Till 1828, the term organic chemistry was used ly for th the substances which which organic leborglony fr Ethanol is made by the fractional distillation of fermented malt in copper stills Fee nv ae All organic Compounds contain Carbon as an essential element. In addition to it there can be hydrogen and oxygen atoms. In more complex organic compounds there can be sulphur, nitrogen, Phosphorus, chlorine, bromine and iodine.Carbon has four electrons in its outermost orbit. Thus,in order to satisfy its outermost orbit, it shares electrons either with neighbouring carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements. It is this property of carbon atom to share electrons with neighbouring carbon atoms that gives rise to a large number of chemical compounds. In such compounds, carbon atoms are present either in the form of straight long chains, or branched chains or closed chains. As all organic compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between carbon atoms or carbon atoms and atoms of hydrogen and oxygen etc., they have following general properties 1. They are generally gases or liquids. In case they are in solid state, they are fairly soft. 2. They have low melting and boiling points. 3. The are generally insoluble in water, but dissolve in organic solvents like alcohol, ether, benzene, etc. . They are bad conductors of electricity. . Most of the organic compounds are inflam- mable i.e., they catch fire very easily. As a matter of fact, all fuels (solids, liquids or gases) are organic compounds. .. Many. organic compounds such as proteins, vitamins, etc., have a very complex struc- ture. A ngkucarbory can be as cami as s methane, which has only single carbon atom combined with the four hydrogen atoms with a single covalent bond, such that all the valencies of carbon atom are fully satisfied. There can be a molecule of hydrocarbon which may contain as many as 32 carbon atoms in a straight or branched chain. Furthermore, the carbon atoms may satisfy their valencies either by single covalent bond between two carbon atoms, or double covalent bond or triple covalent bond. This gives rise to¥ Chemistry am fo Organic Chemistry ‘it shares another class of hydrocarbons called unsaturated ms or hydrocarbons. : ty of uring Structure of ith double covalent bistructure of propene with —H double covalent bond structure of acetylene with S——H triple covalent bond Structure of propyne with —4 triple covalent bond 't occurs in natural gas in large amounts. Coal gas contains 40% of methane by volume. It is found in marshy places and sometimes is called marsh gas. The mixture of coal gas (which contains 40% of methane) and air can form an explosive mixture, which explodes if a flame is brought near it. This can cause huge explosions in coal mines with very disastrous effects. In laboratory, methane gas is Prepared by heating a mixture of sodium acetate and sodium CH,COONa + NaOH ——> Na,CO, + CH, ote Oe + state when following reaction takes place. CHgCOONa + NaOH Methane gas Gas jar 0 [Beehive shelf burner Laboratory preparation of methaneAn Introduction to Organic Chemistry The apparatus is set up as shown in the diagram. When the reaction mixture is heated, methane gas is evolved. The gas is collected by the downward displacement of water. Properties of methane ‘i 2 3. 4. Itis a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas. It is insoluble in water. It is lighter than air. Its vapour density is 8, whereas that of air is 14.4. It burns in air with a pale blue flame forming carbon dioxide gas and water. 6.6 CLASSES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USED AS FOOD CH, +20, ——> CO, + 2H,O + Heat (i) Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates are the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in which hydrogen and oxygen are present in the ratio of 2:1. A major part of our food consists of carbohydrates. Cane sugar, glucose and starch are carbohydrates. Wheat, barley, rice, potatoes, sugar cane, beet root, contain large amounts of carbohy- drates. If we consume excess of carbohy- drates they are stored in body in the form of fats. (il) Fats : These are far more complex compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which a large amount of carbon is present. Weight to weight they can provide more energy to body as compared to carbohydrates. Fats are obtained both from plants and animals. Butter, cheese, ghee are the examples of fat obtained from the milk of