chart style to help understanding of
the g r a m • matical structure. The style helps students to learn

= ..,.,
l i
l II ..• 1-J - - · 1... Iii ·w C w-·u·c
3) Numbers are principally shown in Arabic numerafs.
I,:

e.g. 9 Btt 9 o'clock

6'?")1•f.!l'"j

4 1 8 1st April
Vt

1 "? one (thing) TO USERS OF THIS

However kanji is used in the following cases. TEXTBOOK
'()t:1}

e.g.-;.,._-r
P;t;r'
-JJt
\1 1.(,,,l,(,. _.,
-7JPHL
The most effective way to study
by oneself one time ten thousand yen bill 1. Learn each word carefully.
5. Miscellaneous The Translation & Grammatical Notes introduces the new words for each
lesson. First, listen to the tape and learn these words thoroughly, paying
1) Words which can be omitted from a sentence are en'closed in square
special attention to the correct pronunciation and accent. Jry to make
brackets [ ]. sentences with the new words. It is important to memorize not only a word
t; "
e.g. Xii 54(,At]-r-to My father is 54 yearsold. itself, but its use in a sentence.
2) Synonyms are enclosed in round brackets ( ). 2. Practice the sentence patterns.
e.g. t.:"n ('Cfd:) who Make sure you understand the meaning of each sentence pattern, and do Drills
A andB until you have mastered the pattern. Say the sentences aloud, especially
3) The part for an alternative word is denoted by ~.
when doing Drill B.
e.g. ~Ii 1 'n'n•-r--t,;,. How would you like~ ?
3. Practice the conversation drills.
If the alternative part is a numeral, - is used.
Sentence-pattern practice is followed by conversation practice. The example
conversations show the various situations in actual daily life in which people
e.g. - \• ;(,(, t 1!1\,(.
from abroad will often need to use Japanese. Start by doing Drill C to get
Jf;. -years ol - P1 -yen -*1111 -hours
accustomed to the pattern. Don't practice only the dialogue pattern, but try to
ii' expand the dialogue. And learn how to communicate suitably according to the
situations bypracticing the conversation.
4. Listen to the cassette tape repeatedly.
Ii! When practicing Drill C and Conversation, listen to the tape and say the
dialogue aloud to make sure you acquire the correct pronunciation and
intonation. Listening to the tape is the most effective way to get used to the
sound and speed of Japanese and to improve your listening ability.
5. Always remember to review and prepare.
So as not to forget what you have learnt in class, always review it the same day.
Finally, do the practice section at the end of each lesson in order to check
what you have learnt and to test your listening comprehension. As for the
reading practice, this is an exercise to improve your comprehension of written
material. Try to read it, referring to the vocabulary list. And, if you have
time, look through the words and grammar explanation for the next lesson.
Basic preparation is necessary for effective study.
6. Use what you have learnt.
Don't limit your learning to the classroom. Try to talk to Japanese people.
Using what you have just learnt is the best way to progress.
If you complete this textbook following the above suggestions, you will have
acquired the basic vocabulary and expressions necessary for daily life in Japan.
l'
syste1 atically the basic sentence patterns through substitution drills,
50.
and applying verb forms and conjugations following the chart.
G) new vocabulary and its translation
Drill B has various driU patterns to strengthen students' grasp of CV translation of Se.ntence Patterns, Example Sentences, and
the basic sentence patterns. Follow the directions given in each Conversation
practice. Drills marked with a er sign use pictorial charts. @ useful words related to the lesson and small pieces of information on
Drill C is given in discourse style to show how the sentence Japan and the Japanese
patterns function in actual situations, and to enhance practical oral ® explanation of essential grammar appearing in the lesson
skills. Do p.ot simply read, repeat and substitute, but try making
2) A grammatical summary of particles, how to use the forms, adverbs,
your own substitution, enrich the content, and develop the story.
adverbial expressions, and various conjugations is given in English at
@Practice
the back of the Main Text.
Two kinds of practices are given: one type for listening O=) and
the other for grammar practice. 3. Cassette Tapes
The listening practice is further divided into questions asking for On the cassette tapes, Vocabulary, Sentence Patterns, Example Sentences,
personal answers, and questions confirming the key point of the Drill C, Conversation and listening comprehension questions of the
given discourse. The listening practices are designed to strengthen Practice section are recorded.
students' aural skills, while the grammar practices check Students should pay attention to the pronunciation and intonation when
comprehension of vocabulary and the grammar points in the lessons listening to the Vocabulary, Sentence Patterns and Example Sentences.
studied. When listening to Drill C and Conversation, try to get accustomed to the
The reading practices mostly require students to give a true or natural speed of the language.
false response after reading a simple story compiled with words and 4. Kanji Usage
t
+.
t!i.ti V1'7
sentence patterns from the lessons learned.
1)\.(,.

1) Kanji usage is based on ffl which is an official list of the most

2) Review commonly used Chinese characters in Japan.
t•< t <,(,
This is provided to enable students to go over the essential points every G) 1!.1t*t/11 (words which are made by a combination of two or more kanji
several lessons studied. and have a special reading) shown in the Appendix Chart of 'll;'ffl **
ttl1,,., t (,';;

3) Summary
At the end of the Main Text, a summary of grammatical points is given, are written in kanji.
t,,J.i <t::.·tn ., f' .tt
such as the use of the particles, verb forms, adverbs and conjunctions, e.g. ii friend :ll!At fruit D!ltt glasses
using example sentences appearing in the respective lessons. CV Proper nouns are written with their own Chinese characters even if
4) Index their readings are non-standard.
1a; 6• -1.1 i, -e· .r. !
This includes classroom expressions, greetings, numerals, new e.g. :kll.i Osaka .;Jfi; Nara - Kabuki
vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions introduced in each lesson of the 2) For freeing students from confusion, some words are given in kana
tdU ,,1., t v'd
Main Text all through from Lesson 1 to Lesson 50. although they are included in f.' !fl + and its Appendix Chart.
h l::.,tk ,,;
e.g. s 6 ('If 6 · .J16) t: ,;:Iv (ffe ) Q) i (e'J, B)
2. Translation-and Grammar Text •
posses s exist perhaps yesterday
1) The following are given in each of the lessons from Lesson 26 to Lesson

Ii It I I
 JI J , LLG L -c-
c.-. C
CHARACTERS IN THE CONVERSATIONS

Karl Schmidt Klara Schmidt

German, engineer at Power Electric Gennan, teacher of German
Company
Mike Miller

12 !l
American, employee ofIMC

Matsumoto Tadashi
Japanese, department
Suzuki Yasuo
Japaoese,
aWatanabe
Akemi Japanese,
employee of
ft
Takahashi Toru
Japanese,
employee of
Hayashi Makiko
Japanese,
employee of
chi f at IMC (Osaka) Nakamura Akiko employee ofJMC Power Electric Company Power Electric Company Power Electric Company

ft
Japanese, sales section

1!
chief at IMC

John Watt Ito Chiseko

British, professor at Japanese, teacher in charge of
Sakura University Hans Schmidt's class at
lee Jin Ju Thawaphon Himawari elementary school
Korean, researcher at AKC Thai, student at Sakura University
Other Characters

C '
Gupta .
Ogawa Yone Hans
Japanese,
'
' German, schoolboy (12 yrs.),
* AKC (7 ';;;
· Ogawa Hiroshi Ogawa Hiroshi's mother Ogawa Sachiko son of Karl and Klara Schmidt
;re:.,7 - : Asia
Japanese, neighbo_r Japanese,
of Mike Miller's housewife * IMC (computer software company)
Research Institute)
Indian, employee of IMC
r
1

11lf
I.
LESSON 29···················.································................................,....22
CONTENTS
Terms Used For lnstruction·.···························....·······························2 I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation

II. Translation I. V L -fonn 1 1

i -t
Abbreviations.. ••.. •....•.. •..•••••.. •••·••••••••••··•••.. •.. •••••••••:.·····················3 Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. V1' .form L l 1 'i LI:/ Li1, i-t
LESSON 26···..··....................................................................................4 Conversation: 3. V 1' -form L t' 1 1
i L f:
I lefLsomething 4. S 1) i L f::
III. Reference Words & Information: 5. t:::: 17'·t / t';: -O' I:
I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation
II. Translation I. V, I . plain form
STATE & APPEARANCE

I
Sentence Patterns & Example 1
-adJ .,{,-z·-t LESSON 30·················........................................................................28
Sentences Conversation: -t..1.·-adj plain form I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation
Wher doI putthetrash? N ~ -~.,..i: II. Translation I. V"[ .form S 1
) i T
ID.Reference Words & Information: 2. V-Z-form 1 1 I: f="lt i -tt ,( tr Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. V L -form ;l:;2' i i"
REFUSE DISPOSAL 3. lnterrogative V f :.formG 1 1 -
Z--t-o' . ,, ,
1 1
Conversation: 3. i f= V (affinnative)
4. (-!tr -r--r/ 1 -r·-t 1 I will reserve a ticket for you 4. -ttt.l;t ~
N(obje<;t)l;t j -1'--r·-t /"fiT-t III. Reference Words & Information:
j;, 1) i -t, etc. LOCATION

LESSON 27 LESSON 31··········............................................................................... 34

........................................................................................................... ,
o
I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation IV. GrammarExplanation
I. Vocabulary
II. Translation I. Potential verbs
II. Translation I. Volitional form
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. Potential verb sentences 2. How to use the volitional form
Sentence Patterns 4'Example Sentences
Conversation: 3. i ;t l -t and ml;: ;ti i" Conversation: 3. V dictionary form] -:t, I) -r--t
You can make anything, can't you? 4. 1"2< i T I think I will start using the Internet V -t._-1 '-form -l-..1.·11
ID.Reference Words & Information:
5. {;t III. Reference Words & Information: 4. V dictionary
• ",
- 't ,t-r·1·
form I
SHOPS FOUND LOCALLY 6. t FIELDS OF STUDY
NCI) ;
7. L ,:\' 5. i t: V L .form \ 1
i -1±.,{,
LESSON 28···..························;· .·························· .· · · · · · · . . · · · · · . · 16 6. :::~/-t-
I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation
II. Translation I. V, i -t-form1.: 17< G V,
Sentence Patterns & Example 2. V L -form 1 t -t
I,
1

Sentences Conversation: 3. plain form L,

Over a cup of tea 4. -ttt.1:

I III. Reference Words & Information:

RENTING ACCOMMODATION
5. -th T
6. J: <
'!o . 1' ,(,

;: <T) * I: # d,T-t
{,, ,j,
(

,.
I I I I
!I
I
I
. . . : \ .
 7L:;7:;7::7:il
iLLL7 _,7_;7:;L7-J7-J 7....J7-1 L
LESSON 32·················......................................................................40
I. Vocabulary JV.Grammar Explanation ! LESSON 35..........................................................................................................58
'L Vocabulary JV.Grammar Explanation
II. Translation I. V f=•fonn Il. Translation I. How to make the conditional form
I 1 -j ,>t 1 '1, T-
~
l
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences V ".i:1 '-fonn ".i.'1' t Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. Conditional form.
Conversation: 2.V plain fonn
Conversation: 3. N".i.'i:,. ~
You might be sick
m.Reference Words & Information:
1 '-adj

I
".i.·-adj plain fonn TL J:?
If you goto a travel agency, you can find
out Words & Information:
filReference
4. lnterrogative Vconditional form
\ '\ '-r·-t
N ~'Y..
l
WEATHER FORECAST PROVERBS 5. V Vdictionary fonn
3. V plain fonn \ '-adj conditionalfonn 1 '-adj(~1 ') Hl t'

I
1 ".1-'-adj 1',1.·-adj".I.'
'•ad j l,>-t Ltti-tf-,{.,
".1-'-adj plain LESSON 36···········································································64
fonn
N ~'Y..
I. Vocabulary JV.Grammar Explanation
4. -, t/f=,;:,{.,/ t c,;, Lf= i:,
l •r:

5t.oJ,>,
l Ll(l•

.-:.: u.i: : t D. Translation 1. V, dictionary formf .r7 _1-. _ V'

6. QuantifierT Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences V, fl '-fonn"J.'I'
Conversation:
. 2.V dictionary fonn.t -j ".i.' IJi -t
1 ::I
LESSON 33·······················:c··..................................············46 I make the effort to use my brarn and body V ".i:1 '-form1.i.• <
I. Vocabulary JV.Grammar Explanation ID.Reference Words & Information: 3.V dictionary Conn f .t 'J 1:: L l -t
n Translation 1. Imperative and prohibitive forms HEALTH V".1-·1 '-form".i.'1'
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. Use of the imperative and prohibitive fonns 4. t ,>,
Conversation:
What does this
3. ~ t i ;,..t ·r and ~ t :i- LESSON 37............................................................................................... 70
mean?
1'T
;f, I) i-f
DI.Refenmce Words & Information:
4.Xl;t YI:'. 1,-j ii-r·-t I. Vocabulary
II. Translation
JV.Grammar Explanation
I. Passive verbs
SIGNS s.
I
5-

I I,,.
Sente·nce Patterns & Example Sentences 2. N,(person,)(i N,(person,)1: Vpassive
. plain fonn t 1r-, T 11 i L
Conversation:

f=
3. N,(person,)li N,(persoru)I: N,f
.
6"S "
. fonn t -j ;t1" 1 ,f=f=ltHt,{.,,>, Kansai Airport is made on reclaimed land Vpassive
plam
lli.Refe.rence Words & Information: 4. N(thing),)</Ii Vpassive
LESSON 34.............................................................................52 INCIDENT 5. N,l;t N,(person)I:: .J:-,1" Vpassive
I. Vocabulary
D. Translation
DLReference Words &
Information:
JV.Grammar Explanation
I. V, dictionary fonn
ftt:, )1::.V,·
1

COOKING N
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences Vif=-form
2. V, f:-forml i, I:'.T V
Conversation: N , '
Please do as I do
 V,".i.'1'-form1'J.'1,-r-f < 1) i -t
3. V, 1' -form !V 6. N ' i:/, N T '?

4. V, ".i.'11-fonn ".i.·1 ,-c. V,

2
 LESSON 38·······························································..·············.
························································································· 76 LESSON 41············,·······.................................................................. ,94
I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation
II. Translation 1. V plain formO) II. Translation I. Expressions for giving and receiving
Sentence Patterns &Example 2. V dictionary formv?li adjective-r-t Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. Giving.and receiving of actions
Sentences Conversation: 3. Vdictionary forrnv?,j' adjective -r-t Conversation: 3. V -r-form < f= '\ t -tt ,Z,-n'
I like putting things in order 4. Vdictionary formv? f :rt.i Lt Could you keep my parcel? 4. Nt:: V
ID.Reference Words & Information: 5. Vplainfonu(1)f i.,;,..,-z \'i-9'"-n' & Information:

lI
III. Reference Words
ANNUAL EVENTS 6. V plain fo1m USEFUL INFORMATION
\ '-adj
1
·· 1v?li NT-t LESSON 42·············•····························································1oo
J.' -adj plain form I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation
N ~J;!-~fJ.·

'I"/~ t: 1. V dictionary f
1::.
7. ~t t/~t II. Translation
<7)/
~t 1:,etc.
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences
form I n
=
N(1)

LESSON 39·····················..................................................................,a2 Conversation:

What will you spend your bonus
2;. l dictionary form<7) 1::

on?
I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation III. Reference Words & Information: 3. Quantifier/ l
TI. Translation I. V -C-form OFFICESUPPLIES &-TOOLS 4. Quantifier t
Sentence :Patterns & Example Sentences v-t.n '-form1J.' < "'(
Conversation:
'I \ '-adj(~.0)-+~ < -C LESSON 43··········································································106
I, I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation
1J.'-adj[;tt]-+ -r·
i· i<for.m.
I'm sorry to be late
II. Translation I. V i

l
ID.Reference Words & Information: 2. Nl'
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences \'-adj (~0))1: 7 -r·-t
[ FEELINGS
3. V
*1 -
. plain form 1l-adj [;It]

I
Conversation:
1 '-adj
0)-C', ~ He looks kind 2. V -r-form
fJ.• -adj plain form

N - -~fJ.• III. Reference Words & Information:

4. i'f-r· PERSONALITY & NATURE t

LESSON 40························....·...........................................................3g LESSON 44························.....................························...........112
1;. I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation .
I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation
Il. Translation I. V I'
, pl amfor
II. Translatfon
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences
l. Vi i"-form
1 '-adj(~0) Ii' i-t
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences
m
"/)' ~ Conversation: -I'.,:.adj[;It]
1
.
Conversation: 2· Vi 't-fonnl',"-,b,-ri"
\ '-adj Do it like in this photo, please .
Iam worried if myson has made any friends or
not
Interrogativej
I
fJ.'-adj plain form III. Reference Words & Information: I:: < I '-C.--t
N -
Ill.Reference Words & Information: 2.V
l , . plamform BEAUTY PARLOR & BARBER SHOP 3. \ '-adj(~0)-+~ <
 MEASUREMENT, SHAPES & PATTERNS
I
\ '-adj . )-,;, 'C-5 -n', ~ fJ.·-adj[¾].....I:: I Li -r
1J.' -adj plain form
NI::
N ~U
l
4. N1:: Li -r ·
3. V -r -form }j. i -t
5. t{T f'-5
'"adj(~0)-~
4. 1":,,Al;J: -z· L J: 7
5. 11 '-adj(~ 0) -+~
J.·-adj [;tt]- /:
< V
.,
"l)'o
6',; i .

I l .. ,. ,.
11
.I
ii i
_I ti _,
' 'i-
j_ I_. j1I Iii fi f• (,i
1·. j,

l
 .I \_.; 1 !L 'L ·1
1 '=1 , 1

L
i ;I !=-.. • !f¥'E • bl

lfflI
1
I LESSON 45·····························································..............,.. 18 LESSO.N49..................... ...........................····:···••.•·.......................142
I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation I. Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation
II. Translation I. V dictionary form II. Translation I. ii (honorific expressions)
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences V t:-form Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. Types of
-t.<.t-t•• ::
ii
Conversation: V fJ.'1 '-formfJ.'\, Conversation: 3. (respectful expressions)
i 1:t, "''::
Though I practiced very hard 11-adj(~11) Would you please convey my message? 4. 'll&: andstyle of sentence
(fl':;
ID.Reference Words & Information: fJ.'-adj"fi & Information:
III. Reference Words 5U.niform level of<}J( ina sentence
EMERGENCY N<1.l TALKING.ON THE TELEPHONE 6. ~l LT
j
2.V ! . plain fonn LESSON 50···.....................................................................................148

l
1 '-adJ
fJ.'-adj plain focm
<1)1::,
~
I. Vocabulary
*
IV. Grammar Explanation

I. (hmnble expressions)
r

N ~-J!.-~fi II. Translation

Sentence Patterns & Example 2. T t¼ (polite expressions)
LESSON 46······..·.....·...........··..···..···.......···..·....······....·..·····..···.· · ·124 Sentences Conversation:
I. Vocabulary IV. Grammar Explanation I am sincerely grateful to you
II. Translation 1. Vdictionary form Ill.Reference Words & Information:
I Sentence Patterns & Example V "Cfonn \ \ I t: :: i;, -r- HOW TO WRITE ADDRESSES
i
,I
Sentences Conversation: r Particles ...................................................·............................................. 154
He should be there soon V f:-form
''i
·
·1 ID.Reference Words & Information: 2. V f:-fonn j;f1,1, IJ Ti" How to Use the Forms.. ·..···....···········..··.........········..····················· 157
ROOTS OF KATAKANA WORDS
i 3. V dictionary fonn
V f.: \ 1-fonn".i: \'
11
I \ '-adj(
-fJ.'-adjf.i.•
:_1 ,) l Ii 1' T-t Various Uses of Verbs and Adjectives ·······.........................................:··..161
I N<1.l Intransitive andTransitive Verbs··..····....................................................... 163
11
Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions ... ·· .. ····· ···.. ···.. ··....··...···········.·······165
LESSON 4 7···.. ·..·.....···......·..·········...............·..··....·..·...······:····....................··130
L Vocabular.y IV.Grammar Explanation Various Conjunctions·..·..··... ·....·····..·..·········....·..·······..······..···.···············167
IL Translation
1. plain form-f 7 "t'-t
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences
2. V [
Conversation: 1'-ad. ! plain form
I heard that she hasgot engaged . . 1 }.t 7 T-t
"J.'-adj plain form ~ If_- ~ ".:
ID.Reference Words & Information: N plain form~'l!.-~<1.J
:J. };i:; 1,C
ONOMATOPOEIA 3. f'1/"l}/1::j:;11/ 1.1• L1-t
LESSON 48····....................................,................................................136
L Vocabulary IV.Grammar Explanation
II. Translation 1. Causative verbs
Sentence Patterns & Example Sentences 2. Causative verb sentences
Conversation: Let me take leave, please
 ID.Reference Words & Information: 3. Usage of a causative
DISCIPLINE 4. V causativeT-form \ ,f: f.:'lt £-+±1..,,;,
i ;
\
 LESSON 16:···..············..................,o2 LESSON 20..........................................1_26 LESSON 24....................................... 150
!. VT-form. [VT-form]. - 1. Polite style and plain style 1. <ni-t
2. 11-adj(~0)--+~ < T, 2. Proper use of the polite style or the 2. 11:,lfi-t
3. N (T, ~ plain style V-Z-form tt,1,i-t'
f.1.•-adj[:Pf] I 3. Conversation in the plain style < ni-t
4. V, T-fonn,;\' J'.,. V, R&I HOW TO ADDRESS PEOPLE 3. N (person)'Q V
5. N,l:i N,1)< adjective
6. t:· 7 '<'-,T
LESSON 2,........................... 132 4. Interrogative,;\< V
R&I EXCHANGE OF PRESENTS
I. plain form t \ 1i -t
d 7. t:' <I) N
R&I HOW TO WITHDRAW MONEY
2 "S"
. ! ..(:'. -i',\
0
1
i"f LESSON 25·······························156
1. plain past formi:,•
I
plain form
LESSON 17..........................................108
3.V 2. Vf::-formi:., ~
I. Verb fJ.' \ '-form
1 '-adj. plain form

I
,TL ..t 7? 3. V7.-form
2. VfJ.·11-formfJ.'11T· < t:-?5.1' 1J.' -adJ plain form '-adj (~0)->~ <
i-tr /v
1
t. ~
3. Vf.1.•1 '-formf.1.•lt;f-tff 1'.1.· 1) N ~'P- T
4. V1J.·1'-fonn1J.' < T t 1 ,1 ,-z·-t 4. N, (place)-Z' N, 1)< S 1
) i-t -1-J., -adj [;tf]......T
NT

J!
5. N (object) l:i 5. N S dj1J.'

Ill ..
6. N (time)
·Ji & ILLNESS
R&I BODY
i Tl: V
I
(occasion) LESS
T
ON
N1)
2. V dictiona1y form t '
J 6. NTt 23

L1
LESSON 18..........................................114 V vt:-form
.........................................................
l. Verb dictionary form 7. Vf.1.•11- 3. V dictionary form t. ~
2 formi'J.'\' 1. V 4. N?)< adjectiveN
·N !1)< T i i•
t, ..... di
Vdictionary form : t I cti 5. N (place)f V (verbof movement)

3. :bt:L<7)ii11 lN t
1-z- R&I
POSITION
on
ar
y
R&I · ROAD & TRAFFIC

r S IN
SOCIETY fo
r
V dictionary fonn :
LESSON m
4. V, dictionary form
22·....................................................

• •
Vf
N<7) l1i1:. V,
i
I
Quantifier (period) {I • ¥ I. Noun
modification
.1.
·1
1-

"
5. -lj·1}' i'J.·1}'
2. Nounmo
fo
6. -\fl} dificatio
n by nn
R&J ACTIONS w sentence 1
s '-
LESSON 19......................................120 a
3. N,;\'
I. Verb f:-form l'.
J;
dj
2. Vf:-form : t iJ! ;i, 1) i -t 4. V (
3. Vf:-form IJ. Vf:-fonn 1) Li -t dictiona ~
1
ry form
4. \ '-adj(~0)--+~ < !Yl/f-
')

·1'.;:.adj[;tf] .....I: \f.1.· 1) i -t t

1*/ffllji
N(::: .
5. -t 7 T-th R&I i'J
CLOTHE .'-
R&I TRADITIONALCULTURE & ENTERTAINMENT a
4. t L an,d '.< i:,
5. N-q<
R&I LIFE

C
t·
r- '
tj

(.

-
f

f
 :l L 1~-;-LJLJ LJ LJ7-.LJ7-..7. _;-i_;
i
1
I Terms Used For Instruction Abbreviations
j':,p L

$!;-
/,ii•
•· lesson - ;l;taJ
t'i L
noun
,i;.(,11\• l')\1 L.
)'( sentence pattern t&iaJ verb
noun ( )
, ,,;:A., t ;::-; L N
intransitive verb
-/?l])t
1 h :(l,1i
example sentence §t}]
, -; t e.g. i;{ < -1:!- \ ' -:> < ;:{_
f,- conversation 11!'.ff.rtal transitive verb
student desk
ll.L L-..i lf1•.t: i l
'gl practice % adjective
t.<.f.:11
r,, !f! exercise l i1 .t ; t 1 '-adjective
\,m ,w
1

: . t: liPJ; j l
' .f answer f;:% t,] -!',:-adjective tt,,J:1 L
l
'"'
L: t t
1 '-adj \ '-adjective (, 'ID )
t:;11L11
ll/Jt,l]
J,.!jfy
.t. ( t ...;
reading practice ._;. < L
particle
e.g. t::.n'''
review 1Jt,ij adverb
-it..,·-t'"< L
i4f.t,lJ conjunction tasty high
t ( L: -tl L
§ ;j(_ contents- i".I 1 L
t:l 1"
quantifier
( I',{,

'.K{7J index 11/J i".I counter

?' (,L L 111\.t-; L
r,, t,iJ interrogative (question word)
-t.t.·-adj -l'J.'-adjective (-td:3 tiiJ)
,;:.<.i!i
)t)-!
,;:.(,
grammar ;.,L• L,t;,{, e.g. n\1[-t,,:J L -f-1;,[-t,d
)t sentence ;g taJJC
.:'? I_,. ;:.(.
noun (predicate) sentence
beautiful quiet
, 1.., ::
Jjt ( ) word li, ;J:$( verb (predicate) sentence
( tt1•J:i t..;:,t.
'G] phrase % ){ adjective (predicate) sentence
,h
2
2 w clause L"' ;.'
t:'1 L.
.i. subject V verb (JtfJ iij)
f::." i -t'
t;r,"'l ::'

11- i -t'
l!"'>-J;/.,
I pronunciation e.g. 1,1'
predicate
JI1•,{,
11- vowel t.<"O :::
write eat
§8
I
object
L" f£1•
9
l,
'I 11,(,

:iii!
-t-ff consonant topic
1 i '"
ts mora
.: 11'\• .;:.(,.
!
i
TJt:,,1- accent 'lr'A:'.
C, 'fp
affirmative
S sentence (;ie) ,iL

,(;/f-;j',-;,'3/ intonation .:r,;t negative e.g. : :+tl;t ;ij;;.·t---t.

'd•/.,l)J1

'.>t:1 perfective This is a book.

1 imperfective
[,'!']-row
*Jt
1' I J.,d-•.l,.1/,d

[,Hfr
,-S

[(,]J"i"]' -: -; .ti ,,
[11)-line ,!!¾
rJ, - ::
past ht:Lli ,/::, .JR lf-"'-. fr i-t'.
Lt:
¥-i&t¾ non-pas.I Iwill go to Tokyo tomorrow.
l\•h•.,f:1•
T -1,t;. polite style of
speech
.;, ..,.,. t:,' d•d)?

{\'-ii[i,t;. plain style of speech ,;yft potential

• .,.t ,, al
n-,ri inflection fcJ
l')\•t',1•
volitional
7,t-L,. form '1'1!-4- imperative
Lt,• /., I.

-%
1... ?Ll (
-form JI:
CJil11..
prohibitive
11}j$ modification -it conditional
jli;.
-!l' passive
......,, ,\. !. ;t,
 ,JI]? exception 1ilJJt causative
-t,(,11•'
:ll\t respectful
I' 11.<.t: 'i
tHi humble
:1
I
,I
 ·,r1.1·1l·

i
l,l
I I
I.· !
I;
Lesson 26 *NHK. Nippon Hose Kyokai (broadcasting company)
I)-

*: t·t(l) 8 Children's Day

I. Vocabulary *I.f-:'-t' 7- 1--7 fictitious store

hi--t II Jt i --t, i -t check <I

1.1 ' Li --t I L i --t, tt L i --t look for, search '1/ t:. 1:: t...,
I
--t J, -1 i -t [ *1.1'~] I [boxes] be put in order
;I'-, Ul i II -il:rt i --t- be late [for an appointment, etc.)
[ t i,l',{..,t::~J [ Mt::~]
:·;,. garbage, trash, dust

!
1£
it:: ;h11i--t I !YI1:: -@-\ 1 i --t be in time [for an appointment, etc.] tl:: Li--t [:·;,.f~J I put out [the trash]
I t
[ti.I',(.,(::~] [ r.J:11::~J J'?.til i -t [ :· h-1.1'~J II [trash] burn
-\" 1) i --t I do 1-r--::i -t1,1 J..,

,(,1.1' L i --t Ill 7.10 Li --t attend [a party]

Fi -;,j(- Monday, Wednesday and Friday
f; Cf
_[, , -r 1 - I::~] i'i.:5 place where something is put
t7L::hi--tI !¥L hi-t apply for, enter for ic
side
rflv

I; -::>::·71.1< \ \\ \ $-@-7.1< \\\I convenient ( oncerning time) Jm bottle

•'Iv
ii -::> :· 77.1< h 6 1 1 $-@-7.1< ( I inconvenient (concerning tfr can
·['
' ,;'.,(_,7.1< I\\ I £-7.1< \ \ \ \ time) feel well
,p
hot water
[;t-,J
,;: ,{,7.1< h 6 1 1 3!'\.7.J'-7.1< \ I feel ill gas
-/17.
~ company
l}•\\I,.

L,C.;'.,{,L frMlH uewspaper publishing company, newspaper ~

l/.,J, (
H
office -it. Li --t ill contact
t rJ> 7 t· 7 judo C :I
111., t -1'.s:;I;, What shall I do?
7,{.,t:"7 7.1'\ 1 i)U.b athletic meeting
/fl .t f.lr place .....t h-4ki ·
1'1 ;f-7 1/-'j 17 volunteer -riv l
'ilt.:Y-;(-/I., electronic mail
1 1:i 1
~"-,{., ~4f- ~ dialect '¥\lii space, universe
:1->
ti, •!$\ \ be afraid of
;11 ::,{, t· 4-'&.. next time, another time 1 r,,i .u.
,I
I,'
-r \ \.;:,{, pretty, very '¥ 'ili"td
?
spaceship
.·I
t; .t < -tr"? @JI< · directly )Jlj(7) another
, t:,..,.; t' : ') I..
'¥ 'ili" fr± astronaut
\''-::>·r- t any tirne
t': -r·t anywhere
\\ ! 'Ii' ·t.;

I f.::rt-c- t *±-#- Fi.ti Japanese astronaut (1955-,

anybody
-f-J_' ,{.,-r·t ,ji;J'Tt anything

: ,{, .,,.J., ~ like this

,
-'C,{, .,,.J., ~ like that (near the listener)
;h ,{, -l'J.' ~ like that (far from both the speaker and the
I
I listener)
. ..
L It I· w (I
1 l w ' " !
,;l -L. ---i_; 1--·;
I
II. Translation Ill. .,Reference Words & Information
1c -tc
Sentence Patterns ::."h (J) t±l L 7J REFUSE DISPOSAL
I. I am going on a trip from tomorrow.
2. I would like to learn ikebana (flower arrangement). Could you kindly introduce a In order to reduce and recycle refuse, household waste is sorted into types and collected
good teacher to me?
on different days. The designated collection sites and collection days vary from area to
area. The following is an example of the regulations.
Example Sentences
1. Ms. Watanabe; you sometimes speak Osaka ,-------------;:-;::,,-;;---:_-----------------,
iiI,
dialect. Have you lived in Osaka? l ::._" t; G-tt l
l
···Yes, I lived in Osaka until I was fifteen.
J.;.Jjx_
8 (/)
Refuse pCollection Day Information
II '
I 2. The design·ofyour shoes is interesting. Where did you buy them?
Ii
···I bought this pair at Edoya Store. They are Spanish.
1·J1
hi.. .. t. l,,t,iL..,') t' If? 1'1• :U..-J:.i (./ '
3. Why were you late? l tiJ;I?& ::: 7;. (;)l'lt,\1 :· ,1,,.) 115t 8 : Fl • 1)( • Bi B I
···Because the busdidn't come.
l
ID
Combustible Refuse Collection days: Mon., Wed. & Fri. :
i ;i ii 4. Are you going to participate in the Athletic Meeting?
l
1
.'1,ij ···No, Iwon't. Idon't like sports so much.
: <_ -f paper
,I I ! 5. I've written a letter in Japanese. Could you please check it for me?
ii: ···Yes, of course. : ;:J,,. garbage - :
6. I want to tour NHK. How can I do that? .' ,;. hi... , t. Lo11; L., 1 t. < .t lf \
:::'7;. (:l?:U1-"-·1 < ;,.)
r,1 ••
I ,, I: I ll5t B : ;.,js-.lli B I

!
ii ···You just go and ask. You can tour there any time.
I

!
'I 6

11 Non-con: :1ible Refuse Thursday

Conversation \ ff7 A%/..fo glass , , I

I,'
' ,111

II!;
Where do I put the trash?
l .t'l_£
7° 7 A 1- "I 7 {tl•t/1., plastics I · ', ,. ,. : :

: ¥:iii i: g' rm
.
'i.1·
j'
,I '
Janitor:
Miller:
Mr. Miller, have you finished settling into your apartment?
Yes, I almost have.
Ji; metal kitchen utensils / l
il5ti ;1f:t r./B :, , .. ' 3 *'Xiii

®
'I :.¥.fi;k
-t t:,'\ \ :::·7;. L. .t i B
fa, I want to throw some trash away. Whefe do I put it?
t
l,-i, f./ '
.1
Janitor:
; 'lj! Trash that can be burned should be put out on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday
morning . : Bulky Refuse the third Tuesday
'11
The trash and garbage collection point is next to the parking I
. ii l • · < · • II
if Miller: What about bottles and cans? *J!c scrap furniture ,,1
;/A), :
!
1· IJ• "'(1•"(',(, 1}• +,!1•{.•.(, I -...._ .
Janitor: Bottles and cans should be put out on Saturdays. *J,it'ilt1l:: £ electrical appliances ._,I/ 0
=.,
,"
·
Miller:
I see. And there's no hot water. • CV,l. ,~ -/., L.
Janitor: I Jt!i,ifi. bicycles ' ,,i:· I
l ·1'
lI
1
Miller: Get in touch with the gas company, and they will soon come and ..L. 1. .. f/ ... ,.. t,.,iL.-c,i u: t \\ '6· .t-i rJ '
)L i l t :::

tA
fixit. • 2 r:1•
Oh, what shall I do? I don't have a phone.
4
Sorry, but would you mind contacting them for 7;. lf5t s : xiiia
Janitor: me? I Recyclable Refuse the second and fourth Tuesday I
I '
Miller: No, certainly not.
1' That's very kindof you. Thank you. I \ t'N.§: f ,f ; cans - II

l .! - £ bottles \s§" ,._,_=-lw l

 :_: : - :
L'I

I
 fjI
,, I
Ii
(2)When the speaker adds the r.eason or the cause to what he's stated.
IV. Grammar Explanation (J)
:1.,,,-."!! L,t,;:.(,
-1it.ffl :¥ftllll f ;,
J.
i-fl)'. Doyouread a newspaper every morning?
t -1..
1. ...,,,,;<_, .!1.!!l!_,:I< "l'',(,T-t, --·No. I don'thave the-time.
j
V plain form
'-adj
IvT-t [Note] ~ Iv-r-r is not used to merely describe the facts as shown in the following example.
fJ:-adj) plain form
bf: l 1:t < 1 7 7 - -r·-t. I am Mike Miller.
N~P!-~f.J.'
X hf: Ll.i <17 . 7 - f.,1.• IvT-t 0

~ Iv T-t is an expression used to explain causes, reasons, grounds, etc., strongly.~Ivi·-t is used

in spoken language, while~(/)

ways.
-r·-t is used in written language. ~ Iv-r-,r is used ih the following
3) [ -,(,T-t>i<, -

- ,(,-Z--t,:\' is used to introduce a topic. It is followed by a request, an invitation or an expression

ii
seeking pennission. ii' in this case_is used to connect sentences lightly and indicates hesitation and
1)[ ~Jv-r·-tl), reservation on the speaker's side. As in @, clauses following ~ Iv T-t ,:\' are often omitted when
they are self-evident to the speaker an the listener.
This expression is used in the following cases. I=.(}.,(,;: T 1/'J. l!-• J,.

(!)When the speaker guesses the reason or the cause as to what he has seen or heard and then ® B>F- T .!f-lJl;"f '\tl'f:lvT-tii'. i:,,t-,t .J'lT,,t:f.:lti-lf/v/)',
confinns whether he is correct. I've written a letter in Japanese. Could you please check it for me?
hf:t.c...: ::: r! 1;,.;:!'t•.-.:.t 11.(,\'il< .
® NHK"f .J'l Lf:1,,(,Ti'I)', ,,,,-r--tii',
"?-(I•

(D ul. /vl;l: \lsfk ;k.llR.-#·f «:_,,1-th, t'-j Lf:i,

1:W i!i• T I want to tour NHK. How can I do that?
:;l;_jlgt;: ji,Vr 1 ,fclvTj"I)',
I'

·•-;t;t, 15)\\'.iT ;/;;.PR.I: 1i,(,'f

jjjj i:,- 't
,,;t lfc,
@) t;iiii' t±l-f,.• 1 ',(,T-,/",j<....,..

TI1ere's no hot water.

II M sW. atanabe, you sometimes speak Osaka dialect
Have you lived in Osaka?
I
·--Yes, I lived in Osaka until I was fifteen.
2. V't-fonn l'f:f:lt;l:-lf,(,I)' Woukl you pleasedo me the favor of -

.l (2) When the speaker asks for infonnation about what he has seen or heard.
(":) .,. . ing? This is a request expression that is politer than - -r < t.: \'.
,!
.'' I
@ i:, t L 1' 'r-lf1 '/0 m-r·-rh, t·:::-r )!-,f:lv-r·-rl)'. A.. " LJ i-1•
@,,,, ,'i:;1:.f .¥l:l1)--L-r ,,t:f.:lti-t!-/vl).',
I'
···.I. r"-1' ;1. I-- 7T •·' 'i Lt:,
·11 Would you please introduce a good teacher to me?

I
I
Thedesign of your shoes is interesting. Where did you buy them?
..·I bought this pair at Edoya Store. 3. Interrogative V t.:-form i, 1 '1 '-r·-t fl' I : := r e s h a l lI -?
(3) When the speaker asks the listener to explain the reason or-the cause of what he has seen or heard.
Ii<
® t·-j l -r iitlf:IvTi'I)', @ t':::T 17 7f )i:-,t:G ,,,,-z·-tl)', Whereshouldlbuyacamcra?
Whywere you late? @) iml),,, t:;i,i• t..·,,,(,T-t°&', t'i Lf:i, ,,,,-r-,r,:1,.
(4) When asking for an explanation ofa situation.
I don't have any small change. What shall I do?
© i:'.'-j Lt:Jv-r•-tl),,' ~ t: i:, 1 '\ '-r·i' /)' is used when the speaker asks the listener for some advice or instructions about
What's the matter? what to do. In @, the speaker wants to buy a camera but does not know where to buy one, so he
II [Note) "~ ,(, T-t ii'" sometimes contains the speaker's surprise, suspicion, strong curiosity, etc. asks the listener to recommend agood shop.
!. !
·I fnappropriate use, therefore, 1Tiay offend the listener, so it is necessary to be careful with this '
.i expression. :-/tlH-r--r/io?olt1,-r·-r like/4islike
4.
j t:J i 1',

2) [ -Iv T-t
N(object)li J:.-t--r--r /r-t--r--t be good at/be poor at\ N
;f:, I} i -t, etc. have, etc.
/!
This expression is used in the following cases.
(!)When stating the reason or cause as an answer to such questions as in (3) and (4) in I) -¼.t.r'if•1> !'L d'•
above. t><
® t'? L -r -r-t-&,. Wl1y were you late? @ t/J4,-t: *:!Jo l i -ti)', .,
•••1
:i!Utf:,(,
;)JF.·. ,j,-, f:Iv-r·-
<;:,:I< ···Because the bus didn't
.. • 1 '\ ';<•. ;1.;f- - '1/ J.! if> i 1) ft l'. -\'> f,;' \ 'Iv T-,.
_Arc yougoing to participate in tb_e athletic meeting?
t. come, What's the matter? ···No.I don't like sports very much.
@ i Lt:,(,-r·-tl)•,
.! -b? ,;!A, ···I don't feel well. You learned in Book I (Lessons TO and 17) that subjects and also·objects indicated by f can
·.. i:, l -, t ji\:$]-1)< ,!!/11 ',(,T- become topics and be highlighted by l:l:. Objects indicated by I)< can also be highlighted by Ii.
t,
 i l
1,.
Ill · '7. r. ,-
'
l l
le
l _ l l.
I, -W7 :-7 I , I.,
-'
·1
·
i
"
I

Lesson 27 l;t--, IJ clearly

11 !::'. ,{, !::'.' almost all (in affirmative sentences), hardly,
·scarcely (in negative sentences)
I. Vocabulary
••L!-P{i::i
,:\'\':ti" I f;;]\ \ i-t keep(a pet), raise (an animal) *00 5$ Kansai International Airport
f:Tii• II 1' ii• build " 1! i!I;
name of a shopping district in Tokyo with many
*:f.k.
Ii L 1J i-t :it 1) i -t run, drive [along a electrical stores
[it f ~] " .,,
]j;t IJ ;£ i" )((:#1'.fi. peninsula in Shizuoka Prefecture
I (.z,.-t;f~) road] take [a holiday}
[-1-t-.Z,. f ~] J.-
!::'. 1) i -t I
[-\'>-t.Z,.f~) JU. i-t (a mountain] can be seen <H i,
I: JjJ if;'l• {

.Z,.;ti-t II [J.,,J<~) Blllll:k.I Sunday carpenter

u , ·,,
[-\'>i,:\<~)
::;ti-t II
llil::iti-t
(-ff-,J<~]
[a sound) can be heard
*
.,,, bookshelf

[an airport] be made, be completed, come into dream(~ /.;. i -,r: have a dream)
[f; !::'. ,j<~)
\ I'? 1J' someday, sometime·
"Z' i-t II ( ,:\<~) existence ,·t
[ < -j :: -jl}<~) r,,i i-t set up [a class}, open, hold #1. house, home
U- i-t I [,rjc:f f ~ J i"lfC:,LI\ marvelous, wonderful
[ .t -j
L--:>f~]
I
I
"-"I pet ,,.1 t>'1'i /-,,',1•· l ...... .z,. .................................................-....................................................................................................
I

I
!::'. 1) . bird
vi II' '_,i.,.n"'· i.,ffti'' 4- t' t t:t:, children
I 10
:: ;t r voice
f:\•-t
:kM- [t.L'] like very much
II

-l'J_'.Z,. !t wave c; fl.J ;,

)"I-::l-f'.,,..;•.,·)1
vi
,11 ·rt' j'. ;: C. "'\ 5iifill cartoon, comicstrip
l;t-tJ.·11 :ft;)( fireworks
,,..n
• t,.., I;.(..:-;

It L scenery, view
'3 ;._ hero, heroine
r
"'t
11'
"M shape
. ,I
V6i M daytime LH tHl) Cl ;j; •, r robot
J, L
t;,i,L 1i- old days, ancient :f [t •] fantastic, mysterious
times ;r,;- •, r pocket
!::'.. -j <" ,lJ,l, tool, instrument, equipment
l:t
i?IL:tlt for example
I t !::'.'-} li,(,lf\, El .,

I tbJ!.lB'f::ll vending machine

I

I ? -j L,(,li,(,lfl i@:fiAA.;'l; mail order, mail-order sales 1- tlt i -t II attach, put on

-
C f':111
I\
(dry) cleaning, laundry El 1:: freely
sky
I
IJ 1)-..=.:,,lj"
condominium, apartment house •
f fl:1'.fi-t I fly

-
</1/3/ i'fr kitchen .::
f:.\ \ r.:::);, ~ class oneself
:I
w
*
I"
- l? L--:> party room lii 1,,,,
, -j- 1-Jl,-

~-
L-
L,,, / •. '"""""'

~{it after~ (duration of time) A/4.!.,f,,, l,f:.,

icl ~ L,J, . ~ 1
,....\1 , 0 i 1l
l
only (used with1!_:gatives)
\.'. A--j t-- /~JM,...,'(;L[:.. 1
f:,
 f u
u r )(<:1-'7;tt,,{, name of a cartoon character
t e
(l,:\'O) I lft>ll\f,.ll ',,. ":1 '-
other t.. "'1:...
'- 71-,141,:vy

l1
fiJI.
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words &Information
t, ,;, ;.,it

Sentence Patterns ili< <T5 SHOPS FOUND LOCALLY

1.
2:
3.
I can speak Japanese a little.
We can see a town from the top of the mountain.
They have built a big supermarket in front of the station.
lI L-\"' LL \"
§ Camera Shop
-

11.(.-Ti
:PJil:il developing ,i
.,J.
7 '1J:,.., printing
Example Sentences ,, ' L
:1#£'5 extra print
I. Can you read Japanese newspapers? ,,
... No, I can't. SI -51"3ti L enlargement
2. How many days summer vacation can you take at Power Electric?
..·Well, about three weeks. q,-Jl negative
That's good. I can take only one week at my company.
;z7,{ I-" slide
3. Can you keeppets in this condominium?
-lj--t,";z+J-1-;( service size
, .. we can keep a little bird or fish, but not a dog or a'cat.
4. Can you see Mt. Fuji from Tokyo? // 77-lj-,{-;( panoramic size
···In the old days we could see it well, but now we can hardly se·eit atall.
5. You can hear birds singing, can't you?
'
i I ... Yes. Spring has come.
6. When did they complete Kansai International Airport?
12 ···In the autumn of 1994. 13
7. That's a nice bag. Where did you buy it? f-" 7 '17 1) - .:=.1/ f dry cleaning
11: ···I bought it by mail order. ;.,.-t• laundering stain removal
Do they also have it in department stores? 7)<.5Jt \ '
..'/>
h- 7"' 1)-
l
···I thirtk they don't have it in department stores.
l!i -t\ 1 '?
..,. ::
=- 1/ f!I. Cleaners
)5'7J(7,/1J.:r..
i''. Conversation
-If 1 -;(ii L
"'.'t:i
waterproof

alterations
You can make anything, can't you?
,;
Suzuki:
What with all the light it gets, it's a nice
,t,; shrink
ii Miller: room. Yes. You can see the ocean on a fine ·WU' stretch
! I
'.
Suzuki:
day.
· l This table has an interesting design, doesn't it?
Miller:
! Suzuki: Did you buy it in the States?

