FANAEDUCATI

ON

UNI
T7
THEETHI
OPI
ANREGI
ONANDTHEHORNOFAFRI
CA
7.
1.“Restor
ati
on”oft he Sol omoni c Dy nasty and t he Chr i
sti
an Hi ghl
and
Ki
ngdom
 Themajorrival
soft heZagwedy nast ycamef rom t
heAmhar ar egion.
 Amhar a local r uler cal led Yekuno- Aml ak ‘founded’ t he
Solomi nicdy nastyi n1270.
 Hedef eatedt hel astki ngofZagwedy nastyYi tbarekatt he
battlein1270.
 Yekuno- Aml akl i
nkedhi sdescentt ot hefami lyofMenel ikI.
Menel ikIwast hesonofQueenofSheba( NigsteSaba)of
Ethiopiaandki ngSol omonofI sr
ael.
 YekunoAml ak( r.
1270- 1285)
 Hesai dIr est oredt hel ostpowerbyDi l
naod,thel astki ngof
Aksum andhencet he‘restoration'oftheSolomoni cdy nasty.
 From about1270unt i
lthef allofEmper orHai l
eSelassieIr ulein
1974( solomoni cdy nast ycont i
nued)
 Yekeno Aml ak success based on economi c and mi l
i
tary
st
rengt
h.
 TheAmhar al andpl ay edar ol
eofmi ddlemeni nt het rade.So
YekunoAml akmonopol izedt hepr of i
toft rade.
 Usi ng t he i ncome f rom t he trade Yekuno Aml ak,bui l
tan
effectivear myt oagai nstanyone.
 Thenewdy nastyest ablishedi tscent erar oundTegul et ,lateron
royalcour tshi ft
edf rom r egiont or egionont heeast ernf oot hil
ls
oft heShewanpl ateau.
 Yekuno Aml ak di ed i n 1285, and t hen dy nast yf aced int ernalpol iti
cal
i
nstabili
ty.
 Thepr oblem r elatedwi thsuccessi on.
 Allthedescendant sofYekunoAml akwer edet ainedatar oy alpr i
sonat
AmbaGi shenaf t
erhecamet ot het hr one.
 Thepassesandf oot hi
llsoft hemount ainwer eguar dedbyl oy al war riors.
 Thismeasur esol v edt hepr obl em ofsuccessi onandst rengt henedt he
poweroft heChr istianhi ghlandki ngdom.
 Duringther eignofYekunoAml akt heki ngdom hadpeacef ulr elationswi t
h
al
l i
tsneighbor sofdi fferentst atesandpeopl e.
 KingAmdeSey on( r .
1314- 1344)
 Hewast hegr andsonofYekunoAmal k.
 Hebegant odist urbt hebal anceofpoweri nf av oroft he
Chr istianki ngdom
 Hewast hemostexpansi onistki ngoft hemedi ev al per i
od

