TRANSMISSION MODES

• SERIAL TRANSMISSION
• Data transmitted over a single channel, one bit at a time, one after other
• No additional lines used to send timing information
• Ex: Modems over telephone network

• PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
• Multiple bits of data transmitted simultaneously over multiple channels
• Additional lines used to send timing information and control
• Ex: Printers to PC
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING
• Originated in PSTN
• Ideal for ANALOG TRANSMISSION of voice signal
• Developed for voice traffic (Telephone)
• Dedicated communication path between two stations
• 03 phases
• Establish
• Transfer
• Disconnect
• Inefficient
• Once a channel capacity is dedicated for duration of a connection & oif no data, it’s a
waste of capacity
• Connection time : takes time
 PACKET SWITCHING
• Data transmitted in small packets
• Bigger messages split in to series of packets

• Each packet contains portion of data & control info

• Ex: Routing info
CONNECTION ORIENTED & CONNECTIONLESS
SERVICES
• CONNECTION ORIENTED SERVICES
• Needs logical connection to be established between sending and receiving
devices before transmitting data
• Send and receive order of the packets are same
• Negotiation between the sender and the receiver on parameters to be set for
the communication, when connection is established
• Ex: Message Size, QoS
• TCP, FTP, Telnet
CONNECTION ORIENTED & CONNECTIONLESS
SERVICES
• CONNECTIONLESS SERVICES
• Data is sent without establishing the connection between the sender and the
receiver
• Packets received may not be in the same order as packets sent
• Ex: UDP
 GENERATIONS OF LAN
• 1st GENERATION:
• Legacy LANs -> host to host connection, client - server architecture
• Ex: 802.3, 802.5
• 2nd GENERATION:
• Cater the requirements of backbone LANs and high performance clients
• Ex: FDDI
• 03rd GENERATION:
• Designed for HIGH THROUGHPUT with delay control for multimedia applications
• Ex: ATM LANs, Fast and Gigabit Ethernet
• 04th GENERATION:
• Support the mobility and broadband wireless
• Ex: 802.11 , 802.15, Bluetooth
 WAN TOPOLOGY
• Networks span over multiple geographical locations through the
switches, routers, bridges
• 02 major topologies
• Mesh, Tree