I Miller:
No, I made it myself.
Oh, really?
":J ::,, I::=- Convenience Store
-t;.<th•t.f,{, delivery service
ot c1
?11-?lj
Suzuki:
Yes. Do-it-yourself is my hobby. <7) it
Miller: l...,.. L,{,!f.(,-t'i
Wow. Did you make that bookshelf, too?
Suzuki:
Yes.
Jp:Jut photo developing
Miller: .:; .1.?lJ.1:j .(, .),
::

Suzuki:
That's amazing! You can make anything, can't you? U41t :/JR 1J .4 payment ofutili1 photocopy, fax
f
It:s my dream to build my own house by myself someday. :it·-, 777.iZ sale ofpostcard:
That's a wonderful dream. ., T 11L1:ri,
!H{,-5: VJ:f <l).M,,m
:i :,,-tt- i, * '7 ')' 1:1.(,1:f\'

(l)AA,'.)t

I'
C
 ,, t -

111 I. I

I
I IV. Grammar Explanation 4. -r- i-t
The verb -r i -t that you learn here means "come into being,'' "come up," "be
1 . Potential verbs ML•I completed," "be finished;·''"be made," etc.
H o wt om a k e potential verbs(See Main Textbook, Lesson 27, p.12, AI.) A! t.t ,a;
(ij),11{(7) i\trJ:: :k. ,, A-,,-,}< -r• i Lt:.
A big supermarket has been completed in front of the station.
·Potential verbs 11I' l,,i lj , _

polite form plain form @ *i+(7) 1lf J.'l!.I:t 1 ,-:, 1' l -t7}'.
I ,}' i -t ,}'It i -t 7}'1t7.> When can you fix this watch?
,}-1,i-t ,},;t i -t ,}' ;t 7., tr
II f:"-i -t n
t: " i::, i -t f:-"' i:,rt..7.> 5. Ii
!Hr
ill i-t ::i:, 1 -, :: i:,rt 7.,
1) 1'1:l:/1::l:t/"'-l:t/,}'i:>l:t/i-rl:t, etc.
L i-t -r· 1-t "{" 7.,
Ii is used to highlight a noun as a topic, and as you learned in Lessons I0, I7 and 26, when
Allpotential verbs are Group II verbs; they conjugate into the dictionary form, 1.J.'\ '- ,;< or f follows the noun, it is replaced by Ii. When other particles (e.g. 't', 1:,"'-, etc.)
form, follow the noun, I;J: is placed after them.
o•.,: i L'L -ft.(.fi,,
"t-fonn, etc. @) ht: L(7) !!f::t3<1:J17 ;L 1) 1} }.._<7) ;\:;.1:,1}< I\ :t -t.
e.g. 7}-lt6, ,}-lt(t.J.•1,), ,}'lt'Z' ln my school there is an American teacher.
h,}'7.>, which includes the meaning of possibility itself, does notchange into h,}'rt..7->. 4 ' - , : : i t:j, IE
";,ti:°( ,;< l.1,'f,

2. Potential verb sentences

hf=myLschool
@ In (7) we can 1']1* t<
learn the Chinesei language.
1-t.
I) Potential verbs express not actions but states. The objects of transitive verbs are indicated 2) I:l: used to make contrasts
, .J,, J..

by the particle f. When they become potential verbs, however, their objects are usually @ (7) -'i!l i.L1'' JU. :t Lf=;&•, J: -'i !.! Jl.i :t-tt,(,.
indicated by the particle ,}<. Yesterday we could see mountains, but not today.
1: Ill.- :' tt"l
CDht: L Ii 8 :>Ff. tt L l - I speak Japanese.
t. hf: LIi B
@ :>Fti?t ltr.t-t!- i -t.
J: UL=
I can speak ® '711/l_! fkJ.;ii",}<, 1::-JI.,!_! fkJ.;;t-1±,(,o
l◄ No particles change except for f
Japanese. ,
I drink wine, but not beer.
.t 1 t: Hfi - ,,
15
. @ Ji!:=tJh!1_ fr i -, ,}<, :k.Pj"'-t! T
\0

(.• t IJ U°l i I'.{. 11 Can you go to the hospital alone? i -ti,(,.

I @ -).._-r !'5l"'- titi -t,},.
i"'"
I will go to Kyoto, but not to Osaka.
I· f:
,(,!,;_ ¾ ;t i -ti,(,-r Lt:. I could not see Mr. Tanaka.
©m ,
' : ••
,p

,1 2) Potential verbs have two uses: to express a person's ability to do something(®) and to 6. t
express the possibility ofan action in a certain situation(®). Like the usage of Ii explained above, t replaces 'f or ,}<, but follows other particles. In
,,, d•.(. C J:
® 7- ,(,l:l: ,;• t?tV> :t -t. Mr. Miller can read kanji. the case oft11e particle"'-, however, it can be omitted.
i-t. 771/ A :: li_ f:11.c
-tt :t
, fL:i @ ?77 4,,-:::
,(,(itg,}< -ti
llrJ'

j ® :: (7) TT -
I •
jff_ 1'' F/1,,}< ;t G tL :t -t. You can change dollars at this bank. "t",(, h 1",(., 3 .t Ii 1
I,. . ! 11 ® 'it -r· T ,}< f:illlti -t.
3. .J1;t i -t and f)/'J :: ;t i -,
-You can hear the weather forecast by phone.
i -t is It i ·t. They
iI·
The potential verb for ;,. :t -t is ;,. Grt i -t and that for
® 7 ;;t (7) 1 t,;< ll ll.: ;t :t -t.
st: '

indicate that one's intention of seeing or listening can be realized. ;,. ;t i -t indicates that
The sound ofa radiocan be heard.
a certain object comes into one's sight and :: ;ti -t that a sound reaches one's cars
independent ofone's will. In sentences using;,. ;t :t -t and :: ;ti -t, objects to be
I seen
or heard become the subjects of the sentence and are indicated by,}<,
l.(.C"< ,,1: c,!!h .t, ,,
n
J..

i <7Hfr -r !I!,.5R..(7) ® 7}< Jt G i -t.

You can now see Kurosawa's movies in Shinjuku.
t..(,'d•-',. ,<,. ,;, C .c,. J..

® rtt:i.°it7}' G ±i.L,}• Jli :t-t.

1 Mt.Fuji can be seen from the Shinkansen.
 Klara can speak English. She can speak French, too.

i
,dU, \' 1>

@¾.lf 7 ;L 1
) h "'- ff 3: L f=. ;L :t- -;,,::i [ "'-] li_ it l t., f:.
I, I went to America last vear. I went to Me,uco, too.

i
... "" f1.. J., it .... f" J..

@ hf: L(7) M11}' G ;ii1'< Jli. '8 li7}' i:> Jli (7) i-t. 1. i-
The sea can be seenfrom my room, and also from my brother's room. t.
1'
7. L ,},
L ,}, is attached to nouns, quantifiers, etc., and is a.lways used with negative predicates. It highlights
the word, makes limitations and negates everything except the thing expressed by the word. [t replaces
;&< or f, but follows other particles. L ,}, has a negative nuance,
while f.:'lt has a positive one.
. C •
@) C-7 L,}- 1;clti-l±,{,.
.Icannot writeanything but Roman letters.
t o·
@ C-7 f.:'lt Wlt:t-t.
Ican only write Roman letters.
 .,
Lesson 28 L .t 7-l:t'?-/J' 1
Mt* novelist
1.1' L ,i, .:f- singer
I. Vocabulary
1}' ,.{_, I) 1::,.{_, J.!J-. janitor
7:n.i-t nJ
[, / -IJ<~ ¾;f-t i i" L . [bread]sell, be sold t.;-t: -r ,(., (my) son
t'-9: ,(., -r
r
(someone else's) son

t1,- t:, i -t I
r·
-/J'h i -t I
1)
im IJ .t i' dance
chew, bite
t,; i' 6".)
t.;i'6") ,.{_, *
-!tSl ,(.,
(my) daughter
(someone else's) daughter

liYI
ilGUi-t I 11!Ui -t choose .. t3'.,(., El1:r' oneself
V t-;-IJ<\ 1 i 1· I :i!\'ifi' be different f- "I :!.! ; ('
1J' J::I \ i -t I 1$1':ifi° [. go to and from [university]
[t.:1,-IJ< < {::~) [* 1::~J
L.t7i-;,1, #f* future
LlfG < a little while
J'E-Lii' ill take a memo f::l 'l I ' usually, mostly

i l:6".> [-t.i:.J serious {' ;ft_1:: in addition

tJ.-, L,.{_, [-t.i:J #; [-t.i:J earnest {';ti.-r and so

-\">
i Gi'
Li, {I
1t1 \
LI\ gentle, kind
great, admirable
<I " .t.ui

t-; J: 'J t' \I\\ [i':,.t.., l:'.) }.;,!ffi1,-1J< ifi.i:>,{,Ti'-IJ'. Ihaveafavortoask.

proper, just right
;t;-t..7- T 1
16
homestay 17
, \• h
L,i,7 -/J',<_, 'tit custom conversation
1t1'it,.{_, .ff& experience ·;I:-, L-\'>-" 1) L i -t III chat
t;,1/' i-;,

jJ power
, I
.1:,<_, A popularity ([-IJ< < -1±1 ,t])
~-/J' ;t 1) i -t ...... J,.* .........................................: ..............................................................................................................
l
be popular '[with students]) :
1)' f:: t;, ;f3 form, shape ;1:-,;to G-1± notice
u
I \ ":, color 8 1:: t;, date
.t,t taste t:"

-/f L,,. chewing gum ± Saturday

f:,\ •\I ('O\,(;

1*1f1i'c gymnasium
li hi
I-
1

L -t.· t <1)
£4w goods
free of charge

I I tJ.t.:,.{_, 1M.!t price

!! ,P 7 1) J: 7 # salary
;f---t-7. bonus

i, ,
d

,
! I'
1• I
;I i
 LJ:7-1:t'?
If,(, ,&-£fl, program
(J,. drama_.
f-'"7? ,J,IDt novel

"
\ 1 ;b :L. i L ;-L,
'i'

II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information

7 -t; f {"t'r 1) 6 RENTING ACCOMMODATION
Sentence Patterns
I. I listen to music while eating.
2. I jog every morning. How to Read Housing Information
3. Subways are fast and inexpensive, so let'stake the subway.
t, 1J;-j t!:L
<D'f'.
1: L t;f < rH 13.,j,.(,
Example Sentences
®rs .®\ @ffe 5 7i
1. When I'm driving and sleepy, I chew gum. t,(11L

···You do? I stop the car, and take a nap for a while.
©</ 1/ :3 1/ ®3
2. Taro, don't watch TV while studying. ® Jlt
.... t,L .,, !!LAL

<v 77J4-ff9
···OK, Mum. L !i I..
11--,.;:1.. LDK ,ii-·
3. He is working while studying at university.
... Really? He is admirable. t1.P'!i.(,
2>)
'rJ"n'
11-?,j'.,(,
lD _l:,_
4. What do you usually do on holidays? ®:f.l. 2 7)' rJ"n'
*L
@'ifl!'.#l: 6,000P,
ti•,(,'} (}-
·"Well, mostly I draw pictures.
,, 5. Professor Watt is earnest, diligent and rich in experience.
@2LDK (@6 · 6 ·LDKS)
···He is a good teacher, isn't he? ,;, t:"f ,{,
h't'J...L' -6,,, If. i'I'
6. Mr.Tanaka, you.often go on trips, but nevergo abroad. @)m ri;J , (jJ)lOf TtJ> 8 @-\"-t\ '::f &
···That's right. I don't understand foreign languages, and the customs are different ,<--f,1,
n03-1234-5678
18 from ours, and so travelling abroad is tough for me. ;;(-,- iT400m 19

7. Why did you choose Sakura University?

!f
···Sakura University is the one which my father graduated from, it has many good <D train line
professors, and it is near to my house. ® nearest station
@ five-minute walk from the station
© condominium made ofreinforced concrete·
Conversation * 7 ,_ ---:I- one or two-story wooden apartment building
Over a cup of tea I'-, - t:
- ;lt1' detached house, single house
Ogawa Sachiko: Mr. Miller, I have a favor to ® three
P years old (years since construction)
ask. Miller: What is it? ® rental fee
Ogawa Sachiko: Would you mind teaching English to my son? (V deposit money
He is going to Australia on a homestay program this summer
*Money that's left with the owner in the form of a deposit.
vacation, but he can't speakEnglish.
When you move out, the owner in principle gives a part of it back.
Miller: I wish I could, but I'm afraid I don'thave time to....
Ogawa Couldn't you have a chat with him overa ctip of tea? ® gift money ·
*Money that's paid directly to the owner as a "gift."
Sachiko: Miller: Well, I often have to go on business trips, and I'll soon have a Japanese
!' i language test.... ® maintenance fee
Besides I have never taught before.... @) facing south
Ogawa Sachiko: So, you can't.....Well, that's a shame. © 8th floor often-story building
· Miller: I.am very sorry. @ living/dining room with kitchen and 2 rooms
l:.ti
@6mats (= 6 ¾)
tli
*
.
'1i'
t,d
is a unit of measurement used for the area of a room.
I i:Ii corresponds to the area of a tatami mat (approximately 180x 90cm).
: @ real estate agent
 IV. Grammar Explanation \17;, ,.., 'I}•

® t kl\' f.: L, : (7) !Ht 'f 1{ \' i -t

1. I V, ';1;9-form -tJ.•./J{G V, Because the color is beautiful (and for some other reasons), I'llbuy this pair of
shoes. As you see in®,®,(J) and®, theparticle t is often used in this sentence
This sentence pattern means that one person does two different actions (V, and V,) at
pattern. By the use of t, the speaker implies the existence of other reasons to
the same time. The action denoted by V, is the more emphasized of the two actions. emphasize his/her
j;.(../Jf( 'f f.fl -f.i..·f.1< 1t
L,,t( L" L i -to l listen to music while eating.
CD ½ G viewpoint.

This sentence pattern is also used when the two actions take place over a period of time.
l!.t: t:,
@ {j) -fJ.'f.1< G B ;,Ji: 'f
1-: UL
5i L'Z 1 'i -to
l'm working and studying Japanese.
-<..(.. .t '7
4. -t.tit:
-tkt.I: is used when you add another similar fact or situation.
® t"-5 L -C
/:'1,'4'(
< G-J;Jfr.'f ,!,<_,f,:',<_,-Z·-tn'o
;i.
II
f[P/J ( t;t; '{' f!1,-t,t( 1•.t ,(,.ij'\• 1-jf,;

... G:k l:t, X/J< tBt: :k f:L. I'\' 71::1=..t ffe1, L. -ttll:: *i.l'G
-2 I V't -form 1 't -
•·
ift.\ ,-z·-tn' Go
t Why did you choose Sakura University?
An individual's customary action is expressed by this sentence pattern. A customary action ..·Because it's myfather's alma mater, there are many good teachers, and besides,
in the past is expressed by using V'Z-form \ 'l' L f:. it's near my house.
I. fl' ,'r
@-tiftij 1/ =1 -f' :/;7·'f L 'Z 1 'i -to
5. -tkt.T
I jog every morning.
I; h -t kl-z· is a conjunction used to show thatwhat was said before it is the reason or cause for
©1-r·t (7) t , -til-llt 8 .str: -c 1, i Lt:
::: ;t-\•(f.(,
o
the sentence following it.
I used to go to bed at eight every evening when I was a child.
11 /!L ..·t

20 3- I plain form L,
@) : (7) v ;z.
(Jt
"7 1/ 1l 1iUt.
..·-tklT Ai.I ffe1 ',<_,Ti' ;n..
}if;
.,!;;1 ' ,L },;1 ' L \ ',<_, T-t o
21
-
1) When sentences are stated from a certain viewpoint, they can be linked using this structure, The food is inexpensive and tasty in thisrestaurant.
,I. . For example, sentences describing the merits of a particular subject are joined into ..·And that's why it'scrowded.
'.,i
one
*7., ,<_,T-t '
! .., -;! 'tA.. (
sentence using this pattern.
t!,(,,-if,, t,i..,U, ct1•11-<.. .
6. .t < : (J) T.sr:: tl.(, 1,.,..;
If ,·
® r; ·J H\:;1=..li AA,-:.:t.: L, i l: u'>f= L. ff& t ;t 1) i To In this sentence (see 11/ C 2), the particle 1::, which indicates one's destination, is
Professor Watt is earnest and diligent and has experience. used instead of the particle"-, which shows direction. Verbs like 1 ' ii', '5 :t-i-,1ht
1/ .i:-r and L vP -, t, J: '? L i -t are used with either "place "-" or "place I::."
2) This structure is also used to state causes or reasons when there is more than one cause
; I-
or reason. Use of this structure implies the meaning of "furthermore" or "on top of
that."
_;l r,"Q• ( ,!,1 ,: k{!' -,:.4.. I}

®!R.i.l'G ift.1,L. J!l.Tt *Gkt.7., L, :(7) "51i t-Ct 1t:t1JT'to

This shop is very convenient. It's near the station, and you can also come here by car.
i
When the speaker states reasons using this pattern, he/she sometimes does not say his/her
!
conclusion when it's understood from the context. See(V.
I;I t;.,-;: itv ::" ML.
(V ,@.,"f-1: 'f .i -C 1,f:f.:lti-tt,(,i.l•o
l•••,i;.t.; i.:i 1: fl,{,, ;:' l 11,l.
···-5-,<_,, t:IHIH ?l'L, t-5-t<" 8;,Ji: (7) t f:.7.,L......o
Could you teach English to my son?
'"Sorry. I oftengo on business trips, and l have to take a Japanese exam soon.
There are cases when only one ~ L is used in a sentence. Though the reason explicitly
stated is only one, the existence of other reasons.is implied by the use of~ L.Note this is
 not true of ~1.1'

Iii
L ; I
G.

'7
11· (
i l i k
 !"'r
7I - l I J
I

!
glass (material)
Lesson 29 -J/77-
,;,< ;, -bag
\ ,,;, ,ff;t:,\i wallet, purse
I. Vocabulary I I -/1"' "l
I
'
I' ,
·(•,•
. '
,
1'1
(,)
;( t: ;t1 branch, twig
;¥J -5 1 -t I lm i-t [a door] open •, '
[ r1.1.1•~J ;t 11J.., Mfl station employee
L.1 1)1 -t I M11 J i-t [a door] close, shut
[ ·71,1<~J :(f) "-A, : (/) 1ll this neighborhood, around here
--:>°5i-t I [a lightJ come on ~ "-A, ~ill the place around ~
[-r·,<.,- 1.1•~] ['iU\-IJ<~J :(/)< G11 about this size
ii-t"II 5J!i ;t 1-t [a light] go off, disappear
[TJ.., -5 n<~] ['lt \.-IJ<~] }; I: {'.'.'7-f'o }.;,'GI: i::· 7 -t' o After you./Go ahead, please.
:h-1-t I h-i-t" [a road] get [;FJ ;f).] J:-0'-:, f: Thank goodness! (used to express a feeling of
[it-lJ<~ J
0
[l,,.-t;1,1<~] relief)
-t i-t I crowded [a road]
[l,,. -t;1,1<~J [it-lJ<~J
<I¾ w.; I,
:hni-t JI ni-t get empty [a chair] , 111: 1:',l,L,
the train which has just left
-ti;-(!) 'itJ!i
I'
[11-t1.1•~]
h-t' t" things left behind, lost property
.-/?hi-t II t Jn1-t
1
break Wt
22
[::1·;;7'1.1<~)
~-0!1
<'b ~ side 23
t.;ni -t II kn1 -t [a glass] break, smash pocket
[ 1.1•~] ;t; 7' '/
[*-/J'~J I don't remember.
I!
!;If
-\".;:n1-t JI - ni-t [a tree] break, snap jt;t""[ 11 1-1±£0
[1.1'h;&<~J [ 1.1•~)
'1JJ.ti1i rack
;jfilf
[the paper] tear
1, L
,i !i J::·n1-t II 5-;-ni-t [the clothes] get dirty It 1)' I suppose, ifl am correct
[.;,< -IJ<~J [BM'~J l
*1!9'1/7cl--
-, 'I'
name of a station in Tokyo
_., 1-t I -it 1- [a pocket] be attached
·11 [;t;'T •;; H•~ t ...... i1th-
[a button] be undone -
;\. earthquake
,J
" .::\/
J :9 ni-t
1:
I C L,L
'At
li-fni-t II 1 '!)•--:

[f-7
:,,1,1<~)
._ . t: 1 1) 1-t I .il:.1 ) 1-t [an elevator] stop c, . •' wall
i.
·I '\"···,: / [.:c.t,,.....;:-7-1,1<~]
: rr -J J ._,,,,".J. . IJl)
/--- ..;.
I ..·. -i : .. ,
i-t;-IJ<;ti-t II ,,, ,.,.-f it hands (of a clock)
F '·'. make a mistake - i'\,1_' lri ' (

i I i I!"·.-(;s<--;
·· t.; t: L.:f+
-IJ' -1;, 1) 1 -t I
I ttt L. 1-t
ffi-lJ' I) 1-t
drop, lose
{)'l\·
Li-t I
liR'M'
HH
point
the area in front of a station
be locked

Iii 11
•
!i
--· [1.1' ·-1;•~J
_.,..,.
::1 ·;; 7'
a*: · (\ < . .

[t:;J G [t;J Illl. plate, dish rice bowl glass (vessel)

[t,;J t,-\"h J..,
 /,I;
lni
i'
,: L
i1§
u.1
7J
*.:::.'g' ol f
a
l l,A'>J
l
down west
direction
11 name of a place in Kobe
·······•·•·•····························.··.··..........................................................................................................
.1 ,.
I,
i 1- I
, j r111·;

. ;.il
, 'I

II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information

t:dt,,, J:-l-t

,.• : ; L.• ( j , f-
Sentence Patterns STATE & APPEARANCE
''•i i1-t .' :;<Cr•••r. •
L The window is closed.
I
,;.r .;.( 'ht.·.h
2. This vending machine is broken. ;K--:> 1° \ I 7., fatI f>-1:t1"\I 7., thin I'.;,,.{.,T'\ '6 1':,}<ijn\ I(\,7.,
3. I left my umbrella in a train. bulging have a hole r;•:2-
-
l· :g,
,.....
Example Sentences
I. Toe doorof the meeting room is locked.
···Then, let'saskMs. Watanabe to unlock it.
2. May I use this fax?
···It's broken. So please use the one over there. '
3. Where is ti\e wine Mr. Schmidt brought? \ttl,}'--:,1"\16bent! rf>,}',(,T1'6 " :: ,(,Tl '6 .tltn-r1 6 1

···I'mafraid we drank it all. dented r,;visted

,,,e3
distorted
4. Won't you go to eat lunch?
"•I'm sorry, but I want to finish this letter. So, go ahead, please.
5. Were you in time for the Shinkansen?
/
···No. The road was crowded, so unluckily1 was late.
6. I have lost my ticket. What shall I do? ......

24
···Tell the station employee over there, please.
(9+- 25

Conversation ..
XltT\ 17., chipped u (f,}<), -r \ \7.,
[j\\ (

J/g --:i T 1 ' 7., rotten

I left something
cracked
Excuse me.I left something in the train that's just gone.
{
Lee:
Station

"\vW
employee: What did you leave?
Lee: A blue bag. About this size.
And it hasa bigpocket on theoutside.
Employee: Whereabouts did you leave it?
i Leo: I don't remember exactly. I put it on the
I Employee: rack. What's inside it? : 1l

Lee: Let me think... books and an umbrella, ifl remember right. :'hb

□-/=
Employee: Well,I'llring up and check right away. Could you wa.it a moment, please? l'l\'7., dry ,i,';itl1"1,.;wet i;!t--:, 1" \ 'frozen
--------·---------------------
. I• I.
Employee:
Lee:
It's been found.
Oh, what a relief1 .e-.;,'/·:
I;..·
ii •: I

Empl9yee: It's at Yotsuya Station. What do you want to do?

Lee: I'llgoand get it myself right away.
Employee: Then, pleasego to the Yotsuya Station office.
Lee: OK. Thank you very much.

I I b.
, II .
j I
 I
l J
-
.I -- l. l
M.
l. l l.
w Ii L·
L
w
w t
:r { 7 ;-7 :-7 -1 cc
IV. Grammar Explanation Though V 1 L f: can also indicate the completion of an action, the use of V1' -form
1• j V -r-form 11 i -t L i \ ' i. L f: emphasizes the actual completing of the action. Therefore, the latter is
often accompanied by such adverbs as t ? and/or -\:f,<,,;:, Because of this feature of the
V1' -form 1' 1 -t expresses the state which results as a consequence of the action expression, example ® implies the resultant state, i.e., there is no wine left, and example
expressed by the verb. @ that the speaker's state of mind is one of relief.
I)j N7'< Vt-form 11 1-t Also, V1' -form L i \ 1 i 1' expresses that the speaker will complete an action in the
,.,,,,
I g
future.
n· " l>-6 •• -m"
CD 7'' fi'l;fl -C 1' i -t. The window is broken. cv ·1:1:,<,1-r1: 1,,;f--1-f w1,-r L11,1-t. i'i"'•1
dl,J
"r/.,,
I intend to finish writing the report by lunch tin1e.
®'it 1'< --:>1'-C \' i - The light is on.
Ast.in the examples above, when the speaker describes the state he/she sees in front of
him/her as it is, the subject of the action is indicated with i)<. Example CD shows that "the 3,. V -C-form L i 1' 1 L f:
window was broken in the.past and at present its consequence remains (=it is broken)." This expression conveys tbe speaker's embarrassment or regret in a difficult situation.
Verbs which are used with this expression are intransitive verbs, and most of them indicate
an instantaneous act or action. Examples of such verbs include : h ;fl 1 -t, i i -t, ®''A•T--1-"f ".i:< L-C L;t1,1Lt:. I lost my passport.
: L.ti

rn
if, i -t, : .Z,. i -t, etc. ®, ''/ :J 1/7'' ;!;.le L -C L i \ 'i L f:• My personal computer's broken.
Though the fact of losing one's passport· or the trouble with the computer can be expressed

c-
with - ( Li Lf: or : L .t ? Li L f:, these sentences above add the speaker's feeling
of regret or embarrassment about the fact.

4. ;;, I) i Lt:
26
I @) [7''f;f ,.{,7'') .t, 1) i L f: .t. I've found [the bag].
27

I :It' ;, tt' b if> 1) i L f: here is used to indicate that the speaker has found the bag, not to indicate that
I
,,• \!l1tt.i Lt: 7]< i•Jf\.-C 1 '1-,
it existed some place in the past.

When describing states in the past, V1"-form \ ' 1 L f: is used.

@ It :5 l;t it7'' ,b.,<, "f 1' i Lt:. The road was crowded this morning. 5. 't":7''1' / 't":7J' I::
·I
2) I N Ii V't-form 1' i -t
In the examples shown in Lesson 13, you learned '"'- in
could be omitted. However, "f in t' : 7J' -r:·(@) or I:: in
t'::71''"'- and "f in ".: 1: 7'' f
t' : -O' l: (@) cannot be omitted.
When the subject of an act or action is taken up as a topic, it is indicated with l:t. In
example ©, with the use of a demonstrative,:(/), the speaker clearly identifies the chair
@ 1:::·::,,,-r i¥if f;:( L-r Lll'l Lt:.
.j
as I've lost my wallet somewhere.
-rL I,
I @ _t' :_ 7J' 7ltt't;1]< if, i -If,.{,-O'o
the topic and describes the state of it to
I l: 1)
thelistener.
:I?
Is there a pay phone somewhere nearby?
© : (f) 1 '·t Ii 1!C.tt.-C 1 '1-t• This chair is broken.
1·

I
I ,I
;I ii,!,.
2- I v-r-form Li 1 '1 L f:/ Li 1 'i -t
V -C-form L i \ 'i L f= is an expression which emphasizes that an action or event has
been completed.
,,
iI
' ' '- .i:
® 1/ .:i. ·1 1- :5 #-? -C #d: '711/f;t :gc ti : _,<,"f L 11 'l Lt:.
,<,,,<
.IiI I:
• I
II Wedrank all the wine that Mr. Schmidt brought.
Q•.<, C l-,,< ti •

I
@ :j:(f) UiiY!!;t ti -\'>-?1" Li 1 'l Lt:.
I Ihave done my kanji homework already.
1ffi'W
Tj>'
if 1 I"'
II1 I

' II
Lesson 30 1 'It pond
I : -j{;f,(_, :;t,i:. police box

I. Vocabulal'}'. tt:<I) t::.; 7(.(/) .rJr original place

Ii 1) i-t I put up, post,

iJ'lti-t II #Ht i -t paste hang 1h1J m 1) round, around
77, ·1; i-t I frli1) l 'T display, decorate i ,(_, i"J.' i:I' ,(_,<p center
-t;,:i:;_---;:;1:-t II "i-t arrange, line up -t 7,,. 11M comer
-j;ti-tII ofilU.i-t plant
tt:'Li--r I Li-t return, put - back if:: still
i t:6'.Ji-t JI put - together, put - in shape, sum up -llt:' about-
-1;,t::--.Stti-t n J,--5(t 1- put things in order, tidy up
L;t1,aJ:-t I t put things in their proper place <l4i-
V) i -t II V) i -t decide
:it
. 1: ""(11t1.d schedule
LG-1±1-t JI j;oG-l±i-t inform -r -
* Thank you for your hard work. (used by a
< ;, ;
-f -j f::,(,L i -t . ill ffl Li consult, discuss :::·'5%' L superior or older person to express appreciation
-t prepare one's lesson
for a subordi ate's work)
. tLr t > -j Li -t ill --JW, Li --r review one's lesson
,;, < L rt> -j Li -t ill L- leave things as they
$-
l!'J hope, request

it are 1i-1: 1t1 Do you have any requests?

1<iJiJ' :::•$- ijf in 1
) l i"iJ'o
-f <I) i i 1:: L i -t ill musical
(someone else's) child :;..- 1/ tJ JI,, That's a good idea./That sounds nice.
-tnli 1,1,-z·-th.o
2S
'h::: ,(_, 'h"T ,(_,
i•
t rt> -· J:'7 t1t class

, ,I - 7. e- .· lecture
*7·0-F".71-1' Broadway
-j-,j'/'J. meeting
,
•I,
J: -r \ \ -t:.t plan, schedule ...... t1ch4 ..........................................................................................................................................................
t:; L G-1± t,;9;0 G-1± notice H,
;h.\ \ round
? «
-
in,<_,-tJ.·1 ' L J: fl;) guide book J 'l - moon
'it tJv'/f- calendar in 6 one - , a certain -
t; !,,1'1
;f-A5'- poster earth
:ilk
:::·7,,./;f: :::·7,,..fj trash can., dustbin
-jtl.L1, glad, happy
: I
! ' 1::,e · J: 7 AJI doll \ l'i,
hateful, disagreeable
I 1 11·
idfiv :jtjl)i vase -t6[i"J.·]
I
"· iJ,-J;f 7,,. mirror l'.'. and, then
.,§
l V t::L 51 t±: L drawer iJ{ 1[:V) i -t JI wakeup
:i It ,<_,-1;,,(, Jl)I front door, porch, entrance
·•··•·••••••••••••••••••·•••••••·••·•·•·.. •···....·••••••••••.. ·••••• ••·H ••• .. •••• .. ·•·• •··•••••••••·• ...,. •••,•.,n,ooooo ....00000000000000•0000.0000HOOHOOOO O .

l hall
.;-5 77' ltrl'" corridor, hallway

' II 1.1'" f wall

,.
- .- I=· ·
J ,,-
c c c c-c-c-c-c
-
·c;-l
·"
, l3 -c; I

II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information

I' /;

Sentence Patterns {rr.I'. LOCATION

I. There is a map of the town affixed to the wall in the police box.
2. I will read a guide book before going on the trip.

Example Sentences i:
iiff.J., 11:i.
_u,i:, 2 § Ji (T v I:(1))beside
g
5'
I"'\
,v:j:_

I
j;(

I. The new rest room in the statior. is interesting.

···Really? mu-
It has flowers and animals painted on the wall.

:\
2. Where is the adhesive tape?
···It's kept in that drawer.

□ · ··
3. Have you already decided the name of your baby?

--,; r·"{l ,
···No.I will think about it afterl see its face.
4. What should I do before the next meeting?
···Read this data.
5. I would like to participate in volunteer activities, and so may 1 take leave for ahead l"J
about two weeks? diagonally behind
···Two weeks? Let me see.I'llhave to talk with the department manager about it.
6. When you finish using the scissors, return them to their original place.
30 ···Yes, all right. 31

7. May I pllt this material away?

···No, leave it there.
I'm still using it.
.
Conversation
I will reserve a ticket for you 'fl j i"J
2 ft§
Miller: Ms. Nakamura, I have fixed the schedule and data for your trip to New York.
the second line
Nakamura: Thank you. I will check the data later, so leave it there.
Miller: Yes.
Nakamura: Is this the schedule? page4
Have you already contacted Mr. White?
Miller: Yes. ·11 n .....-=:----
You are free on the afternoon of this day. 3't §
ll Nakamura: Oh, Iam. the third line
·;,
Miller: ls there something you want to do that day?

II Nakamura:
Miller:
Well, I think I'd like to see a musical on Broadway.
That sounds nice. Shall I reserve a ticket for you?
 I !
, C I
Nakamura: Yes, please.

i
Il
I
 f,
'·i, I
IV. Grammar Explanation IJt ::_., -, ,;: it•

l ® fi(7) i ;l1: W f Jh -r t; i -t.

1- I V-C-form ;J) 1) i -t I'llbuy a ticket before the trip.
., - •\• ;f q1;

V T -fonn ;f, 1) t -t indicates the state which results as a consequence of an action

@;j;:_(7) :t -r-1: 'JDJ"f L 't t-.;1'f: 1-;, 1 'I 'Ti'7''.
l •1 ; ,._!,
intentionally done by somebody. The verbs used here are transitive verbs that express • <(7) j/tJfH tfc,{,1' }.;l'l < f:-:!\\o
intentions. What should I do before the next meeting?
···Read these materials.
1)[ N,I: N,,F V-C-form ;J) 1J ii' 2) Completion of a necessary action in rc diness for the next useor the next step
. ..,<.t 1l ,O\ tt t:.1;, tt"
(1) tl,(7) ..1:.1: .J'f:,}< ;llI1,-r ;n1J:t-t. Thereisamemoputontbedesk. @l;l:-::5J,,.f 1,il!.--,f,:h, ;t(7) rn-1: L-r i,11T U:-::5\',
:.J..lf? J. t- f•
@ -/J 1,,,::.,,7-1: 1- (7) T:it7'' 1,T <n '} i-t. When you finish using the scissors, put them back where they were.

,. .,, . , .
This month's schedule is written on the calendar. 3) Keeping the res u l t a nt state as it is
In CD, it is indicated that someone put a memo on the desk (for later.use) and as a result the @ ;J) Lt: ffl.7}< ;J;:, I) :i-f,},i'.:,, 1,t'(;t :::(7) :l: i 1: L "t t-,1,--r < f:-::51,.
memo exists as it was put.® indicates that someone wrote this month's schedule on Please leave the chairs as they are because a meeting will be held here tomorrow.
the calendar (so as not to forget it) and as a resµlt the schedule is written on the [Note] In daily conversation, ~ -r i,
j;
i -t often becomes !:'. i -t.
};
~
calendar. @-t:1:: 1,t:11T .(.'l\\"t };\\T) < f:-::51,.
2) I N,l;t N,I: V Z-form S 1J :ti"
This sentence pattern is used when N, in sentence pattern 1) is taken up as a topic. Please leave it there.
1'
@ .J 'f: 11 t•::: -r·-tiJ'.
I I
Where is the memo?
... [.J -=t(;t] tl,(7) J:.I:
?(t. i.t. :,.;
\ 'T ;f; 1) l i'. ·--It's been put on the desk. 3- i f: V(affirmative) still V
AW> ,;.
-r\• ·· .
1,;J:-r.
,: 1..i•r-,
it:
.t;

© TA:'.li -/JV/' .?·-1: 1t1'T @ r.fu,}< ..,T

32 + (7) ;f, 1)
i-t. ri <' ,.,:
It's still raining.'
@iltJiH.' J,--51ti L .t 71;,,
This month's schedule has been written on the calendar.

;J; ) t -t is used to express the slate of the result of what somebody did
., .. 33

3) V T -fonn 1
--·it: --,T 11ii'7''i'.:,, ,t(7) iii:: LTt-;1,T <t:-::51,.
for some purpose. So it can also express, as in® and®, thatsome preparation has been Shall I put away the tools?
done. It is often used with t 7. ·--No, leave them there. I'm still using them.
f:A..CJ1 I.I
@ 8(7) 7•1.,,-t:::.,,l-(;J: t?
•
]{--:,"'[ <f>IJ;i-f, i f:in @ and @ me.ans "as yet" or "still" and indicates that the action or the state is
continuing.
I have already bo ught the present for her birthday.
,I'
®;f-j-;L,(;t t 7 ff; J LT ;P, :t-t.
' '/ '(

1
)
4. -t ti.I:!: ~ ,r,. ii't.

I have already reserved a hotel.

I•
[Note) The difference between VT -form \ 'l i' and VT-form ;f:, 1
)
common. See
Main Textbook,
ii"
ft' L p. 228, ll3t&i6J
® -t. g,&t ll!l i --, -Z \ 'i The window is closed. !:'.11B -
H' L
® g7}t Jli'l.l".) -r S 1J i-t. The window has been closed
2. [ V-C-form
I ii (for some purpose).
®
I I

simply describes the state that the window is closed, while® t-.;
:
I I
implies that somebody (it could be the speaker himself) closed the
window with some objective or intention in mind. Most verbs used in
VT -fonn \ 1 i i" are intransitive, while verbs used in VT -form
;J) 1
J l -t are transitive.
I
i I

A lot of intransitive verbs have transitive counterparts and each

pair shares a part in
! • t: t'i L /: ? l:
@7'□- ...-tnli 1,111"-tn, gJi-\'> )V;,j< '!ti< 1,:l.:,,(,"t·-t.
f:"7.x. I'd like to see a musical on Broadway.... ... ,t tt.11 1 lit :HL<.,h•.
1T· .:i.- ···That sounds nice. Sometimes I have pains in my stomach and head.
:}1n1,f ',l•ff"') ,..,. ,. 11.l.L "(.(, .(.

Jtf:1'!:' 1}' G ;k (7) :4q±.I:: l&"J.',(,Ti'. @

. . 7,
(,T-
...,t tll:t };n 1' 1::: 7 :::· 1' i -t.
I will be transferred to the Osaka head office next month.
*
t1}<.... ···CongratulationsI
... t t",

I
*k S,l;i
® --·That's bad.
P Pf:. (L. 31)
(L. 32)
I) Completion of a necessary action by a given time -t n in @, @ and @ refers to what is stated just before.

