ALLOY AND ITS CONSTITUENT METALS

PROJECT REPORT

CHEMISTRY FOR CLASS XII

(2022-23)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of CBSE,Delhi.

VARUNNAVIE TN

Under the guidance of

Mrs. R MAHALAKSHMI M.Sc., B.Ed.

PGT CHEMISTRY

Mahatma Global Gateway (CBSE)

Gopalakrishnan Guruvasal,
Veerapanchan, Madurai-625020.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset I would like to take the opportunity of expressing my sincere

thanks to the Almighty for keeping me in good health all through this gruelling
project work.

I would like to express my special thanks to my worthy Academic Director

Mrs.P.Hamsa Priya, Principal Mrs. Meena Karuppiah and to my teacher guide
Mrs.Pushalatha who provided motivation and valuable guidance to complete
this project.

I got ample opportunity to do research which enriched my knowledge and

widened my thoughts in this arena. I am indebted to them.

I would also like to thank my parents and friends who always inspired and
helped me to complete this project.

Signature of the student
 
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that VARUNNAVIE TN of class XII of Mahatma Global

Gateway (CBSE), Madurai, has submitted her project work entitled as
“ALLOY AND ITS CONSTITUENT METALS” in the partial fulfillment of
the award of All India Senior Secondary Certificate of Examinations

I certify that this project is up to my expectation and as per the

guidelines issued by CBSE.

 
 
 
 
 
Signature of the Principal        Signature of the Teacher in charge
    
(Mrs.Meena Karuppaiah)              (Mrs.Pushpalatha)
 
 
 

Submitted for the viva-voce examination held on____________, at Mahatma

Global Gateway (CBSE), Madurai.

Signature of the Examiner

 
Varunnavie TN
XII – B,
Mahatma Global Gateway (CBSE),
Gopalakrishnan Guruvasal,
Veerapanchan, Madurai – 625020.

DECLARATION

I, hereby declare that the project work entitled “ALLOY AND ITS
CONSTITUENT ” submitted by me in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of All India Senior Secondary Certificate of
Examinations is a record of main project work done by me in Mahatma
Global Gateway(CBSE), Gopalakrishnan Guruvasal, Veerapanchan,
Madurai. It is an original work and it has not been copied from any other
resources.

Place: Madurai
Date:
   TABLE OF CONTENTS        

S.No CONTENTS PageNo.

1 Introduction 1
2 Uses of alloys 2
3 List of common alloys, their constituents and uses 3
4 Aim 4
5 Materials required 5
6 Theory 6
7 Brass 7
8 Bronze 9
9 Observation 10
10 Conclusion 11
11 Bibliography 12
 OBJECTIVE

This project is being carried out with a view to increase the appreciation of
alloy-analysis as an important branch of chemistry. The hands-on
laboratory experience gained is highly beneficial in understanding the
general procedure of qualitative analysis of an unknown sample.

 
 
 INTRODUCTION

 Pure metals possess few important physical and metallic properties such
as melting point, boiling point , density, specific gravity , high malleability
ductility, and heat and electrical conductivity. For many humans the extent
of these properties possessed by these pure metals do not become much
beneficial.
 
Therefore to change (or improve) the properties, often these metals are
combined with other metals or non-metals. This process of mixing a metal
with other metals or a non-metal is called alloying and the resultant solid
solution obtained is the process is termed as an Alloy.
 
The constituent elements i.e., combined in such a way that they cannot be
separated in such a way that they cannot be separated merely by physical
means. More than 90% of the metals are used to form alloys.
 USES OF ALLOYS
     
 
The use of alloy  in daily life is now irrevocable and if the good factors
like high tensile strength, and hardness are taken into consideration then
materials like gas burners, microwave utility vessels, modern-day pressure
cookers, pressure valves, washing machine tubs, grinder blades, and other
simple daily use materials like vehicular parts of bikes and cars etc are
produced.

Alloy use in industry is very specific and while the main use of alloy is in
either aviation or marine but the ancillary divisions are also involved in
large-scale use of alloys.
 

The aircraft industry uses duralumin which is a main alloy of aluminium,

marine engineering uses aluminium with silicon doping materials while
other ancillary industries use stainless steel for all kinds of specific items.
The medical industry uses stainless equipment as these are corrosion-free
and can be disinfected easily.
 LIST OF COMMON ALLOYS,

THEIR CONSTITUENT AND USES

 AIM

This project is being carried out with a view to increase the appreciation of
alloy-analysis as an important branch of chemistry. The hands-on
laboratory experience gained is highly beneficial in understanding the
general procedure of qualitative analysis of an unknown sample.

To analyse a sample of brass and bronze qualitatively.

 MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. Brass and Bronze pieces
 
2. China dishes 
 
3. Filtration apparatus
 
4. Nitric acid 
 
5. Hydrogen sulphide gas 
 
6. Ammonium chloride  
 
7. Potassium ferrocyanide
 
8. Ammonium sulphide
 
9. Diluted hydrochloric acid
 THEORY

A small piece of brass is dissolved in 50% nitric acid when metals get converted
to their nitrates. After the removal of excess nitric acid , the solution is tested for
Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions.

 
 Copper is oxidized by concentrated nitric acid, HNO3, to produce Cu2+ ions; the
nitric acid is reduced to nitrogen dioxide, a poisonous brown gas with an
irritating odor.

When the copper is first oxidized, the solution is very concentrated, and the
Cu2+ product is initially coordinated to nitrate ions from the nitric acid, giving
the solution first a green, and then a greenish-brownish color.

When the solution is diluted with water, water molecules displace the nitrate
ions in the coordinate sites around the copper ions, causing the solution to
change to a blue color.

A piece of thin copper wire is added to about 100 mL of concentrated nitric

acid; once the copper is added the evolution of nitrogen dioxide occurs quickly.
Once all of the copper has reacted, the solution is diluted with distilled water,
changing the solution from a dark brown to a pale blue color.
 BRASS
 

1) A small piece of brass was placed in a China dish and dissolved in a

minimum quantity of 50%conc.HNO3.
 
 
2) The solution was heated to obtain a dry residue. The residue was dissolved in
Dilute HCl. gas was passed and a black.ppt. was observed.
3) The soln. was filtered and the ppt. was dissolved in NH4OH solution. A blue
coloration observed indicates the presence of Cu.
 
 
4) The filtrate was tested for presence of Zn. Ammonium hydroxide and
chloride solutions were added and then H2S gas was passed. A dull grey ppt.
was separated and dissolved in dil. HCl followed by addition of Potassium
ferrocyanide. A bluish white ppt. confirms the presence of Zn.

 
 
 BRONZE

1.The sample was dissolved in 50% HNO3 and then heated to obtain nitrates.

2. The nitrates were dissolved in dil. HCl and then precipitated as sulphides by
passing H2S gas.

3. The precipitates were treated with yellow ammonium sulphide when a part of
it dissolves. The solution was filtered.
4.The ppt. was tested for Cu as in the case of brass.

5.The filtrate was treated with conc. HCl followed by Fe dust.

6. Then HgCl2 solution was added. Formation of a slate-coloured ppt.

confirmed the presence of Sn.
 CONCLUSION

Brass contains copper and Zinc metal in it.

Bronze contains Copper and Tin metal in it.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

  
BOOKS:
 
Comprehensive practical Chemistry- Class 12
 

WEBSITES:
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy

https://www.icbse.com/projects/chemistry-project-to-study-the-constituents-of-a
n-alloy

https://byjus.com/chemistry/alloy