ADS - BELAJAR GAIT

Gait terminology:
• Stride: The basic unit of gait which includes all activity between initial contact of a limb (reference
limb) and the subsequent initial contact of that same limb.
• Stride Length: The distance traveled during one gait cycle or stride.
• Step Length: The distance traveled during one step (initial contact to end of preswing on same limb).
• Step Width: The distance between the center of the feet during the double limb support portion of the
gait cycle when both feet are in contact with the ground. This distance is normally 7 to 8 cm.
• Cadence: The number of steps taken in a given period of time (commonly expressed as steps per
minute). Average cadence during normal human ambulation is 80 to 110 steps per minute. This
corresponds to an average walking speed of 60 to 80 m/min.
• Stance Phase: The portion of the gait cycle during which the reference limb is in contact with the
ground. During normal walking, this portion accounts for approximately 60% of the gait cycle. Stance
phase includes initial contact, loading response, midstance, terminal stance, and preswing.
• Swing Phase: The portion of the gait cycle during which the reference limb in NOT in contact with
the ground. During normal walking, this portion accounts for approximately 40% of the gait cycle.
Swing phase includes initial swing, midswing, and terminal swing.
• Single Limb Support: The portion of the gait cycle during which only ONE limb is in contact with
the ground. During normal gait, this segment accounts for 40% of the total gait cycle. Single limb
support includes midstance and terminal stance.
• Double Limb Support: The portion of the gait cycle during which TWO limbs are in contact with the
ground. During normal gait, this portion accounts for 20% of the gait cycle. Double limb support
includes three different components of the gait cycle: initial contact, loading response, and preswing.
• Functional Tasks of Normal Gait: The functional tasks of normal human gait are typically described
as: weight acceptance, single limb support, and limb advancement.
• Traditional Gait Terminology: This terminology is no longer the preferred terminology used in the
description of gait. This terminology generally describes isolated points in time during the gait cycle,
such as “heel strike” and “foot flat,” rather than periods of time during ambulation. This terminology
primarily serves as a historical reference, but is occasionally still used in the clinical setting.
Rancho Los Amigos Gait Terminology: The Rancho Los Amigos Terminology is the preferred terminology
to be used in the description of gait (fig. 10-18).

Stance Phase
• Initial Contact: Point in time when foot comes in contact with the ground.
• Loading Response (LR): Initial contact to the time when the contralateral foot leaves the ground.
• Midstance (MSt): From the time the contralateral foot leaves the ground to the time that the ipsilateral
heel leaves the ground.
• Terminal Stance (TSt): From the time that the ipsilateral heel leaves the ground to the time of
contralateral foot initial contact with the ground.
• Preswing (PSw): From the time of contralateral foot initial contact with the ground to the time that the
ipsilateral foot leaves the ground.
Swing Phase
• Initial Swing (ISw): The time from when the foot leaves the ground to ipsilateral foot alignment with
the contralateral ankle.
• Midswing (MSw): The time from ankle and foot alignment to the swing leg tibia becoming vertical.
• Terminal Swing (TSw): The time from the tibia reaching a vertical position to initial contact of the
swing foot with the ground.

Divisions of gait cycle with muscle activity pattern:

Determinant of gait:
The determinants can be divided into three that occur at the level of the pelvis and three that occur in the
knee, foot, and ankle mechanisms.
The six determinants can be described as: (1) pelvic rotation in the horizontal plane, (2) pelvic tilt in the
frontal plane, (3) lateral displacement of the pelvis, (4) early knee flexion, (5) foot and ankle mechanisms,
and (6) late knee flexion.
Sumber: Braddom’s, Reyes’s kinesiology