J
This sentence pattern means:

1
!n--:-1, . l. 'bi
i . l1 .
11
I
I
Lesson 31 -f--J t all the time

I * t'fl') Pablo Picasso, Spanish pa.inter (1881-1973)

I. Vocabulary .:; ;(, (/) ;: i ;(_.(,
*..t.Jf lffl Ueno·Park (in Tokyo)
{;t L: i 1)i -t I ,Jt,fl i 1) at '"f [a ceremony] begin, start
[ L -5 t<~ J [ ?}<~J
<l¾' I,
-:>-51tii" II Melt i '"f continue ,i:
remain, be
;,.-:>It i '"f II )t-:>lti-t find ) i '"f 1 I
7 It i '"f II ltii take [an examination]
..,,
fl 1: left per month
,i,.,i
[Llt,{,f~J [ .fkt~J il(J) ordinary, commo.n, usual
1:tP -5 t• < Li -t ill A L.i -t enter [a university]
1:,,9-.:t- -;1 r Internet
[t.:\ ,?}< < 1:~] [:k*I:~)
-'f.--:> ·J: -5 Li-t ill.l!p Li-t graduate (from a university] ....., j,\';.l,.# ........................................................................,...............................................................................:
[t.:'1,?}< < f ~] [:k*f~] t;i,

Lt1> --J -1:t L i -t m ::e,,t; L i -t attend [a meeting] t village

,t,, o• o
[,H '-5·t:~] [1¼l)ll:~J t,<..
BJ{@ftg movie theater
-5 11> -5 it\ 1 Li -r m {:t Li -r take a break, take a res
t
,,.,,
hateful, disagreeable
*(i'J.']
,ti,
n,<_, 11> i ,!{:t· consecutive holidays sky
r

34 ·
< ,;:,<_, fnt essay, composition il/ll:ii" II close 35
l::: t•1,

% city
;
-Z ,{, .JUi1¼ exhibition
I
lt--J::,{,L-5
l'.:,,{,t,,,\' .t.a/lt wedding ceremony +r·t f: t, chil<jren
l: ;
[}.;)-t-5 L-5 [J::;Hh.\ funeral Elmt: freely
L-5 -if. ceremony it' :¼•\• l:.to?
allover the world
' l l i-
·1
9' ,, .. ,
/1,{,L-I"> ,t;:.t-l head office
i 1
) i -t I gather
L -Z ,<_, Jtl.5 branch office ?.,<
°5J:"Jt,/'\I 1¼ church L1' beautiful
l <!I.
,J f.:l'?}<<\1A, **ll3t graduate school Elft., nature
i"lii:,L goodness, virtue

r·i ,;:-:) ;;( ,<_, 4w!ffl zoo 3t\?}< -J -5 i -t I notice, become aware of
,: !
' }.;,{_, -1:t,{_, 51l;r. hot spring, spa ....• •••••••••••··••······•·····•··•..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ,,,ooooooH00 .. 00000000000000000000•000 ..0 ♦000

I
•·••••••••

i IJ_.
,I
I
. 1I }.; -5-\"> < [ ,<_,) }.;$,[ ,<,] visitor, guest, customer, client
I I I
t.:'nt, somebody
:i. ~(!) { 1' J ,~(!) 1J' place' toward ~, direction of~
 Tii1111·t1 "r""r
·I1r !, I•I'
'. 1 1 I
I

! II. Translation
Ill. Reference Words & Information
-\t,(,t,(,
ri FIELDS OF STUDY
· Sentence Patterns
I. l&t's have a drink together.
th• t .d((
2. I'm thinking of establishing my own company in the future. \' -I)•(
i&¼l"f= politics
IK"f= medical science
3. I intend to buy a car next month. <
J,,'1> { :,j( : (\•O•.C..lj\ ·61 (

"¥= pharmacology oor IUH "f= international relations

ct,; •J -?!11(
Example Sentences I)•¢' (
*tit"¥= law
-it"¥= chemistry
I. We are tired. Shall we take a rest? ,tt,, t· ,sq H,• i•i!•(
···Yes, let's. '.i.1t'.. biochemistry "¥= economics
2. What are yougoing to do on New Year's Day?
-jf1•,):-?1'1(
1-ti•;t.1•t<(
'.i.4w
···I'm thinking of going to a spa with my family. ?t<( biology n&t4* business administration
That sounds good.
* 1,..1(.>t,l'\'l.i' (
3. Have you already completed your report? agriculture t±4--* sociology
···No, I haven't written it yet. < c1<
•·< t -;
ff!'¥
i•

education
I'm thinking of finishing it by this Friday. 1!1 geology
4. Hans, are you going to continue with judo even after going back to your country? ') ,, (
,;:,<.,01(
y:_rip literature
···Yes, I intend to continue with it. i!ll.!"¥= geography
5. Won't you go home.during the summer vacation? 'f')l'}I(
lf/., :::· :d((

···No. I will take a graduate school entrance exam, so I don't intend to go back. * mathematics ey: linguistics
37
36 6. I go to New York on a business trip fi:om tomorrow. ,;:.., I) l}I( L,(., IJ .rt<(
''"lsthatso? When will you come back? ,-.:.;Jf!ip psychology
I I
A J!."¥= physics
I'm scheduled to come back next Friday. 'Tlj/.1• (
<
19'
::: "¢'
philosophy theo'iogy
.:r.* engineering civil engineering
electrical engineering
electronics
L,,.·)1.d,J-'( arts
t' 11(::?:,j((
Conversation
±*.:r.* * "¥=
1-fi• I,;.,?
·I Tl., L }/.11(
it-f-X ffi
{/ l.'.,,'?
I think I will'start using the Internet
ffi
*
TL:: i.d1(
fine arts
'It.:r .

Cr'\,.-
1-i..t.¢' <

- ,f•\\.::-; ( (
.:r.!ipmechanical engineering music
.!• : ? h' (
·1 Ogawa: I will be single from next month. ::1:,,,t·.:z.-7-X"¥=computer science
Miller: What?
Ogawa: Actually I will be transferred to the Osaka headoffice. 1•TA;L.:"i6'(

i!1i-f-.:r.!ip genetic engineering

1i1r¥
Miller: The head office? Congratulations!
i (1,(_,t;(c!,C(
But, why·are you going tobe single? ;iU !f-
i. ·\ architecture
Ogawa: My wife and son will stay in:Tokyo. "{1.,'t.(,1'}1(

I 'Jc...X."¥=
,' . Miller: Woo't they go with you?
astronomy l
I; I _i Ogawa: My son says
entrance examthat
nextheyear.
wants to my
And staywife
in Tokyo
doesn'tbecause
want to he
quitwill
hertake
job, aeither.
university
I ,. , tr/.,'l'i'l '7 o, n•.(
,
. 'il1I :!'.Jbf+!if environmental science
:·1I
Well, are yougoing to live separately? - ""',.G:
Miller:
I Ogawa: Yes, but I intend to come home at weekends a few times a month.
II !
I Miller: That's tough.
Ogawa: But, I have free time on weekdays, so I think I will start using the Intem;t.
Miller: .
I see.That's agood idea.
' · 1(
l
'7·'7'I 'I '7.
---..
I

;
 ,7;
IV. Grammar Explanation (NoteJ Compared with Vvolitional form l::: }.; t ..., -r \ ' i 1·, V dictionary form
--:> t 1) 1.'-t sounds more determined.

,-
1• Volitional form
'U1t.'Jolitional form of verbs is made as follows. (See Main Textbook, Lesson 31, p.
46, 4. v dictionary form
7 ,t -r·-t
#,ii!. Al.) NQ)
Group I : Replace the last sound of the i -t -form with the sound in the }.;.line of the

! ,
same row and attach ?. By using this sentence pattern, you can inform people of schedules.
.t1? l.,,-,,, i .t l\•
Group Il :_ Attach J: 7 to the i
,;

-t -form.

••i
®7 Q) h 1) 1: I-'"1 '1/"- :±l l-t -t:li::-Z:--t.
Groupill : L i -t becomes L l ?, and i -t becomes : .t ?. I'm scheduled to go on a business tripto Germany at the end of July.
m 1
J! 1 L.,-;it•.t J. -C\•

f:f5t,-
;:

,i'.ffffi}W ® ffli lil!!.M<"C,11(1) "t;t--r-•t i

. · .: 2. How to use the volitional form The trip is scheduled to last for a week. .•,J,
'i; J,.. m
m l)In plain style sentences LJ:t

The volitional form

sentences. ,,..i,·sused instead of - i L J: 7 in plain style
5, . 1 t: Vt -form \11 -ttI.., I
(j) t; .I: ..., t: - ( ;f. i -r.J.'1 1 ? Shall we take a rest?
... 7 ,<.,, ,(;f. t 7
,,. . , This sentence pattern means that something has not taken placeor has not been done yet.
I ' 0 ···Yes, let's. ·f.t:?
@ ffli, :t iffl\ 1-r 11 i -tt£. t:
jj
@ 1 " L·t#. 7 "Q'•
1': How about taking a rest for a while? The bank is not open yet.
t
·i
t., t:
.!j:-{i;;}.;7 "Q'• Shall I help you?
@ v;f';- Ii t? I Lt.:1J', Have you written the report yet?
@
• ·
'1
•·
(Note] As you see in@and ®,"Q' at the end of the sentenc s is not dropped though they ·••\1 \'il, it: tf\\'t 11 i-tt£...........No,notyet.
are plain style sentences.
6. : ~/-t~
38 2) J Vvolitional form t: ..., -r 1 'I -t j 39
Tu writing, a demonstrative belonging to the t-series is used when a word(s) or a
I This sentence pattern is used to express what the speaker is thinking .of doing. V volitional sentcnce(s) mentioned before is referred to·.sometimes, however,. a demonstrative
form l::: }.; t \ 1 i "t can also express a similar meaning. V volitional fonn t: ;/::; t ..., -r
I :1
belonging to the :: -series is used instead. Jn this case, the writer wants to describe
\ ' i -t implies that the speaker's decision was made some time ago.
'
. ' 'i! :_1
L"'i :t-, 1-t..
something to the reader as though it really existed then and there.
, t; !d C.n ;-,( L,U'.{.
1., ,,
1 (.Q>
i

I ,. ,, , © *l;t ;$:1: fr:

l'mthinking of going to the beach at the
weekend.
7 l::: l h-r l'i-t. @J$Ulu:

® ht::. u•
#Jij< 1 -?t:lt .ti-!>. -ttLl:I: L\\ tJ t:.
J.·1,
There's one thing missing in Tokyo. And that's nature.
1 11 tn
P1 ,-1.,:_,t '' JH,

rt:": -rt i:,J -r-,. r-rf

,.
l :,.. ® "Q' i:, TT" t: 7 t: \ 1 -t -t;1f£ ,, L\\ #111
I 1 :Q)
I 0 ii t::.; \\

. :· ,l
,I
I'm going to·the bank now. MllH,t'., t:":-r·t .ff t.:11 .P/f"- fi"IH-t.
[Note) Vvolitional form t: t-, t...,"t
I
I ,I \ 'l -t can be used to express a third person's will What I want most is a "magic door." When you open this door, you can go
·' .

.·]
or intention. anywhere you want. (L. 27)
f•h .\11P;'.. ( Uf;', IH
@ &:Ii 9 00 "t' : 7 t'. -, 't 1 'l -t.
:·I I
I

He is thinking of working in a foreign country.

1, 3. v dictionary f o r m l --:t, ') -r--t

o1
ii v i'J:t., \.fonn .n'
V dictionary form --:> t T-t is used to express the speaker's intention of doing

I
1
)

1 I
_1

I
i i
 J1
J
s ;thing, and V -rJ.'1 '-form 1J.· \ ' --:> t 1
) -r-t is used to express the speaker's intention of
o not doing something.
(1: •·.t [,tjt'i ?..,.
m Cf>®"- •Jw.,-rt, itf t lt6 --:>t1JT-t.
c Even when I go back to my-t cowitry, I'll continue with my judo.

t -r-t o
;I; ® ;;f;, L t:,H:,Ii t:li':: f hf.J.'\ I -? 1/

I'm determined not to smoke from tomorrow.

·I• .

·,
 11n
1

11;1
,. f: )c'.. north
Lesson 32 .z,.1.:;,, i¥i south
, 'I 1: L west
: 'l
I. Vocabulary lf-/J' L .lll. east

7,<,,l:'.°'-j U:-t ill iUl.lLi-t take exercise -t1'r·i 7J::.ia faucet, tap, water supply
-tt-1,: ? L 1 -t Ji'x.'!:JJLi-t succeed .r. '/ ;/ '/ engine
III J&Li-t fail (an examination] "{--/,,, team
L-, 1!1' L i -t [ I:~]
ill Li-t pass [an examination] : ,{,,\'> .l(_ this evening
[Llt,<,,1:~J [ Mt(:~] rP ? ,;<f: :Y1J late afternoon
:" -j ,;, < L i 1- ill IJ i"f' return Ll a time in the past, before
[Llt,<,,1:~J [rain] stop -J:,-t < :ill< late (time)
tr..·1) i -t I (iifu,;<~)
\'>.Z,. i -t I llit.fLi-t clear up : ,{,,1.,-1: like this
I 'f [!>n,;•~] ?i, IJ i -f get cloudy -'t ,{,,>'j.·1: like that (concerning a matter related to the
i-t
(,

i I;. l;l:.fLi -t II [wind] blow listener)

; <t 1
i -t I
) !)!,,;<~] ;$',,{,,1.i: 1: like that (concerning a matter not related to the
,;, i -t I
[,;,,tf,;<~]
i,i
1. ,:t-, iJ ¼) 1) 1 T, iil,1) 1 "f speaker or the listener), that much
1 i-t I [ ,;•~] recover from [sickness], get well t U'Lf:G possibly, perhaps
[rf .I: ? ,;•~) [tj(_ ,;•~] be fixed, be repaired -'t.fLli 1 'IH-1±

.l
I That's too bad.
[: L J: -j,;<~J il i -; [high temperature] continue *,<,,.t:i. Olympic Games
41
.. 'I 40 -:>-:> i-t I [AA,;•~] ;;t •) '/ t' ·:, ?
I,!, (;j-J,-:,,;•~J catch [a cold]
. lf[,;'-1:fl'
i-t ~] I <:l{;-M;I,
Cf/.;

.l lf\'>Li-tI it\'> L i-t cool ..f vigor

stomach
t.
I ... -
L,(,,lf1 '(>'j.·) .-:.;ffE['f-.,:] worried, anxious -t · working too much
,\
1
w
lit:',
II '1

!
I ' L: rP? ,;:,<.,(1,,i:] + '-(1.i:] enough, sufficient -A t,,;z stress
t; .,
,I 1
.tf f Li-t m work more than one's capacity
t-:,,;,L1, strange, funny
-r m
I
rJJ-, < 1J L i
1
take one's time
I , I J{> \\ noisy

:
', :'1· ttt" ~ f L i -t : get burned) ...... 'T;.J.;..fg....,.,....,.............,.............,...,.........,........,..,.... ..............,..............................'. ..
.;I .·i burning( Ul1',,t...•

I 11 ;t:i if,;<
-tt
~
injury ( f L i t : get injured)
cough(~,;< -c,1-t: have a cough)
£,51,
1L
4±4.§E
r
! 1) ..Iii I 1'/7Jl,.r.:,,4f influenza m
:,
1
J 1-t
<t
 "
h r s o e Taurus
o o c p be in trouble, have a problem
1 1 l:.f•t,

-t I;, :lll sky lottery

11 / 1 ' I J; f:t•f,
'.t?
I:,,r .l
f:l ;k sun 'la f= i -t [ 1
) l'.-IJ<~] I win [a lottery.]
1··1 1 11L :\li. star
health
u
I J ,( , :1

lI
1I ? fl moon. .f\.t,I,.,,

'-If $},, wind

ml romantic love
:::,,vi::
I !! 111 mlA
1M14,
sweetheart, boyfriend, girlfriend
1!1i•; [t-,) #i; rich person

' It ;·I1
1

l
J.
l. L ,.
l
 :. _.;-t =-• :;-[
"i",
,:1 617
J.,_ ·
•• L. L_. •
:ii :
..I Translation
II. Ill. Reference Words & Information
I I
I
TI.., .t fl i
!I
I
Sentence Patterns -tf9.. WEATHER FORECAST
J. You bad better take exercise every day.
2. It will snow
o/o ( ,,- +)
11
e t.tt.i ,
- 1i.

tomorrow. CV) : i ·r110, <

•J.,
:,J(.l{$

'f
1 t 3. l may not be in time for the
appointment.
clear, fair probability of rain

f
1 Example Sentences
C ¼') :1 l'II)
\•.:.., ' $,i.<.,
·c <. t"J ll • • • • <
: l t i lt i tH
" l /

·cloudy
t ft[Jm;1 the highest temperature Hokka·i·doarea
.,
IH.nihrd,2
1. Students these days spend a·Jot of time on recreation, don't they?
···Yes, they do. But I think they should have a variety of experiences while young. [f] nliJ p\' ,J,'J :,
'!11•"{1"

:411M\
! $.,\,

·c C 'C:) '·" t!1

;
1.-.I.-
,,..•,/ r
;;;:(f'
/,

2. I want to go lo Europe on a month's tour. Would 400,000 yen be enough? rain the lowest temperature ;ft+l, . I;, I ..,
···It'senough, I th.ink.

3.
But you had better not carry it in cash.
What will happen to the Japanese economy?
[I ;,.,,. ,h1i9
snow
12 c/2o·c

1-
I!
···Well. ll will not recover so soon. •.tt.Q)-J; I) r:. r/'HJ
_in) (")
,,
' . 4. Will the Olympic Games be successful? fine, cloudy later
·,
Ii
···They surely will be.
They have been preparing for them for a very long time.
•, kP oi , t.1')1;
c!lonu,)dy, occa.sionally r.am Tohoku area
.·, 5. Doctor, what's wrong with Hans?
···He has caught flu. ('f, t:.:.; s.ri

'.·
' :

II
'I;
42 6. a Don't
He might have you think the
high temperature forengine
aboutbas

... Yes. We might break down.

been
three making
days, a strange
but don't

Let's return.to the aiipOrt immediately.

worry.noise?
l:1)ffll::.t-,"(nfiJ1: TJ•)t°;
cloudy,partlyram

;
.

C"<

'f 00 :ht!I 15 ,,.....

II;
itiJt:l:rll
,,.,,,

·/Hf
f(;,

t;,,1,;:e;.111
tp$J'1ll:Q rj :iJ , ,
>lt_,'i',)
<t.<.fi,,
□
J,.,,., ,,,
H,B10·':(o·c/J../ •c
_..,_

·
13 43

#0;11 <J?CS
Chubu area
'. ,I Conversation Chu oku area,rn •· Kinki area

It .··,: 'I
; ,,1

·I I Youmight besick
i¾i Kanto area
II .;I !
I .
Watanabe: Mr. Schmidt, what's wrong with you? You don't look well.

i]i ;?
,
 'I, Schmidt: Recently I don't feel well. Gl.il:li!\1j
, .I 'iI
.J R ¼: .j
J&ith
Sometimes I have pains in my stomach and head.
Watanabe: That's too bad. You might be sick, so you should go and see a ,r:.J Shikoku area h -o',..., .. jf:
doctor.
Schmidt:
I think you're right. 9oy°l. 1.J '-vJ,_)J<.yusbu area 1::
61/,fJIJ
Jilil/ .:9.ft shower
I
I ' . of ffi• 1),. tiHJ thunder
' 111
'i I Schmidt: Doctor, what's wrong with me? /7°c/.2f • c,, 'Ji 13,· 11
: 1 ,1,
!
; Doctor: Nothing particularly bad. typhoon
1 : c
1 Are you busy with work? t r JJ'" !I::. ;r 1
,I i 1 rainbow
,I
'i
Schmidt:
Doctor:
Yes. I work overtime a lot these days.
You work too much. Maybe you are stressed about work.
I !·d'.1,,,. ,J, 1-'f
•
wind
(?
I
I I
I I Sch,midt: I sec. t : ( fJ'"'
( t
l ) cloud

I
Doctor: You shouldn't push yourself too much.
Take some leave and have a rest.
Jilt b" f:.ti',,jv,.( 'humidity
I Schmidt: I will. u [f] t:
L,i-1,
;1i-,

.hot and humid

ol
l 11 JOO 10 h-\'>-o'[t,d refreshing
r? 'c I s-
d.t
•c..
'jfir;crr
I

. I! /j
cj 1
I IV. Grammar Explanation 4. ..,t/t.::,;:,<,/t ln'Lf::.'.i:,,,
I
· ,.
'I ·
t
,' 1. I V f.:-form ·I 11i 1}_< \ ,1 '-r':f.
.
1) ..,
This adverb indicates that the speaker is quite certain of what he{she -is . aying. The.
, V t.J:1,'-form t.,_•1 '.
I 11•t: 1Lt"i
probability ranges from quite high to the same level as that of~ -r L .l: i .
CD 8 iftQ L l: Il ,1 , -r-t. (j) C 7- ,{,jj: '? t ili"o
1
H'

II!i 1t is good to do some exercise everyday.

@ AA.,,. s 7.,,(, -r-t.
II••
Mr. Miller will surely come.
® SLt::.11 ..,t if<Jl'L.t ?•
,,

... L:-\'>, t,,;.;;1:: >-.J,-t.i:11 lli1}' 1111 -r-t..t. It will undoubtedly rain tomorrow;.
!'f'':•• 'fl'. / I have got a fever. 2) f=,;:,(,
.ar,;,f.! ···So, you had better not take a bath. This adverb entails less certainty than t, and is mostiy used with -T L·.1:i . As
·lt&!!. This pattern is used to make suggestions or to give advice. Depending on the situation, this shown in @, f::..;: ,(, is very often used with ~ t to t \ ' i i"·(see Lesson 21).
1.
11{/fmi#ffl
'·
* 7.> L .1: in'.
(
- expression may sound like you are imp sing your opinion on the listener. Therefore, ® 7- ,(,fi
consider the context of the conversation carefully before using it.
···f::..;:1., * 7.> -r L.1:
( .
., [Note] The difference between ~ f::. (1 i 1}• \ '\ ' and ~ f::.i:, ,\·1 1:
?•
I: IU, Ti;, J.
@ 8*Q) }.;,tj,1}<f.:1',{,l'"f'I)'······· Do you think Mr. Miller will come?
... y guess so.

' lj *i " rr..,'-= i:, ,-r-r ..t.

' t; t:

'•
•.•1.: "· 1 ,1
\"'lfl
@)i.LB:1 ,{,(i :q:i
L >f..:t
..=..:1.-.7.f t::..;:,(,i_,f.,_-\ t·. \11-t.
I would like to see ome Japanese temples. Iguess Mr. Yamada does not know this news.
···So, it would bea good idea to go to Kyoto.
I
!.I Example ® illustrates a situation in which a simple suggesti'on is given. In such cases
3) t L .,,, L f::. i:,

~ f::. i:, 1 '\ ' is used. ~ f::. I1 i 1}< \ '\ ' implies a comparison and a choice between,twq This adverb is used with -1)' t LtL;t -tlJ., in most cases. A sentence with t L n' L f= i:,
44 thingseven if it is not expressed in words. expresses the idea that there is less of a possibility of some event or situation occurring 45
(e.g., "I cannot graduate" in@).
s

!
o-c--, ,t., i

j!
2. @tln'Lf:i:, 3,1p: l!f°l:"1' -i',1.'\l'l)'t Ltli-1:L{.,.
-adj plain form There is a possibility I might be unable to graduate in March.
·I
I l!f tJ:-adjf plain form -rL J:i I ,.,..1:: L.(,U\•

N- 5. fPJ1'' .s:;j£-t,,: : t
\·:!. I This pattern expresses the speaker's inference fr m some information he/she has. When
f ••:: l,.C.,[fl•
@ fPJ6' ...:.:oc,-t.,.· t ,}< :fJ 7.,J.,1'"-t-lJ'.
:
·"
; /, used in a question l i ke®, the speaker asks for the listener's Is anything bothering you?
inference. ,, , ,
.;.
@, you cannot say L ,(,(;°111.i· -tJ.·1::1'', but you should rather say -t.,_·1::-1/'
: !t
© a,, U::.11 f,liJ1}< Jlt7., -r L .t i. As shown
L ,{, (f I in
I -l',1.• : t. Other similar ex"amples are f,1.· (::'I)'.~. t q), t": '/) ~ t : -?
0

v·
It will rain tomorrow. ,

@ 7 '7 ;f-:,,- ,(,Ii

0·1•·<
-t 7.,1' L .t i .,,,. t:' tt. n' ~ V- t,
\\
1 '--:i7J' ~ t , etc.
.
·
t'.::?
·

J ... Do you thiuk Mr. Thawaphon will pass the exam? @ .7.f- - 1:: ff f.:\ '/4, l'i"1}<, t'°:"'/)' \ 1 \ ' P/f 1}1 -\:t,(, ij,
0
Iwant to go skiing. Could you recommend a good ski resort?
, II )
j
.'I!
3.
!
i-adj plain form 6- I Quantifier --c· I
t ''I
I .
·i-,
t.1:-adjl plain fonn l.,,, tUt ;t -tt,(,
l' added to a quantifier indicates the limit of a price, time, quantity, etc., necessary for a
I
 I I,I :
state, an action or an event to be realize<!.
I
-n't L tLt -I!,(, also expresses the speaker's inference, and means that there is
@ AR. i T
.i:A, I'

30 -r- fi!Hi'1''. .
a
possibility that some event or state occurred/occurs/will occur. The degree of certainty
however is much lower than with ~ T L J: i CantLJ..k
I reach the station ••in thirty minute.s?
·:
< C i•.(, I
@·3:ofil-r t:-r;t6• JH.!i'6'o
'\"(-t I,

®it-J*q:i f\lll:: f'Jl(:ht.,.-1 1},t

1 Ltt.;t-tt,{,.
We might not bein time for the appointment. Can I buy a video player for 30,000.yen?

ri .':J
l
I.!Lit._'
•
 r-· '\ I
•• •·
_I _,,
Ill
·• ·" _.1111 l
•
,j I
Lesson 33 r·-'J,' i what kind of~

i. VotabuUUy t 7 (nQt) any longer (used ':"ith negatives)

;ht: ~ left
l:lfi-t Il lfi-t runaway
t>5'i-t ! !Ii - i -t make a ¾
! ! S5 8V,i-f noise give ;i,}L!(" ,, I!,(,
parking violation
1ll i- Il :f9:lf i - up throw i-ilO:.
ll( -f'J.'lfi-t n t keep, follow,
-f 1) '(> in well
it ij i -t I q 1) i 1" obey raise, lift up ~vJ. within~
Slfi-t Il
irt-t n
J:.lfi-t
Tlf i -t lower, pull down *
41,,!..,
police station
--:if:;:ti -t Il 1 ;:t i -t convey (a message) 1,t-,!L
f,J fine
i;>1>71,Li-t ill 5i Li -t be careful [of the cars]

t<6i(:~) [-'-(:~) ...... t,)tJ-,.¥9 .................:....................................................................................................................' ..............

li-f Li -t I ? Li-t be away [from one'sdesk] -r.Uti
[-lt f~) [I$f 'It telegram
vtt.<t:
~)
J...k people
f:'V,[t:i:] no good, not permitted, impossible .,j.J:1
ffl urgent business
7 1"L1!7
:, 1I -it ff{, seat trt;i-t ['lt f~] I send [a telegram]
46 ·c-.l11?tb•
.•.Ji
7711- fight 'it 1 telegram charge
;
'l'
?-;l mark· -r- 6 f.:-lt as much as possible
;f-;1., ball 1,c•·
J.. 'j
·i < shortly, briefly
it::. and
·.). -it,{,t: < ;jt)i washing machine t,<
~ for example
!
~ ~ machine 13/IJ ;t If
.:j:- I- ;l (le::i;) in a critical condition
. ;! t;t O:.d
{11 -t < regulation, rule i:1 \ 3rl. serious illness
,:'.Iii L.t-'J ,{,L Jl.lllj Do not use.
" I -r tomorrow
;' ; i ffl 'M':.il:
1,
t::. t; \ ' 1) ,{, Keep out. a s-r
L J'r.A .il: Wjq absence
1! 1! \ \I)<'t; AO entrance ,!, 1" ,u ..
looking after
I I' t;
"'t ('
Ul'..1:-'J<·t;
ti::0
f'/j\'O
exit
emergency exit
'fil't;f:fft-
<'l,
absence
a house during the owner's

·! [-JSHH.\' celebration
11··'1.
I·I' '
!
t' IJ J: 7 Jtil· free of charge f < .,.i 1) i -t I pass away, die
.I I
Ii 11,{,t--:i t1> 7 75· .I: 7 :<f.Bit closed today
•-t,1.•

;I! L;-,. sorrow, sadness

;:t 1 '75· .1: 7 t; t1> 7 <f open for.business
I
'J J: ')

L J: 7 t; t1> 7 ffl<f in use ttlffl Li -f use

I l ill
Ill ~i;>1>7 ~<f ~ing
...................................................................,........................................................... , .........................·..................
',

!,It L
1
 '
I

Tl
II. Trarislation Ill. Reference Words & Information
1t.d u
Sentenci:i Patte m;
SIGNS
1. Hurry.
2. Don't touch.

t\,
3. "Tachiiri-Kinshi"means "No Entry."
4. Mr. Miller said that he would go on a business trip to Osaka next week.

ril1 Example Sentences

'e !.
g l;ta
I. It's nogood. I can't runany mor . l ii 1181*
.r..
·,I 2.
···Fight. You have 1,000 meters left.
We have no more time left. ' ·
cp tl1 i
!', ···You have one minute more. Don't_give up. Fight.
I'
;t1,-r.r1-;·.,.."J c.,..,<, ,;.t;,,? .-...\q'/.., -c,,.,.j (j
3. What is written there? :lt E
- <p ifi .'f "5
···It says"Tomare."
I' :
I,
i 0
Open for In preparation . Closed Regular holiday
4. . I-Io -do.yo read that kanji?

!_Sm••
business

e □
·•·"Kinten."

l
'1:•
i :;! It means "Don't smoke."
5. What does this mark mean?
'ii··
!

6.
···It means that you can wash it_in a washing machine.
Is Mr. Gupta there?
\·f ftm!i 7 11 \ ,
! I, 48 ltL.:.iL'":1 ,t.,t,{,.,tl _t,y-,(-tU t.' Li ·i <·-t;
I ···He is out now. He saicl he would be back in about thirty minutes. 'J;t-tf.1$ ·t#kJ1$ 4F1it o 49
1t1l!.
7. Excuse me, could you please teUMs. Watanabe that the party tomorrow will be fro n
Toilet No smoking seat Reserved·seat Emergency exit
six o'clock? .
' i ···Allright. It starts tix-·o'clock, do it?
I) I Conversation

i,/' Watt:
Whal docs.this.mean?
Excuse1ne. I found this,paper stuck on my car. How do you.i:ead this kariji?

.
; !
University
staff member: It says"Chusha-Ihan."

·i&
Watt: "Chusha-lhan?"What.does that mean?
V

)::!"
.I.*'f

®
Staff: It means that you parked· your car in a no-parking area. Where did _you ')/_,l,(,.l- L./.,1..\ ·1;.,.,;1,
ii *7J,s:.;;:fr }.i;'(t : 1 t -.,?
k/)' 11
'Jit' PJtt.t,c,5.i;'t
"
t,ot,')\I

Ln
!' Watt:
park your car, Professo-rWatt?
l p rk,ed in front,of the st tion. I went to the bookstore to buy a magazine; Flammable Fragile Beginner driver Under construction
it only took IO minutes.
Staff: Well, parking in frontof'tlie station is not allowed even for IO minutes.
I ::
l
1
I 1
!IJ1]
i j[,_I

I i•11il Watt: What is written here? · To think the magazine I bought only
Staff: It says that you must go to the police station within one week. cost 300 yen.
111 Watt: Only that? Don't !·have to' pay a fine? ·
Staff: Yes, you must_pay 15,Q0Q:yen later.
·--1:1 Watt: You're kidding. 15,000 yen?
iu.. -t" o•
Ff Pf -'f-)jf;I'
11,1
5J/
:Ji * a
r..11-;<:t' TPfi.{,

< r11 . . i 71 0 1/ (11& ) F7 17 1) - .=-. :,, 7··

Don't usechlorine Wash by hand Iron at a low Dry clean only

IJ ,, .; temperature

• ,7 '7 .'7 :1 ·- I •. I 1
. I · I ' I '. I •_l I I I
l '
'7 • 1-·
 ;-7 :;=7
'
n,r• ·I
I I I ·• \ ·• \ ;-7_.
,·
11
I I
[Note] V 1 -t.·form -1';.· \ ' is another imperative style. It is used by parents to their children or by
IV. Grammar Explanation teachers to•their students and is a little gentler.!fan the injperative fonn. So women use this style
1• Imperative and prohibitive forms instead of the imperative fonn. Yet it is not used when speaking to a senior.
. , ,t,..(. l-,i .-.:.1., J,., .
1) Ji?w to make the imperative form of verbs (See Main Textbook, Lesson 33, p. 62, 'fl Al.) @.jf,g Lf;.• \', Study.
Group I : Change the last sound of the i -t -form into the sound of the ;:<_-line.

i}roupII : Attach to the i -t -form. 3. - t'. l,.at -t and - t'.

11'-,(,. t: I •/..,
,i\'T if>
j
1
) i -t

il GroupID: L i -t becomes L.; and it -t becomes \ '. ® ;t,IJ) l:l: fl t;,.(,"'t-t-6', How do you read that kanji?
[Note] Non-volitional verbs such as tJ17'6, "'t 6, t., 6, etc., do not have imperative @.f>'f l:J.tl:itl.Jt'. 1!f1,z $,1} 1-
Ii1 ; forms.
"Tom re" is written over there.
• ' h.,(,.1,... -; t,
1:i l....
Y.ft,:<.i
2) How to make the pr9 ibitive form of verbs (See Main Textbook, Lesson 33; p. 62, WI t'. in® and ® indicates thecontent in the same way as t'. of - t'. \ '\ i1 -t (Lesson 21).
Al.) With eyery verb,attach f,: to the di tionary form.

2• Use of the imperative and prohibitive forms

4. Xii Vt'. 1,7 i 1'-t I "X"means"Y"

I) The imperative form is used to force a person to do something and the prohibitive form is used to This pattern is used to define the meaning of the word represented by" X," t'. \ ' 7 comes from t'.
command a person not to do something. Both tl1c imperative and prohibitive forms have strong \ 1\ 1 i -t. The interrogative t'.'7 \ ' 7 is used to ask the meaning.
f:lii••J ! L 111• " J.
coercive connotations, so much so that the use of these fonns alone or at the end of an imperative @ rn>-- .il:.J Ii .>, ;z, I;.· t'. \' -j *"f-t, "Tachiiri-Kinshi"means don't enter.'
sentence is very limited In colloquial expressions, the use of either fonn is, in most cases, limited to @ :IJ) 7-Jl:l: 1:::·11,7 ;t; -r•-tii', Whatdoesthissignmean?
malespeakers. '(l'.(.f ( 1,t, I'

,.;,.l:;5iffl;'t' ;It,<_ i5 l:'. 7 ;l};*'t'-t, "'Itmeans machine washable.

2) Both the imperative and prohibitive fonns are used alone or at the end of a sentence in the following 1,

l
instances:
"s" .
(!)By a man senior in status or age to a person junior to him, or bya father to his child.
Ct� b , 5. plain fonn t'. i-, T 11.1 L fc
r'i
; 50
CD -'t - < .;,
,
® 'ii.tl.6-l'J•,
Go to bed immediately.
Don't be late.
- t'.
\ 'i
I 'I I
l
i lie isused when quoting a third person's words (Lesson·21), while ~ t'. \ 1-, 1'
fc is used when conveying a third person's message.
51

(2) Betwecn men who are friends. In this case, the particl J: is often attached at the end of the
]'ii:j
f: 'i:d•
rt,
'(''f' 1•

sentence to soften the tone. @ EE,t ,.(,11 Uc hi-tJt'. 'g-,"[ l'it Uc,
® i:>Uc 7t,.--... ,t_.1,[J:J, Come to my house tomonow. Mr. Tanaka said, "I will take a day off work tomonow."
'.t*• f'-t
'i1·1 @ i:>i 1) i,t;,J' [..t].
f;
@) f.El'f';';,.(,Ii $, Ltc -f;t;.t,' t'. '§-,T I 'it Ltc.
I•

Don't drinktoo much.

iii (3) Whcn there is not enough time to be very polite; e.g., when giving instructions to a large Mr.Tanaka said that he would take a day off work tomorrow.

:r
·: ·1
.[ number of people in a factory or during an emergency, etc. Even in this case, they may be used
only by
6. "s';
men senior instatusor age.

I': ,
@ ii]ilf.;, Run.
plain form It'. Tifil T ,,t:f='IU-lt,.(,-6'
;
'.H
! :•i
@ xv"-7'-t Tl111·, Don't use the These expressions are used when politely asking someone to convey a message.
elevator.
lj,I (4) When a command is required during training many people or making students take exercise at @ '7;.,;';,.(,1:: r.t,t:-r· "f",(.h ..-,.1; 1

T 0
schools and sports clubs.
·r Could you please tell Mr. Wang to give me a call later?
ac <H;>;\,Jt: 1iil-r \ t=1=-1tHt,(,17,,

1:JH:.T
,I i ,f;t;.,11:, Rest. @-fl,.;l;-\t,{,,:\<, tliz ,.(,I: ;f,Lfc,,-71-l:l: 6*,:\,t,f=t'.
.
·1
:
Ii , ® ,f;t;.t,'f,:.
Don't rest. 1 ,f:f:lt i-lt,.(,-6'.

H11 (5) When cheering at sporting events. In this case the expressions below are sometimes used
by Could you please tell Ms. Watanabe that the party tomorrow will be from 6 o'clock?
·.'II] women as well.
:
l:il $'!.lti5>' -,
1li•,{, rt
® ii.U/l;fl, ®
F g t!
i h Don't lose!
I!:: (6) When a strong impact or brevity is required, as in a traffic sign or in a slogan.

l
1 • ,111
@ .il:.i tt.. Stop.

\111
@ 3::6.,.J.', Don't enter.
111'

l:' lI
11
mi:
 ·r
1I \
Lesson 34 LJ: -'it1>
'J-7.
soya, soy sauce
sauce, Worcestershire sauce
I. Vocabulary
~7J' ~ ~or~
,J,,.iJ{1! :t-t I
1!1-t brush [one's teeth], polish

it),. [Ii ~] [tH"f~J tj) 7 " last night

II < ld::.Ti -.-t II ,J,,.JITi -t assemble -?5 -? 1! a short while ago
.. 1'o 1) i -t I . 'Dr I} l -f. bend, fold, break, snap
1! iJ{ -:> 1! i -t I ,;{ -:> i-t notice, become aware of [things left <l¾Mi
• C
# - -it
·
[h-tftt01:~J [ Wt I:~] tea ceremony
-:>lti-t II
[L.t -'itPf~]
behind] put [in soy sauce]
t,,*f
·!!1
t::.T.11· II make green tea

,l,,.-:>iJ' 1) i--t I )t-:>7J' I) i_ "T [a key] be found 1:

first (when doing something before something
[,;,1f·,;{:...J... else)
,,.,
Li-t m put on, wear [a tie]
-l± i -t II place on, load onto
[.:t,75'1f~] -::_ft(.' \ I\ 1 Is this all right?
L-:> t ,(., L i -t lII 'ikrJJ L i -t ask a question C.""T7J'o bitter

* \m;.,.\
1; r
(1-f\ 1/lB \ \ thin (of small diameter)
·....·. .-.. . . . . . . . . . . ·.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .·. . . . .. . . . .·. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
I

,)'t:\I :l\_\l thick (oflarge diameter)

53

:: iili
52
(l' ,(,t; e:.· 1) t,J;:ijj1) Bon Festival dance
t t - t t·,(.,,;: 1)
i .;' I" : '
a bowl of cooked r ice with chicken and egg
\I IJ,t'?
; : i
tt:¥4 material, ingredient

(ii
:i
7- j; - ';/ 7 77 sports club .;:..<.,
-71 portion for - (used for indicating quantity)

,;, <" *A· furniture t ., 1: <

chicken
· . 11

I .:\'-- key --f7L.,. · -gram

.'ii :.,'- t-,..z,1,, t- seat belt -1@ (counter for small objects)
i t::. ;I; il 1!' onion
-l±-:>VJ\ I L J: ID'tHJl explanatory pamphlet, instruction 4 -5:,'-v') 1 (..L)
l.(..,:,(, one fourth
book figure, drawing 4
': :i
·I'·· I
I I, -f 't;.t1J 1Jl'1

I .:,I
·' i
_, 'I
-l±,(, line tl/.l seasoning, flavoring
-\'>I.: J., L p arrow (sign) -rJ.•" pati,pot

,i,i1:
V
:k. . fire, heating
j < .; w,,_ black (noun) V

LJ'.> a white (noun) :k.1: ,;, It l 1" lI put on the stove

s,;, iii; red (noun) $" :ii" II cook,boil

I ;t;,t; it blue(noun)
;"Ritii" II be cooked, be boiled
! -::. ,(., *Y navy blue, dark blue(noun) t·,<.,.;:1) ceramic bowl
\I.;
 yellow (noun) ················""'''""''''".."......................·................................................................-......... ...................
-t;-\'> \ \.;
.

brown (noun) -

:L_
* L L 'L 'L :-L
,i ll. I
-J '.J
I
•• 'I
1 t \ 'I
·•
,.
•
,. ,.
·• L11 ---11 ,;=;
. II. Translation· Ill. Reference Words & Information
:1·
'Jd 'J
Sentence Patterns 3Fl- J! COOKING
1. Please write down what I say fi-om now.
2.
3.
I brush my teeth after eating.
I drink coffee without sugar. --- ...

il
t..,,t; ,, .ti
Example Sentence$ # Seasoning
IJl ,j IJ
1f # J.! Cooking

I
'
1. Everybody, let's practice the Bon Festival dance. L J: -j tl> soy sauce

.<
,: t:;
···Yes. ;/i':6 boil, cook k}':i)g sugar
Please dance as I do. grill, bake,
'. salt
2. I had an interesting dream. ",.
il'F
.•¾\lf6 roast vinegar
···What kind of dream was it? Tell me exactly what you dreamed. deep fry J,.,f: miso
::, 3. This table, should I assemble it by myself?
J;.;:.1,
\ ,f:1/:,6 shallow fry iii! oil, fat
"·Yes, assemble it according to the instructions. It's easy. 'J-7. Worcestershiresauce
4. Where did you lose your wallet? tl>"f6 boil
W" ,t
73'(,-7.· mayonnaise
··:I don't know. I only noticed after I had come home. steam
'T-f-':•,--;/'
j':J·;_ <
ketchup
5. Won't you come for a drink after work? cook (rice)
-0' r:_, L (7 7. 7- I") mustard
···I am sorry but it's mydaytogo tothesports club. t;(
6. What should I wear to my friend's wedding? peel, pare ;::_ L J: i pepper

···Well, in Japan, men go to a wedding dressed in a black or a dark blue suit and ;(•jt;
a • chop,
mince
t'. ry,;,r:_, red pepper
L
.'!: white tie.
11' -lf 6 Slir L J: J 1.l' ginger
I 55
54
7. Should I eat this with soy sauce'? :h 1f Japanese horseradish

.i L
\. -f) [.,-,$ curry powder
HI ···No, please eat it without anything.