1|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

I nt heear lyper i
odoft heSol omoni cdy nast yt heeconomymai nlydepended
onagr i
cul turewhi chdomi nat edbymi xedf armi ng.
 Tradebecomesi mpor t
antaf tert heconquestoft heMusl im sul t
anatesi n
thesout honpar tsoft her egi on.
 Dur ingt heper iodZei l
ahadcompl et elyov er takenDahl akasi mpor tant
gat ewayofi nternal andext er nal trade.
 Dev el opment sdur ing t her eignofYekuno Aml ak,AmdeSeoy nand hi s
successor
I
.Expansi onofOr t
hodoxchur ch.
I
I.Monopol i
zationoft rader out es.
I
II.Consol idationoft hef eudal modeofpr oduct ion.
Gultsystem wasani mpor tanteconomi cinst i
tutions. Becausei tconnect edstat e,
rel
igi
onandcul tivators.
Gultsystem r emai nedt obet hemai nf eat ureoft heEt hiopianf eudalism upt ot he
20thcent ur y.
Gultwasar ightt ol evyt ribut eont heowner sofr estandpr oduceofr estland.
Restwasher edi t
aryr ghtt
i ol anduse
BalaGulti sr esponsi blef ort hemai nt enanceofl awandor deri nregion.
 TheGul tsy stem hadser vedt wov eryi mpor tantpur posesi nt hemedi ev al
Chr istianki ngdom
oI tr epliedt heki ngdom t omai ntainl arget er ri
torialar mydur ingt he
per iod
oI tgr eatlysi mpl ifiedt het asksofadmi nist eri
ngt hev astChr i
stian
kingdom
Themobi er
l oyalcour t
 Ther ewasnoper manentcapi tal city(Tempor ar yset tl
ement )
.
 Dur ingt heper i
odt hemonar chsandt heirdi gnitariesl i
v edi ntent s.
 Themobi lecour twasmov ingont heEast ernf oothillsoft heShewan
plateau.
 Emper orZar aYacob( r.1434- 1468)
 Hef oundedDebr eBer hani n1454
 Hest ay ed14y ear satt heci ty.
7.2.Musl im St at esi nt heEt hi opianRegi onandHor nofAf r
icaupt o
1529
 TradeandI slam wer et hemai nf act orsf ort heemer genceoft heMusl i
m
stat esi nEt hiopianr egi onandt hehor nAf rica.
I sl
am ent eredt her egi ont hr ought womai ngat es:
 Dahl akI slandi nt heRedseaand
 Thepor tofZei laongul fofAdencoast .
TheMusl i
m Sul tanat esShar edcommonFeat ur es
o Thei rpopul ationmadeupofMusl i
m communi ties
o Thei rr ulersexer cisedbot hr eligiousandpol i
ti
cal power s

2|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

oI sl
am andt r
adewer et hemai nfactorsf
ortheiremer gence
o Mostoft hesul tanateswer elocatedinthesout heastern
lowlandsofEt hiopia
o The communi ti
es pr act
iced mi xed farming. But t he
economymai nlydependedont rade
A.Thesul
tanateofShewa
 Theol destMusl im stat einEthi opi
anr egion
 Ther ulercamet opoweri n897AD
 Ther ulingdy nastyoft hissultanatewasMakhzumi te.Itcl
aimedt o
edescendedf
hav rom t heMakhazumicl anofsouthAr abi
a.

B.TheSul tanat esofDahl ak

 Dahl aki sacommonnamef oragr oupofi slandi ntheRedSea.
Notf arfrom Massawa
 TheAr absest abli
shedt heirset t l
ementont heDahl akIslandaf t
er
theyhadat tackedanddest roy edAdui lsin702.
 Theeconomyoft hesul tanat esbasedont radeandpi r
acy
C.Thesul tanat eofI fat
I twasemer gedi nthemi dof13t hcent ury
 Thef ounderwasUmarWal asma( From Wal asmaf ami ly
).
 Dur ingt her eignofUmarI fatsubduedandi ncorpor at
edtheMusl i
m
sultanat eofShewa
I fatmonopol izedZei l
at rader out es
TheChristi
anki ngAmdeSey onagai nstIfat.
o Dur ingt hatt imet her ulerofI f
atwasv eryst r
ongsul t
anSabr edin. Butat
l
astt he I f atr ulerdef eated byChr istian force and become Chr i
sti
an
tr
ibutary.
o Tor egaint heiri ndependenceandcont rolZei l
at rader outesHaqadi nIIand
Saadadi nr etreat edt oHar erpl ateauandset upanew musl i
mr esistance
base.
D.TheSut ant eofHady a
I twasoneoft heol destMusl i
m st atesi nEt hiopia.Butwedonot
knowwhent hesul t
anat ecamet opower .
 Thesul tanat efirstment ioneddur ingt hereignofAmdeSey on
 The sul tanat e occupi ed the mostWest er lyt err
itoryofEt hi
opian
region.I tt ouchedi nt hewestofGi beriver,int hesout hstretchedup
tolakeAwasa, andnor thofLakeZeway
 Theeconomyoft heki ngdom wasbasedonmi xedf arming
 Ther oyal tit
leofHady awasGar ad
 Thewel l-known Hady aGar ad daught ermar ri
ed t o Emper orZar ’
a