animals. Coconut oil, mustard oil, rape- __ seed oil, groundnut oil, olive oil are the ‘examples of fats obtained from plants. known plants and body fats of dead or slaughtered animals are used or in the manufacture ofn. Proteins are very essential for (i) eran and development of body, (ii) repair of damaged tissues. Proteins also provide energy to the body. Maize, corn, pulses, peas, soyabean are the rich vegetable sources of proteins. Fish, eggs, meat, milk, cheese are the rich animal sources of proteins. HIGHLIGHTS IN REVIEW - The branch of chemistry dealing with compounds of carbon, other than carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and carbonates, is called organic chemistry. . The carbon atom can form straight or closed chains - with other carbon atoms, with the result that there is a very large number of organic compounds. . All organic compounds contain carbon- atoms. . Organic compounds are generally gaseous or liquid or solids with low boiling points and melting points. They are bad conduc- tors of electricity; are generally insoluble in water and are generally inflammable. . All compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called hydrocarbons. - What is Vital Force Theory ? Why was this theory discarded? . (2) What do you understand by the term organic chemistry? (b) Name five elements which constitute the bulk of organic compounds. (c) Which of the element named in 2(b) is most important for the formation of ‘organic compounds and why? . State five properties of organic compounds. . Define (a) hydrocarbon, (b) saturated hy- drocarbon, (c) unsaturated hydrocarbon. Compounds of carbon and hydrogen, in which valencies of all carbon atoms are satistied by a single covalent bond, are called saturated hydrocarbons. . Compounds of carbon and hydrogen, in which the valency between at least two carbon atoms is satisfied either by double covalent bond or triple covalent bond, are called unsaturated hydrocarbons. . Methane is the simplest saturated hydro- ‘carbon, which can be prepared in labo- ratory by heating sodium acetate with sodium hydroxide: }. Carbohydrates, fats and proteins are three |. Fill in t important classes of organic compounds which are used for food. . Give three examples along with the arrangement of carbon and hydrogen at- ‘oms for (a) saturated hydrocarbons, (b) unsaturated hydrocarbons. . (a) How is methane gas prepared in labo- ratory? Support your answer by draw- ing a neat and fully labelled diagram. (b) State four properties of methane. . Write brief notes on: () Carbohydrates, (i) Fats, (i) Proteins. lank spaces (i) Methane burns in air form and ®complex mol- en, oxygen and essential for (i) f body, (ii) repair also provide an are the proteins. Fish, are the rich An introduction to Organic Chemistry i) In addition to carbon, hydrogen and | + nitrogen is a vital constituent | eS (ii) Excess of carbohydrates consumed by us are _ in our body as = (iv). Wholer prepared from inor- ganic compounds __ and gave a death blow to force theory. 9. Statements given below are incorrect. Write correct ‘statemer (a) C,H, is the formula for butane. “ (b) A molecule of ethylene has a triple bond between carbon atoms. (c) Most of the organic compounds have low metting point and high boiling point (d) Proteins provide a lot of energy but ou fet repair worn out tissues. 11. State whether the statem: below are true or false () The molecule of protein contains: (a) Carbon; nitrogen and oxygen atoms (b) Carbon; nitrogen; hydrogen & oxygen atoms (c) Carbon; nitrogen and hydrogen atoms (d) None of the three (ii) In saturated hydrocarbons all the valencies of carbon atom are satisfied by (a) Single covalent bond (b) Double covalent bond (c) Triple covalent bond (@) None of the three. : (ii) A fat is a (a) Concentrated form of protein (b) Protein and carbohydrates (c) Concentrated form of only carbohy- drates (d) None of the three True/False 12. Match the statements in column A, (i) Compounds of carbon and hydrogen are called carbohydrates. (ii) Fats are complex kind of carbohydrates. (ii) A molecule of protein contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. (iv) Proteins provide a large amount of energy to our body. (v) Rice is an example of protein. (vi) Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon. i (a) Contains a large amount of proteins | (b) An example of fat (c) An example of unsaturated hydrocarbon (d) An example of saturated hydrocarbon (e) An example of carbohydrates