·1
8. You have got a little slimmer, haven't you? Were you on a diet?
···No. I walk to the station instead of taking a bus. -
!j

Conversation
I /1
Please do as I do
1j Klara: I would like to see the tea ceremony.
Watanabe: Then, won't you come with me next
I! Saturday? "'' !'.": ; 1;;.,
@ .F/f ffl Ji, Cookware & Kitchen Utensils
d
Tea ceremony -tPIJ:/.. !,
1,:"- pot, pan kettle lid ladle :I;)(_ rice cooker rice paddle can opener bottle opener colande
'(>7,l•/.., cutting board kitchen knife kitchen towel. thermos bottle
,,,f: L tt gas stove sink
fryingpari
I:IJl instructor: Ms. Watanabe, make the tea, please.
_L , :,, 1/ microwave oven
,(,.
ffr-t;IJ l)
Klara, have the cake first, t!.{..I)
! l>f:i tiW.
please. Klara: Oh, should I eat the \ ,, 6
cake first? .t 1'J.':fR
ll1t;,l'') ;f-,
I!\,: Instructor: Yes. When you drink tea after eating sweet cake, it tastes delicious. '@.T f!l,
,;. /..,
1 r Klara: Is that so?
77,(1 1/ ti?--€'
f,r.(,I ,....; ,
Instructor: Well, let's drink the tea. ;J;t L(f!;J
I Please do as I do.
11\:-J-;;/"-
·n L
71/ .(,•/., ;!" .(.

·I jf}dl\

First take the cup withyour right hand and put it on your left palm.
Klara: Is this all right? ·
Instructor: Yes. Next, turn the cup around twice, and drink the tea.
 iilr . Instructor: How do you like it?
Klara: It's a little bitter, but delicious.

J ' iii, -
·
r
11i : '
I I' IV. Grar:nmar Explanation 3. V, T-form j
,
V, L '-form -tJ.·1 'T V'
I 1. V, dictionary form
I'
V, t.:-formf ·t t-, 1) 1::, V, V, is an action or condition \Vhich accompanies the action denoted by·V/ Look·at ® and
N<1.l ®· Using this pattern, whether soy sauce is used or not when the action f:" 1 -t takes
place is stated. V, and V, are·actions done by the same person.
® L J: ? t1J f "?It T ft--.:
h i-t. We cat it with soy sauce.

lil
I) [ V, t ;t.; 1) I::, V, ® 1 k . .
L..t: ?tPf "?lt1J:1 T 1£--..:1-t. Weeatitwithoutsoysauce..
This m e a _n st o copy exactly in words or actions (V ,) what one has heard, seen, read
o_r. learnt, etc. (V,).
CD t> f: u• >i> t ;t.; 1J 1::, '<' .., z < fl -?5, \ •
4, I V, i'J:t'"form f,:1,-r. Va

Please do as I do. This pattern is used when the speiike,r_in'dicates a course of action taken out of two
bf: U< "t?
\'
U, 1) 6•
1::, 1 ,z alternative possibilities presented. !_:;:.) · ·
® ·<t!.-?51 1•
l:. tj .ti If · I' ...,.,_,.

@ BliltBli t·: t ffii,,..J.·11-r, 1 t;-r- rp.., < 1

J -it,z,..1-r.
Please write down what I say as it is.
. I, l:l:, - Next Sunday I won't go a11ywhere. I will rest at borne instead.
@ JU: t}.;IJ(:, itLT Ul-:511 •.
Please tell us what you saw as it was.
The dictionary form is used when the action.denoted by V, is going to be done from now,
and the f:-form is used when the action denoted by V, has already been done.

56
2) 1 N<1.l 1'.'.i,1)/:, V 57
,·..:1 This means that an action (V) is 'done·in accordance with the manner shown by the
. j, preceding phrase.

l;
-It/... "¢•J.

© #, <1.> t: ;t.; 1J 1:, i f -1;7]--, -Z < fl-?51 '•

/ii

l :, ®IDta
Please cut the paper following the line.
-?.l')l'L.t

O)
(

;t.; 1) 1:, j\!ll,,.J'I.Ti L f:.

/;

:1
; I assembled it according to the handbook.

2.1 .:-form! ser, v,

This sentence pattern means the action or occurrence deno:ed by V, takes place after the
11
action or occurrence denoted by V, or N has taken place.
, I! i, I
1't:.1:,
® M L110J f Ji'h f: ;r, Ct,
n, · ·
1'J.' <
-t 11 \,
L f: aHH'
,.
)t"?ii' 1) i L f:.
After I bought a new watch, I found the one I'd lost.
:i ··L .::-r I'

® 1±:$<1.> s er, ;.,.1:: ff ,H±.,{.,ii'.

I Shall we go and have a drink after work?
Compared with VT -form 7/' G, which has a similar meaning, V t -form. ;I; t T
:11 emphasizes the time contex,t in which the respective _1ivents happen.
11

I r,
j• · ·
L ,i
f4'_ - ,.
Ll.t_ L r
-r-=-1
' -
eel L,
r
·1 l., l,, L le
F
,b
U
i
' .i
 L, ,;7 ;l=1 l_.7IL. . L. L. L. L. L. La W · 1 ·.;

7iI I _ 7 i

I
!i Lesson 35 -1±-::>r/ #Ii equipm<;nt, facilities
-JJ--r/ curtain

I. Vocabulary vt string
..i,t::. lid, cover, cap
1i-tI 1i-t [flowers] bloom 11 leaf

[11-t;.·iJ{~] [,1tiJ<~] < ilil

ii .l: a piece of music
1}':f? 1) i -t I :/?IJi-t (the color] change f:(J) LJ;. Lh. pleasure, enjoyment, expectation
t
fl [1,.;iJ{~] [ iJ<~]
: i 1) i-t I m1J i-t be in trouble, have a problem t -, t: more
-::>lti-t II 1stIt i -t draw [a circle], mark [with a circle] 11 W}6".> 1: first
[i; f~] [jt,f ~] l.'.6".>I:
u.;1,i-t I ;}g-1 'i °T pick up : kl -c- t,; h ') i -to : kl -c h 1
i -to We'll finish now.
-t I
)
iJ'iJ' 1) i get through [on the telephone],
c-r-,<.,t>n<~J ['itttiJ<~ have [a phone call]
* Mil
I!:: h:
. resort in Kanagawa Prefecture
I'
J 1:...,,.::i
tourist spot in Tochigi Prefecture
]i i:, < (-l;i:] comfortable, easy *B;;lt
" ( 1£
[-t;.•J

*B- resort in Nagano Prefecture

td:.L1, .iELI' correct, right *T7 1
) -/J Africa
6".>-f i:, Li' Jt Li' rare, uncommon

58 <l%'
1}' t::. 1i person (respectful equivalent of U t:) -tklt:G inthat case -59
,... : ;
.ff,'A night bus
;t;: -3 :: -3 over there, the other side IJ .t:::-;LI/>

Li !I, island
(h
1H± travel agency
I'
!j
I. t;i:, # village LI\ detailed
J;.f.J.·t: 7,5- port, harbor
l.; i.,,
7-"f- . skriesort,ski ground
1,(,L: ..I: i.6:_pfi' neighborhood, vicinity
t-,<t..t:-3 £...t. rooftop ( -")

1)'\\1]{\\ Sti};:9 overseas *$,W: resort in Gunma Prefecture

L ,i,;:?cf,<.,

J., ii:1)
*10 $t national park in Nagano Prefecture
'\"i (J)(f 1) mountain climbing
I 1 "f / .......g:ft';.,.4io ·...............,...................................................................,.,............,........................................,..............

*
I \ ;7" hiking
"l:w
1
chance, opportunity H
1]'\ \ ffi½
'-,:;1
Ill•
Ii .-z. '7 -"( 7jn;;
J: 11-3111 '¾l-oiJ
.i 1}
'
-j1.,
11 1

i J., ff
 red
e : 1::'.h •s&*[i';.•]
perm operation :b · keep company with

issio method
1
J 'J.'i!• proverb
i-t 1t.J:: <
n be on good terms with _
I Li-till
circl C,, .t i
necessary, essential
..................... . ..................,................................................................................................................. . .
,

i11E,,,,
l.ll!ltl
 '' II. Tran lation Ill. Reference Words & Information

'
I •
I
---· i:'. -h -· PROVERBS

'@'
, 1S·i· i, I -th.\":
1:i.Y:> If =tt!>
!qi ·wherever you live, once you get used to living
11111 ! Sentence Patterns there, it becomes home.
Cherry blossoms bloon when spring comes.
1.
,.
=-.J. !ilfn If)'c?Jt;
!'/.,1:.(, J.(./.,,l:>1>
2. When it is fine, an island can be seen over there. (f)!j.o ;ii'!,
3. For a trip to Hokkaido, June is a good season. lwo heads arebetter than one.
4. Where wedding speeches are concerned, the shorter they are, the better. The more people there ate, thebetter the idea that might occur.

Example Sentences
l. I can't open the car window.
···Ifyou push that button, it opens.
2. Do you have any other opinions?
..·No, nothing in particular.
If you don't have any, let's finish now.
3. How do you likethe life in Japan?
..,we have everything, and it is very convenient. But, I think it would be better if the
cost ofliving were a little cheaper. f: 1·h
4. Do I have to hand in the report by tomo.rrow? .ft T If L-1'> <-\'> <, :M.li'II't ,<..,,
... !fit isimpossible, hand it in by thisFriday. ;,,:, -rtt4t:111'.i.•.
111 :!P- < Iit')) 1) (f)-:ie,
I I 5, I think I will travel for a few days. Could you recommend a good
place? "·Hummm... I think Hakone or Nikko is good for a few days. She is very beautiful. A standing figure is like a peony, a sitting figure is like a tree peony and a
I
il 6. I want to borrow a book. What shouldI do? walking figure is like a lily.
60
... Ask the reception to make a card for you. 61

I 7. Ms. YoneOgawa is very active, isn't she?

..·Yes. The older she becomes, the more active she is.
.., -l"t
I .;I
Conversation
1) t ffi:t :M.lii.L l::'. f,:
! I! Many a little makes a mickle.
. I If you go to a travel agency, you can find out Even though it is small like dust, it becomes big like a mountain when piled up.

' i Thawaphon: Mr. Suzuki, I want to go skiing with friends during the winter vacation.
.. 1i
!' Suzuki:
Could you recommend a good ski resort?
How many days?
t•(f

I!
' ,1
Thawaphon:
Suzuki:
About three days.
In that case, I think Kusatsu or Shiga is good.
;" ;:a,;)t;:: /;ndheissure to appear.
1,il: '";!")"? - =======91When you talk about someone,I 1e w1·11
They have hot springs, too. l!

Thawaphon: How can I get there?

ll
·
:rt,l 1) f:.,(..,::..· appear.
I. Suzuki: You can go by .JR, but if you take a night bus, you arrive early in the ·cake before flowers. L=======,,===========
:·1:l morning. It is more convenient. Substance rather than appearance.

,-:::::--:-::------------------M----- M-------
Thawaphon: Which is cheaper?
Suzuki: I don't know. If you go to a travel agency, you can get more detailed
Ii information. 1 if.i;.:S f -li'-f A rolling stone gathers no moss.
!
Thawaphon: And I have no skis or skiwear. Suzuki: You can rent everything at the ski ground.
 If you're worried though, you can reserve everything at the travel
agency. I It can be interpreted in two ways.
I
Thawapbon: I see. Thank you very much.
I CDThose who are active make progress.
=
F..
not ru=edm
1
I
. @Those who easily get tired and change their jobs.
life. '
. I

- :l - :l 1
:L - ,
1 .rL_
 .., 1 .. 1 "1 'I 'I 'I ·;=,
r -
IV. Grammar Explanation
hL
·
® *M,;)< ".c'Q'--,f:i:,.
..
rvt:f Jl,i-lt,.(,.
1• Howtomake the conditional form (See Main Textbook, Lesson 35, p. 78, AI.) Ifl don't have time, I \\'ill not watch television.
l'
l ., d

Verb i.:: o•,(, .r.

® &tlllW t ·IHtlf. r vt::f JU-tt,.(,.
Group I Change tho last sound of the i 1'-form into the sound of the X.-line and attach If I don't have time,1will not watch television.
: If. - ,t•,{, ...
x ll;'j'MQ< 1..-1,1::. rvt::f JU:-tt,.(,.
Group ll : Attach tt I:f'to the i -t-form. t: i ) J i lo f.J.,;(
Groupill: i-t becomes < '1.lf,and Li -t becomes -tttl;[
1;f Jl, 1 '-adj: Change the last 1' of the1 '-adjective into rt '1.lf. ® )ItR-" *I=
i,, f!(} ULT <t:. ,,.
f ;I•
r,:
".c'-adj: Delete the last tJ: of the ., ·-adjective and attach ".c·
Please contact me, when you come to Tokyo.
t 1 e,. t .tt.<
=;J 1 <

i:,. Noun : Attach ".c' i:, to the noun. X Jr."- *tLlf. -tt'V- i! L'Z <t:. 11.
®, ,--I:
2. I Conditional form. ~
In® and i:, and ~If
reflecting the speaker's will. In®, however, only
can be used, as unlike
~I:
~ t, they are followed by expressions
i:, may be used because the subjects in the
ITTF;
'u '•
"iul.
former and the latter denote the same person and both verbs are volitional. Although ~ I: i:, has i!:itH
the
I' With the use of the conditional form, the former part of the sentence describes the requirements widest range of use, as is shown above, it is not usually used in newspaper articles and business
I :11 needed for an event or occurrence to manifest itself. reports because it is colloquial.
;
:; When the subject of the fo1mer part is the sameas thatof the laUer, you cannot use verbs

/,:1 containing volition in both partsof the sentence at the same time.
I) When describing the requirements needed for a certain event to manifest itself:
' - It"
3, I N-fJ.•i:,. ~
CD .-r-7:.,,f f f -ttrt, :g,j< /Ill .t -t.
h
N -f · i, is also used when the speaker takes up the topic introduced by the other person and gives
If you push the button, the window will
open.
•f\ I' • II , '
some information on it.
"
@ ;;:. 1: 1t f:l•,{,"('·H'- !::":>i- \\\\ f/r 1,1) :J:-\t,{,>)',
=
@fh\'.,j< ffltlf. -ht Lt tt t-t. J;A,-4fl, U{ (/

...:.:_fl.l_,'t i,, 13,!!f,,;)< I\\ '°f-j" .to

lfhegoes, I will go, too.
li
JU.ii'.
T.(, '
62 @1,1, J;;. "li:,. t,,J;: ?I l.t
£b,j' .4
I want to visita hot spring resort. Don't youknow any good place?
I' 63
When it is fine, an island can beseen over there. ···Ifyouaretalking about bot springs, Hakuba would be good
i:' 2) When describing thespeaker's judgement on what the other person has said or thesituation:

,j: 11

© IH-1:JU< -r.c•tfnlt. : fl 'Z' b

IH, • H
1) i L .t -, , 4. J Interrogative V conditional form 1 '' '-r•-t,;- I
, . Ir If you don't have any otherop i nions,'let'sclosethis meeting
,, This expression is used to ask for directionsor suggestions as to the best course of action. It is used in
now.

' ,
@ I, Lt::l:-Z-1: t.,,f,- 1-f tf:: 1ilt'1.lf
t' 1
J !LJ.i IJ Ii
fJ.·1)i{t,.(,,j,. the same way as ~le i, '-r·-t>l' that you learned in Lesson 26. Hence,® canbe restated as@.
1 '1

·-- J.'l •i:,. ½BIB:t-rr: 1:1:LT <t:. ''• *'!

<II.. t·

p, @ 'Ff f l',{,"(''t,j<_ !::"? -ttllf I\\ '°fi"Q'.

Do I have to hand in the report by tomorrow? I would like to borrow some books. \\'hat should I
do?
11i1
·Friday.
..•If it is impossible, hand it in by this
* f
@ru. 1 ti•

-ffjl)f:1 ,.(,"('-t,j<, c'.'1 Lt:i:, 1'1'1'"TQ'•

. I
[Note) Similar expressions that you have learned so Iwould like to borrow some books. What should I do? (L. 26)
11
'1 far.
I., ;1 (1J ~I:: (Lesson 23)
' I
~ I:: is used when the result deriver! from th action described before I:: is inevitable. It isa
5. VV dictionary form
'-adj conditional form '-adj(~1,)!It·~
: )1 i predictable event or an unavoidable fact. ~ I:: cannot be used when it comes to the speaker's -adj-adj".c'

'
wishes,
. judgement, permission, hopes, requests, etc. F>Lt•( J t 1'
H A @ t:-l-11,,;;(Q> ir l:1 llll!tlf Jlll(flt· Ht: "l1U-t.
I!' @ : : f ff-tt. j-"7,;j< Ill! i-t.
Themore I listen to the music of the Beatles, the better I like it.
Press here, and the door will open.
®can also be said
" using ~If. ,.
 -ti ! 4•/.,l;/.. ♦•.J...f;.L
@ ,,-;::1:,,1;1 li:, ,,1,i'-t.
. ® ::f ¥1'-lttf. l-"7,j< M i-t, t\tf\;,;)< fl1i.!j! ftlj.!j!fj:flt'.'
Theeasier the operation, the better the computer.
If you press here, the door will open.
1111
I, [2) ~ I: i:, (Lesson 25) The same verb or adjective is used in front of both lf/tt C, and 11 r: in the same sentence. This
pattern expresses that the degreedescribed in the latter part of the sentence increases/decreases with
As you learned in Lesson 25, ~ I: i:, has two usages: ( I) it is a conditional expression, and (2) it
1,q. indicates that an action or state will occur or appear when certain conditions havebeen met.
the change of the degr_eedescribed in the former.

r
I I
1

.I
 ri,I
11.1·11,·

I
i Lesson 36
r ~f-"? .
Ii?-IJf
~ (some amount) per (some suit)

,.
,t(7) That is more ~
I, I. Vocabulary ~
I
l:: t·-5 ii' I Jii3'5i-t (parcels] bedelivered Chopin, Polish musician (1810-49)
*1/3, /

"
l!
(1:: t-"?-IJf~] [f.r#J-IJ'~]
"f'ii' II tl::i-t participate [in the game]
[L<b\11::~J [ !::~] tlfU guest, customer
-r
t (""..,

I
-jt,i-tI h'i;i type [on a word processor] tt $•]('f°J_'J special
['7-7'o f~J ,L"t \,i:,-,Lz..11i-t bedoing (respectful equivalent of L-C \ 'i 1')
t,.t £Li-t Jl'ri:- L i -t save money
"f\1t \ \

m j<;_ I) l; -r get fat

7)()1')!.
~l::-6'. ~l::-IJ'
swimming
~,~,and so on
.;, l:: 1) i 1' I
get slim, lose weight ,y/ -::I tango
-\'>tt i 1' II ill'5.i 1' pass [7 o'clock]
-tfi-t II 1- -t- v:,,-) Lii' challenge
[7*f~] fil
t
[7t f~]
1".J.'kti-t IT
't:lttt i -r get accustomed to [the customs]
ffi.:ft i;
feeling, enthusiasm
,, [ trtl::~]
[Lr1>-j-1J,,<,1::~J
...... h#J. ............................................................................................... ..........................................
7/' f: \' If) i"
\\ hard, tough, solid ,lt•J w vehicle, means of transportation
-\'>h G7J'\·' .ti::G7)'\ ' soft, tender
ft I.
history
64 Jfl:k 65
'I,, -.tP ;I

-c·,(, L~ 'llt-'f~ electronic ~

--l!t
t:ij
-th century
It\ 'f::;11~
,I
J'iI 7,/'i~ portable~ it ( far, remote place
. $ I.'!'
1¥- locomotive
,'
.: !
i :::1t::.t? .I factory ,(,

steam boat
j;f; ll

It£:::? Alt health * (7) many (people)

r:t::
It,(,t·? j1Jl! kendo (Japanese style fencing) ilift -t I carry, transport
i 1' L rJ>? i£! every week t
' i \ \-") -5 {fi1' fly
.iifJ every month
I
I·: l;\\!;:: L(i\1;h£) SJ:. every year l',,(,,(f,(, safe
[ ·]
i' 11 i t,,.,'7 space, universe
f'-,l:: finally
I I• ii
f
I·ll 7)'1°J.' ') fairly ; t>i earth
l l:1,
7J'1°J.' T f:lt ,Jl.:-f witho absolutely (used with negatives) well, skillfully
1
Gf :Ml:: as much as possible
.-·1r
1
1,il I -tf-, ::: (7) :::·7:, ..t,t-1::
ut
fail,
f::\ '1:: these days
by
t.t ?
Ii: 11
fl::
any
means
*
right brothers, i viation Wilbur Wright (1867-1912)
d ti.-
W American pioneers n a Orville Wright (1871-1948)
)(..if',
7 ,{

1;1,·:I

.L L .i L='
1
r-i
t -d,--1 l. . I .I -·
, ,
-. '
_..J •
•
11 I
n.-
ll I
I .I L I ! I I I ) --1
.
I . I I •- ,1 _J L7J_;-1_.--- L"G 7
,! I . . .
'.
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words &.Information
It,{,:i
Sentence Patterns
C?
,ot,lf HEALTH
1. I practice every day so that I can swim fast.
2. I've finally become able to ride a bicycle.
3. I try to keep a diary every day.

1'11
Example Sentences
I I
\ \ \ If:' -:5_ Iv
! -t <tdt,tl\•.rl•? t:'('/) f:'-?5.Iv
1. Is that an electronic dictionary? iU1JiE L1 ,j:_51;f -t 6 J; .i,

·J -Kj!!-,;, L f -t 6
.
:··Yes.I carry it so thatI cancheck immediately when I hear au unfamiliar word. lead a well-regulated life

,f,fl,
sit up late
to-r
CH-. h:l:t I>
2. What does that red circle on the calendar mean? ._!j!. . _!j!.
···That's garbage collection day.I mark it so that I don't forget. keep early hours si 1 ! i .{..t'; L -tJ.•1'
3. Are you now accustomed to using a futon? take little exercise
/ A ,t:- ''/ 'f -t 6
jA,t:'1
i-1.illrt -,-l,
···Yes. I bad a hard time sleeping at first, but now I can really sleep soundly on take exercise/do5-ports •:/t-}"5 11-,;<;ht.,
it.
•J:<:!9'< have many likes and dislikes
4. Can you now play work by Chopin? l.l ( r,•i.,f:

'I walk a lot J: < 1 1/ A 'l 1/ Ht£ f1J::"6

.ii
···No, not yet. •:/ff"5
..,.! \ ,-,;HJ.'\ 1 often eat instant food
I want to become able to play Chopin soon. have noparticular likes and dislikes ,,, ltJ:;J:,
5. Since the factory was completed, we've been unable to swim here. •'.iit,lo:>,,71/ A f ;tZ1J::"6 •? 1J::-,;<J,11
,f'. ···Really? That's a shame, isn't it? --A,,!ltf:. often eat out
6. You don't eat sweets, do you? f.:(f: f'23l7 "t
ii ···No.Itrynotto eat sweets as much as possible.
i.11.t '}
smoke
67
66
That's better for your body. J: < t,HJ::t;
7. The concert begins at six o'clock.
:i Please be sure not to be late. If you are late, you won't be able to get in. 11lf:l
r , 1I ·"Yes, okay.
I.

L
: 1;. Conversation
I make the effort to use my brain and body
----s ----
'1
[ f.:\1-l!-? ;f. 1.J: 'J -f: f: t(l')
*W *4 t f*
\\? .;,
(

I:e,/e:.
Announcer. Good afternoon, everybody. This is "Health Hour."
-1''

83y
Today's guest is Ms. YoneOgawa who is 80 years old this . ! Five Important N triments and Foods Containing Them
year.

l
ii
Ogawa Yone: Hello.
Announcer: You look well. Do you do anything special to keep ·
mJ
I
Ogawa Yone: I try to take exercise every day, and eat a variety of
fit? t,,.,-r., "' .,,.., :'-.... L IH
foods.

Ogawa
Announcer: What kind of exercise?
m7J<.1tAkl , , ·r' ®

Dancing, swimming, and....

Recently I've become able to dance the tango.
f.1 .

\\t
arbohydrates

potato
,l::

-
1'.'. 7 .,,
tofu
----
'9- .
"='

t:,(,rf
•

<.
l..,
fat,oil . >r
}
':ill

'SO
Announcer:
Great. What about food?
l'I
Ogawa I eat anything. I especially like fish. learn

-
Announcer: I make the effort to cook a different dish every French. ·
Announcer: day. You really use your brain and body. Ifs important that we have many
Ogawa Yone: Yes. I think I'd like to go to France next year, so ['ve started to challenges in life. Thank you very
much, I enjoyed
talking with you. (I) 1) !aver @
-
protein LJ -
W0.
v'.tamins&,

..:.:!,,_:?'
lPcf /
7]

. o;;
G;Y
jl/j;!f- b!ns

r"+.
tl u2
seaweed

I
' 1 '.
1 1·1
·= "
:l'I
I,

t,,;Ii i
Ii': J,J I:. [l.(,I,;,<,... tU., ·.,-') 1:. ( ,;:/;I ( I
IV. Grammar Explanation @B;,j;;.J-_i;I: 100 <·1:,1,;t;t,;,i:, 4 -\" ¢,Jf it--(J.i.J:11::: -rJ.'1):t Lt:.
TheJapanese started to eat beef and pork from about 100 years ago.
1. v,dictionary formj .t
7 1::. (st ,,.
• 1 1,0 1
V,
®J11.f 1{-,(7)'1:,, :bt:Lli t,;l;: ) ffefJ'fJ.·< f.J.· JiLt:.
v, 1.'-form 1J.'\'
Idonotwalk much since1 bought a car.
Such verbs as 1.J.· nJ.,, ,;. t J.,, '<'kt J.·,,etc., which denote change itself cannot be used
V, indicates a purpose or an aim, while V, indicates a volitional action to get closer to that
in this sentence pattern.
objective.
l:l-\" $;.I: l'l;t;. hi., L,t'l
©it<
!1 ;;i(IH,J:11::. 4/J-8 N.iR L-Z :ti•o v
1
1
3. dictionary form) .t 1::: Li 1-
1 aim (volitional) action 1
'-form -l',:1'
1!
: V
I p ractice every day so that I can swim fast.
,,. ,. This sentence pattern is used to express that one habitually or continuously makes efforts to
@ ;5tt.1J.·11.t 7 1::. J 'E: L -Z < t:-:5110
do something or not to do something.
purpose (volitional) action
Please take a memo so that you will not forget.
The dictionary form of non-volitional verbs such as potential verbs, ,b,;,IJ i-t, hii-t,
I) ~ J: ? 1:: L -C 1 'i -t .
This expresses that one habitually and continuously tries to do something.
::, :: i I -t, fJ.· 1) ii', etc.,(©) or a verb in its negative form(@) should be used ! Pl:-1; i Lt:"i f:
inJ1" t it-"J., J: '? 1:: L-z \ Ii
1,tL

,;1 before @) 4/f 8 il.WJ L(' -t 0

l i 1::. I try to take exercise every day and eat a variety of foods.
r:,, , .s s..z t(JJ t;
1
@vlir1:: , 1,-r-t,;,i:,, i:t11 f it"-l'J.·11.J:71:: L-Z 111-t.
} ::1

,.
2. v dictionary formJ: '? 1:j: -tJ_' 1J i -t I trynottoeatsweets because they are bad for my teeth.
2)~.J:71:: L--C <t:-:::11
v I.'-form 1J.· < ~ 't / ~ fJ.'1 'T < t: '\
are direct request expressions, while ~l ? 1:: L 't
11
•;
I 68 1) 1J.· 1) i -t indicates that a state changes into another state. The verbs used here express ( t: '\ is an indirect request expression and more polite than the former. This pattern is
69

ability or possibility: such as potential verbs, :/?,;, 1) i -t, ,,Z, ;t l -t, etc. V dictionary

T form.I: 7 1:: t: 1J l -t indicates hat a state in which something cannot be done has
changed into a state in which it can be done. V 1J.· \ 1-form-tJ.· < 1J.· 1) i -t indicates the
used as shown below.
())When requesting someone to try to do something habitually and continuously,
f> \' t: .
reverse (i.e., something can no longer be done).
1:11
:f\'I:·; .(,l,,d 'H.t @t-,tJt fit-"7.i.J:il: L-C <t: 1,.
!I @ 4/J- 8 ff.ii! -ttt.lf. ;;i(lf7., J:? 1:: fJ.• 1) i -t. Please try to eat more vegetables.
If you practice every day,you will become able to swim. (2)When politeiy requesting someone to try to do something in a one-off situation.
l: 'L(..L- • Q)

© 'I'-, t ei.$i1r-1:: tifHt6J: -'J 1:: ;,J.•1 / i u . -1!'--, f:\'

@ ;ii;, U:li <ktM1:: l!'fiYJI:: :ilrt.fJ.'11.J:? 1: L 't
I; I,•.(, t;
< t: 1 1
•

I'vefinally
t: L . t:
become
- 1,
<1ble tol: ride Ja bicycle. • [Note] Please
~ J: ? be
1: sure not to
L -Z < be -:5
late tomorrow. t:
cannot be used when requesting something to be done
@Jf- J[;I.J., t, ,j, \ 1 q:1F t,'i;.!>)-tJ_' < f,J.' IJ :t-t. 1'

fAs you get older, youi' cannot,;.{read small

.i,t ! letters. on the spot. l..l>

@ 7-\. I) l Lf:,;'I:,, -j,;f f,J.' R[,;< I:,:11..fJ.' < fj_• 1} :f Lf:o @-t,,Z,,t{t,.{.,,;<, :lgf Jf;t--,-Z < t: \'•
I gained weight so I can no longer wear my favorite dress. Excuse me, please pass me the salt.
2) How to give a negative answer to~ J: ? 1:: -tJ_' 1) i L f: /J' is as follows:
l..l, t::
x-t,,Z,if{t,(_,,;<,Jj_f}f;1,J.,.J:-jl:: L-Z <t: 1 1
,

(',,
'!,ltll'''Ii
/
J ('J) 1/,')I\/)]' ltJ.il? 1:: -l'J.'1) i Lt:,;,.
'' /J

liJ11J,i .. ,\\\I;:(_, it: IH-1±£.

'7 . _
Have you become able to play work by Chopin?
_,
I-.!ii
·.. No, not yet. L_.
[Note] The Main Textbook does not discuss the usage shown in @ and® onthe next page. In

L_'7 this usage, using a verb which·does not reflect ability will render the meaning that a habit which
did not exist before has been acquired 'or a habit which existed before has become obsolete.
4. t
,;
,
~ t ,;,is used to give examples just like ~'I', but ~ t ,;, is more colloquial. Unlike 'I',
t Ii' sometimes comes after the last noun to be mentioned.
.@) t:/,,.JJ.' :A;t;-·1/f L -Z 1'l-tl1'.
,
r
r ...-'c ? T-t h. A t ,;,
What kind of sports do you do?·
,, \\
1}(5,i<, t

"·Well, playing tennis, swimming, and so on.

r
,;, .....·•

19 r--i
rll - F-] l l
 r,- t ;-1. JJ l 1J .I I

1,
, .t:1 f!\,
Wright brothers, American pioneers in aviation
Lesson 37 *71 JUf,
Wilbur Wright (1867-1912)
Orville Wright (1871-1948)
I. Vocabulary
. *:
11¼ l: td> J,lff:1/
"The Tale of Genji" (Japanese novel)
llil".>i-t II :a.I? *
ti· L, ,;:
t}
Heian Period (9th century) female novelist who
U' 1) i -t I ii" wrote "The Tale ofGenji" (973?-1014?)

praise
scold
'II!
--f1'i-t I \ \i - invite, ask someone to join * 7'7,-L,. •. .::,1., Alexander Graham Bell, American inventor
t
'i!
ii t,::Li-t I Jij;l_:: L ;J=-t wake (someone) up (1847-1922)
I
.1\ I LJ:-3f:1 Li-t ill :t:Ht Li -
1
invite t::il l.11 shrine dedicated to Tokugawa Ieyasu in Nikko,
t <"

· t: (f);..,. i -t :ffiJ,..i-t ask, request *jf,t mt -g Tochigi Prefecture

I
i;rJ>J\1Lii• ]I ii
I L i-t warn, advise :l c::'.' L ff\,
t i -9 I Edo Period (1603-1868)
1) rob, steal *5:r.J5*R
_;,;..,.J-t I llf.7,. i -t step on (someone's foot) *4}-7:)77 t:7 Saudi Arabia
::.t?L;l:-t I L i-t break, destroy
.t::·Li-t I L i-t make~ dirty <H.dH
·l . t.;::"..·11i -t I ff\ Ii -r hold, carry out, practice i
:l!Y>.ft -Ci -t II
f:
reclaim
Ii rJJL,p-:iLi-t m ttitl::Li-t export t:,,
technology, technique
r))l:,p-jLi-till !\WALi-t import ffi
I·
I t

l
land
iI !1£\"< Li-till tffgR Li -t translate ±:J:13
11--::>&"Ji,Lii" m je-Bf1 L i-t invent -tH;,t,
noise
• I Mf,f-
l;t-:,(t,{,L::!:-t ill §e-Jl Li -t discover
I l) J:;
use 71
! -\t-:,(t1,Li-t ill tt L i-t design, plan :f1J.fflLi -t ill

* 77-'c.7- access
.I _'I!
:: ii") rice
f
I
1,1
:i.t: - ······················································...........................tur .
'I t.J - barley, wheat ...... ij_'\• ' .4 ¥.o -th cen Y
I, -It !> ,fi )ff! oil --t!!JE
If,{,1) J: 7 :¥4 raw material ::.'? ,.
( f.•.] gorgeous
t;,;c <
t1l engraving, carving, sculpture
1I: f'"- date
1.
"1M". 1) i -t sleep
I,
I

t".;1!-3 5/e.:W tbief, robber

I engrave, carve
' lt11iJ',{, 'g policeman I!
colleague, friend
1t,<.,t;<iJ' ;it * architect
1
) i-t I
t•·>+· it after that
: I iJ,iJ<< L-1" t+ ::tt scientist 1tM
•' :·1 7c (/) ;t t witb all one'seffort
I' '\-->l.li 11.t. n,,
-g;_)®
 11
i ,{,iJ<\I.:"'
-\!1)'\ 7 ;f@J t. mouse
cartoon
-1!.W-'f all over the world l,.
There is not a single (mouse).
ii
,,.,u·
(', ~'f
-IIIt \Ii 1±
- t"' -3 all over~
£.
'I
The Sleeping Cat
~1: J:-:,-C by- ht: t,i,:
*Y 1
) fin famous Japanese sculptor of the Edo Period

il
U/!lJ [;.(. :: ?1
. .t iJ'-:,t: Ti" t.J.. (1594-1651)
That's lucky, isn't it? *E: :l3il't
01I1.I1' * .::.;/]
· Dominica
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II. Translation Ill. Reference Words &Information

I
Sentence Patterns t: : t: 1-/,<.,
i!
l. When [ was a child I was often scolded by my mother.
:$14 INCIDENT
c,;
2. My foot was trodden on in a rush-hour train. li" kill
i
3. Horyuji Temple was built in 608.
c.,; _ i-:> shoot j J•J"f stab ,j, t' bite

Example Sentences G1 ; I
-0
? ;70
I. This morning I was called in by the department manager. L

S(b)
···Did something happen? .I'
I was warned about'how I write business trip reports. _,.I!) ti
2. What's wrong?
lihb i! -tb
..,,,t:..,
L..t i::-, b
7J < run over hit "9 crash

o•m,
···Somebody has taken my umbrella by mistake. crash into th
f
3. A new star has been discovered. f =--p!J erear

#4!f:;ft
:.] ···Really?
I

l,l
/t ·
4. Where is this year's world conference of children to be held?
···It's to be held in Hiroshima. ·
I'! 5. What is sake made from?
I J-

,l1
:'! ···It's made from
rice. What about if•I• ,.,,{ 1/-\" ·;1 :71"6
beer?
···It's made from barley. t' steal l!ln JcidMp 73

'}
72
6. Which hmguage is used in Dominica? hijack
Ill
·..Spanish is used there.
7. Teacher, who invented the airplane?
···The airplane was invented by the Wright brothers.
. . (.,,
,filt;i& vi:/
Conversation
· r:t·.::
Kansai Airportis made on reclaimed land )<j irt-t.; £all, crash " ,l' I M!t.; rescue

I
M atsumoto:
a Schmid Yes. This is an
t t, is island
I! s thisyou reclaimed from
r first the sea.
.I 1
u
m visit to Schmidt:

ll
o Kansai
1
r ,l
j -.1 ·II1i Airport Amazing.
t

;
i•
o ? What high
: Schmid technology.
t: Yes. It's really built But why did they build it on the
sea, sea?
M
isn't it? Matsumoto: Because Japan has little space,
r
M and at sea we don'.t have a
.
problem with noise pollution.
l
S
c
why you can use it 24 hours a day. Matsumoto: Yes.
Schmidt: This building bas an
r carry
-=::ir ),.

(fr!
h interesting·design. Matsumoto: It was designed by
m an Italian architect. Schmidt: Is access easy?
i Matsumoto: It's onehour by train from Osaka Station.
d You can also come from Kobe by sea.
t
:
;:,f. i-t 6 explode --
Qr;:)
And
t
;? ,/'
h
a c-_
·
t
'
s
fo 0ff tLtt..,
· &..
'--,.;.::;, -
tt·J!:_"f b sink

f] F'""'l ,
"'I': L---,, :-L: L:,
t
I' i'
IV. Grammar Explanation
·1 ] _L i ,------,\ !
[Note l] In this sentence pattern, the topic of the sentence is not the object (N ,) of the
'l 7_ ;7

verb
1• Passive verbs , -'tL L,, 1 but person, (N ,), who feels annoyed or troubled by what person, does to the object
belonging to him/her, Thu; ht.: LQ) 1 ,,; ::i 1/ Ii ;t., t 7 t 1: ;::h ;':h ;t L f: is
not
correct. You should use sentence© shown on the previous page instead.

r How to make passive verbs (See Main Textbook, Lesson

Passive verbs37, p. 96,
polite fonn plain form
f '1€/ A [Note 2] As this sentence pattern is used when person, is troubled by what person, does, it
cannot be used when person, is grateful for what person, does. ~ 1' t I:> \ 1
i i" is used
I.) I 17,' ti -t 17'17'-11. i -t- 17'17'-11.;
II II (:t.v;,;t-t /:!.&I> G.ni i" !:!.nG.n;
iI''f i ill ;t-t' ;:1:,ttii" ::: G tt;
instead.
L i-t :: .ni i" ;':-11. C 'tA.l1r L.,; 4,1

*l! L Z
1'.:'.tttt;
I
1 ® t>t: Lli ,t1: ElifliJl!.f t 1:,11i Lf:o
:l
I hadmybicycle repaired by my friend.
1 -. n,1:t, l:: 1'LL(' L•d 1 1

11 hf: L(;;!: ,ti: eJ4iJl!.f *JI fLI Lf:o

.i1!
X

All passive verbs are Group II verbs; they conjugate into the dictionary form, 1J.' \ '-form,
it il)
Z -form, etc.
e.g. l?' 'n;,' ';/'l(f.1.·11), l?' 'flZ 4. [y"(thing) i.l'/li Vpassive
When you need not mention the person who does the action denoted by a verb, you can

2.1 N,(person,)li N,(person,)1: Vpassive

make the objectof the verb the subject of the sentence. In this case, a passive verb is used.
t,'-d•t 1: HJ... A tl-,l1L

When a person (persdn,)'s action is directed to another person (person,), persollJ can state it
(Z) 7 7 :n..T {r0 8 ,js;.Q) 1.1• §f;Jt:: n:t Lt.:o
i An old Japanese picture has been discovered in France.
from his/her side by using this sentence pattern. In this case, person, becomes the topic J:: (JL U,:f tt •h' t.:;, i rll L.t-:i
1-
,J. of ® 8,js;.11) Jl!,Li ,Jt 1'f. ,t,-..._ .fwi tl:l;':tt Z 1 'l 'To
'I
II the sentence, person, is marked with I: , and a passive verb is used. Japanese cars are ex.ported all over the world.
:$t; 1:.1i t>f: L f -:!Ji.
U-,{,-1!\• 0
i L f: o My teacher praised me.
IIi CD ·ttt..,.tf. -· an @ 1'- li ,i>lipT
,d•,,::1 ,.._
r,lH'hl Lt::.o [}i:,
75
74 t> f: L Ii 71:;1:.1: n I:> fl i L t:o I was praised by my teacher.
The assembly was held in Kobe.
!iii ;.i, f,") f qi

Ii ht:LI: 'A'.1,ihf hi Lf:a

My mother asked nie to go shopping. 5. I N, (;t N2(person) I: J: --, --C Vpassive
Iii! .d· tf> Id)

@ t>t: L(;t 1: ,Al '4H· i hi Lt:. When something is created or discovered, and it is stated using a passive verb, the
Jwasasked to go shopping by my mother. person who created or discovered itis indicated by 1: J:--,Z instead of 1:. Verbs like
Something that moves (animals, cars, etc.) can replace person, in this sentence pattern. 1.1'°5 i-t, Ii"?n\' L 1 -t, (;!:-,ItIv L ii",etc., are used in this sentence pattern.
I ff.(, c to1w •) tJ, L!' .;: ?)•

@ hf: LI;;!: RI: l?'J:hI Lf:o I was bitten by a dog. @r edh J Ii $1: J:--,Z 'fll Lt:.
I' @
"The Tale ofGenji" was written by Murasaki Shikibu.
T.(.. h
(i --(Jt.,I: J:--,Z
11?r.iP
§ea}l tl.i Lf:o
3. N,(person,)Ii N,(person,)I: N, f Vpassive

J
J
The telephone was invented by Bell.
When a person (person,)'s action is directed to an object belonging to another person
(person,), and person, feels annoyed or troubled, person, uses this sentence pattern to
l ,l'I
ex.press his/her feelings.
n t: it
6. N 'G/NT "?< 1J 1-r
,,1 * 1 . 1' ht: L0 , ,'J ::i :,,-
f :It
.::b
Li L f:, When something is made from a raw material, the material is marked with 17' G. When it is
obvious to the eye that something is made of a particular material, the material is marked
11 i My brother broke my personal computer.
, I
!
. ii'.:'. :.h with z-.
1
© hf::. L(;t *I: , , '/ :J 1/ f -Jt::fl 1 Lt::.. @ 1::-,t.,l;t tit <
1 I had my personal computer broken by my brother. n'G €!:>-11.Ii"o
Like in sentence pattern 2. above, an animate object or something that moves can replace Beer is made from barley.
t, •L c 11.{,, \'i .., <
person,, @ {r 8,js;.11) Ii ,t;.z· i!.Gni Lt:.
\<M';I "'(

® ht.: Lli ::/ti: 4-f 'lhi Lt:o Ihadmyhandbittenbyadog.

Japanese houses were made of wood in the past.
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Lesson 38 [S.] 1 ,1t-t,n 'o Oops!/ Oh, no! (used when one has made a
mistake)
I. Vocabulary }.;:: 1: }.;5tI: Excuse me (for leaving before you).
[ L-::>;fll' Ll i']o [ ;j-L Li i']o
7r: f: -C i -t" II lf'"t ii' breed, bringup
li:::rfi-t" I iJUfi i' carry, transport lf,(.t!(
* fl.r"-t'.,. dome commemorating the atomic bombing of
1;.· < -ti 1) i -t" I "C < -tJ.• 1) i -t" pass away (euphemistic expression for
Hiroshima
L1: ii' (L.39))
1:,p 7 \',.(,Li-t" III >-... L i i' enter hospital

I1ij ' i,!;I

f:I \\ ,,<_, L i-t"
III
ii! L i- t"
>-...tLi -t"
leave hospital
tum on [the power switch] •
<l-i'
\ll;,
r,
1,nii' TI [1'",. ['lll:2¥-f~] lfil.'Jt circular, sending round
Ii,(., -,i l-?
(,lf,.{_, "t~] -l;7] 1) ii' tum off [the power ,liJt '.i'. study room, professor's office, laboratory
IJ ii' I [ili:%tf~] -/;,.{_, 'C. neatly, tidily
[T·,.(,tf ,.(,"t~] switch]
1Ht ii' TI ltii' lock ,tt°\• IJ

j ::I!I
,'[ L ii' ill put (tllings) in order, tidy up
I
f,1,
[77' -f~]
~'C. \\')
,,
* Cl,(,

the book titled~, thebook named~

• Ii. t -/;77< \'I ' #t;i}< \ \\.\ pleasant, agreeable --l!IJ- (counter for books, etc.)

J
',!,
tt;iJ< ? \\ #i:,1}< )11!,1, unpleasant, disgusting 1;1:,<_,:::
"I; •

ff Li-t" [l;t,<.,:::f~]
seal stamp
affix [a seal]
I \l 76
t;}.; -.t.•. * -1".i.· large~
77

i:j!; -t;1,:5-lj: ,),::-i"J_' small~ I

-J/fc. "I:,{',.{_, twins

I
I Sn'-/;'(',<_, baby .....i h!VJ
.),f::. :::
sisters
.ilx..-f-
L.1:7i/•-:i.::::7 ,J,#tz elementary school L. f I'
fifth grade, fifth year
t; >1> 7 77<-:,.:::: 7 -cp#:fZ jmrior high school :/61i:M-
J:J:.,(,lf\1
resemble, be like
5 if.'.i.
I
'"
{, ; J.-Z 1,;t--t II character
,U-1 IGI' ( quiet
!.
'I ;t Lt l!R.lltr the area in front of the station 'Ii
take care
i 77'\'tJ<,.{_, jiij_- seaside, seashore
}.;'C.-i"J.'LI'

[(
It I> time pass by
-l!ttt "t L i -t" III
7 -t lie, fib
I: ,.,,
like very much
,1., Bi/i'rJJt< f:-/; ii' I
1, 1I
Ii L J: I\ $ document, papers *
fi.l I 1'

,,(,
-5 [-t.i.•J
-poi11ts
class
• II T,.(,1-f,{, jh)( power switch -,,/:/,
?"77-.
.I : :' ~{!I\ ~%!. made in~ tt,<_,77' L i i' quarrel, fight
III
!' l, f
1 d ,).
L ;;r:::; *
[-.r. · .J mysterious, stran,ge

' ........................................................................................................................................................,.........................

-- l --" --- ---

l-
 LLL L - :
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information
t, .'.if.t
lf7 fr$
t:,.,(,
Sentence Patterns ANNUAL EVENTS
1. Drawing pictures is fun.
t";,
2. I like looking at the stars. '1/f") V•/: "> I)•

3. I forgot to bring my wallet. ,l}DB~3

Ll i 1' ...,
4. It was last March that I came to }.; .iE fl New Year's Day
Japan.
Celebration at the beginning of the year. People go to shrines

!\
Example Sentences
or temples to pray for health and prosperity. New Year's cards

1.
! Are you still keepinga diary? arrive on New Year's.Day. f-,Ji J) ii•

11
···No, I stopped after three days.
HI
' It's easy to·start, but it's difficult to continue. i.,
'M fl3 ,
........
What with all the flowers, it'sa very beautiful garden, isn't it? rJ fi .,,...,..,
2. I) The Doll's Festival - C

···Thank you. People who have a daughter display dolls.

My husband is good at growing flowers.
3. How do you likeTokyo? fJJ\''? ;,j• ' 7
ii ···Well, there are so many people. And they walk fast. 5fl5B
','; 4. Oh, no! (}

1; ···What's wrong?
:::: t" t '1> 8
Celebration for the growth and health of
children. Originally, the day was set to
I forgot to close the cat window. Children's Day
celebrate the growth of boys.
:::II 5. Do you know that Ms. Kimura had a baby?

4}
78
···No, I didn't. When was that? QC"?,',.i.'¢.) •
79
It was about a month ago. 7 fl 7 8

;
I'' 6. Do you remembe'r the person with whom you were in love for the first time?
/,:l.1-.•f:f f:.

:) ···Yes. lt was in my-class at the elementary school where I saw her for the first time. -c.:9 The Star Festival

!· Based on a Chinese legend, Altair and Vega come from the eastern
She was a teacher of music.
and western extremes of the Milky Way oncea year to meet.
Conversation \ ,s•-, 1: 1:t,,

/ 8fll3B~l58\ The Bon Festival is a Buddhist tradition of

I like putting. hings in order
greeting_the spirits of deceased ancf;stors.
University If,<,
employee: Professor Wat1, here'sa circular. }.;
The Bon Festival
f /l r
People visit the cemetery where their relatives
are buried.

jO·
Watt: Oh, thank you. Please leave it there.
Employee: Your office is always in perfect mder, isn't
" J JS '"'> 1-::f:,

Watt: it? I like putting things in order.

Employee: The books are arranged well and everything is put to rights..:. You are
good
.., ;

at arranging things. }.;,E] Jt Moon Viewing

,,¼
Watt: I once wrote a book titled "How to Arrange
Employee: Things." Oh, great!
1:;
Watt: ,}''?
It didn't sell well. People enjoy viewing the full moon.

J!
11 If you like, I will give you a copy. t;J;
12fl31B,

I' ! Employee:
--·-----------------
Good morning.
---------- *h.f:iJ' New Year's Eve :;.
"':). ...
,,
Ii
 Watt: People pr pare for the New Year, cooking 'osechi'(special food 1 -, 0 • I
G c"
Oh, I forgot to bring the book. I'm sorry. 1ll. ' JJ
Employee: Never mind. But, please don't forget to stamp the circular. You forgot last for New Year's Day) and cleaning the house.
At midnight the temple bells begin to ring.
.,
1' : month, too.

,
11
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j,

\l'l1
fl't1
 II
,I
'l:
.f. IV. Grammar Explanation [NoteJ The difference between L IJ i -tt,{, and L I J i -tt,(,1' L f: :
I
7
,II ..,-r
t,'I, l,'li• l,

1. j Vplain formQ)_ (ij) *tt ,(,I:: j/t,.'/;'(>,{,'Q( inf::Q)f l'iT'Q'o

,. L

Attach the particle Q) to the plain form of a verb and you can nominalize the phrase ---111,;t, 9:ol)i-tf,{,TLf:.
accomJJanying that verb. Doyou know that Ms. Kimura had baby?
--·No, I didn't.
2- I Vdictionary fonnQ)I1 adjective -r-r @ 7- ,(,(J) -!imf
L
C,dL, l
..,-z ,,1-t'Q·.
9(o'J i-tt,(,.
CD 7°.::.A ii t, t L ,; \ \ 't'-t
, .. 1,11;:L

r
J Tennis is fun.
0

Do you know Mr. Miller's address?

® T.::.A "f -t·6 tJ) 11 j:, t L,; \ '--C--t o Playing tennis is fun.
--·No, I don't.
@ T- A f .i6 (;!: t, t L,; \ '-r-t• Watching tennis is fun. L 1) i -1t,(,-Z- L f::. is used in example @, because the person replying has got the
information from the question. In example@, however, L 1) i -1t,(, is used because the
:•1 CD simply refers to tennis as a sport, while® and® aremore specific in referring to
p !,
either
or watching tennis. Such adjectives as t;-f n' L \ ', '(" L \ ', t, t L ,; \ ',
person replying has not got any infonnation from the question.
nifi
playing
t: ,t'iiJ!i

''
tJ) L \ ', It,(,[f.i:], f: 1 '" ,(, [ 1'J.•), etc., are frequently used in this sentence pattern.
6.
j plain form
!1'..-
I i-adj
I'
1
3. [ VdictionaryformQ),5< adjective-r-t t.l:-a d j plain form IQ)(i Wt-t
li @ bt: Lli 'Q<
t1':i.'
fn--C--t
"f
o llike flowers. N-'ff.-
: 111.: 'ti! -r t.:1'... 11-,,,'1.•('i ;,, :, t; i

, I I, ® bf:
t: i!it1
:it f ff 1' 6 tJ) ?.)<
LIi Ut:: U<\"'
-ff --C--t o
'J.,!,
I like growing flowers. 1ftI;t :ltif¼itt(!) ,J, £ tt. i Lt::. ".1.' 1llJ-z·
I 4 &O ® JfCil((!) Ail < Q) IJ< it\ 1 -r•-to People in Tokyo walk fast. Mydaughter was born in a small town in Hokkaido.
ti-rM> i r!--,f'\•t"i · ,• l J; 81
The adjectives which are used in this sentence pattern are usually ones that describe likes or @ 1M< i nf:<1)11 1tif¼*(f) ,J, a!J-Z--t,
11
I
dislikes and skills or capabilities such as -t U.d, ,;,1 1 [ ...·.), t.: .1: i -f [1-,.•J. "f: J. u.· ,....
My daughter's birthplace is a small town in Hokkaido.
/;t'("1 1, 'c- \',etc.
.
}.;
,i,,.., n.t. 11tc•
12.JHt 1 -r \\'I;If,(_, 1t L \ I 1"-t0
f fl i L t: I forgot to do ... December is the busiest IT)ontb of the year.
'il
4. , V dictionary form()) f3/.., \ ,,t6C ,)<'3
1
1,1· ® 1 -Z' \It,If,(_, ·tt L \ ,O)(;t 12_.El -r-t0

I
(Z) tlf ;$n£ Lt:. Iforgotthekey.
The busiest month of the year is December.
trt
:r
-.,')i:.,, ; ,,

@ Lf J!7 Q) f ;$ni Lt:. Iforgot to buy the milk. This pattern is used when a noun representing a thing, a person, a place, etc., is replaced
(1 'ii r:' L h-r

i ® Jli.()) K fl!JV>6Q)f :!5ni Lt:. Iforgottoclosethecarwindow. wjth tJ) and then taken up as the topic of the sentence. In examples @ and @, "the place
where my daughter was born" and "the busiest month of die year" are taken up as topics,
I·• ® means the person "had to buy the milk, but forgot it." And® means the person "had to
I
close the window of the car, but left the car with the window open." and the speaker gives related information in the latter half of the sentence.

5. / Vplain form(!) a- ..,-:r 1 'i t n' I Do you know that ... ? 7. ~r t/~t'. 'l"/~l:: 0)/~t'. 1::,etc.
Various particles can be attached to ~ t'. , which you learned in Lesson 23, because the
This is an expression asking whether the listener knows what is described in the clause word l:: is a noun.
\,,,n,
1!11 preceeding tJ).
-,.i,,
@&nt:: r f' iOCL\\
ll
r. mf J;t
. 11 ::b-t.
Ii

111
@)
"ff

*
!

* J i ! -t
,,, • •, . ,, tt-,;;:J..,

f to get married next

,{,,j< thatMr. Suzuki is going
Doyou know
tJ)
l.

..,"[ 1 'i i''Q'• I remember my hometown when I am tired or lonely.

i s;i.; o- -r
(L. 3I)

® inf: l:: n'G, 1'-,t :k t:: 1:i,(,-z" 11ii"o

month?
11!I Ihave been Jiving in Osaka since I was born.
,-- l r-i r -i r= -i ,- , F7 r- , I
_ L_I_ L-1- J_ L--J.
I-
 LI :L LJ .L. 1L.. ,La 1L, Ld =L -iu-"
L:LLL·LGL :
,,I,I

Lesson 39 T£ht:1, 'lttti\ telephone charge

~f:I' ~,\ charge, fare, fee

I. Vocabulary
70::,, f- front desk, reception desk
:::t:i.i-t JI. i. t-t answer [a question] - :::·7 L-:> -%1'. room number -
[L--:>t,<.,1:~J [ r,,,,1: ~ J
f: j;;:h.i -t JI # lhi-t
1
[a building] fall down ch-tr it perspiration(~f 7)'5 i"t:perspire)
i' [t:'.Ji,,i}<~] ? :t JI,, towel
I -\"lti-t JI fft.ltt-t -1±-:itt,.{., soap
[ 7 i; i}f~] [a house] burn down
[, / ;,}<~] 1,}.;.\fl ' a greatnumber of people
[bread) be baked
[I:<;,}<~) [ 77<~ J [meat] be roasted, be grilled
*
t: t:; ) i -t
1
I lffl.1) l "'9 pass [along a street] t.;--:> t,,':h.:5 i -c L f:a t.;l'ffe:;fl:: i -r· L f: a Thank you for your hard work. (used to
[ i;t~J [itf~] express appreciation for a colleague's or
U: i -t I ?El: i-t die subordinate's work)
rl-:, < 1) L i -t III be surprised 7 77'77<\ 1 i -t. fi;J\ 'i -t. I'm coming. (humble way of saying I 1
5i -t)
77< -:i 77' 1J L i -t be disappointed
Ill i,,<_,L,<_,Li-t I L i-t be relieved
III
Ill:! t;:::<Lt-till III
"'c7f:1'Li-t iU:
Ji!.m.J LLi i-t-
t
1
be late, come late
leave
usual (work or school) earlier than
tt
...........;-,
,t 'f' '<'
on the way, in the midst of

I
,, :.l 82
tt£i}'Li-t III quarrel, fight
r7·Y.7 tmck, Jorry 83

,;'.--:>6'1) i-t bump, collide

1) ::: ,{_, L i -t III .tt t Li - divorce
JI stand in a queue, line up
t
I
iut-t I
,;.< ·--:> [ 1Uft["f"J.'] complicated, complex
Ii "f"J.']
l'. "I'> i ["fJ.·]
% [ "f,J.'] obstructive, in the
way
...... Mi: :ltl ...........:.:..........................................................,................................................................................
}.; t.·

adult
l)iI"
*J..
J ,.;.<
Western clothes
ml
{t,•.t'l "6'

-t Ill
55¥it L i be Westernized
;I',

%\ '1-t I fit, suit

;, "t

Iil -r·1;t
!&..J..#..
{!'1•t.:,U ..
now
coming-of-age celebration

I .................................,....................................................................................................... ·······

111,
 [J?] cf,\ I interview with a view to marriage

1:1

.'
'II
I
11
\.
1
 rrrn ..

I,

II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information

Sentence Patterns
1. J was surprised to hear the news.
at; FEELINGS
'I)•.,;.•

2. Because of the earthquake a building collapsed. itt.L1' happy L1 ' · 1 L\ ' lonely ;ll', L \' sad
3. ·1don't feel well, so I'll go to a hospital. pleasant, enjoyable

Ill Example Sentences

1. How was the "omiai"?
···I thought he looked good when I saw his photo, out I was disappointed when I
\':n I_.// ?
saw him in person. o--, .\.
1
2. We are going on a hike this Saturday. Won't you come along with us? .
····I'm sorry, but I can't make it that day.
f" 7J' L 1'
3.
'-,:·!
r•:i•
How did you like that movie? ht L;;1, -3Gf>iL1' ii7)'L\'
···The story was complicated, so I could not understand it well.

.vV/.
iJ1 4. I'm sorry to be late.
···What happened?
amusing, interesting envious embarrassec
ashamed
de a r , longed for

111'I
I
5.
The bus was delayed by an accident.
Won't youcome for a drink now?
1R}f
11J_84
···I amsorry, butl have something to do, sol have to leave now.
ii1,j_3,/tS
rr::J\o(fj
Well, see you. i 8

iii 6. I sleep on a futon lately, and I find using it very convenient.

@
···What did you do with yow·bed?
I gave itto afriend, because my room is small and it got in the way. (J'-J < I) "1" 6 7){-J 7)' 1) i" 6 7 -J t: 1) i" 6
be surprised be disappointed be enchanted
I n J
Conversation
ocmooo
I'm sorry to be·late

b
Miller: Ms.Nakamura, I'm sorry I'm late.
Nakamura: What happened, Mr. Miller?
Miller: Actually, there was a traffic accident on my way here, and the bus was
1 delayed.
l1j Nakamura: An accident involving the bus? 1'G1,G·t6 t:·
be scared
r· -r6 Ii GIi Gi" 6
feel uneasy
h<h<i"6
beexcited
Miller: No. A truck and a car collided at the intersection and the bus could not move. be irritated

w)- JJ t
Nakamura: That was bad.

c:A
I

I
There was no calJ from you, so everybody was worried.
ll'lli Miller: I wanted to call from the station, but many people were queuing at the .,_ 1 7
·
ll·''
telephones....I'm sorry.
Nakamura: I see.
Well, let's start the meeting. 0 (()
;P
-rt-Jt)/S:\o(( ))
,....._
1,i
I
1{
 JL_!
'
r.
r
it ,
+I
bd L. lf
bd
' b. L. 1.-J L.-
'ii!
'1

IV. Grammar Explanation 2.1wr- I

1. VZ-form
I The particle T that you leam in this lesson indicates a cause. Nouns used in this case are
V 7J: '-form t: < Z those which indicate natural phenomena, happenings, events such as t :::, · t L ,(,,7J' t,
'-adj (~0)~ < Z etc. As
with the sentence pattern in l. on the previous page;in this construction expressions
-adj [.tt]T containing volition are not usedas·predicates.
l: l/., f:J.;

Itohis sentence pattern, the first part of the sentence presents a cause and the ® :ttli T t::1t,iJ{ -!J Jni t:, 1

Because of the earthquake, a building collapsed.

second part presents the consequence produced by the cause. Unlike ~iJ' G that you [f,d °! t"Pt-t- f'1'
learned in Lesson 9, this pattern has many constraints over its usage. ®ff, ""(' 'f±"f ;,. i Lf.:o Because of illness, I took a day off work.
Chi t ;,j•\\Ly, -t

I) The words which come in the latter part are limited to those words which do not contain x ff, y;'\,T S L f.: 'fl"f 1,1;.J,,. f.:\ '-C"T o
volition:
(I) Verbs and adjectives to express feelings, such as l/-,< 1) T 6, ;Ji,£ L l--t 6, ::: i 6, 3.
lf L 1 ', 7 ft L 1 ', -::.·/...h, £ t:, etc.: V d·1plain form

I
'-a J (!)T, ~
(D.::..i-;Cf r 1,z, ll-,<1JLiLf.:o I was surprised to hear the news. -adj plain form
D• Cf!< if
i - tJ.·< Z,
@ * I: ¾ L 1 1 -r·-t o N~P..tJ.-
I miss my family.
i[. (2) Potential verbs and verbs to express states: Like -iJ' i;. that you learned in Lesson 9, -<l)""(· indicates causes and reasons. While
G subjectively highlights a cause or a reason, ~ <l) T
i.'i t° .t ") Cf '? ,:•-j. h? I'

'1; @±Bit B !:t :lW¾iJ{ , < Z, .frlt i -It£0 ~ 1J' objectively presents a cause

·1 , and-effect relationship as a natural course of events. As the:use of~ (I) T softens the vi w
, , Saturday is inconvenient for me, so I caimot
con1e. of the speaker, leaving a weak impact on the listener, it is often used to express a reason
@ iJ{ tl[ T, J: < ;j,')iJ,IJ i-t±£Z•Lf:
U:-l'J.·I,. ,;. < --,

0
gently, to ask for permission or to make an excuse. 87
86 The story was complicated, so I could not understand it well. 1: U/_. ::· .:t1·, :: C1t.1.·

(3) Situations in the past: @ B*tl,:i<h-lJ,1:,-fJ.'1'(!)1'", T ttL-Z l'f:f.:lti-l±£iJ'.

t =- t;< I don't understand Japanese, so would you please speak in English?
i
I
® *;l;_lciJ{ f,-,Z, ,,;:z_iJ{ ft -Z Li 11 i Lf.:o J j L: -!!' L '?l\.1'

,!
I
The bus was delayed by an accident. @ J'lHJiJt ;Ji, 6 (!) 1'\ t:;71';1:: ;A;AL Li -t.
I {; :fJ f.-;{ ,¢,{,.!;fl•
May I leave now? I have something to do.
I' ®ift;li'tl:: -ilft-Z, ,t:;1;.1:: LiJ'G.tti Lt:o
As it is a soft expression, it is not used with the imperative or the prohibitive fonns.
i I was late'for the lesson, so l was scolded by my teacher. ;.,;: , 0-1• b

,! @ /&:,-f,i_'\ 17J' i:,, ;J!,M,/:: /li6-fJ..'o

'i 2) Expressions containing volition (will, orders, invitation or request) are not used in the Don't touch the machine because it's dangerous.
H latter part of the sentence. When the latter part of the sentence contains volition, the
phrase with
$,.;:
I:
X/i!:J.1.'\ 10)""(\ /lif-fJ.'0
,j•\' -ll

[Note] (1)-Z· is used with the plain form as shown above. In more polite expressions,
11
t cannot be used and instead the phrase with 7J' G is used.
I i:,.;:

(V.leJJ.·1,z·--tiJ'G, f,§;,M,I:: G-tJ.'1'T <t:-:51'o

,H, h , however, it can be used with the polite form.
.t? I.; '!: L-?it •

@f.l:j:lJi:1,1< ;Ji, IJ i T (!) 1\ t:; ,r;I:: ;fl,L i --t.

1:1
It is dangerous, so please do not touch the machine. .t L.:: L"!ll' .

,-z• (=ffl$iJ{ * LLi-t.)

;I=,.;:
i· ih• '
j;,f(!)-z', t:;,t;I::
f(JJ;.' < l, ffl;J;#.1: Jtt f.:-:5 \ 'o
I' X i:,-fJ_'\
May I leave now? I havesomething to do.
3) ln this sentence pattern, thefirst piirt and the second part of the sentence are sequential
It
1 events. In other words, the first part ta es place first and the second part takes place after
II: that. . t: i;,t,')

i: ) 1h• ·f l:i?/.., (/
4.
i.i!;,t,T
® ;ji, L f: gjt,:i( ;Ji, 1) i -t ,;, G' :5 .t 7 i'f!! #iJ Vi It ft(;f -fJ_' 1) i -1:r£. t -t; I')> 7 T means "during" or "on the way to." It follows V dictionary form or N (I).
. I,:"? < t t;,-.7 L: .: 1> <
The meeting will be held tomorrow, so we have to make preparations for it today. @) l;J: :lls-6 i.i!:tf-C· $it(1,1< !;,-,Z, H.7,1,1< .tt-z Li-,f:/...,T-to
f•1• · t.,.{, tl
x t;,Lt: mi}( s-,-z, :5.t 1,f1JL-t.,.-1t.tt1t -t.J.·1;1-1±£, Actually, on my way here there was an accident and the bus was delayed.
t: t;.,.? .;:,{, h6
@ 7 7 '/ '/ (!) i.ii ,t, y;'\,:n'--IJ< < -tJ.· 1) i L f:.
I got sick during the marathon.
I! i(

l
•ru

Lesson 40
-ll,{, (-If,(,, -1f,<.,) -* (counter for long objects)
-1111 (-Ill', -/f11) -;f<f - glass or cup of (counter for full cups, glasses, e·tc.)
-.:\'-t'.7 - kilograms, kilometers
.ii I. Vocabulary -·'f7/.,. -grams

-J;,7c;t i T II it i -t count
- -t:,,,+ - centimeters
- 1) - millimeters
I;1:t;, 1) i i•
I j)\) i -t,
1
:lit 1) i -t measure, weigh
f:L-JJ'V>i-t Il Ein'.I? i -r confirm, make sure ~\ \ l'. J:? ~J>J.J:. not lesstban ~, over ~

h,1:t-t I ~\ ,-J;, ~J>k'f not more than ~, under ~

,@-1 ' i -t [the size] fit
[-!f,f 7-"-J;<~] s well, let me see (used when unsure of something)
L'1>--,/f---:i L:t-r m tl::9eL;t-t depart
*-::J'•;1;t; Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (1853-90)
t:Jt;-\"< Li-t m j1J Lt -t arrive r;p l;"?

J:11i-t I \ \ i -t get * I) Snow Festival in Sapporo

*(7)-{';,. name of a Shinkansen train
drunk

It,(,[1J.·] l&.flit[1J.·] dangerous

*IL Japan Airlines

U---:iJ:? [1J.·] •x'.:*[ ,'-J.•] necessary ¾

-jt;.,,-5 i:-5 -r L J: -5 7:\'o How is -? (polite way of saying 1:::·? Ti" 7:\')
\:a space, universe
t; .,,? ttl\Jl]<. 77.. class
earth
f-7.. I- test, examinatio.n
•-t!
lfH1,<.,-J;,11 ;'$ %" year-end party ;;lU performance, score, result
L,(,tJ.,<.,-J;,1, %" New Year's party t:::: .; "[' by the way
I::[.'.-,;,,, .::;;:,%" t -t) 89
88 sec_ond party 11G--,L-\"\1i-t I come (respectfal equivalent of
f:,,-,;,11 t:..i? mass meeting, convention J:? T
-'f situation, condition, appearance
1, 77'// marathon
-::i:,,,:;-7.. I- contest
Ji \ ...... g ,;t.,.%7 ............................................................................
,,
.1 I; lH,

* :.Ji'.#
t-:;tT face, front incident, case
-j G back(side) :t- l-.1{ 1 motorcycle
"',(, t :.Ji'. reply bomb
t -5 L :::.1,. m i-t .I
U'(fU. ,

Ef1 Li6h- application

(l,(,t:? truth, fact
;ffi:.Z. load, pile up

.,
-j,(,"f,{,l,,;,
;tt;-J;<,,
-r 11 mistake iii!i.>J'-
li'.t tl
driver
defect, wound, scratch gjt f:: remote
I,
;;(,-f,/ trousers -J;{ but
.i, of>;
-,, -f.:-J;< ¾ length . 1: suddenly
. 1 ::-

J_ t-:;t
t:-J;,
$[ weight ii1)-,;, L ;t -t start, operate, move
'5'.l(
height'
I with all one's effort
;i }.;}.;
*
1"1

size, scale
, •., 1.-.t 111.(, ,')\\
-1:.M;il'f)- su pect, criminal
A
IL(..f ,{,

l -r ,,
obtain, get

.'
' 11 [-)rf
,{_,
[-] flight,
small objects)
--1} flight.number
I\/' - :::
·-j
--rm train number,
typhoon number,
etc. (counter for
.
.
e
.
>

J'-
v
e
n
1:
n
>-
o
tt.t w

-t g
II o ,
- s
r s
· i
t p
i
h

L
,· , , • l • L L · ,,
i
-
t
r
"' "' " II
l " ' ;

m
 .L.L
L· L
l .
L-17=.7-_; L' L -L I
d .
h . . I .
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information
f, A, -lt A, ,f, t, t .t'1
.!¥-1.:rr. • ·%·;tel
I'

MEASUREMENT, SHAPES & PATTERNS

Sentence Patterns
-f-'•t,,r
Please check what time JL107 will arrive. >1,i,-t!
1.
2. r
They can't tell yet whether or not typhoon No. 9 will come to iiitl Area ¾ Length
Tokyo. 4'\•111

3. I would like to try seeing the earth from cm'f-:ff--1:: /' f- j - 1-- ti., square centimeter mm ') [J - 1-- ,1., J millimeter
space.
. ,,11i
cm --1::/ -f- [} - 1-- centimeter
m' f-:o j - 1--J(., square meter
.. .,,11? J
,1.,
j-
Example Sentences km'JJ!-:o;\'- CJ J - r ti., square kilometer m 1-- /1., meter

1. Where did you go for the second party?

km -t- Cl [ j - r ,1.,J kilometer
···AsI was drunk, I don't remember where we went.
2. Do you !mow how they measure the height of t
f.:\'i±" J: ,
mountains? Weight
... Well, no. How do they do it? 1*tlt ·1/ -,{i1
fl Volume and Capacity
3. Do you remember when it was that we first cm' :ft :ff--!:: /' -f-} - 1-- ti., cubic mg ')7·7 L.,. milligram
met?
centimeter
···I've forgotten such an old story. 1) .,,:r-;
4. Please tell us by the 20th whether or not you can attend the year-end m3 :ft 1j j - I- cubic meter g ·f7 L.,. gram
party. /1.,

···AU right. . kg -t- CJ [J'7 L.,.] kilogram

1; 5. What do they examine there_?
ml ') 1) ';I 1-- /(., milliliter

y-y- t 1-- 1/ ton

"·They examine whether or not the boarding passengers carry knives or something cc cc
dangerous. e ') ';/ I- /(., liter
'I 6. Excuse me. May I try this dress on? 91
1t11 ,(,
90 "·Certainly, in here please.
tf:J Calculation

,1 ,
Conversation
1+2-3X4 6= 1
f=-t V'< Ht6h6 1 li(-1' :::i-/1.,)
:1 I am worried if my son has made any friends 01· not plus minus multiply divide
equal

Ms. Ito, howis Hansdoing at school?

I, Klara:
I'm worried if he has made any friends or not. ;t,(_, N,
Ito: He is all right. it Lines % Shapes

0 D D
Hans is popular with his classmates. t.,l ,t!/v

Is he? I'm glad to hear that. uUJR straight line

r
.tPt,<,.
Klara: How are his studies going? He says studying kanji is tlH,'!!. curved line
hard. !..J.., t1.> I.,:'/•( 11\' L !.I·< 111•
'tA,·ttl ...
I give a kanji test every day. Hans gets good marks. ............................. P:i (::4...) .=.Jal[%) !!3fq [%]
Ito:
circle triangle square
Klara: Does he? Thank you. ,,?/, Mit dotted line
By the way,soon we'll have Sports Day. Is his father coming, too?

mm
Ito:
'ii
Klara: Yes.
t J:;
Ito: I hope that you can see what your son is like at school.
'!I'' iui Patterns

II
Klara: All right. I would appreciate if you could help him enjoy his school

ii
life.
111:
11ii l:l ,c Aft:t t,; l:

ffi ti -f- ;,:. ·;I IJ 7)<.:f. tt:iili :/ill

111 Jt ti
vertical horizontal check polka-dot floral plain

"'J: stripes stripes

l!'tlll''> print

ir
t111l
 '"'=
11]'''
J:
11
I'
I
I IV. Grammar Explanation 4. '-adj(~.0)-~
I
i Change the final 1' of an \ '-adjective into. , and you can transfonn the adjective into a
1.
V I . plain form . noun.
I ,
dl
L'-a ,&\ \-+¾-:5
~ ,.,oc \
I Interrogative ,l•, 1 6• f·IJ• fi•tJ• 11\" 11•:·
e.g.,
·! f.t:-adj plain form \, . -
N ~K "?l t -ti• l:t"1· L
(@J.i(l) i\ii li i::·7 -,T JR!6ci'. "?T \1;t-t;;,.
Aquestion with an interrogative is used as a component of a sentence in this sentence
Doyou know how to measure the height of a mountain?
pattern. t l':t 11L ,,.,.,;r
'fllv ';Iv C I:'. it;\ ( I.l,
@ 1.IT L11 #.r,-17) ¾-:5 Ii 3,911.J- 11,-r·-t.
CD JL107 1i M&t1: j•J.kt--t6n', ..-.::-r ta1,o
The new bridge is 3,911 meters long.
Please check what time JLI 07 will arrive.
!1-, :,t.; 1,t, i:.·t: ll'l' ¢<-,.::.;
@ 17) ;t;iH,1111 Mei' \ 1 1,;;,_ Mi LT 1 ';t-t. 5. /':.,,:A Ii tt-r· t• i TL J: i -1;,.
We are talking about what to give as a wedding present.
Iii.: t:Hl' -T L J: 7 ?l', which is used to ask a question whose answer the listener might be
® 4-?f:::. Lt:::.f;?l< JflJV)"f "?f:::.17)11 1•-??l'. '.lti-r \ 1 i-tn'. uncertain of, is also used to a k a question whose answer the listener is sure to be able to
•I Doyou remember when it was that we first met? give.In this case, it is euphemistic and hence.more polite.
}I.
ri
'I·

:1,,
• I
2.
!
-adj plain form tJ:-adj ! plain form N
,i, i:::··H'. ~
I ~P{
:1.
,I

lj
92 A question without an interrogative is used as a component of a sentence in this sentence 93
pattern. Note that i:::· i ,i, is necessary after "plain form -/J'."
111, ,(,l)•\' t ...-,-tt 1:l t
jl
-::i ))• "'/

©E$f I: :±1,W;-t67l' l:'.'ici'. 208:tTI: J$.'f <t=.-:5\'•

Please answer by the 20th whether you'II attend the year-end party or not.
ll!I l, @-t (1)
li'i'l.
Ii IL{,l:'. i -1;, i:::·7 77'. :b?l'IJ ;t -tt,(,.
1.d I don't know whether the story is t rue or not.
@;tf;-!;<11-1)< -1-..,1 ,;;, t'i ;;,, l, , < t=.-:5 \ '·
----:-r
Please check if there are no mistakes.
In®,not ;t t;-/;<11-1)< j;,.f,,j, i:::·1 -:Ir but ;t t;,l<11-I;< 1'J.'\17l' l:'.'i?l'isusedbecause
thespeaker wants to confirm that there are no mistakes.

3. j V "( -form .2r ;t -t

This sentence1,;pattern is used to show that the action denoted by the verb is a trial.

!
t'° ,1•/.,l'lf

(1) ti -w:, ;{_ -r .,z,. ;t -t I'llthink it overagain.

I'·:1:
0

-;, -;'111 i
-r·-t.
'I; tt J..

® 'ii ,i, G till:f)J( f Jl -r ,.lr t:::.,1

I
1·
.,.1
,,,
'1 ':
II
I ii: ,, •
I'

I
i
I e the earth from space (to know how it looks).
w
a ® :(1) ;;(,f-:.,,'f /111-Z hTt 11\1-r·-t;;,.

n MayI tryonthis pair of trousers?

t
t
o

s
e
\ ·
 ,;l -I I_. I · L_, I . I-..-C - c:.
u7
Li- C. C. L- L. L.
. L.
Lesson 41 -t,;, :f.ll.:S( (my) grandfather
-tli' :f.Ji,!{1- (my) grandmother

I. Vocabulary i ::· grandchild

}.;t (my) uncle
1,t:f:.1! i-t I receive (bwnble equivalent of t I:, \ ' i -t) -J:, L: ,(, (someone else's) uncle
< t:.1 ' i -t I give (respectful equivalent of < ;rt i -t) -Bit (my) aunt
1) i-t I give (to a younger person or subordinate) }.;If /..., (someone else's) aunt
J:.Ui-t I tto/-Ui-t invite
t:1)1hti-t II lfx_1) 1i-t exchange t-; t: t: L the year before last
L£-tt-?I: Li-t m.tt-1;:1J1: Li-t be kind to
4: Mi I,

I
Q't,l'I' lovely, cute 11;h yes, I see
tl t,lj

$ L'&R ;r;, 1) i-1±£. I'm sorry./Excuse me.

I }.;\\t,\\ t-,:f}r.\ \ celebration, gift(~ t Li -t : celebrate) i,•(
ffiQ' 1) i -t I keep, receive (a thing) in trust
t-; t: Lt.!.i t-:; money given as a New Year's gift ,t,l,t?
[t-;)/,,.;t1, [1?]J;!Jf1' expression of sympathy, consolatory gift to a 1GB the otherday
1,-t be of help
sick person
.H/./Q' )
1
i-t I
•; J: i /,,. interest ...... t,'i;l,,. ...... ······........................................................................................................................................
l
u
1- M
([::i:.,,t•.:i.-'J-1:] ~Q' ih1) i-t: be t ;-6 •L.< t'
i f fi 5 '
i.: L
old tale, folklore
95

( interested [in computers])

,, t.:.1:illi ·rn- information if, ~
m::
acertain~, one~
,;:,<,1!i JO grammar moo
:.-I §'ti- pronunciation -} t:·t t:: -t;
I;t--,}.;,<, children
V I' t ll) i -t II bully, abuse, ill-treat
11

ape.monkey Q'l/) · turtle, tortoise

;t feed, bait /;1'

11/JIt 11: -t II save, help

L',
t-;t-t;-\" toy [ -J:,] castle
'
I
111,(,
;t(1Q' *
IH'
picture book
picture postcard
l}¥)
t

- B ,iJU
princess
i'tlt, ,,
I
f-"7 ,f ,{- screwdriver
L < happily, merrily
ji1 '
I
(
I:, L i -t I live, lead a life
I
":.,,fl"f handkerchief
IJ(

f.t land, shore

<--, L f:: ¥11:r socks, stockings -t t and, then
r -r,;:< gloves 11 •)
l: sn10ke
tPtfh ring fA-?
l L',
13 [-t:i:). pure white
4lf
1{,-; tf bag
,.,. ,,
tp-.ij- content
................................................................................................,...............................
 rr1r
., <;,fr"

fl
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words&. Information
-.:..1., '} t:dil'r

Sentence Patterns 1 i 1J ·Wt USEFUL INFORMATION

I. I received a book from Professor Watt. Q{ /:((;1.1'(/.C.. r.f j j;l)j-1±,(,-IJ,
2. My section chief corrected the errors in my letter. of:i:!c1 1-.i:G, "::,,'f"::,,J)l!! Come and stay with us.
3. If it's ahome delivery, call Penguin! .l.J.. L,s,< ;., ? t,

*
My depar1ment chiefs wife taught me the tea ceremony.
4. I made a paper airplane for my son. fi:.(l):fi/j4fr./ 'f -/J' G<?C?
1,!i Ei!L i -to
-rU1•t:? :jiif
,rI 1 :t - :;, 1•:t.
IJ: i
MIURA Guest House
,1 ;:. ","'-t LI.. -> *' 1"1•"t ,:,t,·
From home to the airpo1t luggage delivery service. \ ', ;1:JJ, * e17fJ.·@
,I ;:i
u Example Sentences ,J,•{,t!1• f:.(.l,l,I,.(' t,,P {) ::
Nice accommodation with
96 ,f->.ljl.,ey,f(l),J, 1 '!71-,;tii, L 'f L
friendly atmosphere and
£-t.
1. It's abeautiful plate, isn'tit? Canalso do small moves for students or single persons.
warm service at a
···Yes. Mr. Tanaka gave it to me for a wedding present.
1 ft 03-3812-5566 reasonable price.
Jf11 2. Mum, may I give candies to thatmonkey?
lij ···No. It is written over there that you must not feed iL
i J..tA•/.,, L
ff 0585-214-1234
Have you c\fer been to see a sumo match? j'g-/J' G(1) t,9;0 G-\:t
f\. :
3. Community Center Information
lt'?.t r./ 1: n,t 1J .L? 'J :: -:i 1.. .1 ,j•1,
···Yes. My boss took me with him the
1lllJl8 Mon. 8 ;:t.ft Jf 'Ii} % Japanese cooking class
otherday. It was very interesting. · !)•.t".I i} I' If'.,.•

4. Mr. Thawaphon, how did you enjoy your homestay during the summer vacation? ;)(Ifft 8 Tue. IHr.7.:7 -;t., Flower arrangement class
-r •..1:11.1 1;1u.:::t.t;L--:,
·It waspleasant. The whole family treated me very kindly.
00

*-Ifft 8 Wed. 8 ;Js:. Japanese language class

i: 5. What do you do for your children on their birthday?
* .1.if }l
t\•? f::'.P j;:'. J.-j rJ
1!:: 3 8 ajl 8 on the 3rd Sun. of eve,ry month 1 <./f- Bazaar
'Ii 1 invite their friends and give a party. .
00

iiiJi
•

6. I'm afraid 1 don't understand how to use the new photocopier. I'd be grateful ifyoil n_o_79_s_-7_2_-2_5_1_8J t;> Helping Hands 97

could show me. ,,.,._ ft 0343-885-8854

·.. Yes, of course. )/1/:$7/l,-lj----::7- -faJTt L l 'f !!
f?< Rerital Service Leave anything and everything to us.

* aR

4
-M't'ti L l "t!! 1•t c,.•..;
(l){lf J]L tiliI
iJ-t? t;'.

Conversation Rent anything and everything. house repairs, house cleaning

*m -"i>t;I..,, ,f- t' t (1) -filtt
I,;
I'i .t b
1
1 Could you keep my • 1J-'J-),'' karaoke sets .::

1, parcel? T
.ht J•

l
I' ,_11
Miller: Ms. Ogawa, I'd like to ask a small
• I::
-
r:t 1J J 7 video cameras
1 l,11)
Japanese kimono *i: ;Jg ..,_,
dog wallcing

*
•
'I Ogawa Sachiko: What is it? lj\•f:l•'f.4.-h cellular phones !j f • ;l';I' '(

i:1;
*-:JM!Httis 1j;Lff .l:r-
Miller: A department store will deliver a parcel to me this evening, but I've got J.1Yk
1
1: : togo outtodosomething. -.-.::t:-Jll.fo babygoods
1 .t H•J.. companion service
:1 Ogawa Sachiko: I see. • vJ-l'-ffl£ recreational equipment
l1:'il1Q,L
I'm very sorry, but could you take it in and keep it
•
I Miller: ·*fi,llj.P., travel goods
i forme? Ogawa Sachiko: Certainly.
11' ff 0741-41-5151
Miller: Thank you. I'll come for it as soon as J get
back.
Ogawa Sachiko: I see. ,G t,.,IJL
I"
1i
Miller: I'm sorry to bother you with r, T1:,f ·t i-
this. You can try the following at our temple.
t
V· Miller: Oh, Ms. Ogawa. Thank you very much for taking in that .parcel the -tf,(.

other day for me. · ;j,lji.

i! <T i -t
;f4- J.! {1t-"' G hi -r zen meditation
vegetarian food
ii Ogawa Sachiko: Not at all.
Lti
,(. 'J.d <J
Miller: It was a big help. ilt
t,

f·
,(.5',(,, i;
J-• ii L• L· L·
ii:-il ff 0562-231-2010
, ,..
';
i -, ••
r-i -
I
 1! lL 1 · 1 j
j '\ i ·\
IV. Grammar Explanation I
@ i? I: LI:t L'!I"/ L.,(/b• J,,

lit(J) 1Uil t JI.,-r of'1 ) :I: L.t (it.,Ii' lJ: L.t:) ,

I checked my daughtcr:s homework.
1• Lixprosslon l'or glvlug nnd l'Ccolving
In Lessons 7 and 24, you leumecl,expressions for the giving and receiving of things amt actions. In [Note) Like ~ -r j; If i -1·, w'1ich you learned in Lesson 24, ~ l ;I;If i -t may leave an
--r
this lesson, you will learn other expressions for giving and receiving things or actions but these reflect impression of arrogance. So, it is advisable not to use these e_xpressions directly to a person of higher
social status.
the relationship between the giver and the receiver. \
t)[ N,l::N,f"°'IJ.ti" --.----
ff {, ['Ml-&1::)
2) l V -C-fonn 1 'I: fc"!! ii"
® .hlcLli
''1>;1/ d• t;J:1 1' •.1,,
;J:t,,:\<\,f d; ,,ldc"!!i Uc,
rt.. !ft.
[.hle l Ii] • If:!-/"[ ,!I::] ¾!: Jll:,(J) L-r

--"'
When the receiver is a person of lower social status or au
animal or plant, 'I" 1J i i" is normally used. However, 'f -j} [4-t·t 1::) Ihadmyletter corrected by the manager.
when the receiver is a person, i, If i i" is often preferred
C:,if'./n1::i 3) I V -C-fonn < le \,i -t
in current Japanese.
j
i
I
ll
-t: • l
<I: ,,i
t,;
Jolcll:t ,i;,,q--1:: t;;!(FJ·f '1"1Ji lie (J?IH lie), @ (7) ,(,Ii [Jotc LI::] t,1it ;i.T Uc,
CD
½ 1

li!· I gave some sweets to my

sou.
Thegeneral manager's wife taught me the tea ceremony.

ffit ,;: /,.1? ! J;{

@ li!l-f:fi [t,fc lf) lUT ,!--,'t < lc '':t Uc,
!I @ Joie LLt I:: ;t :'! f 'I"1) i Uc,
Thegeneral manager took me to the station.
II I gave some food to the ,;: f,J; '""
dog.
I: [Note] L j; If i -1· is used when the speaker wants to show particular deference to the receiver. @lif!¾l:I: [Jotcl(J)] L,,,-f--1-t !ll.L't U: \'l Ltc,

,.
2) [ N,1:: N,"f ,,tel:."!! ii" v [A• tif1::J Thegeneral manager corrected my report.

! I When the speaker receives a thing from a person of higher

,1/t 09 [:'!",;:'_",ti:J:
\•iii" 3. I V -C-form < I: 1 'i {± ,<,,;,
,'1 social status, 1 ' leI: i ··f is used instead of t G1 ' i [JotcL l:t] -t ,,.,
r, 9S ~ -r < le:'! 1 ' i -tl-,(, ,:1, is a polite expression of request, although it is less polite than ~Z 99
i". [4-t"t(::]
,;: '4! i J, It' 11 1 1 leleIt i -tl-/ ,,:\' in Lesson 26.
@ hie Lf:I: 'lf -&1: t;±&f ,,Ide i Lt:, @
"! "'"' o•r: l;L
1
Ireceived a souvenir from the general manager.
3)1 [hlcLI::] Nt U.:::\1:l: r I :Jt"-;ft<1.J 1'7J°t- f{;t"( <fc:'51 i_-tl:,(.,,:\'0

I
,;:t,j '>
Will you kindly show me how to use the photocopier?
[$-lki:I:] .f ,,.._.
:rtt!.t
.r....
A
1H.
I
When a person of higher social status gives the [jt;fl:1] ...,,,, d•I':

U?tcll:]
< 1 @ :J t"-f,t.<7) {t111Jt- f{;i.'t \ 1t:f.:lti-tl-,(,,:\',
11::: < fc:: \ ' ii" is used instead of
speaker something, Would you kindly show me how to use the (L. 26)
< ;/ti -t. i
,): J; : .I>. :'C'f
[-J-t'tl:t]/
photocopier?
I

,:\
I © $-Jk,:\< hie LI:: t-;±i&,f < f: 11i Uc,
ii
II (I
Thegeneral manager gave me a souvenir.
4. I N 1:: V
'ti" isalso used when the receiver is a member of the speaker's
: 1
family. TI1is particle 1:: means "as a token of" or "in memory of."
.;: t1i Ci'.r'i J...;-Cf

I• !
I 1•'
® 'If ¾,;< /.ll:: ;t;.±.1H < I: \ i Uc, 1

Thegeneral manager gave a souvenir to my daughter.

Ii 2. Giving and receiving of actions

I
'I" 1) i -r, \1 Ide"!! i -t, and ( fc 1' i 'f arcalso used in expressing the giving and receiving of actions.
Examples arc shown below.
:II,
 I:,,.,-4. \'h
't ii"
tf-,,:J., t,
I) •fonn \'> 1)
@ ffi'f' ,{,,j< 'e(J) ;f,;fJ{,\11: :_<7) l,.llll.t, < l: \l;J: Lf::,
I l]..,. : ,,,.;, I.} .:.1 ..., (
@ Joie Lli ,"@,q--1:: lll;JIHr-#H -f'h't '1" J i Uc (i:>IH lie), 1 Mr. Tanaka gave this plate as my wedding gift.
(!-,,1,,·l•t:'jlJt.:; J,'<-11 t:.t ·.d - -
Imade a paper plane for my son. ®JotcLf;t :!t.;fi:ilt Jf(J) t->±>il:: }..llH; Jil'.1,;1: Uc.
V \•* .(, I! ..., I'
I bought a dollas a souvenir of the trip to Hokkaido.
(J) .hf:Lf:I: j;t-f 1&&1:: i!./t't ff--,Z '1"1Ji Uc.
I took my dog for a walk.
:I

,l:1t I
:11.1
;,I '
I
,! I

Lesson 42 - 1 \1) J: 7 tt;f4 material, ingredient

i' L -£ stone

I. Vocabulary 1::•7 ''J f:' pyramid

r-'l data
.I I
-?-:>.,Z,,.i-t hi-t wrap 77 1Jl, file
hn' Li -t-I 5M,'1i'Li-t boil
,Hif-tII 5l1:f£ -t mi" t:,6 ~ a certain ~, one ~
1t11 ,(,L£-t ill tt L i-t calculate
1,-, L J: 7 It ,(,af>1' - 4/t with all one's effort
Ji)-:>\\ ffJ-\ \ thick
7 -t1 \ \\ thin -f.1.•-\f why
I
!,
w
i
,l r "',<_,.::· L #± lawyer, attorney : (11,,(,

* *OOi!
1
U
t; ,{_,77{ < musician children
i 1 *_:r.1) ---\:{<7) f::AI:>(: n
f
i
·'
77'
:t'tf::i::,
-3-t't /:: i::,
*"- r-.-.::::.,, i
t
,;,t:: 1) :;:.)._ couple
ii *if-"7::.,, r· e
,,.
I '
1:;:·} -5- J: 7 \\< Tif education
d
<l¾
1
;•!
n L
100
JI! history
o-::.,,
I' ,;:,<,77, N
)(1t.
I --t ·1 r
...
•I
culture
1 a
L ¾'>'Ii',' :If±%
I
1,
11
!•j

lli 1
)-:>
society
law war peace
--st t
1 i
4i- .....wi;;..i7J
:!
· 1
,±,(,-t 7 lfl- purpose safety
o
! fJ,'J7'7-J::.,, n
"- \ I h thesis, academic paper
1.:! s
ElE19 relation, connection
jf t < 1' -5-
1::,,-;i.>7::.,,f-7-J::.,,
'f.1.·---:.
F
t:, ,(,-\f,(, )( mixer, blender
r·,<,.;:1J
;s,(,,;:,(, !Ml1 L,; (Via
l
,;, 'li',(,lt1' it.?o i
; t.,.t?
r
I it E
l.
I
4=-+t fJ ''J7'
"(' 'Ii',(, !
kettle it::
;• i
{l-,{_,6":J ;Ii cap opener
~<J) ,f h1) 1: z
,,, 17',{_, -5- I) ffi'-1:JJ 1) can opener
t:·: TT t e
1]' ,(, -:; al') ffi canned food, tinned food \•t
Tli Lud
wig
.;,;s L -5- wrapping cloth used to carry things van
ii -t,;If,<_, abacus Beet
hove
!:: \ \ t, ,(,It\ I ,rt5,gH (clinical) thermometer n,
I'' ! Ger

f man
com
pose o mount left container C dles ic bowl food
r a unused, the i h pan,
rest investigation,survey
(177 n n i pot
0•18 cup
s n c
27) and
s instant t e e
Pola in place of ~, instead of
nd e Chinese a s
e r - in any place
t noodles sold n
th in a ready- t n a now
l e to--use o
m
a o
disposable IOI.

r - -
l l -
L
l L
1·
l:
" i'_ l
- L; [
C:- : L---,• C· F
l-7
 1,
I ii_., 11
:Ji lb1 61 1
]
,
'.J
'
·11 '\ :11 :1. .I' LIi l JI
"
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words &.Information
t t; .J:-j!f,(., t:'-l ("

Sentence Patterns
:$- ffl£ -·itJl. OFFICE SUPPLIES &
J. I am saving money in order to have my own shop in the future. TOOLS, t t
2. This pair of scissors is used to cufflowers. t l'.6 li-?;t; • t l'.6 iffa,'J 6 W6
pin/tack cut

Jx
staple clip

Example Sentences
1. I am practicing every day in order to participate in the Bon Festival dance this
summer.
···Are you? I bet you'll have a good time.
-

"'>'._
-

..
&c£
w rf J: -5 (:J"<!' Lt·
2.
Why do you climb mountains alone?
;j; ·11-.:\'7- ? ') •y 7"' 11? 7- i;l: ,1,,.
···I go up mountains to be alone and meditate.
3. stapler clip cutter scissors
Are you doing anything for your health? 1/)
···No. But I think I will jog every morning from next week. thumbtack
4.
This is a beautiful piece. 111·

li6 l!i1l6 7 71 lvT6

···It's"Fur Elize." It's a piece that Beethoven composed for a girl.
5. stick paste sharpen file
What do you use thisfor?
···We use it for opening wine.
IiiI 6.

@ -. - r1
In Japan how much money do you need to hold a wedding
I. ceremony?
102 . - . Fl
···I think you need at least 2 million yen. 103
Wow, you need as much as 2 million yen?
I --
7. Your bag is designed.to contain many things, isn't it?

-
ri' -\!07-7• -/fi.-
···Yes. As it can keep wallets, papers, handkerchiefs and other stuff separately, it is
j i, Sellota p e packagi
very useful for trips or work. ,,
. ·'
;.,u1-,1t-r
Conversation -'f-7• O)I) f,} j/jt)IJ 77.-( ll,
What will you spend you.- bonus on? n tape glue pencil sharpener file
l'tl :!L ;jJ., r,
ntt
Suzuki: iff-t (Rt}.t,IH ·WJ-t6 ( fHI < /;Jl.1J6

Gl&
Ms. Hayashi, when will your bonus be paid? erase punch calculate draw (a linc)/measure
Hayashi:
Next week. What about your company?
Suzuki:
Tomorrow. I'm looking forward to it. Are you? IW77,.,=.,1111

'
First of all, I'llpay the loan on the car, and buy a golf set, then go on a trip....
/i;-)
11
Ogawa: (ill
Won't you save any? llfil
Suzuki:
Save?I'vehardly thought of that. L,c,'J ,di•
[v.:'RILf[§l[§[-ll
Hayashi:
Suzuki:
I'll save some after going on a trip to London. lrrm,11')nl)u· u
'r:'/,,,/;{ Cl i-
Are you saving money to get married? J.t
7" ,ttJl,( t 0)-?5 L)
Hayashi: I{ / 'it
No. I think I'm going to study in Britain some day. hole pun c h calculator ruler
1 I Ogawa: Oh, I really envy single people. You can spend your whole bonus on yourself. -,-
i,
I must pay the loan on the house, and after setting aside a lot for my
children's education expenses, there is hardly anyth;ing left.
iffl:it.- *;E
eraser correction liquid

''II
W6
C1 ;t !i L •:,
(< -f)tr-:, t;/!lblH/W6 (bl'.f) l')6/,\$,.ri6
,, ,
J
1
1
l
:l
i\
!.,
I
•1'

,I
,I I
[Note] Different ways of expressing purpose
IV. Grammar Explanation
Let us summarize the expressions for indicating purpose that you have learned so far.
1. V dictionary form j f: V>,I:, inorder to V
[I]V*'t-form!1: fr 1-t /JtH-t/9,l)l-t ,(L. 13)
N0) for N -N
.i This sentence pattern indicates a purpose.
:: ']'...;; .),b

@ #}5 "'- i&(}f ]ii: fi'i-t.

,_ ,,

I'llgotoKobe to look at the ships.

S.1:,.1.,.
*i
I L'. .;:.{, .,_ t
(D §1-f-O) Jgf #-:> f:V>/:, Jl'i' L 1' l'l'i'o
1: IH. 1-t1•!'P ...::,,<,. .l')
.@ 8 ;,js;."'- k&5,til]) 5fg5ffiI:
L f:. I came to Japan to study

I
Iamsaving money in order to have my own shop. economics.
2
C} :: < lt I}•
[ ]V dictionary form (non-volitional expression) J: 71::, ~(volitional expre sion.)
® !Jl-, LO) f:V>I:, Jl!.t 1i.t1J11-. Iwillrentacarforthemove.
V tJ:1,'-form -f.J.· \' (L. 36)
lt.l.:: j t1>.fi.:! t:t L U't" t t' t ( f -> ti
@{,t O) f:V>I:, Jl ;it--,1' l'li'o Formyhealth,Ijogeverymoming. @..!¥-< Jfil(J:71::, ill!_;ff_-c tl::L11-.
:IJ• •f(
I:
@* O') f:6'.>I:, 7 ill mail this by special delivery so that it can get there
t;t
il!!1'i'-to Iwillbuildahouseformyfamily.
,I,. w,. earlier.
@ tt-f.1:1,J:71:, ;(1:L:1:-to
N 11) f:¥'>1: is also u ed to mean "for the benefit of N (©)."
[Note 1) ~ J: 7 1:, which you learned in Lesson 36, is also used to express a
N v')
Jmake a note so that I don't forget.
[3] Vdictionary form (volitional expression) I f:!JI) I::, ~(volitional expression)
(L. 42)
purpose. (fl•,)'(
'.l1
11\• l•-,l,,J-jlj/.,n1•..............,t.

- J: 7 1:: is used with verbs that do not contain volition, while - f:;6'>1:: is used with
verbs that do. Compare the two sentences below. ® :k*I:: >-. /:6'.>I::, -::ti® Li-t.
'I'. ,,J.
L'. .;:,(, .ld! b .t !IA.
CD §-$t0) Jgf #-:> f:6'.>I::, ll'i'iit L 1' 11i-to Istudy as hard as possible in order to enter a university.
l71.,.: t , \,.\'
t t.ttl/,.. f

Jii
L; .;:.(, ;.

104 ® §£'11) Jgi,1 ttz 7., J: 7 1::, N'i' LT 1' ;I: -,ro @{JtJ:3tif.l f:;¥')/:, Jf*'f f:( A, "'-3:i'o.
'I
I am saving money in order to be able to have my own shop. Ieat a lot of vegetables for my health.
'i-t /2:1,; :rr.t.:,,!([aH,!J,,{J """
l··.
i CD means that one has intentionally set up the objective of"having a shop" and "is saving [4]Vdictionaryforml])/ i:: l{l!:,
• < t; C iJ•lv
i; i
-t
i' 105
1: money" to attain that objective, while ® means one's objective.is a state in which "a shop N 1 '1 '-r·-t/11U·1J Ti'/•:lb*T"i- (L. 42)
L.l
:'1 may be gained" and one "is saving money" in order to get closer to that state. .,\, {f_\> I} '?,t•
.i @7-r1 Ji.,li il!' t lJ..-t7.,0)I:: 1!1:_1,11-0
,11
' [Note 2] -fJ., 1) i -t indicates either volition(®) or non-volition (CV). Files are used to put papers in order.
...:::.<, :· L u;•/? 6· '"'Iv
r.g,,,,'J.•<--c,
...:::,{, .t1 ; - 1,,tf (,1) ,;.

Ii, @#gJt±1:: -t.i:7., f:.l"JI:. 5iW:t L1' l'l'T. ®>1t<1: 1,:tfy1:: 1t-r--ro
i·I
11,,,,
!i'l Istudy law in order to become a lawyer.
1:: Ut..:::: t.:.::1·-r ;t1•1:.-J; ...::.c,:b1
There are no stores nearby, so it is inconvenient for shopping.
f)
,·•t
CV B;,f;;. t.,< J:.,t-1:: -t.i:7., J:7 1:, 4if B jfg LT1'i' - o

I study everyday so that my rJapanese may improve. 3. [ Quantifier/.:!: [

When attached to a quantifier, the particle·Ii indicates the minimum amount that the
I'
2. dictionaryformO)] i::~ speaker estimates is required or necessary.
11 1: UL lf->:::/,,.l.:?- tl..,t..L

*
1

1il1l ' I i @) B:4-T'l.:l: t -t 7.,01: 2007JFJ Ii 1 1) i -to

'I,, Asyoulearned in Lesson 38, Vdictionary formIT) can be used as a noun phrase. In Japan you need at least 2 million yen_tohold awedding.
Vdictionary form01:: and N /: are followed by such expres ions as '?7.1' 7, 1 'I 1,
1\1 .....:_Jv1)f:.,>r><1:: f:-:>, [l:1''/v1''] '1'1''J:i,etc.,andindicateapurpose.
l!:'.t -:>1'• 4• [ Quantifier t
111 @ :_IT) l.:J: h-1.:J: -if.f -l:}]7.,0)1: {i1 1lTo When attached to a quantifier, the particle t indicates that,the speaker thinks that the
This pairof scissors is used to cut flowers.
:JiH 'J ..t:.i "L l} amount mentioned is a lot.
® -::.,I]) 1''if£i;J: ;k-5 < --C, :itl:: {!}!if,1]-Z·-t. ;l I' I:'//•

This bag is'big and convenient for trips.

@!11.iT" t(O)I:: 2*Mt 1''1.1") i Lt:.
T:J...b t:r.l.:-i t.•, . t: i>•.(,, It took as long as two hours to get to the station.
® •it ¾-'5't -ar.J.....:_7.,01: Bi/i'l'JW 1.1+1; i Lf:o l: 1L'X..(, U--:>..t i
,! @ 7 'tjf ();,11)1: 3,000:0FIJt •Sl'*1°.J.',{,"['1-'1'o
Ittook a lot of time to find the telephone number.
You need as much as 30 million yen to builda house?
t!
 i;7 ,;-1 1 l'1 rt
I-:1
L.:.:11 k 11 \ ,1 le::1f

\Ii 1:: t 1:t

Lesson 43 at any moment (used to describe a situation just
before it changes)
I. Vocabulary
;ht, Oh!/Wow!
.kt i -r II ;:t i -r [exports] increase
[tl> L """? [♦i1tr!:l7::}<~) <HHt
7}<~J ill 1) i -t lf"t,"•.J.,
[exports] decrease member
"1) i -t I [ tl:l7}<~) "tHl
I [tl> L """?i)<~] ...t.7}< IJ i -r
[the price] t:l,A)\.\\
[fJ.·] suitable, proper
ii;1 l, <IJ£-t I rise [{ AA'.7}<~J age

I
L..,ir:.;
[tlf:',.(_,7}<~] 7- ,}< 1) i -t [the price] fall
itx.>-.. income
7}<1J i -t I [{lilt.ltn'~ J '(}',., f: 1) exactly, just right
(tlf:',.(,7}<~] VJ kl i -t [a string] break, snap -t Q) 7 ;:t in addition to that, moreover
.tt.i-r II ~t \\\ll-t (one's name) is~
,! [Uti)<~] [a button]comeoff
t.tt.i-t II
[;f-7' :,,7}<~) ..:... t:ilJ.,.#I ........................................................................................................................................................
}.; i -t lI i -t [baggage] fall (;t' i::, rose
(1: t "?7}<~] down [-r-1 7}•~] t-"71 f driving
.,.i < .,.i 1J i -t I [petrol, gasoline] run out, be lost
[ti'J 1) / 1}<~]
107

l:J: -j,;:[r.i:]
3C (t'i] strong, healthy
" ,.(_, [ 1',I.')
..,l LiY,:h-l±Ui] [-I;,:] strange, peculiar
.;',
: $-1±[1';:] happy

-j i \ \
tasty, good at
not tasty
111 -,ii::,fJ_'\I boring,

'l
\;' l -f11
tl'J 1J:,.., petrol, gasoline
li
,,I.

*
'(} fire
f:J..,(f-j Bf,/f heating
.tt.1,,r i air-conditioning

-t!:,,A taste, sense ([.i, < Q)J ~i)< I, 1) i -t:have

1,1

r
1: good taste [jn clothing])

d I

I.
 Ill. Reference Words & Information
II. Translation
,it,, ,< ,it,' L-,

'1:i ·'ti PERSONALITY &NATURE

Sentence Patterns
I. It looks like it's about to rain any moment.
2. I'll just pop out to buy the tickets.
s,,,
BJH,
bright \ \
I
U, ,)•r:>lf'")
active

~@
8 . IQl
\\gloomy5fi§e[ fJ.•J
Example Sentences '\ I
I. The buttonof your jacket looks as if it's going to come off.
···Oh, it really is. Thank you very much.
,,... ""
11
I1111 111 I •:c-,
t1NJ [fJ.]
.
sincere
2. It's become warmer, hasn't it?
···Yes. It looks as if the cherry blossoms are going to bloom
{J I)
I I.

soon.
3. This is German apple cake. Please try it.
I t.n}<;E i [ fJ.•]selfish
.....
0h, itlooks delicious. Thank you. kind
ii:LI'
00
•

4. The new section chieflooks intelligent and serious, doesn't he?

···Yes, but he doesn't seem to have much taste in clothes. i t <Y) [fJ.·] ,;, i t cV'.> [fJ.·]

serious, earnest frivolous

5. There are not enough materials, are there?
I'
···Would you pleas goandmake some more photocopies? t; tfJ.· L1, quiet, gentle
1: 6. I'm just going out for a while.
\'
··:About what time will you come back?
_,,.
l! 10s
· I intend to be back by four.
'If-, \ \ cold

I
'
Conversation
11
He looks kind strict, severe
L\'
Schmidt: What photo is that?
Watanabe: It's an"omiai" photo.
:
An "omiai" company selected it for me.
i /i\'
,)•,(,

slow-tempered, patient jrAf;fil [fJ.·] stubborn

ii: Schmidt: Is there an "omiai" company?
Watanabe: Yes. When you join, they put your information into a computer, as well as
your preferences concerning your future partner and so on.
,;r., t: • '1""..L't'!i
Then the computer chooses a suitable partner for you.
::I,

obedient, gentle
11
Schmidt: That sounds interesting.
{ 1' quick-tempered :lit11![ fJ.·J
Watanabe: What do you think about this man?
He is handsome and looks kind. A nice man! --:i,l J:.t-,
Schmidt: { ij \' ,, t t,6
§i\ {5'§1 \
Watanabe: Yes. His age and income and hobbies just meet my requirements. timid tili[fJ.,J ill-natured, spiteful
strong-willed
Besides his surname is the same as mine, "Watanabe."

[i
Schmidt: Humm... Computers are amazing_! ..._<z. V\ I/
"J,, - f,•
competitive, unyielding
nitm.[-rJ.·J
1, "'"?
;ff!lu

L
L.,(,lt,• 1.,.--:,
# :'i([fJ.'] nervous

I Ji ·
 ll , \ -
, =., , 'l
1 ,' - t· _, '
--,
- -
- ' 1 '

t =--, -=--'
I •
-,i
. ._: ·::.-
'
·- ·-
- ' !II 2'! !I '\ -! '- !'t
·
!
I
IV.Grammar Explanation
® means (l) to go to the place where they sell cigarettes, (2) to bny some cigarettes there,
1. I v -r-form and (3) to come back to the,Place where the person was.
1,'-adj(~.0) f-t 7 Ti" looks like
f:
-adj[t/J If
(I) (/)
When the look of a thing leads you to a supposition, you can state your supposition

Q
§It

-
using this sentence pattern. The supposition is basic:ally based on the appearance of a 1'};f
0 1

0
thing, person, scene, etc. AA:

[;&<
rt:!
1)1 Vll:'t-form -t 7 Ti"
When the present state makes the speaker presuppose an occurrence, the speaker uses
this sentence pattern to state it. \ 1 i 1: t, t 7 i" (', ;: ;/'L-lr G, etc., are added to refer
to the
time when the speaker thinks the occurrence will take place. The place ,vbere the person goes and does something is indicated by -z·. Exceptionally it
' :I:
is indicated by t;, G when a thing is moved from the place, and the move itself is the
rrt 1J -ti --r--t.
,hi') ,;.
CD 1:: t iiliJ,&<
purpose of the person's action(@).
It looks like it will rain at any moment.
@) ;z-, {-T
--,;1:.. i

4-!/U: Ji'.'? 1'

*'·
' * i-t.
@ :/-\''/f-,&< ·l°J_(' f.J.• 1)-f 7 T"fo
I'mgoing to the supermarket to buy some milk (and coming back).

@
It looks like we are running out of shampoo.
t 7 -r <·;f;:,&< "X: -t 7 T-t.
( i,
ti\•t":,;
@ #r/f,;,i:, =i ·J 7'f
t
'? T *i-t.
The cherry blossoms may soon be in bloom. I'm going to fetch a glassfrom the kitchen.

· © ;:
t·
J1<. < 1i
.
-t 7 T-t.
2) N (place) "- fr'? -Z ii -r i'11
110 )
The T -form of \' i -t is used before i T in this pattern, which means "to go
n,;,G 1

Itseems it'll begetting cold from now on.

somewhere and then come back." It is used when you don't specify the action you do at the
2) 1,'-adj(~.0) place where you go.
-adj[¾]f-t 7 -c.-r 1,P-j C,C,(, .t (

@ 19!1.!i"- fh
"

T *ii",
I'mgoing to the post office (and coming back).
This means that although something has not been confirmed as a fact, it looks so judging
't ;
from the appearance. 3) :B,&,lt'r :JIU-
•J.t 1 11 6•.; Tbe T -fom1 of -r·,;,1t i -t is used before i -t, which means "to go out and come
® ;:<I) tl·ll'.Ii #--t 7 T-t. This dish looks spicy. t
,h,)l:.t Aid
back." It is used when you don't specify the place where you go nor the action you do at the
® {&::kl;!: ii-lii< J: -t 7 T-t. She seems to have brains.
-,<;t t.d .;: place.
0 ::(/) ! ;t 3t A-t -5 - This desk looks strong and durable,
@ -f; J: '? t: :t-1J,1t-r *i-t,
't ;
I'mgoing out (and coming back soon).
ci-.
[Note] When you want to describe others' feelings, adjectives expressing emotions
(? ;flL1 ', tJ'1.J.· L 1 ', rf L 1 1, etc.) should be used with -- -f 7 -z·-t. This is because
you can only guess how other people feel.
@ 7- ,{,Ii 7 ;fl L-t ? T-t. Mr. Millerlooks happy.

2.1 V't-form #d-t I

1) VT -form i -t means "to go somewhere, do something and come back.''
® i:, .t '? t f: If;:'f Jh -Z *i T,
O·

I'm just popping out to buy some cigarettes.

I
,. Vocabulary
Lesson 44 ¾ i,
l:::"? -r,.·-:::11ii"n'. What can I do for you?
t; ''/ haircut
1/"' /7'- shampoo
-r.1-' i-t I i -t
')ft5 cry t:- 5' 1, -5 _;,? 1: -r,.•-::: 1 'i -t71'. How would you like it
hG11ii" I \Iii" laugh, smile 1/ 3- done? short
1''h ii" I $ t5 i · J dry ~ ,J,,. f: 1 'I: LT < f:!_-:::1 '. Do it like~.
bt.dti -t II : n -r lJ, L 1 'T' L .t 7 ,;,.
-t----:: 1) ii" I J'\t I) 1 -f
get wet
..
..,
Would this be all right?
slip [ t:·7 t J Bn i -z-· Lt:. Thank you for being patient.
t-,-5::l:-t II 5i-t [au accident] happen
[ t.: ;:: i,<~J [iJa_x77<~ J ...... t ,J,,. fr.I
t, .t ·Hi--:> L i -t III !lfi L i -t adjust ,.,.,
ij ,;( 1) ii" I dislike
if: and
if:,,,(,.\:f ,,(,[,'-,:] -1,:, [f..·J safe t:;-,,{,t l

(\\fl\\ [-r,.·J T [1:J:] polite, courteous, careful Jl!Ji.Jf order

()J; ?Jf I..,

¾J.Ji expression
;:: i 77'\ I 1E77'\ \ small, fine f, t

.: \' 5,;\ \ -191] i_ Ii for example

strong (taste), dark (color) 1>•·
7 -t1 \ \ \ weak (taste), light (color) lj;yt. ii" II part, separate
!1;1
I 112
;:: fLG these things 113

1-i':
< ')- -Ji f\ air
;l.(, '!
77{
I?
\ \ unlucky, ill-omened
-.r.·;,,. f:!_ tear
} 1 1
,, h L .t < :fl'it
::! Japanese dish
J:?L.t< 5!¢-lt Western dish
f;t
t-, 71,-f side dish

,, !i I) .J: ? :Ii quantity

:._1
-1f1' -11½ -times
ii,<.,.;:,<., -f-:0- half
'!jti
1// :7·JI., siugleroom
·;;1/ twin-bedded room

.. 1·! f:£-t chest of drawers

',!
tJ:.,,(,f;; < t,(7) ;7t3i washing, laundry

l:i I) r)) ? Jim reason

Ii!
l
· L fi•
1. ;-L; 1 ;-i '.;-7 :, _,
;-7 ";-1 71
.

-1

, - _;7
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information
Sentence Patterns rf.t11,,<_,
· lf:'}11-:>T,{,
16 BEAUTY PARLOR & BARBER SHOP
I. I drank too much last night. I
· 2. This personal computer is easy to use.
tJ ':I r haircut r 1
J- r;. :-- r treatment 11

3. Make this pair of trousers shorter, please. !J

, -? perm 7•'0- blow-dry
4. Let's enjoy dancing tonight.
!
-t-:; r set ----.77·1
;,i;
hairdye
-f.; [U lf /DJi f ~]
Example Sentences 1/-\' :,,7·- shampoo

"
..,. shave I
1. Are you crying? iJ /A rinse, conditioner -B-tt6[ f~] part
···No, I laughed so much my eyes watered.
2. Recent cars are easy to handle.
···Yes. But as the handling is so easy, driving is not so enjoyable for me.
.J..
lfl,,<Jt;:t.; <
h
)'.,1 '1: l so that you can see my ears.
3. Which is more comfortable to live in, the countryside or town?
···Ithink the countryside is more comfortable to live in. i I: 1,,,1,,,.;
•·< < G 1 'I: to shoulder length.

4.
Becausethings are inexpensive, and the air is clean.
This glass is strong so you can't break it so easily.
i t)) l,,{j\'@,;f'l_.; < GI\ I: VJ-, T < t!.-?!. 1 so that my eyebrows are

1-t:,,-f<G1,
' .,
···It isgood and safe for children to use. covered. about one centimeter.
5. It is late at night now, so could you please bequiet? L"' LA,
'.
•i
Please cut it j
: <T) jJ,J.;.f: 1 '1: / \ so that it looks like this photograph.
···Yes. I'm sorry.
11S
114 6. What shall we make tonight's dish?
···We ate meat yesterday. Let's make it something with fish today. t 1 , -If"'- rA5' 1 J\,, Various Hairstyles
7. Let's save electricity and water, shall we?
···Yes, okay. ;t;7· bob . layered cut I'/' '°- 1/ _.:i. shaggy perm
' .: ......
8. Chop the vegetables and stir with eggs.
···Yes. Is this OK?

ii
I
(?
Con ersation t,
Do it like in thls photo, please ,. .,
}.;1,,,-, If bobbed hair ; ffl J.;.
--::i braids ;f-:=.- -r - JI., ponytail
Hairdresser: Hello. What can we do for you, today?
Lee: I'd like a haircut, please.
Hairdresser: Right then, I'll give you a shampoo, first. This way, please.

e
Hairdresser: How would you like your hair cut?
Lee: I'd like to have it short.
Do it like inthis photo, please.
') - ,i 1/ ducktail
JLJliJ
i.;
1)l)f
close-cropped cut
t,dl:I'"'-> , .

*
Hairdresser: O h , t h a t'
--- - - - - - - - ..,
11 ;;. '. .::·.::,, :. ;. ,\

1fal
s n ice. ,\,I)
-- . ,.,,A
ii'. - . . -0, .,,?"'

£11l
0-.:
.fi
Hairdresser:
Lee: Hairdresser: Lee: J
I ee. Make it a little shorter, please.
s
Here you are. How do you like it?
t It's fine. Thank you.
h
i
s

a
l
l

r
i
g
h
t

f
o
r

t
h
e

l
e
n
g
t
h

a
t

t
h
e

f
r
o
n
t
'
!

L
e
t

m
e

s
',11111
;,/I

IV. Grammar Explanation

3. I 1,'-adj(~.0)--+~ <
*
1 • IV "t -form f.i:•adj[J.r]--+I: I L.i-t
1,'-adj(~.0) !-t -5·i -t N1:
t.i:-adj[ti] While ~ < /~I: 1J: 1) i -t that you learned in Lesson 19 indicates that something "turns
~ -1'2'<' i -t indicates that the degree of an action or a state is excessive. Therefore, it is into" a certain state, ~ < /~ 1: L i -t, as shown in @, @ and ®, indicates that
usually used with reference to undesirable states. somebody "turns" something into a certain state.
(!)rv -j-" t-,5ilj
fit' UH

f:.
1·t
t n
h--t '2'<' i L I drank too much last night. @½:tk-5< Li-t. [ will tum up the volume.

® : tJ> -e- 7' - I:J: ;k

1-;:t-;

-t - i -t. This sweater is too large (for

@ iJ.i.t
Ln 1, .t.;
.tt.1q:
11,(,,.;;,(,,
Li i•. I will dean myroom.
me).

~-r • i -t is classified as a Group II verb and therefore conjugates in the same way. @ tJ> :lit ¥n-1: Li L I reduced the amount of salt by half.
e.g., (J).Z,.-t '2'<' , (J) J.,.-t '2'<'(1.: \ '), (J) J.,.-t '2'<' f: f:.
,•!I,(,.
4.1 NI:
<?:l" i V•l.,f:t.. 71.,r,1.,
® .iiil:J: tV(1H' fU:i.!ji"t '2'<' -r_ Bt
,Ji(J)
.n • L
1i \ 'T-t. Li·r

TI1e handling of recent cars is so easy that driving<them is not so enjoyable for NI: Ll i"expresses selection and/or decision.
me. .,.
-r o - t! b:!i @tMili y::,,7·;1,1: Lii- '. '1/1::,,1::: L:t-r '.
©\'( G f<t'2'<Tt, h-t:f t, f,t;.1: !!111--r-rl.
1
Would you like a single room or a twin room?
No matter how much you like it, drinking too much is bad for your health. 11f-11 lf
@) % _I i ; n Lf:I: L:t-,.
:i 2. Iwill set the meeting for tomorrow.
'f-' T, -\ -ri•
·i•I·,
··,
V *"t-formI1<: \'Ti"
:,j;,
I.
5. '-adj(~.0)--+~ < !
" 116
l) These phrases depict the easiness or difficulty in handling or doing something.
. ?d•
t.t-adj[;ti]-+I:V 117

® : (J), ''/ '::J /'Ii {t\ ''f-'·f 1 'c:·-to This personal computer is easy to use.
;i ;::: ? ! '} - When changing adjectives into the forms written above, they function as adverbs.
® 5IU1':Ii 1iJ,,.1: < \ '-r·--t.
t
Living in Tokyo is difficult. : _] !

< f: \
"' I'

. @]ff f <iml ' VJ.,"(

2) These phrases depict the easiness or difficulty in the characteristics of an object or a person Please cut the '·
vegetables into small pieces.
i t f:1•t., ::,•
I
"fk
changing or in the likelihood of something happening. J,'(

l,)j .t::· @'l[ 'f-' 7)(/i :kt/JI: i L J: -j. ut1 1

(j) 13 \ ' 1/ "\' '1/ Ii ; :fl"r'i" \ ' c:·-t. A white shirt getsdirty easily. Let's conserve electricity and water.
i t. u, .fl,(,,1 ( t,C'J ,, ...,

@ faro(J) B Ii Jt;.iqfr./ < I: <,-1 r--t oThings won't dry easily on a rainy day.
!111
,i11• [Note] ~'f-'"f\' and ~I:< 1' function as\ '-adjectives and conjugate ip the same way
as other \ '-adjectives do.
' (•fl} t' j I•

1 !,I ® -::.(/) Ii ,.-;,:on

A.tt. t, ;.,. -t < 1.1.• IJi -t J:.
Cfyou add some sugar to this medicine, it will be easier to take.
1!!'
· 1:: @) (J) -::1 ·, 7·1:t tm1:
h
< < C:,
ua
T-t .J::.
-

fl I'
:
This glass won't break easily, so it is safe.

r1
!tl
r r \ I''-
r=i F7
,_, ,_, ,_, ,_, -Fi r=i Fj f'=1 ,,.,..
 1(
') ---J j J :l -
rJ I
. :'1 J L, L
_,

Lesson 45 <1¾tt
i!"O 'J'I..,

.\i'l person in charge, attendant

I. Vocabulary . -::I-7-. course
;1..1-r start
:n-'(> i i -t I1)
1) i -t apologize
J:,1,;t-t I encounter [an accident] -{f"t -th (ranking)
r)1 l.t1
[ t.::: (:~] PY.. (C~] illm-Li--t Ill win the championship
L£t.:i-t Il -ft t.: i -t believe, trust
J:711Li-t ill ffl Li--r prepare ...... %%H*······:--·.·...............................................·...................................................
-v ;.,--tit, L i-t Ill cancel 'tf>
trouble, worry
•ffi\l-,.
-3i< 1, i-t I go well n t'l1\I
§'.ft i LC HJ alarm clock

tE*
;,t;
(l L .1: 7 L J: guarantee § 1
i --t I sleep
,ix..-
)

) J: 7 L tJ> 7 L .1:
1
receipt §{J{ f&"Ji-t II wake up
}; < I) t (J) J!t'i 1) gift, present (~ f L i --t:give a present)
i i; ,;{11T ,{,4-? university student
i i; ,;<1''ittt wrong (telephone) number
* '. £
t:,,,11 ( ,U -\1
-6·•\•t.,
§! answer, reply
-v /7 camp ; 1) :t--r I ting
,;,{],1) 1, person in charge
-t ·, r L i --t ill set
i; rp 7 L tf ..i1:. calling off, cancelling, suspension nevertheless, for all that
f-;f-LTt
119
118

T ,{, ,, point, score

l,,1,- lever
[-i.,{,] --:> [-F9HL [ - yen] note, bill

i;-'(> ,{, t regularly, properly

tJ) 7 (: , 1:: suddenly

f:::<f) L l-,.I: LT 1' i --t L l-,.I: L T 1' i --t be looking forward to, be expecting
1' L'. J: 7 --r-·--r o V.,C.t T-t. That's all.
 II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information
u' t:d c:r ;t,,,
Sentence Patterns F- O) ,@- EMERGENCY
1. In the event that you lose your credit card, please inform the credit card company t ll.. (!' fil•

at once. (1) Jtll;il<7):fw,@- In Case of Earthquake

,f-'.,.• /:\•if"""l
2. She did not come, even though she promised. l ) ff/t;t fJ<j;_+;) Prepare first.
d• (' t;ti
CD *J:l-,j<{Ji )tl +,.·\ \ 'JJ: I Lt j:; 1

Example Sentences
Be sure to fix furniture
l..z."/4•
< so that it will not fall over.
.1,.1' /: ( f.1.t b

® JJ1lj(.5. 'f .i · ,J<:.HH -Ci,<

1. What should I say for an apology when I dial a wrong number?
Have a fire extinguisher on hand.
·"You should say, "I'm sorry, r have a wrong number." Keep an emergency supply of water.
V L:1..i .ti t -r: ,;:( Jr, J. ") ••
2. This is the guarantee for this computer.
If something goes wrong, contact this number, please.
® n 1:im :±:: L HLlt L-Ct,;<
Keep items needed in an emergency in a bag.
... I see. ; •• O "0• t:( LJ ,}•(1:,t.

3. Excuse me, but can I get a receipt for photocopy charges in this library?
© Je 0il!ileft:lcfi'JT'f .\/{£ L1't,

!!ti
Make sure you know where the evacuation point is in your
···Yes, you can. Please tell the clerk when you need one.
district.
®* -
Incase of fire or earthquake, do not use the elevator.

i;J
4. d•·H 'Ii t.(, t114L'.k l:t '1•• fl,(.;.,(-H

···Yes.
A, ;t.:; t, t L 0 -@-<7)@1c;'f 5'kll:> Z <
;t;
5. Did you make a good speech?
t with your family, friends '. ·
Decide on a contact address
:.·No. I forgot the words in the middle, though I knew it by heart after a lot of
practice.
and acquaintances.
;t.,(,.1•1; ( u. (i' l,L' 1j
" /4#12'1
2) 7j-jtllllll:fJ< f::l§.g- When an Earthquake Strikes
120 121
6. Are you going to play golf in spite of this rain? IJ L i..,

.. -Yes. I like it very much, though I am not good at CD -r If'<' < ;k 0*<;.ils.
it.
·immediately extinguish any fire in use.
t: J, 't \t, -( u

@ .i'5HJllt-Ctl:lo0..ti'f-
Conversation Open doors to secure an exit path.

Though I practiced very hard ® tlizz}k11t11:B -t,:1,

· Do not panic or rnsh outside.
Attendant: Everybody, thismarathon race is for your health. So don't overdo it,
<·
L
© 7-71t,071 t
please. If you feel sick, please tell an attendant near you.
Get under a table.
Participants: OK.
l: l,(,. 1;
Attendant: In case you go the wrong way, go back to the last point on the correct route 3HlllJill:fJ<lj9-;t--,t i, When an E;arthquake Stops
td:' t:dU t'>l(f' ·•11<1' -:i r,• t:,,.--,,,
and resWTie running.
.iE L, 'ffi:fH ml< (J.,Xiltl, i.iii.N!tt, 5$;itl:5i:¥:}
Participant: Excuse me. !fl want to quit, what should I do?
Get accurate infonnaiion.
Attendant: In that case, please give your name to the nearest attendant and leave. Now (Beware oflandslides and tidal waves.)
it'stime to start.
II t,d.. fl' Ji.,,,
4) i!iffi'i• .g-(;t When You Evacuate
<t ., , d-''i''' {.,.
Suzuki: Mr. Miller, how was the marathon race? :iii'f 1
;bi'_ ,jl,-f ffe1 '1'

,
Miller: I got the. second prize. Do not evacuate by car, but walk.
Suzuki: The second? That's great!
Miller: Oh, no. Considering J practiced as hard as I could, it's disappointing that I f;,•.>d 1:1' h1•

(2) $ Ji,v'):i -@- In Case ofTyphoon

couldn't win. ! Ll itdUi

Youwill have another chance next year.

CD ff/..i\!r :ji1l. f ml < Listen to the weather forecast.
Suzuki: L';l- :th TJ..ttA..
_JlJ
® 0 1)01'/,, ,\!/, Check the exterior of the house.
/l
- 1-
'> 't-4i• I ·
r· I'' r •
·11-J
® 7 1/ ;t <f) ili:il!!.0,fffi;t 'f Have radio batterieson hand.
©
J,1'
1.)(,
food.
A. otHt< rJ.L c:.,1,.rJ
,it.ft £0$-ff/i Keep a supply of water and

., 7--J7-
-

7
}--J'
lii • • , ·
.1 .I ·
t·
 ll l l l ,, l ,i1
\ l
I ,
il : ll 11 JI ·11 1) ,i ,1 .,1
u 'I' -,
1l 11
I' 11 ,1 l 11

IV.Grammar Explanation [Note] The difference between ~O) 1: and ~i;</ ~--Ct:
.... -t!-t -tit
® :bf: L(1) 'll' &l:t11L'-tiJ<, tl.1 T-t. 1 (X \ \(1)1:)
1. V dictionary form V t.::-form
My room is small but clean.
V tJ:L \.form-f.:\ ' ' 1)¥} .), 1" .),

L1-adj(~i ,) It 1)1, ® j;,Lf: iifi.W -,-rt, ti',°&'ltii"o (x jifui;< O)J:)

t.t:-adj-fJ.• -@-Ii. ~ Even if it rains tomorrow, I will go out.
NGT) ~ -I;< and ~ -r t in ®and® cannot be substituted with ~O) 1:::. This is because ®

I!
simply joins two different evaluations together and the second clause therei.t1 does not
represent an unexpected consequence of what is stated in the first clause. The first clause
~Iii:>\ 'il is anexpression used to talk about a hypothetical situation. The sentence after ® suggests a possibility, but ~ 0) I: can only indicate things that have actually occurred in
it indicates how to cope with such a situation or its consequence. If <fJ \ '(;t follows either reality.
verbs, adjectives or nouns. Because If S \' is a noun, the forms of verbs, \ '-adjectives,
*;-"'•-1;,., f:L z--r-1;,o
"'{,f(
\"( t < .::
@ ,f.f Lf:O)1:::, t' -j LT (x Li Lf:iJf)
-;J.,-adjectives and nouns connected to it are the same as the forms when modifying nouns. "'<
*t (x -f.f L-rt)
t(
-6•\• · U
f A i,,, id.,l>(
You promised to come. Why didn't you come?
CD 1:: M 1:: %:b-f,i:,' %Ii. i!. L--c < t=.-?5, 'o
If you cannot be in time for the meeting, please inform us. ~(T)1:in®cannot be substituted with ~i;< or---Ct. This is because the second clause
t; -1i,1., 1->( rt $'.l' Q•,11.:ri ri,,
@ r,,i1:: i!UtJ: -@-Ii, 1: A.fl i -tr Lo expresses a strong reproach.
If you are late, you will not be admitted to the halI.
t,d L. hJ.i. 1r 1:,,,
@ 77-J-;I_O) Wl]-j'-i;f }!f;\\ :1.,i l;I:, l;'..'-j Lf:l;, \\\\l'i"iJ'o

©J i
Intheevent that the fax machine does not work well, what should I do?
1.dl,,ill
1 U-->.ti
x. i;< •i:b*-;J.'
l!h1• 1,1,1,1,11

Ii, 1#:I: 't-,-r <t!.-?51 'o

\I
I,
W_ben you need a receipt, please tell the person in charge. 123
122 i,, t: c t..(. ,r J;P ...,I)•

@.:k.$-\-'> l5J\tG1) -@-1:J:, .I. 1,,..--(- Y-f :b-1",1.'\ 'l' < f=.'?5 \ \o

In case of fire or earthquake, do not use the elevator.

2.
I
V plain form

I
L\-adj
0)1:, ~
-adj plain form
N~ --+~-fJ.·

0) I: follows e"ither verbs, adjectives or nouns. Their forms used with (T)1: are as shown
above. 0) I: is used when what is stated in the second clause runs contrary to what is
expected from the first clause.
\"( ( t,•O')I,'.;:

@k!-J-f.f Lf:0)1:, 1£-Y:l:t *i-tt,<_,-r·Lf:.

She did not come, even though she promised.
1:t,.t i 7J 1:1/ 4
G) .t -511 B81fB-fJ.'G1)1:, iJ,f.1.•IH1..!f tJ.·1) t-tt,C
Even though today is Sunday, I have to work
In ®,the speaker expects that the woman will come because she promised to do so. So
he naturally feels disappointed that she did not come. In G), Sunday is normally a holiday,
yet the speaker has to work so he feels dissatisfied. The second clause implies feelings
of
unexpectedness or dissatisfaction.
 Lesson 46 ¾
7
ff"7- - "7,*1/7- gas service center
I. Vocabulary .ff"7-v1/ gas range, gas cooker
<- ;$:,\'
!§IA
condition
-\"' i-t I m :t -t bake, grill, "'"' :!

*
.hf::. Li-t I 5Jlt: L i-t roast hand over t·-t;G TL.!:77J'o Who is this, please?
7J' ;t -., T j -t ill -., T i -t come back
7J'l'i-t I head for
-r·i -t II lli i -t. [a bus] leave, depart 1

[,-;-;d{~J t-;Mf:-t!-Li Lt:::. Sorry to have kept you waiting.

;;,-,r ····t:\'tl-,.4V
t::: < Ii\ ,v·1v mtsf absence L !
.!trnc.1.t delivery service knowledge
ll.i :
lfJ._,1,J._, $'.,$: treasury
-I; .p "? L izs.l cause "( (:t.P ti.·flli

j_ifli injection
.:t-1:: >-.. 1) i -t ['!',H]{f,,'~] I [infonnation] come in, reach

i L.1:<J:<
, 1/7v
-Jtz,'jz appetite
1/AT
l: !:::
171H If
system
for example
.;.l pamphlet =t-'7-- keyword
\ \ t,, j: ,;:1v
°7-T v.;J· stereo -;g y;'- one part

-r
124 1 ,t,";/CJ .t {

my place, my A ;/J L i Ill input 12S

:-t;G 1/d
side tJI second
t:;:: the place around ~
""(' tl/,.,
~(!) ~(!) p tl:l i - [;;js:.f,,<~] II [a book] be published
;; t

-/; J: -:} l:'..

just, exactly
f::.-., f::.\ \ i f::.-., f::..£;--
just now (used with the past tense; indicates
completion)

\ 'i \ 'i 'T L .I: 711'. .£;--- \ '\ ' T L .I: 77J'. May I bother you now?

ll
;I

-- ' L·
 1=, 1- -JI w l-=11'b l 1 l
!
a......r 1

l
1 1 -1
i
&
1=-
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information
I
;::
Sentence Patterns -/J' f::. -/J'-tJ.' q)J - '1/ ROOTS OF KATAKANA WORDS
I. The conference is just about to begin.
2. He just graduated from university this March. Japanese has many loanwords from foreign languages. They are written in katakana.
3. I sent the documents by special delivery, so they should arrive tomorrow. While most katakana words come from English, some of them have come from French,
Dutch, German, Portuguese, etc. Katakana words are also created by e Japanese using
Example Sentences foreign words.

I. Hello, this is Tanaka speaking. Can you talk now?

···I'm afraid I am going out just now. t., ,, C/J.'l ,,
I,
""'
-i t ". J,.*-1 i" (T,)fe
*R *f
,, ,;.( If\ •
I will call you whenI get back. illness others
food& drink clothes
2. Have you found the cause of the breakdown?

fi
l :•1 .,
···No, we are checking now.
arts
3. Is Ms. Watanabe in? 1/-\' L.,. /\L.,. .r.70 / 1 ::,,7;t,.r.::,,-1f l-"7< ;z71/ .:i-;-/l,
···Well, she has just left now. jam ham apron influenza drama schedule

,.,U:l_lil'f'1 4.
She might be still at the elevator.

How arc you getting along with your work?

: o
? ·:; -t--
cookie
;zt]-1-
skirt
;z I- t,,;z
stress
-;J-7 ;z
chorus
71':l'/.:i."-,?-
tissues
-
-r-;z· ;z-"/ ;lo-'71- l--77/l, V1/-r- H-l;
i
···Ijoined the company just last month, so I can't sayyet.
5. I only bought this video camera last week, and already it doesn't work. cheese suit melody trouble leisure .4.Q

i
i. ... !H
:JO •;17" ;( ;t / , , v .:i:. 71/'T- I- !1!1
I ···Well, let me see it.
croquette trousers ballet questionnaire
7
I: 12 6. Will Teresa's temperature go down? 7 ;;t L.,. V-1/ 7 /1/ ;t.. 1)- '/-\"1/'/1/ ::J 1/?-JI,
/ 127
6 chanson competition
I:' ..·I've given her a shot now, so it should go down within three hours. ;z omelette lingerie

t
::- t:'-7::.,, 'f-.:iO·;J r 7 I- 1) .r. t'.:i:.o
green pepper culotte studio pierrot, clown
Conversation .I ;l,--..1/ 7 ;1,,,1 I-
7 71/? 7 JI, v:--t-'f'1/
X-ray fairy tale part-time job
I-" r
1] He should be there soon
Man at Gas 11 .:i:.;z,;t,-t-"-
1 ['/--12-1/]
jj
o--t[
Service Center: ·;t energy
Hello, Gas Service Center. frankfurter neurosis
Thawaphon: ffi:-
Man: Er, there's a problem with my gas stove. 7 v 11,;f- 'f'v::.,,-r r-7
What seems to be the trouble? allergy ski slope theme
Thawaphon:
Well, although you only fixed it last week, the flame goes out right ;;t t:-;l, ;(,;1? .I ;z :::i L.,. "/ :t,-
Man: away. It's dangerous, so could you come and fix it soon? 7 beer deck shoes scalpel rubber paint
I see. We'll be there around five. /
'/ -:i-t- ;t·:;? 1::/· -12 •;J I- tf7;z -:J•;J?
May I have your name and address? tweezers glass cook
----------- ... .. iti
"- "
coffee hook

Thawaphon:
l·1
;f- ,, \ 1/ t'.'o-1-" fJ JI,7
JI, card
Man: Thawaphon: Man·: bread velvet
I-
t]'
! Man: /l,
'ffi=
f);z77
sponge cake
-'f-3•;1-t-
vest, waistcoat

1 -:,t}o=. :t"7
7 macaroni opera
H
e m Isn't he coming?
-,
supposed to be coming here around five o'clock to check my gas stove.

l a I'm sorry. Wh9is this, please?

l n My name is Thawaphon.
o Hold a moment. I'll contact our repairman.
. w ----------------------------------------
a Sorry to have kept you waiting. He is heading for your place now. He'll
A s be there in about 10 minutes.
 r
I

'

I
I\' IV. Grammar Explanation [Note] ~ t :::. ;; T-t is a noun sentence and is used in various structures. See®below.
!: f,1.•6• ,,t
@tLtL mi:rT-t-o<. 4'1111TLJ:71J',
1. Vdictionary form ,,:r: . '?'

! ···-t.7d:-\:t --i>;-1;' te,Ht 6 t :: ;; 1.: ,{, T-t.

V 't -form 1 ' 6 t :: ;; -r·-t
V t.:-form
L
Hello. This is Tanaka speaking. May I talk to you now?
···Sorry. I'mjust going out.
The word t :: ;; originally meani "place," but it is also used to indicate a temporal
position. The t :: ;; that you learn in this lesson is the latter and is used to stress a
certain 2- I V t.:-form il1J' 1 ) -r-r
'i point in timeduring the course of an action. This sentence pattern means that not much time has passed since a certain action or event

1) I Vdictionary form t :: ;; -r·1·

occurred. It is the expression of the speaker's feeling and can be used regardless of the
real length of time that has passed if the speaker feels it is short. In this respect, this
This sentence pattern shows that a person is about to start doing something or something is sentence
about to start. It may be used together with :: ;rt.;;, G, [-/; .t ? t'J \' t·-&, G, etc., pattern is different from V /:-form t :: -i:> Ti', which can only indicate the time when a
which
certain action has
e,•
just been completed.
makes u,;
the meaning clearer.t: f!

11 CD ::·1l,Cll t 7 1£:---..:: t Lt:-&', (J) -, :::·11,Cf -ft---.:: f: ll1J' 1) z·-r.

• --1,,,;t_ ::n-o'G 'ft---..:: t::;;-r·- I ]:iad lunch only a while ago.
r.;i;, ,ti,t.tf..., l)•Pl'°' lh•
.:J •r @ ;t;.# ,Cil ,I:;)'] :: f:-. lft'1) -r--t, (!) -ist±I: >-..-,
. Have you had lunch yet? Ms. Kimura joined this company only a month ago.
f
''r ···No, I'm going to have it now. [Note] ~lf7''1) T-t is a noun sentence and is used in various structures. See® below.
:,!•\' · Ii t
,J t -3,,t tU
I

@-is li 1J1 Lt:-o'o

tlt

.r t:: ;s-r-•t c• i
LL-,? L
;t, --i>;-t' G i{d: 6 ® ::(1) 1::'.-r.tll ,ti)!
"f;J.
···\ 111
y{-,f= lfi'/,l)f,:01:. Wl]-J-1,1< t:,t,L,1-r·-t.
Hastl1e meeting begun yet? 129.
I bought this video only a week ago, but it isn't working well.
" 128
·--No, it's just beginning now.

i' \i1
' '
:
2) I·V Z -fonn 1 ' {> t :: -i:> T-t I
.t:,,
1,
This sentence pattern shows that a person is now doing a certain action or a certain action
h
ii'
I L, is now being done. It is often used with \ '
:::: l.J:-i lfl..,\•/.,
i .
® 1

11 \
!1I
,
:·,.j ;tt 0 .liRlisW-:b7'' t L f:i'/'.
1:r ••f LC;,
)

'!i 1,il
!,
"•\\\I;(, .-!>;-till"( \\6 t::.;-r•i•,
·i I' Doyouknow what caused the breakdown?
11" ···No. We are investigating it now.
' '

I 3) I V t.:-form c'. :: ;; -c-r

I This sentence pattern shows that a person has just finished a certain action or a certain action has
just been completed. It is used together with t: -, f:1 ' l, etc.
I:,
::\
:·II', t ,!! \ h/:.,.J.•.-.::
@ 51,Q'.ill. ,C/l 11 -t-o'o
,,t ii•
'•l
·•·;t;,. f:.-, f:--i>;- 1l •-d: t :: .; -r·-t.
i:'i'i
:,; 3. I tCo
V dictionary form
i'Jrl: 1 tt
.I.v..-..::-:9-0 1 6i.d, Utt-\:tL
V tJ:'-form fJ.'1'
1-adj(~1:) I 11i'T-t
IsMs.Watanabe here?
·--Oh, N0
left.
She TI1e speaker uses this sentence pattern to show he/she is convinced of.vhat is
somewhere stated before lii'T-t. Byusing this sentence pattern, the speaker implies tl1at
the he/she has grounds to think so, thatit is his/her own judgement, and lbat he/she is
l•j
1'
f:-
® of it.
quite sure
(
:±:
,&< @27- ,{,11 .t -3 *6TL.1:J7''.
t:
t ::
...* ; <
111'-r·-t.t. (1)-'J
·rfv h
.fJ') t U:t'G. 'iJM<
Doyouthink Mr. Miller will come today?
The
now, ···I'm sure he'll come. I received a phone call from bim yesterday. .
In®>, the grounds for the speaker's judgement is yesterday's phone call. Based on
this call, the speaker himself judges that Mr. Miller will come today. The speaker
shows his/her firm
1 belief in t)lis judgement by using ~ Ii f--r-,.

l l
 1\ '\ L '\
I' I'
'
) ,J •Ii \Ii JI VJ

'
--------JI

iMi l · iL,-- l

Lesson 47 t· -5 t it appears that (used when making a tentative

judgement)

I. Vocabulary
~I:: .J::{>i:'. according to ~ (indicates the source of
if;,-:> i 1
) i -t I i 1
) i --r [people] gather information)
[U i:'.77-<~J [)._;&<~J
b7''tli-t II
[Ui:'. 77<~J
$1Jtli T
[)..;&<~J
[people] part, separate
*'{ I} [s!,]
r;
Bali [island) (in Indonesia)
*,(71/ Iran
-t.:n<1, Li -t ill
Li-t ill
-& Li-t livelong
* fl1) 7 ;t JI,.::7. California (in U. S. A.)
C"h i:'.t: ,U<~J [ /JI.,;&<~] [sound/ voice] be heard * 1
f-r "- Guam
iI

[ihtn<~J [ ;&<~J
I taste
<l I,
I [!::}.;\ ,;&<~] smell :1\rit
!1 Li -t put up (an umbrella] ).. sweetheart, boyfriend, girlfriend
I
:,(..>C(
[;&, 'f~] [*t~] :Wf-*'9 L i --r m get engaged

-
it,1• -c
ffi.
i:! Ui:'.'1, tel4" the acquainted
get other person.
:b\' terrible, severe L
·[1);1 \ frightening, horrible 1 ) f;-\'l '"f I
>,

I
Ir
...... "tJ;.4b .........................................................................................................................................................
:,/
1'£ .t(l-5 11.-'ttll weather forecast .. . .1\ L l :r > .r..11 131
(i-?U J: 7 §e¾
0

ll2. announcement, presentation 3¥- 4/t

, r1

',· average life span

'. !, t-? It,,(, experiment < C::, fi.{.-1:\\

i: t£:7 )..o. population tt-" i -t [ 'tii:'. --:--J compare [with men]

! 1::-t,1, II doctor
smell " /• it
i' ±
.,;
;,j,;,j< < H# science
. \ \ ;,j< < 12:I# medicine, medical science )l'eil brain
1i ,;:,,(,77< < x# literature
;t;Jl,,-'c/ hormone
.l: cosmetics
,, tJ- patrol car
ttL.dU,<,..

ft .Pc
vP') ,P'J L-i" :j;t -f ambulance Ls
W4-" survey, research
It 1,..t i

11: -it :Mc makeup (~ f Li -t: put on makeup)

11' ··H·•·•••••• ••· .. ••••. .···•"♦0· .. ••........................................ .. .. .. .... .. .... .. .. .. .. .................. .. .......... ,, ,..,o,ooooooo.. ooooooOooo O 00.. 0000' 0

,·

£-tr\ approval, agreement

\ &.M objection, opposition
(;t,,(,f \ \
.I

I· f;:',,(,-tr\ \ 'fi male,man

r
t J: -tr\.\ :ktt female, woman
!'
t
V If

·
II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information
,. t.-,, ~

tit
- t-;,(, -·

Sentence Patterns ONOMATOPOEIA

1. Accorqing to the weather forecast, it's getting colder tomorrow.
Ci<)
jg.·
2. Someone seems to be in the next room. +f--tf- ( 6) t·.:i-t·.:i- :::lo::lo c \6)

c
(rain) hard (wind be) whistling (thund er)
Example Sentences ,

=
I. The newspaper says that a Japanese speech competition will be held in January. Why loudl y
don't you enter it, Mr. Miller?·
I,
1 .J,l///tf/1,//
ii
···Well, I'llthink about it.

ef 4-;_
I
..,3 //
2. I heard that Klara lived in France in her childhood.

l' '"That's why she can under5iand French, too.

I I
4f : ¥k¼C:L_ _ "
3. They say that Power Electric's new electronic dictionary is very good because it's
easy-to-use.
I tf I if J!) / .g
"'
4.
..·Yes, it is. I've already bought it.
1 went to the Indonesian island of Bali recently. ? y
···I hear that it is a very beautiful place.
Yes. It was very wonderful.
7'/'7'/ (ILz-'£>) .::.",--=---\"- c io n-n- c i o
5. They're lively, aren't they? bowwow I meow caw
"'Yes. It seems that they are having a party or something.
6. There are a lot of people gathered.
1-i lJ3
···It looks as if there's been an accident. There's a police car and an ambulance.
1,1 1-ri:;, If G (t,i:, 7)
--
L< L< Gil<)
- J: ;; J: ;; (i 6)- -
Conversation
guffaw
I
sob (look around) restlessly
I heard that she has got engaged
Watanabe: I'm going now. Good-bye.

" @ /
Takahashi: Ms. Watanabe,just a moment. I'llcome with you.
Watanabe: I'm sorry but I'm in a hurry.

111011
; ]- )
r
l\j\11 f""
Takahashi: Ms. Watanabe leaves earlier recently. -. .... r ':::" --
It looks like she has found a boyfriend.
Hayashi: Oh, don't you know the news? They say that she got engaged

_ )
recently. Takahashi: Really? Who? The lucky man! -- /
\j/ Hayashi: Mr. Suzuki of!
MC. Takahashi: Mr. Suzuki?
Hayashi: I heard that she met him last year at the wedding reception of one of her ,, - =.. .../""-........
V lJ
,,c::::::::,
II friends.
_.,,.,,,.
Takahashi: Did she?
-
<'°J <· 7 ( 6) -t G -t G
t,
li'<lf< ( .-...::-'£>)
f; •

Hayashi: (-wt t;)

By the way, how about you, Mr.
Takahashi? Takahashi: Me? My work is my sweetheart.

c < Q ,)
(e at) h eartily ( b e ) fast as!eep (read) fluently
ii' i ,Jo
I
r7 (, -
,-1 r
-·
- r
I
 .:..'I
I
, ., , ., ti -1 , J
' .
1
I

. , 1
_, , ,, _1 .!-;-,
IV. Grammar Explanation 2•
Vd:) plain form
1- I plain form-t ? T-t I I hear that...
l,'-a J
t.i:-adj plainform-f:'---l'J.'
.J: ? -z·-t It seems that ...

This is an expression for conveying information you have obtained from another source N-plainform~f:'--(7)
without adding your own point of view. When the source of the information is given, it ~ .1 ? -z·-t conveys the speaker's subjective conjecture, which is based on the infonn tion
is indicated by~ 1: .J:7., t (according to~), placed at the beginning of the sentence. obtained through his/her sensory organs.
.t ll-l
(D
-C,l. ;!-

-t*1: .J: 7., t, il', Lt:li l7->-t?

:!L'"
1
-r--ro A sentence that ends in .J:? Ti' sometimes accompanies t'? t which.suggests the
According to the weather forecast, it will be cold tomorrow. speaker cannot be certain if what he/she is saying is a fact.
C T v::: j.;1;t!'I• ,,....,
@ ;7 7 7 ,{,Ii -j-t' t0 t -5' 7 7 1/ A 1: j:i,{., T \If:-t") -z·- @) Ai/' :klM' U: ..,,'Z 1 '1-t ho
t0
I heard that Klara lived in France when she was a child.
t.: :
,..t!i:0 .J: -3-z•-ttto qJ 7,7- t - JI!.-!)<
...1 ,;,')L.,,..
*"!
'Z \Ii '"9.l:o
Look, there is a big crowd.
@,,1J£!i t'Zt -5;11,1,f.:-t?T-t.
I hear that Bali is very beautiful. ···It looks like there'·sbeen an accident. A patrol car and an ambulance are there.
l"' ;t,,f: ;t \ '';

[Note l] Note that this expression is different in meaning and construction from @-1±-5 t t:IJ6 L. llJ-it /ittl'o
t"-3 t i/'-lft' u1,t::.J:.?f.:•
~ -t ? T-t used for describing an apparent state that you learned in Lesson 43. Compare I have a cough and a headache. It looks like I've caught a cold.
the following sentences. [Note] The difference between --t ? Ti- (L. 43, describing an apparent state) and
1:,¥> ,l,
@ MJ;,}{ I) -t? T-t, Itlooks like rain. (L. 43) ~.J:? T-t:
1,r> ,;, \,,ti,• M rM. iller seems to
be,busy. (L. 43)
@.m;,}{ fl;l!-6 -t? T-t, I heard that it will rain. @2 7- ,{.,Ii ,tt L-t 7 -z·-to
@) 7 - :: ,{.,1:,l: tt L11 l:?
\ •,tJj•
IJJ:i IJ
It seems that Mr. Miller is busy.
Ti",
134 ® :0 :J,I-J!Lt ;t,\ 1L-t -3 -z·-to This food looks delicious. (L. 43)
Example @ indicates an intuitive judgement based on what the speaker has seen of Mr. 135
IJ ,t -j, IJ
(:J) :0 ;f!+J!!:l: ;t,11L11-t-3Ti-. I heard that this food is Miller's condition or behavior, and example@) indicates the speaker's judgement based on
delicious.
[Note 2] The difference between ~-t 5 T-t (expression of hearsay) and~ t 1 '-, 'Z what he has read, heardor been told.
1 1 l Lt: (L. 33):
!d t: \' ;t t-;t: .l:ot.:
®2 7 - ,{,(i il', Lt: ff- $11"'- fr< -t? -z·-t 0 3. Jl>/ir/1:i-,\'/ i/< Ll-t
I hear that Mr. Miller is going to Kyoto tomorrow. "-A, t::
t.l") t \' ,, @ fJ.• -i,j-7}< L l -th..
There's a strange sound, isn't there?
® 2 7 - :: ,<.,Ii il', Lt: :#ih 1t < t 't ..,,'Z \ I l L f: 0 A phenomenon that is perceivable by the senses is described by using ~i)< L i-t.
Mr. Miller said that he is going to Kyoto tomorrow. Expressions in this category are : ;t -I,,< L i i', I:};1',;< L i and ;Ii, t.:i/' L 1 i'. -r,
In example® the information source is Mr. Miller himself, while in example®it is highly All these expressions mean that these things have been perceived or sensed regardless of
possible that the infonnation source is not necessarily Mr. Miller but somebody else.
the speaker's intention.
Another difference is that in example ® the words .which Mr. Miller said can be quoted
directly or indirectly. In example® on the other hand, only the plain fonn may be used.

11
1=;
 7
Lesson 48 ¾ !,
\•-f'/j(

-t;•tt L 1 '-r·- Are you busy? (used when talking to someone

I. Vocabulary t1.1'. senior or older)
after a long time
t;.;Li-t I ;; Li -t, l'.; Li -t put down, (}

;ZL.;:1;
t t·1t i -t lower ;(_ ' ·.1;
business, sales
II It i -t deliver, report
'g by that time
-1±:/?t Li-t ill i!!:t;f; t L i -t take care of~ -ftli Tl: It's all right/It doesn't matter.
1. l'af\'af-1±,(,.
f:1/)
\ '-\'> [1J:] [.,.J.'] unwilling, reluctant Lhii• I enjoy oneself

-5U"L1, * L1' strict, hard ····t?l:h4h

tttt originally
t,,,, < cram school -tt,, ti
-thcentwy
- - l!!
. ,J. be a substitute, be a replacement
7-'T 1/ -Jl,, schedule
.i
ih 1
) t Li -t DI speed
-tt\ 7- t·- I.:'
l'. it i

I ('.'. j:_ pupil li.lbtLi-t m race

t q) person (referring to one's relatives or +t--/J?- circus
subordinates) .. , .
( f \ •
µ; performance, trick
137
136 i-?( beautiful
1:ri,71.1'/..., A>lt Immigration Bureau LI'
ti</:
::1,1:,,,,7:<l::.Jf A.001::.Jf re-entry visa ?If: figure, appearance
::-,
,..::.; heart, mind
I.: rP 7 §931: freely
catch
ti::,;<.i-t II
1:: ~M for ~ (referring to duration) ·-1: t-?--C for~
~1.l'A.,

1,1, :tT-tt.J.. That's good.

'[
.l
,,
I
1 • l

111
I
i I:
 1,
;-4 1 1 7,, .
'1
;:,=,, -• ...
_it
-•

11. Translation
Ill. Reference Words & Information
.. f.'
Sentence Patterns : 'f'.,a•I:
L-?lt6 • 1fi;t6 DISCIPLINE
1. I will send my son to Britain to study. -3- t· t r::f,iJf -tr i -t-1;, What will you make or let your children do?
2. I will make/let my daughter learn the piano.
(.. A., -#.t • 1,-t'
• 11!1 f°&'1:>"f' t' .;:
Example Sentences .
play outdoors in natural surroundings
I. When you arrive at the station, please call me.
e A;r,- ·;;f i" 6
I will send a member of my staff to the station to pick you up.
do sports
···All right: C, t: IJ 1/ l;: i
2. Your.Hans likes to play outside, doesn't he?' e-J...T fri"6
···Yes. Playing outside is good for his health, and gives him a chance to make goona trip alone
l friends, so I encourage him to play in theopen air. 11,,,u,
j
3. Hello, can I speak to Ichiro, please?
.\ \.;\ \.; ,1..·,f& f-t
have various experiences
···I'm sorry. He is in the bath at the moment. 11,(, .t
I I will tell him to call you back later. .\ read
\\'*ff.: <:5books
,{,jjt;t;
4. How is Professor Watt'sclass?

tH
many good
l ! fj
'" !
···It's very strict. He never allows the students to use Japanese. t L ..t 1 IHd. :! ,,,,. '

ffi
i '

But he lets them freely say what they want to say. •;J:;; !j!f ) (l) f 11'1
ei. < {!i:. ;g1
g
lj1}.·t.
listen to old people .Jdl!/1,
5. Excuse me. Could you let me park the car here for a while? I'm unloading packages. I.,•·

J ···All right. e;f-"7 1/ .:;- 1 71:: tJO-t

'139
participate in voluntary activities

,. ' ,./1
l .:'t: -C t;·

Conversation • -5 -t; '1:>1± f .:f-12d

do some household chores " II
Let me take leave, please Htit ,,t,.;t: -U- t,

Miller: Ms. Nakamura, are you busy •!¥4,'i'"' , }.; C: 1 ,-t;-\" ,<.,_ ;J:;;/U, -/;-\",{,'1:>--l!tt.tf-t 6
now? Nakamura: No, go ahead. take care of their sister, brother, grandfather and grandmother ,/

Miller: I'vegotsomething to ask you. C• .:1.,

Nakamura: What is it? e§ n<'(> I) f:\ '::_ t f-\"

Miller: Well. A friend of mine in America is going to marry next dowhat they want to do
L,'.):.(,.. i; ,;:1,.. '
month. Nakamura: Uh-hub. •E:1 '1:>: tf;tel T &-?6
Miller: So I would liketo be allowed to retum to my make decisions by themselves
country. Nakamura: When next month?
- ttf#-?
Miller: Could you let me have 10 days leave or so from the 7th? haveconfidcnce-
As I haven't seen my parents for a long time either. 7, t!1 t::.(, t.
Nakamura: Well, we are to have the sales meeting on the 20th, ,- /
•:i!t-if f#--:,
right? Can you rctum before that? take rcsponsibility
'01 ti..,
Miller: The wedding is to be held on the 15th, so I'll come back soon after it's
• :ait-t
Nakamura: over. Then, it's OK. Have a good time and refresh yourself. be patient
Miller: Thank you.
C•• < \•
•llk"-fr <
 go to 'juku (cram school)'
l,1 f 7
• 1:·7 / -\"t,, {,_•',

( 11
·I learn to play the piano, English and so on
11

i
I,
ffl

IV. Grammar Explanation person forces the junior person to do a certain act, or allows him to do something. CD
and
1• Causative verbs
tA,,1,.-t,? ® are examples of compulsion and ® and ® are those of permission. But when the
speaker tells a person from outside his own group tl1at he will make someone from
within
How to make causative verbs (See Main Textbook, Lesson 48, p. 188, h.Jl',?JjAl.) his group do something, as seen in the example below, the causative sentence is used
Causative verbs regardless of their status.
A. ..., .:l h
polite form plain form
I \l3"j-f '17'-lr i -t
1 \ \,j'-!r 6 <JJ 1:: \ 1 t: i:,, t;'ilttit < 1 ,.
to') L'-''
1ts(7)::trf i!F.;<. I:: {H'-lr :t -
'd-'\1•1/
-1:t i -t ta
l'

II f="-1"t f=" t: "- -1:t 6 Go

III 1-t ::::::-tti-t :::: :: -t!-7., ··•:b,i'n,IJ i Lt:.
L:.l:-t ::-1:ti-t -l:t6
When you anive at the station, please call me.
Allcausative verbs are Group II verbs; they conjugate into the dictionary form, -ti\ '- I will send a member of my staff to the station to pick you up.
form,
···Thank you.
-Z -form, etc. [Note I) When a junior person has a senior person do a certain action and the senior versus
e.g. 1''-''-lr6, \ ,,;,-tt (".i.'1 '), \ '-0'-lr-Z
junior relationship between them is obvious, V -Z -fonn \ 'f: f i -r is used. If the two
are equal or the relationship is delicate in terms of which one is senior, V -Z -form
,1 2. Causative verb sentences t G1 ' :t -r is used instead.
'
!!
There are two types of causative sentences: those which indicate the subject of an
action
with f, and those which indicate it with 1:. When the verbis intransitive, as in l) below,
@ hf= LI;!:$ *1:
_;: l;.1.') ,t!--:iV.,1•

Bfi L-Z 1 ,f:f '!!:t Lt:.

!! Ihad the-department manager explain it to me.
f is used, while when the verb is transitive, as in 2), (: is used irrespective of whether the
object of the verb is stated or not. tt:t:,
® hf= Ll;t ,!1: ,me}l L -Z t G1'i Lt:.
I:'. -f!'?,'J\•

1) I N(person) f V {intransitive) causative I make/let a person V(intransitive verb) Ihadmyfriend explain it to me.
140 .;: .;.i:i d-• t:i ii1;:b· Lq.,,t,:1 [Note 2) As shown in® above, a causative verb usually cannot be used.to describe a 141
CD 13-&1:t 7.10Jll ,(,f_ :kl " J/k::-1:t:.l:-t. junior person having a senior person do something. However, as can be seen in®,
!,
j
The department manager makes Mr. Kato go to Osaka on business.
t;"(V'J I.:: t:tii -t
there is an exception when verbs denoting emotion such as 1> J..., L£-r 6, L,(,(fl ,-r
® hf= Ll;J: Jtllf. §ml::: irtlf-tti Lf=. 6,
,j<..,,;, 1) -t l,;,, .I:.; ;::: ,;: (be glad), ,;,-t;.· L ;t; (feel sad),.t; :::: 6 (get angry), etc., are
I I letmy daughter play freely.
used.

I
[Note] When an intransitive verb with"N(place)f" is used in the sentence, the subject of
The Main Textbook, however, does not cover this usage.
<-z.
.: D·' ft .th r:.tl! L).,lf\\
@ 'ft't(7) t . w,i< lJJf ,..:; ::-tt:t Lt:.
the action is indicated with 1:, as shown in@, but without a phrase with f, the subject When I was a child, my poor health worried my mother.
of
the action is indicated with f, as shown in© .
.:
@ ht: Lli 'rt·ti_;_ ,t(7) ;s,J!IJf. ,;'·t:ti-t.
.;.t,. J.. '¢11? 1>.1.> .
4. , Vcausative-C-form \ 'td lt i -Ir,(,,j' I Would you please let me do ...?
;j
Imake my child walk on the right side of the road.
© :bf:
LI;!: In Lesson 26 you learned V -Z -form \ 'f= f It i -tt,(, ,l', which is used to request
.: ;I:,,!, Imakemychildwalk.
'j-t·t1_ :!P-6'-tti-f.
someone to do something. V causative-Z-form \ 'f: f:It i -Ir Iv,i', on the other hand, is
2) I N(person)I: N t V(transitive) causative I make/letapersoo V(transitiveverb) used to seek permission.
·H- ·t 1-;L.
@::it::·- <1){l117ff ;<.-Z 11/:f:IH-tf-J...,,j,o
;t,-;! 1•,t6t t;i";-, Ji t,.,(,f/ T...,/;
®im1i ·ttL11-r-t,i,i:,, J..; tJl::::·1;t,(,(7)*f1ilt .t-1ih-tti-to
I ambusy in the morning, so I make my daughter help prepare Would you please tell me how to use the (L. 26)
breakfast.

iI
photocopier?
:ii i ,(,,jfl• -itP I:,'. I,; l'jl°) ,, It.(, '-'
® Jtt ;9tj:,(;t j:,tt!_;ml: :b-l±:t LL
,ii The teacher Jet her students freely voice their opinions.
 of a causative t(.fft, 11-,:/.,(. "f'•if:\l ·
@2i:ii.(7) ir.i ,j< .66(7)-c', .lf-:i!:'5-tt'Z 11fd:!ti-tt,(,-o'o
U
s As I'm going to attend my friend's wedding, would you please let me leave earlier?
a (L. 48)
g
e In@ ;t., L ;<. 6 will be done by the listener, while in@ -z- 7 f= \ '-r 6 will be done by the
speaker.
' Causative verbs indicate compulsion or permission. A causative sentence is1lsed when the
.!ji;
I
relationship between a senior person and a junior person is very clear (e.g., a parent and
1: child, an elder brother and younger brother, a superior and subordinate, etc.) and the senior
ii

P'"II
I f · 'Ii"l l t
ri '7___________"7 - '7
 '--f] --- .'1
,1 L 0_.-1 C· btl
-
Lesson 49 ¾f.f.
I,,(, (,4

- -iJJ. class - of -th grade

I. Vocabulary -r·,;t well, then (polite equivalent of t'. -\")
ti n,
"? t: 6":> i -t II lb 6":> i -t work (for a company] I±: l i -t [ t
-,1,,
~] I run [ a fever]

[iJ'\' l'(>t:::~J [ :fit:~] .t: L < -J?1i;(_ < f! Give my best regards./Please say p.ello.
-thi-t I hi-t go to bed, sleep _:5,,. Good-bye. (humble equivalent of
TJ'lti-t II =liHt 1-r sit on [a chair]
l. -,f\,.
L-?fl.11Li·t)
:fL11t.:Li-t.
[1,-tt::~]
-t:·li-t I i&.:::· l i -t spend (time), pass (time)
.t: 1) i -t I fictitious elementary school
1) i-t drop into [a bank] L11t', ::">
*Vi h 1),J,

[-5·,{,: -'i t:::~J [j!Hrt:~

······ t.?'ch·······················································.·................................................................................................
11G-,l'(>1,i-t I J be, go, come (respectful equivalent of \ ' i -t, : i

\' i -t and i -t) gifi lecturer

6":> l S 77< i -t I
1) L..t?i<') i -t eat, drink (respectful equivalent of t.:" i -t t;,;

Ul) many ~, much ~

and (J)h i ··t) ((>.(..

1,-,L-\"11:f-t I say (respectful equivalent of 1 '\ i -t)

'
1'1:£ work (of art, etc.)
l'... L, i
-t.i::51,;1:-t I do (respectful equivalent of L i -t) :i:t'Li-t ill be awarded a

prize
:•G,{,i:: -1',L'l)i-t I :][I: -l'J.' 1) i -t see, look at (respectful equivalent of J,.i -t) ,u- •\IT
,!!- at)(: world-wide
:· -f' ,{, t'. -r·-t :· if. t'. T-t know (respectful equivalent of L-, -r \ ' i i") ..,... 143
142
1'F novelist, writer

1)\ greeting, address ( ~ f L i -t : greet, give an

~-r· 1,1:,-,L-\", i-t I 1
be (respectful equivalent of -
I -:)
.,.,,.<..
z··t)
f,J

address) ¾JJ
l.t"i4'\1
one's eldest son

handicap, defect
Ii,, ·G /J(.llll. ashtray t
}.;'I;·r--t have (respectful way of saying t --,1' \ 'i -t)
.., !J(
1) l iJ',{, tt Japanese-style hotel or inn 1'F el, composition (music)
1)',\ t .t -'i meeting place,hall
--.,:-;
5ttti activity
''Atl' ''A,. bus stop -'c ti. -r•ti well, so (indicating an end or beginning)

11-3 ;(_ -5 '.i!(J;j trade

Japanese novelist (1935-
** 5 .l = . - 1
;, a;

-
; t 11 .(..

-i (respectful equivalent of~,{,) '.P ;

Tokyo University
:l i i/:°l'

* ***
t'. 6f(
.I:
Nobel Prize for literature
TJ';(_ 1) 1:: !Mf,1)(: on the wayback ,;:.(. r( L.d
l>lU ----:::11,)'( 1f
t: i 1:: once in a while .................................................................................................................................................................· .................
-; -, t t not at all (used with negatives)
;(_ ,{, I) .t -l'J.' ( it.It-l'J.' < without reserve, without hesitation
1 =:;
1,
Ii:
;·
I
i
II. TranslatiQn Ill. Reference Words & Information
,,., l-, -t,
Sentence Patterns itt<J)-IJ' It 7f TALKING ON THE TELEPHONE

fl
J. The section chief has already gone home.
2. The company president has already gone home. <
\: t LtL, --:! ,( ,o,;1S'{;:T1' G.., L-1"1' i-t,;,o

0I
3. The department manager will go·10 America on business.
4. Please wait a moment.
\ Hello. Is this -- ' residence?

Example Sentences -- - - -]
1:1: \ 1, --T ::.'-:!·11 t- : \\\\;(, ;'i\,;J:-to
@
I. Have you read all of th.is book? I

b:
···Yes, I have read it all. t·o No, it'-- •.t.
II
I I
Yes, this is -- . I
I ,.,,,, I.. L;

0:
2. Excuse me. Are you going to use that f1,., -t$ LI-t-ii<, : ;b, :fLU: Lt:o I
ashtray? l \ L-\"\IJ--j-,;,o
--':!,(,{;J:\\C,--:, , Oh, I'm sorry.
I
I
I
·--No, I'm not. Please use it.
3. Do you oftengo to the movies?
---------------.J
I I

···No, I don't. But, I watch a movie on TV occasionally. This is -- calling.

4. Do you know that Mr. Ogawa's son has passed the entrance exam for Sak.urn Canl speak to Mr.--
I
University?
?
,..--------· 1 .........-----------,
ti'\:
···No, I didn't know at all until now.
5. What would you like to drink?
Pleasefeel freeto ask for anything you like. i;J:\ ', -/; .t "? t f;,Mc-/; < f:-:5 \ 1o
···I'll have a beer, ple se. Yes. One moment, please. 145
I

6. Is Manager Matsumoto there? : *Lt *L, -T-t-ii<......

* * *
j ···Yes, he is i.n this room. Please go in. Q: t
'!
:V
I
Hello,-- speaking......

Conversation ------------------·
Ii
jl
Would you please convey m : J mI essage? l
,I, Teacher: Hello, this is Himawari elementary school.
Y:--.: -1.tJJ,;,1t-rt;
8
Klara: Good morning, 1:- ll? "4'\•-t-ii'o 1) i1•,;<.
11
This is Mrs. Schmidt speaking. I'm the mother of Hans Schmidt, a pupil in --is out. -- is not here.
Class Twoof the fifth grade. May I speak to Ms. Ito?
··c-r-,;,o : {oJ:::• i:, }.;; 1) j: f.1.• I) i i'",i'

®
i I: S .:t,, -t?
V
0

Teacher: She's not here yet. I see. When will he come back?
Klara:
II Teacher:
Then, would you please pass a message to
her?
1'.(,.::"J...
S <1.> ,- -ii:'t f t;_lffi1 'T
f'l,)'
i -t ih ;,(:, : 10 :::-,;1: fJ_' t \' i -n<o
Yes, certainly. What is it? 5
I Klara: Hans ran a fever last night and he still has it this morning. May f leave a message? {.d He will be back around JO.
I h "'i:
Teacher:
11
Oh, that's bad. 0

0 7,"7".: TI i, -t o, ::: 7;, i f=;ISiltt.i- L i -to

Klara: So, I'm making him stay at home today. Could youtell that to Ms. Ito,
'·
li J'\ I /;J:1 ', go t·?
:Yes, -t
ahead. I'llcall again around that time then.
please?
Teacher: I see.l hope he gets better soon. : ;;s1;J:, ' "'I' - h,, : t 7 -z--r-,;,o
C
Klara: Thank you. Good-bye.
-t.z,..:,,-1±,<..,,F, i;-m1:1:10*1: F."1\

v :/lili t }.;,ii;:(< f:;_-;S\ \ L.:::=;..) 1 see.

 I
:
0

Tell him the meeting will start at l

O.
f Li -r 0

8
i;J:\ ', t;,;, 1) i Lf:o Good-bye.
Yes, certainly.
I

ir- ij
I
 • J,
11
'1 \
IV. Grammar Explanation [Note] 11i,--,L.1p1,ii', 1i 11i-t, <t: 1'ii°and}.;--,L.1p11;;!:-tareGroup I verbs,
H1•: but exceptfor the i -j·-form, they change their form in the G-row when they conjugate.
1• .li,t-re (honorific expressions) ,tt.{,,itP
® '7·, H\';1:.ll r.::.:'st t,:IH. i -j· ,;,. Docs Professor Watt play tennis?
You learn It 1':::inLesson 49 and 50. tt, '::·areexpressions used to show the speaker's respect for

the listener or the person being referred to. Thespeaker is expected to show respect depending on ···•I ,1, ;<., -1-..: _b_ tJ.·,, t ', i-t. ···No, I don't think so.
his/her relationship witl, the listener or the person being referred to. There are the following three
factors that should be considered in deciding the use of lt1 1::·: (l) When the speaker is junior or (4) J j:.; V * "t-form < f: 1' J

lower in social status, he/she uses It 11::: to show respect to the person senior or higher in social This is the respectful way of instructing or inviting someone to do something.
status. (2) When the speaker does not have a close acquaintanceship with the listener, as is typical {V t, t; i:,,;, i, t, '.>:: 1) ( f: 1 '• Please enter from over there.
when the speaker first.meets the listener, he/she uses lt1 '-::: to show respect to the listener. (3) The
[Note) The special words you learned in (3) above cannot be used in this pattern. The exceptions
?-1-- '/I-relationship should also be taken into consideration with regard to the use of It,'::·. The
are II:, Lt,,i<IJ ii' and,::· t,,<,,1: -1-J.· 1) ii', which are changed to -J:,;,'J L;t,,)<IJ < f:. \'
speaker's group such as his/her family and company, etc., are considered as 71-, and other groups
arc considered as '/ I- . When the speaker talks about 7 f' U t (an insider) to '/ U ('. (an
(Please help yourself) and .::·G,<,, ( f:::\' (Please have a look at it) respectively.

outsider), the insider is treated like the speaker himseltl'herself.Therefore, even if the insider is 2) Nouns, adjeciives and adverbs
senior or higher in status, tl1c speaker cannot use It 1 '::· intheway that shows respect to the insider. Jn addition to verbs, some nouns, adjectives and adverbs can be turned into -t ,(,I·t\ ' .::· hy attaching
!-:h•:: }.; or ::: to the front of the word. The choice between t.; and ::· depends on the word. Basically }.;
2. Types of :!ii(Mf is attached to words of Japanese origin, while ::· is attached to words of Chinese origin.
Ii•\ '.::· are classified into three types: -t ,(,It 1 1 ::· (respectful expressions), I't ,(,I.: l ? .::· Examples of words to which j:.; is attached: Examples of words to which ::· is attached:
1: , , t .i l. ::t" • -i'( Pl .(. IJ.t.::1

(humble expressions) and -r1 'h. 1 1 ::· (polite expressions). Lesson 49 deals with -f ,(, It 1 '::·. (N) 1?00, }.;i!,"/(,/, t,;,f±.f,.
11 '!" t.:: 1-f' rJ1.
(N) .::·*bJt,
'1-,L.t
:: ;UI., ::·ff.:fi'
l,.(.ij?

t-.t.11\•-;: (/J.·-adj) i,Jt'fi\, j:.;J:..!ja-, t.;l½lt (-rJ.'-adj) ::·M,,,.:.:, ;:·M/_,w

L' ,::--i,
m I:
1,,t..,, t.>'.I•
3• JiJ:. (respectful expressions) (,'-adj) MtL1,, ;t, 1, (adverb) ::: §
-f ,(,It1' -::: are expressions used to describe the listener or the person refen-ed to, as well as things
n"::
146
connected with him/her and his/her actions. 4. ;;xt]- and style of sentence 147
1) Verbs
it.0\.1.,,:,; A sentence can end with a plain form of lt1 '::::, which makes the sentence a plain style sentence.
(1) Respectful verbs (See Main Textbook, Le.1s011 49, p. 196, R,$.'¥1Al.) This kind of sentence appears on occasions such as when the speaker is talking with a close friend
Thesame verbs used in the passive are used as respectful verbs. They are Group II verbs. about a person to whom the speaker wi.shes to show respect.
,·f,t;i:> i:. : •
.;: ; .ti 1i'I.. i;

CD
. .
Yf'ff ,(,(;t 78<fl: ;Jl!:.t':,:lti-t. Mr.Nakamuraiscomingatseven. ® ll ¾Ii M*I: 1'1-,-, L f> ,(:, ? What time will the general manager come?
111
@ 'J:,)i',H '\'>;,') G :htc,<,,°fi''7'. Have you given up drinking? lfn::
5. Uniform level of 1.)';;, in a sentence
·(2)1t.; V 't-forrn 1: -1-i IJ i-t J
In honorific expressions, replacing some of the words in a sentence with It 1 ' ::· does not suffice. It is
This pattern is considered politer than the respectful verbs mentioned above. Verbs whose i -t necessa1y to keep a uniform level of It 11::· throughout the entire
form consist of one mora ( J., i -t, tJ.i -t, etc.) and Group ill verbs cannot be used in this sentence.
.i! l;,). j f; ( ,t
.::·1,.., Ll
ll
pattern. As for the verbs which have special equivalents .(see (3) below), note Uiat the special ® llHt ;t,,;t 1: :f11,71: fr,i•:hi-t•
equivalents rather than this pattern are used. l'he general manager's wife will go golfing together with h.im.
L'l"i;,t 1 oi•:l
@ ilikli t ? }.;1) t: t,: 1) i Lfc0 The president has already left for home. In®, j:.; < i and::·\,.., L J: 1: are used instead of 1-, < ,(,and\'--, Ll t: in order to

(3) Special respectful words (See Main Textbook, Lesson 49, p. 196, t'11.'r/A5.)
h,{,L,1>1
be consistent with the respectful verb 1 '>i';/'L i -r.
Some verbs have special respectfnl equivalents. They are considered to show the same level of
6. ~i L 't
respect as (2) above.
You change V "( -fonn to V i -t-form ax L 't when you want to be very polite. In a sentence with
i-r
/_,-tj,, (11., ,1,')I..
@ '7·, H't::!:.li l;jf'1t'tl: 111:,-, L, 11 ProfessorWattisintheoffice.
0
It\ ' ::·, ~i L l is often used for consistency.
® i::·-3 -t ii Ll,;,..,-z- < f: \'• Pleasehelpyourselves. ® ":.,;s,;< rp-j" M
fl'?
,f
:±:Li
Ii
L-Z-, tttt it=. 1">i'i,ti1,,(,-C·-t.
Hans became feverish last night and still hasa fever this morning.
 Lesson 50 <l¾t;i,
,(,t...1: 7
5&.Li-t ill become tense, be strained
I. Vocabulary 11; ;
$. Li-t III broadcast
1 \, 1; 1 -r r ') i-t goc,ome (humble equivalent of \ ' '5 i -t and 1) i -t [ t'.T ;t !:: ~] record [on video], video
'5 i -t) I prize money
;t.; 1) i -t I be (humble equivalent of\ ' i -t)
Ll1 ,(,
:It¾
\ ,f::.f:.'5 i-t I eat, drink, receive (humble equivalent of L-ln
nature
f:"' i -t,0).1,,. i-t and t G,, {-t) Elf& giraffe
t-5 Li-t I $ Li-t say (humble equivalent of\ 1\ ' 11')
5 1) ,(, elephant
\
1
f: Li -t I do(humble equivalent of L i -n -Yi
f#._ times, days
:;s
.l;t\ 'it,,'.., Li -t 1-'f Ji Li - see (humble equivalent of .1,,. i -t) " '"r•~-J I
III n'-tJ.'\1i-t [ i [dream) be realized
t know (humble equivalent of L 1) i -t)
May I say one word?
·'c',(,'t i -t IT V-l:::l:: JJ,L\ TL171.1'0 1
-rtl:i-t ask, hear, visit (humble equivalent of '5 ':! i -t .t ,jlJ ,t (

-j l.i'il'\ 'i -t I fi;J,,i-t and 1 '5 i -t) W, /J L i -t III cooperate

cc.;
1:,,1")1:: -1.1,-1.1, 1; i-t }.; 13 i/'"1.1' 1
) i -t meet (humble equivalent of ;t \ 'i 1') ,-:.;-1;, G from my heart
1:: be (polite equivalent of ;f:, 1) i -t) t:l_;,,L

r be (polite equivalent of~ T"-t) t L i-t III begrateful, be thankful

:·:<·,1 i -t I ...... 1\.1,,. .......................

148
~-z' :·:<·\ \ i-t I (humble equivalent of :bf: L) '\,\\ 149
;fA [-J::;HL gratitude, thanks
guide
(1\ '<1\ 1

ht:< L tfi't Dear~

ti1 I-=' (someone else's) house -}-?(
L1, beautiful
}; suburbs l'f/..;
Ffl, -J:;Jt T \' G--:, L i -r-1;,o How are you doing? (respectful equivalent of
}; f: < 'r>1 1
}; If,(,'5 T-t-1.1')
: 'J i,<\ \ album ">1-.t->(

7 ,t,,'L.,.
f ir'lt i -t IT trouble, am1oy, inconvenience
:<i:,,,L,-p7· :< ] the week after "
. : E.1J' L i·r I make good use of
:< G \ 'If-=> ¥.ill!
:<]¥. next
the month after next
f :< G \ ,tJ.,(, :<]¥. the year after next [}.;]
L',
castle
J
li,(,l::L + half a year 111' {'
Jl. Sincerely yours
i :<,, L .1: 1:: :1&:.m1:: first of all
:< \ \:· 1:: :1/k{Jtl:: lastly
td-!.,'i f:f:. now * .'.l. /""/
Munich (in Germany)

*
::l t'.' ti .tit:l ( .)'.?
1,-;.,
Edo-Tokyo Museum
p jjt ;r, 4fr.d'l:
 _-,
I"-"'"'\I·- ,
'i a:
I·--' 11 f,
--
1 .I .I 1_1 1 i;--i_. l \_1 ,_.7 I

II. Translation Ill. Reference Words & Information

,i,-} -j .' /;,.' 7} 'f:.
Sentence Patterns
tt 5 (j:/.,f <7)<f:i"Zi;<7)f: 7J" HOWTOWRITEADDRESSES
1. I will send thismonth's schedule.
2. I come from America. % · ,;.-;!: -;
!fj'g'j envelope Receiver's

_Example Sentences D □□-□□om--

,i
postal
1. It looks heavy. Shall I help you hold it?
zip code

,
···Oh, yes, please.
2. Excuse me, where are we visiting after seeing this place? :ft.
···We are taking you to l'he Edo-Tokyo Museum. Sender's
3. Mr. Gupta is arriving at two o'clock, isn't he? Is somebody going to pick him up? address
--·Yes, I will go. address----!---
$ .
4. Where doesyour family live?

,
J.i
-J-.... -1-

5.
···My family lives in New York.
May I see your ticket, please?
···Sure.
,#
-t
-l\
*.-.: -l-+.-- -;J
1i
-de
name with
name-------i- ,(::,::.. 18
6.
Thank you ve_ry much.
Do you know that Mr. Miller won the first prize at the speech contest? 7 Ill. li
f; t\
1
···Yes, I heard it from the department manager.
7. This is Mr. Miller. :t-
.:; •i'T
150
--·How do you do? My name is Miller.
I am pleased to meet you. I
* 'ff -r 151

8. Is there a telephone near here? lil

--t
I
···Yes, it's next to the staircase over there. p o st a l
z i p c o de \ ODO DID_,_ _ .A
Conversation
I am sincerely grateful to you f;t <-5 card Receiver's
Master of
Ceremonies: Congratulations on winning the championship.
It was a wonderful speech.
000-0000·l-postal zipcode
Miller: Thank you very much.

□
M.C.: Did you feel tense?
t,1;J;t/:;!' '!t
11)
Miller:
Yes, I felt very tense.
if;t -I- address

M.C.:
Miller:
Did you know that this would be broadcast on TV? Sender's 1 j;_
Yes. I want to video it and let my parents in America see it. address----+---! i1..
M.C.: What will you spend the prize money on?
. ,.
,M
17,l .1,-. -:ltt \ name
Miller: Let me see. I like animals, and I've hada dream of going to Africa since ..,, -t {i. (when writing to one's teacher,
my childhood. name j 1 J'( .f Jt-. tt",{,. l'

use:ii; instead of )
t

M.C.: Then you'II go to Africa? 7. :!- If/

i1.. -r
Miller:
M.C.:
Yes. I think I would like to see giraffes and elephants in the wild.
It means the dream you have had since childhood will come true.
• I
i; :bt. lil
Miller:
'7 I i
Yes. Er, may I say something'? 0
M.C.: Please. I ..=:. "1' l
Miller:
I would like to express my sincerest thanks to all the people for their postal zip code-+OO0 [IlJJ
cooperation and help so that I could participate in this speech contest.
 IV. Grammar. Explanation n,.{,L.,1

1-U..-Cli 2) Special humble verbs (SeeMain Textbook, Lesson 50, p. 204, MtWl A3.)
1. Mf (humble expressions) There are some verbs which contain humble meanings. They are used as follows.
It/..., C: .t 7 ::.' are expressions in· which the speaker humbles himself/herself and lowers (l)When thespeaker's act involves the listener or the person to whom respect is directed:
his/her own acts to show respect to the listener or the person being referred to. Respect is L"="tJ:? );( :t· n
directed at a person of higher social status or '/ I- (J) U t (an outsider). It/..., l: .t 7 :::: is @ ,H (J) ¥,!ti: }; § I: ,1), IJ :it Lf:o
I met the president's wife.
also used when the speaker refers to
outsider.
7 f-(J) V t (an insider) in front of an
(J) s Lt:ti t:'nn• -t--!i;1>1:
h/ (l 'l,1h)'
-c? ,:
*-z < ;f't.i-t1l',
--•jfL, < \'J:'To
1)[ :t-,/;:'-Li-t
Whowill come over to help me tomorrow?
···I will.
(I)[ }.; V( I, JI group);!;9 -form Li -t
Ht. t. (2)When the speaker's act does not involve the listener or the person to whom respect is
CD :\t-t 7 T-t h.. };,at, Li L J: 7 directed:
1'o i;
It looks so heavy. Shall I carry it for
you?
ht:(l L't't;.t? L
® -:1-tllf1Li-t. My name is Miller.
@ ;fl,. { 4±*1: 7. 71/ .1-)i,'f Mo G-tl- Li i"

"To ®7 .I 1) tJ 1), ,ric i L f: I come from the United States.

1
G
0
z,,n,,:: )
I111;will (6;t'
tell the president the schedule.
,,, (

@Ji'.. • Jli.T ;t.;i!IJ L £ -t 0

2. T t (polite expressions)
My elder brother will take you in his car. -Z \ ':/'.J.1 ' :· are polite expressions used to show the speaker's respect to the listener.
Tn examples CD and @, the speaker humbks himself/herself by lowering his/her acts to
show his/her respect to the listener (CD) or the person being referred to (@). In example 1) :·:ti'i-t
@, the action is performed by an insider, not by the speaker. :· ·1' i-ti st hpeo l i t e equivalent of ;}:, 1) i -t. 153
152 This fonn is not applicable to verbs in which the i -t -form consists of one mora as ·r-1.. b /j'll/;J..,, .J;:.

@J 'ititli f>'NfJt(I) I: ;:• \ \ l= "To

in
The pay phone is beside the stairs.
.7,d: -tor 1 'i -t.
2)-<'.' :· ·1 1-t 1
(2)[ :::: V{ill group)
A t.' l::?dl1< ,;:.-,i;•/ 1'.V .'\•
- -r· :· · \' i -t is the polite equivalent of T-t.
© ;:r.pJRjjl: ;jw " :· P'l Li-to ® /;t\ ', IMCT :· ·1 I 1-, 0

l will take you to the Edo-Tokyo Museum. •--/{'7-' i U

' , l : (J) ::,, .1
I
·, I- T-t •- 7- /...,., }-;
- :;t f
J: ,:,, ,tt-, ,.
® .t 7 (J) :·IDtaJJ L i -to $\'Li-to
r I wi!Iexplain today's schedule.
This pattern is applicable to Group ill verbs. Other than those verbs given in the
Hello, this is IMC.
···This is Schmidt of Power Electric. May I speak to:Mr. Miller?
examples above, only those verbs which imply some association with the listener such as
L .J: 7 '\'Li -t,LJ: 7 f: 1' L i -t, -t 7 f: /..., Li ·f and ;rt./..., G < Li 3) J: .; L1 'T L .t 7 n'
-t can be used. -r:/...,:h L i -t and '\'> < -t < L i -t are J:.; L 1 1 T L J: ? 1' is a polite equivalent of 1 '1 ' -r·-tn'.
exceptions in that }.; instead of :· to
4'l r,1:
@ :t:;tk.,Z,. li M1' .t; Li 't L .J: 7 n'.
precedes them.
• --:::1-l:.-'f t-,"!'f'fi11Li-to
[Note] The patterns in (1) and (2) can only be used with acts which involve another
What would you like to drink?
person beside the agent of the act. Therefore, they are not applicable to an act that does
···Coffee, please.
not involve another person such as the one in the following example.

X
hf <l.

;fA!;I: *fl
1111-) < t: tl•i

ffil"- }.;9li, 1) L i -to @ ;:(J) , 1/7v·;; f 11t:f=.11-rt .t.;L11-r·L.t in'o

MayI have one of these JJamphlets?
1 :1 1 ·1
10) I will go and meet Mr. Gupta. (50)
Particles B: I can read Japanese newspapers. (27)
C: I want to tour NHK. How can I do that? (26)
1. [Ii]
A:1)Idon't like sports. (Lesson 26) 6. [1:]
2) In my school, there is an American teacher: (27) A: I) I waslate for the appointment. (26)
3) This vending machine is broken. (29) 2) I'm going to participate in the athletic meeting. (26)
B: 1) In the old days we could see mountains well from here, but not (27) 3) I passed the entrance examination to Sakura University. (32)
now. (27) 4) I noticed that I had left something behind. (34)
2) I can write hiragana, but not kanji. (27) 5) I am going to take pa.rt in a baseball game tomorrow. (36)
3) On a fine day, you can see Mt. Fuji, but not on a rainy (42) 6) I met with an accident. (45)
day. C: You need at least ten people for preparing a party. 7) I'll work for a company. (49)
B: l) You can see an island over there. (27)
2. [ t l (27)
A: I) There is an American teacher in rny brother's school, too. 2) I left my umbrella in a train. (29)
(28)
2) I have a fever and a headache, so I will take a day off work. 3) There is a pict11re hung on the wall. (30)
(42)
B: It took as long as three weeks to have the video fixed. C: l) That teacher is popular with the students. (28)
2) I am interested in computers. (41)
3. [17)) (31) D: l) I go to university by car. (28)
A: 1) The trip is scheduled to be for one week. (34) 2) I'm thinking of going to a hot spring resort with my family. (31)
2) Please assemble th(!_table according to the directions. (34) 3) I will be transferred to Fukuoka next month. (31)
)54 3) I'llhave coffee after eating. (42) E: 1) Let's ask Ms. Watanabe to unlock the door. (29) 155

4) I eat a lot of vegetables for my health. (45) 2) Could you please tell the section chief that tomorrow is i convenient for
5) When it breaks down, please phone this number. (46) me? (33)
6) That supermarket should be closed tomorrow. (47) F: I was asked to do something by the department manager. (37)
7) What Mr. Ogawa saidseems to be true. (50) G: Do you know that Ms. Kimura had a baby?
8) Mr. Gupta is arriving at two o'clock. (38) (38) H: The department manager gave me this plate for a wedding gift. (41)
B: It is a small town in Hokkaido where my daughter was born. I: This bag is light and useful for trips. (42)
J: The next meeting is to be held in two weeks time. (44)
4. [f]
K: I will make/let my daughter learn the piano. (48)
A: I will graduate from university. (31)
B: I don't make phone calls after eleven at night. (36)
C: The department manager let Mr. Suzuki take three days off (48) 7. [T]
work. A: 1) You can reach the station in 30 minutes. (32)
5. [;0<] 2) If you don't have any opinions, let's close this meeting (35)
now.
A: 1) The bus didn't come. (26) 2) "Sto
3) Will this length do for the trousers? p" is
2) We can see mountains from the window. (27)
B: 1) Would you please speak a little bit louder? writ
3) A big bridge has been completed nearby. (27) ten
2) You had better not cauy it in
4) The light is on. (29) over
cash. C: This dress is made of
5) , There is a picture hung on_the wall. (30) ther
paper. e.
6) I will do it, so please leave it as it is. (30)
D: Because of the earthquake a lot of people died.
7) A new star hasbeen discovered. (37)
8) People in Tokyo walk fast. (38) 8. [!:'.]
9) I didn't understand it because the explanation was (39) 1) I'm thinking of establishing my own company in the
difficult. future.
(44)
(27)
(32)
(37)
(39)

(31)
(33)
 3) This kanji reads "Kin'en." (33)
How to Use the Forms
4) Please tell Mr.Suzuki that I will wait for him in tl1e meeting (33)
room.
1. ['a':'t-form]
9. [n' GJ (37) ;I9; -formt,:-,j< G I listen to music while eatiug. (Lesson 28)
Sake is made from rice. -
:t"t-form-\"·t1'1:'-t This personal computer is easy to use.
10. [n'J :t "t-forml::: < 1 '-r·-t (44) This glass is strong so you can't break it so
1) Men go to weddings dressed in a black or a dark blue suit. (34) easily. (44)
2) They can't tell yet whether or not typhoon number 9 will come ;t;;J;"t-forml::: f°J.' JJ i-t The company president has already gone
to Tokyo.· (40) home. (49)
3) Please check what time JL107 will arrive. (40) ;t; ;I; ·f -form < f:. -':5 1, Please wait a moment. (49)
11. [ Ui'] t; ;I; "t -form L i -t I will send this month's schedule. (50)
Icanonly take a week off at my company. (27) 2. ["t-form]
12. ( 1::: n'J -C-form 1 ' i , I jog every morning. (28)

Everyday I take exercise such as dancing, swimming, and the (36) The window is closed. (29)
like. -C -form 1' i -1±Iv I haven't written my report yet. (31)
-C -fonn L i 1 ' i -t I left my umbrella in a train. (29)
-C-form J, 1
) i -t TI1erc is a map of the town affixed to the
wall in the police box. (30)
-C-fonn t.; i -t I will prepare before lessons. (30)
'156 157
Z-form J,. i -t I try putting on new shoes. (40)
-C -form 1 't:f: i -t My teacher corrected the errors in my letter. (41)
-C -form < t: 1 ' i -t My department chief's wife taught me the
tea ceremony. (41)
Z-form -\" J 1
i -t I made a paper airplane for my son. (41)
-C-form 1 'f: t:lt i -1:t Could you kindly introduce a good teacher
lvn' to me? (26)
I'll just pop out to buy the tickets. (43)
-C-form i -t

3. [ f.tI.'-form] I walk to the station instead of taking a bus.(34)

t./: '-form1..·1 ,-z:·. Because the sea has become dirty, we can no·
f.j: 1-form-1".1.• ( f,1.• IJ j;-9 longer swim here. (36)

µ-µ7---J - - : -f--J: l
i
 ':J 1
4. [dictionary form] I
I
verb plain form<1l t ~ Do you know that they have built a big hotel
dictionary Don't make noise in the train. (33) in front of the station? (38)
form-,.J..
dictionary form J: 71:: -r.,: 1) ;I= I've finally become able to ride a bicycle. (36)
I
·f
dictionary form(1)Ii
Drawing pictures is fun. (38)
I
I verb . I plain form _ It will snow tomorrow.
It will be cold tomorrow.
(32)
(32)
1,'-adjective \-r·L J:
dictionary form(1),}<~ I like looking at the stars. (38) 7 I The stars will bebe_autiful (32)
dictionary form(1) t ~ I forgot to bring my wallet. (38) tJ:-adjective plain form,. tonight. It will be fine tomorrow. (32)
dictionary form f: //:,I::. I am saving money in order to have my own noun ~K

dictionary formV1::
shop. (42)
This pair of scissors is used to cut flowers. (42)
verb I plain form
He may resign from his company. (32)

5. [t.:-form] L tti. -tt /..,He may be busy (32)

1,'-adjective )
f.:-form .r, t -r·. t
:?' tomorrow. (32)
I brush my teeth after eating. (34) · He may be free next week. (32)
f.:-form (f-11, 1) T•i• tJ:-adjective! plain form
I joined the company just last month. (46) He may be ill.
noun ~K

6. [volitional form] verb I don't know when the meeting will end. (40)
1,'-adjectivep! lain form
volitional form t }.; t ..., T \ 1 ;I= I'm thinking of establishing my own company l>)'. Please think what is good for a present. (40)
-;-
in the futurel. (31) tJ:-adjective! plain form I'll make sure where the emergency exit is. (40)

7. dictionary f o r m I IJ -r·- I intend to buy a car next month. (31)

noun ~Y.

t I don't intend to go home this year. (31) verb ] Please let me know whether or not you can
t
--: >
tJ:i,'-form-rJ.'1'

I7)', t 7. -1;, ~
I send the letter by special delivery so that it plain form attend the yeac-end party. (40)
)58 dictionary formj.t 1,'- 159
-}1::~. adjectiv e
tJ:1,,.formt·1' . arrives earlier. (36) l
tJ:-adjective plain form · I'll phone to ask whether or notit is
I write down phone numbers so I don't convenient. (40)
noun ~H.
forget them. (36) I don't know whether the story is trne or not. (40)
dictionary form j.t 7 1:: L Itry to write in my diary every day. (36)

1-t
tJ:1,'-form-,.J..1 ' Please be sure you're not late. (36) verb
l plain form Why were you late?
I
(26)
(26)
8. dictionary f orm I The gan1e is just about to (46) '-adjective
I
tJ:-adjective plain form
/..,-r·-;-
felt bad.
The air conditioner is out of (26)
't -form \ 1 t ::: T-t start. I'm checking the cause (46)
order.
f.:-form now. The bus has just gone. (46) noun ~K---t,:

I
tJ f-,,1.·1 'T better take exercise every day. You had better not take abath
9. ,.:-form : Y
,
(i,:& ,-r--t today.
11. [plain form] plain form L.
tJ:1,'-form-,.J..1

10. 't -form

' '-
f
o
_ o
u I'llgooutwith my umbrella.
I senta letter without a stamp.
r h

I m
<111
a
d
 r
Subways are fast and omething to do, so I'll leave now. (39) I'm
inexpensive, so let's take (32) verb I plain form '-adjective (7) 1:, ~ I going to go to bed early tonight because
the subway._ (32)

(34)
t.i:-adjective plain form noun-Y.- VT.
-
I h
I have a.headache.
I bought a bottle of wine because today is
(39)

~-,.J.· a ey 0
(34)
v
e S hd i d enot come, even though she
verb I plain form '-adjective promised. (45) Even though the work is busy,
(28) s the salary is
plain form t 1 '-, 'T 11 f L Mr. Miller said that he would go on tJ:-adjective!plain form 05)
f: a business trip to Osaka next week. (33) noun ~K-+~-f.J.· My husband doesn't cook for-me so often,
plain form-'c 7 -r·-t According to the weather forecast, it will though he is good at cooking. (45)
get colder tomorrow. (47)
 T
It waslast March that I came to Japan. (38)
verb ]
plain form Various Uses of Verbs and Adjectives
1,'•adjective
(f)(i ~
t.i:-adjectivejplain form
1. t iJ'\' (\ '-adjective)--+f: 77' < (adverb)
noun ~Y--+~-r..•

It is Seiji Ozawa's concert CD that I want to

get. (38)
It is the health ofmy family that is most
impo11ant. li-\'>1, I am going home early since it is my child's birthday to.day. (Lesson 9)
. (38)
(i \" \ \ I practice swimming every day so that I can S\.\ m fast. (36)

verb
1,'-adjective
!
plain
Someone seems to be in the next room.
It eems that my deparhnent manager doesn't
(47) <.tJL11
},;}; \\
I wi11 explain how to operate (the machine) in detail.
Please write the letters bigger.
(44)

form
(44)

t.i:-adjective plain form

J: i like golf. (47)
~Y--+~ ;.' 2. If,{, [-.r.•J (-l"J.'-adjective)--+lfI.., t:(adverb)
T·, Jt looks as if there's been an accident. (47)
noun plainform ~Y--+~(f) t.t -5- I want to be able to make green tea well. (36)

12. verb :I;"t-form I It looks like it's about to rain any moment.
f[1..·J
t1 ,{t--:,Ul]
Let's conserve water.
Please tidy up the desk.
(44)
(44)
1, '•adjective (~ 0) -i- i l' (43) This cake looks delicious. (43) kl\ ,[1J.') (44)
You·had better speak to the manager more politely,

I
i" That man looks serious. (43) Tl ,t.l\ \ [- I will briefly explain the schedule . (44)
t.i:-adjective [%] I drank too much last night. (44) rJ.·]
verb :l:"t-form 77,J..,t ,{,[-
rJ.·]
'-adjective (~ 0) i" - £ i" This question is too difficult. (44)
1,
3. },;;t-, 1' (1 '-adjective) - ;t.; t-; < -·.r. 1
i -t.
)
t.i:-adjective (%] This method is too complicated. (44)
1-f,{, [-r,:J (7J.'-adjective)--+lf I.., 1:·/"j: ) i -t.
1

77' L YP(noun) -77' L rP 1: 1i i -t.

l
1
13. -C-form I was surprised to hear the news, (39) )
verb . ·
160
t.l:c '-form-.t.· < I miss my family. (39) s--:>1' From now on, it will get hotter and hotter. (19) 161

T c'-adjective ~ < I can't go on Saturday because it's not L'. .t 7 -f [-tJ.'] You have become good at Japanese. (19)
""( t.l:-adjectivel' convenient. (39)
i' L-'I" l want to be a doctor. (19)
nounl' The story is complicated, so I don't Let's leave at 10 o'clock. (25)
10L'.
understand it well. (39)

14. verb dictionary form] .l: -t

The airplane is due to arrive at nine o'clock. (31) 4. },;}.; 1 ' (1 '-adjective) --+ t-;},; < L £ -t.
Tl 'T fl\'[1J.') (1.J.·-adjeclive)--+ kl\'(: Li-t.
noun([) The meeting is scheduled for Wednesday. (31) !iJ..,.;:J..,(noun) ......111..,,;:1..,1: L:t-r.

!
15. ver b dictionary
t.i:•'-form-
l. t J? I) r::, ~
Please write down
exactly what I say
according to the number. (34)
.,z,. l.'.-/J'\ \
Intheevent that you lose your
from now. (34) -t; \ \ ::: \ \
formf credit card, please inform the
Tell me about it as L-f77'[-rJ.']
t.:-form credit card company at once. (45) If
noun([) you saw it, please. 21:t\'
photocopier goes V.'I'ong,

16. l
verb t.:-form
dictionary form (;fl)\ ,f;t, I
contact this
1/ 3- 1--

Please push the button

 little Please make this figure smallec I want my hair (44)
cut short.
I will make my trousers a short As it is late, would you please be quiet? I will double the (44) (44)
er. amount of water. (44) (44)
1,'-adjective number, please. (45) 5. ·}.;t-;-1' (\'-adjective)--+t-;},; -:;(noun)
t.i:-adjective-.r.• Please tell us when you need a receipt. (45) -l"J_"i)<\ \ The length of that bridge is 3,911 meters. (40)

'= iJ'I\
noun(7) .
I will measure my height. (40)
17.
verbj dictionary form
The parcel should arrive tomorrow. (46) },; t \ What is the weight of this package? (40)
f.1:1,'-form".n' The section chief is supposed to be good at \
1,'-adjec;ve
t.l:-adjective-.r.•
I:l:f T'i" German. (46)
The supermarket should be closed tomorrow. (46)

PH H -µ·µ -µ -- t -µ
_

r,
,
_riouni

. .
1'1
t.'

H µ.
 I -
L,1\ ·1 l ,1, ·1 L
I
l
6. °<'-th ;;-J:t(verb)-+'\"'-9h
(noun)
1.ntransitive and Transitive Verbs
}.;h l}j i" I will climb Mt. Fuji atthe end of August. (20)
l:l:-1",: Li i" The teacher's talk yesterday was interesting. (21) [ transitive
L. 'Z-form Examples
id. i -t
1) Please drop in at my house on your way home. (49) intransitive
t::<fJ L hi -t I am looking forward to the trip in the summer vacation. (35)
[ :5 1) t -t 7 -,'T Please cut the sheet of paper.
t'3L.:::.ldi" You must apply for the speech contest by tomorrow. (40)
tli-t 43 tLT Thestring seems to be breaking.

7. /j:,'._'(now1)f ,/.;. ;t-t(verb)-+[-J:,] /;J:·lt.l,,. (noun) !;t,lti-t 14 ;tl-J'T I open the door.
s i-t 29 ;f)\ ,-z The door opens.

I
°<' 1 1:: 0)1 f 1
) ii" I would like to go mountain climbing. Don't you know any good
place? L<l">:t-.i-- 14 Lo6T 'Please shut the door.
(35)
-I;' L f :5 1) t T A can opener is used for opening cans. Li 1
) i T 29 Li-,T Thedoor is closed.
(42)
!-:i It i -t 14 -:iltT I turned on the light.
8. -0' :5 ;f T(verb)-+7J' :5 n'f:(noun) -:i i -t ,-z
29 -:J\ The light does not come 011.
J:hi-t
-:i7]'\ \ i -.i-
Please tell me how to read this kanji.
Please teach me how to use chopsticks.
(14)
( I6)
I 1-J' Li -t
:5 i_;t-9
14
29
1-
i. (
J' LT Please turn off the light.
The light is off.
l;!:1 \ 1) ii Mr. Yamada explained to me how to take a Japanese-style bath. (24)
L 1-t I will explain how to operate a videotape recorder. (44) [ t .Y) i i" 14 t.Y:l-Z May I park my car here?
t'. i I) l -f 29 t;t-,T Acarisparked in front of my house.

162 ! Ii t.:.Y:l i-t 14 1.tt.:.Y:>T Let's begin the meeting. 163

Ii t.: l I) t -r. 31 Ii t.: i-, T Has the meeting begun yet?

I '3 IJi-t
'3tL:t-t
15
28
7 -,""(
7 tL-Z
They sell magazines at the supermarket.
This magazine sells well.

16 \\;rl( Pelase put the beer in the

[''fli-t
li\11) ii" Iii,-, -Z refrigerator. There's beer in the

l
13
refrigerator.
t:' Li -t 16 t:' L -Z
23 TT I take the ticket out of my pocket.

ri(
- r •i-t Push this button, and the ticket will come out.
Li-t 17 -t._· < L -r
-tJ.• ( f._· IJ ;f T 43 -t._· < -t._•.., ( I've lost my key.
The key is lost.
[;f,'?N'.>i-t 18 S '? 66 T
;f.,-:J i 1) :l: -9 47 ;f)-:J;f-,""[ I collected many stamps.
Many stamps are gathered together.
rJ.°};Li-t 20 -t._•t-, LT
-I'._-}; 1) i-t 32 -t._·;1:;;-, T I'll have ;my bicycle repaired.
I have recovered from my illness.
23 cl';:t -z
35 1.,,t,-,( I'll change the timefor the party..

I
,f
Thetime for the party has changed.
;1, ;:(_ i -t 23 f -:i(·J-T
1]' ? 1) t -t 34 /]· -:J\1( I'll becareful in order that there's no
mistake. I noticed a mistake later.
-:ilH-:t
 1 Adverbs and Adverbial Expressions
·1
j transitive
L. t-form Examples
1. .., You had·a phone call from home a while ago. (Less on 34)
intransitive f:--,f:\',t I got up just now. (46)
\ 1-:,,j, I want to build a house for myself some day. (27)
lr,t Li-t 29 J:-:; t L -r I've lost my wallet.
::: (1) :::· 7, Ms. Watanabe leaves for home early these days. (36)
-J:;t;i-t 43 -J:-; t; ( There's a wallet on the ground.
UfG < When sleepy, [ park my car and sleep a (28)
11::: 1:::·1t i -t 29 1::: 1:::·wr I' 11 take the papers to the manager. f--,t while. [ intend to live in Japan for a Jong (31)
t I:::" t-t 36 I::: 1:::·1 \( The papers have arrived. \\-:)("t time. (26)
f,: G..-.:: -r You can tourNHK.at any time.
j"'J.' G..-.:: t -t 30 I put the chairs in rows.
.,.J.. GUit i- 1l G,Vt· f: \ \-c \' I mainly draw pictures on my days off. (28)

l
39 People are standing in a line.
f: i 1: I don't go to the movies o-flen, but watch old oneson TV
>i'f:--:51tt-t 30 >i'f:--:5tt-r I put the parcels in order.
occasionally. (49)
,j>f:--:5 i-t 26 >i'f:'?\ '< The parcels have been put in order.
2. You'eat something sweet before drinking the tea. (34)
1:
[tt"Lt-t 30 t t·L.--C I put the pair of scissors back in the drawer. L J: 1:
\ 1 First Jet me introduce l\1r.Tanaka. (50)
t t' 1) ;f -4" 33 tt·-,-c Themanager will come back soon. 1,:::·1: Thelast one that goes out of the room should tum off the light,
(50)
[ ;,.-:,IH -t 31 J,. -JIt -C It's hard to find a job. please.
J,.-:,,j, 1) i -t 34 J,.-:,,j,-, -c A job is difficult to fmd.
3. t,,(., I::: The books are tidily put in rows. (38)
t--:5ttt-t 31 -J'?it""t We'll continue the meeting.
164 -:,--:5 t-t . t;,e,,<.,t Although I take medicine as instructed, I can't get rid ofmy 165

I
32 -:)".)\ I ( The meeting is still in session.
cold. (45)
i;,lft-t 33 i;,lfT Ifyou understand, please raise your hand. 7..f.., f: ') This pair of shoes fits myfeet perfectly. (43)
;Ji,,j<I) 1-t 43 ;Ji,-IJ<., -c The fever goes up. Ii-, 1) I can't hear you clearly. Please talk in a louder voice. (27)
1 ,-, L J: 7 lt,{,ll)\ 1 I'11 work hard in order to own a shop. (42)
, lfi-t 33 lfT I'll lower the price to sell.
-IJ< I) ;f -t 43 ,j<., -c The price has fallen. L: 7 1: The teacher let the students give their opinions freely. (48)
(26)
t, .l: < -1±-:, I heard this story directly from my teacher.
[};
1
t-t
) 34 }.;-, ( It's methat broke the branch.
,p 7 1: I heard that he cannot come because he has suddenly got
-J:-;nt-t 29 t;tLT Thebranch is broken. (45)
something to do.
!:hLi·t 37 :::h L< The child has broken the clock.
:hni-t 29 :::t?tl-C That clock is broken. 4. f 1,,;:,<., They are having a good time, aren't they? (26)
I canunderstand the news on TV fairly well. (36)
!.t:::·Lt-t_ 37 J::::"L-C The child made the clothes dirty. 7J'fi I)

J: :·n1-r 29 J::·;1-t.-c The clothes are dirty. t.., t'. Keep it in mind to eat more vegetables. (36)
T .lb f:lt I make it a rule not to eat sweet thing as much as possible.
rt;::: Li-t 37 r,::: LT I wake up my child.
(36) t;...., I::: t I didn't know at all that Mr. Ogawa's son had passed the entrance
j:; i-t 4 }; T Mychilcigets up at

I
exam to Sakura University. (49)
seven.
1,,,1t i-t 38 ,?'ltT IH'.,(.,t' I've read most of the books he wrotl (27)
>i'iJ' 1) 1-t 29 -c
,j,t,,,.., I lock the door. I could hardly do yesterday's exam. (27)
The door is
["\" i-t 46 'I"\ \-c ;Ji,,{, -t.;: 1: As he has been studying that hard, he is sure to pass the exam. (32)
locked.
'l"'IH·t 39 'l"'lt--C
I bake bread. '•
 . r
L .: , LL
L
U
L; ;L t;i.;-L U Ls Le, Lt 7

5. iJ'-l'J.· 1;,f
When you are absent from the company, always be sure to inform Various Conjunctions
us beforehand. (36)
-tf--, f::\ q::
!\fake su_renever tobelate. (36) 1. --t.J.•iJ{G I will show photographs while I explain it. (Lesson 28)
f:: L -/J' His birthday is, let me see, February 15th if I ~L The price is reasonable, and the taste is good, too, so, I always eat at this
remember correctly. (29) restaurant. (28)
t LiJ' I'm afraid I might not be able to b>raduate in March. (32) ,t-;ttl:: Professor Watt is eamest, studious, and moreover has a lot of experience. (28)
Lf::!:> It looks like it will begin raining at any moment. (43) -t0)7 ;( His age, income and hobbies just fit what I want to a T. In addition to that,
\\;t 1:: t "The game is just about to start. (46) bis·name is the same as mine, too. (43)
-/; J: 7 -c· It seems there was an·accident. (47)
t:"7 t The meeting room is still in use. (30) 2. 1:;tt T Here the-stores are nice.and there is somewhere to eat... •
'j:_ t!. t•s all up. I can'lrunanyfurther. (33) (28)
..·So, it's crowded with people.
ti I've finally become able to ride a bicycle. (36) ~-Z I was surprised to hear the news. 09)
'\"--:, t ~ < -z Saturday is not convenient for me, so I can't come. (39)

~T I could not understand that movie well because the story was complicated. (39)

(39)
~0)-r: The bus was delayed by an accident.
I have something to do, so please excuse me. (39)
Today is my birthday, so I bought a bottle of (39)
wine.

3. ~<1)1:: Though she promised to come, she didn't. (45)

Even though it's a.holiday, I have to work. (45) 167
166

4. ~If When the spring comes, cherry blc;issoms bloom. (35)

If it's fine, you cal).see an island over there. (35)
--ti G lfyou want to go to a bot spring resort, I recommend (35)
Hakuba. (45)
- If J?\ 'I ;J: When you take a day off work, please inform us by phone. (45)
When you losea ticket, please tell a station employee.
(45)
W"hen you need a receipt, please contact us.

(45)
5. -z·1:J: Well, it's time that.I went.

6. t ::: ; -z· Hans got a good grade.

·--Did he? I'm glad to hear that.
By the way, it will soon be sports day. Will your husband come, too? (40)
 T -
Contributors
EB 9' J: :r;: Yone Tanaka
The Association. for Overseas Technical Scholarship
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., LTD. Overseas Training Center
Coordinator of Japanese Language Course
!j JIT-Hi'fr Akiko Makino
The Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship
The Japan Foundation Japanese-Language Instimte, Kansai
]!JIIa,q Akemi Shigekawa
The Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship
MaL1ushita Electric Industrial Co., LTD. Overseas Training Center
f;l:Jl-1-:J:$ -1- Keiko Mikogami
The Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., LTD. Overseas Training Center
r5 -f-t!tr Chiseko Koga
Kobe University International Students Center
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., LTD.Overseas Training Center
1REB¥r Sachiko Sawada
Osaka YWCA College Japanese Language Depru1ment
TheCenter forStudent Exchange, Kyoto University
tfr9-i:lfUtr Makiko Shinya
Osaka University International Student Center .
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., LTD. Overseas Training
Center

Editorial Advisors
:r:ii'R.5.l.T Hiroko lshizawa
The Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship
EElii's)j!,j Munechika Toyoda
The Association for Overseas Technical Scholarship

Illustrators
1ti: 1x Natsue Sato
fAl ' T NaokoMukai

h U©B* mmrr
fiffi- mm •
1998fl:7J-l !OB -rJJ)i/i l lf,tlgfj'
20001!'=6JI30 B 4 !j;lgj ff
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.:7. 1)-.:r.-;/,:;, J, '7-7
Tl0l-0064 JlOttH1t831KtiE lllJ2-6-3 ( siH:'iv)
it 1,t 03(3292)5751
ffi 03(3292)6521
p ,ij:lj
B,j;;.l:PJillJ;j,jj;;r.i:ScU
,r- m ISBN4-88319-108-7 C0081
mr. ztr,1;:1;1:t.5 .:t Pt.:L,ti'.

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