3|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Yae’qobandbecomeQueenI lleni
E.Sul
tanat eofBal i
 Ther eisnoev idencewhent hesul tanat
ewasemer ged.Thesul t
anate
fi
rstment i
oneddur i
ngt hetimeofAmadeSey on
 Ther ulersusedr oyalt
itleofgar adlikethatofHady a
 Thesul tanateincl udespr esentdaySi damaet hnicgr oupsandOr omo
peopl e
F.TheSul tanteofShar ka
 Thepr esent-dayAr sioromowaspar toft heter ri
toryoft hemedi ev
al
sultanateofShar ka
 Wedonotknow whent hesul tanat
ewasemer ged. Butt hesult
anate
wast het r
ibutar
yofChr i
st i
anhi ghlandkingdom i nt he14t hcentur
y
I nt hef i
rstquarterof15t hcent urytheareacont rol
ledbyI mam Ahmed
Ibrahim
 Theset t
lersofmedi evalShar akaconsi st
edAl abaandOr omopeopl e.

G.Sultant eofDawar o
Itwassi tuatedsout hofShoa, borderofI fatont her i
ghtofBankof
Awash, sout hwar dasf arasWebi bor derofBal i
Itcor r
espondedpr esentAr si,
SidamaandDawar o.
 Theywer emov edt oOmor iverval l
eybecauseofAhmadI brahi
m war.
H.Sul tanat eofDer a
I twassmal lsul t
anat el ocatedeastofAwashbet weenDawar oand
Bali
 TheChr isti
anki ngdom usedDer aasapl aceofexi l
ef orunrul
y
monks, whower efor cedt or esideami dahost i
l
eMusl im popul
ati
on
I.sult
anat eofFat agar
I twasemer gedbyt hemi dof13t hcent ury
 Thesul t
anat el ocat edbet weenl akeZewayi nt hesouthandDebr e
zeit
(Bishof t
u)i nt henor th
I tincluded t he pr esentdi stricts ofMi njar
,Shenkora,
and Ada’ain
Shewa
I twast het r
ibut aryofAmadesey on
J.Sultant eofAr babini
 TheAr abhi stor i
anAl -Umar iexplainedaboutt hi
ssul t
anateAccordi
ng
toal–Umar ithesul tanateexi stedsout hofAwashr i
verbetween
Hady aandDawar o.HewasAr abhi storian.
K.Sul tanat eofAdal( founded1380- Harer)
 OnceI f
atwasconquer edbyChr istianki ngs,it
sr ul
ingclassbegan
todividedi nt ot wogr oups

4|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

 The mer chantcl ass recognized t he authori

ty oft he Chri
sti
an
kingdom ov erIf
at
 The2ndgr oup, t
hemi li
tantwi ngopposedt heChr i
sti
andomi nati
on
anddet erminedt oregaint hel
osti ndependenceofI f
at
 Themi li
tantgroupdeci dedt oest abl
ishednewbasei nthelowlands
ofHar arandf ormedAdal .ItsfirstcenterwasDeker, southeastof
Har ar.ThesuccessorofUmarWal samaHaqadi nI
IandSaadadi n
rebel l
edagai nstAmdeSey on’
ssonSay faArad(r.
1344-1371)
 Sul t
anAhemedBadl ay(r.1433-1445) ofAdalledmi l
tar
ycampai gns
agai nst Chr i
sti
an ki ng Zar ’
a Ya’ eqob(r.
1434-1468).But Ahmed
Badl aywasdef eatedbyChr i
sti
anf orcein1445.
 ThewarofChr i
stianhighlandki ngdom andAdalwascont i
nuedfor
al ongper iodoftime.

7.
3.TheOmot icSt atesi ntheEt hiopianr egionandHor nAf ricaupt o1529
o Thesest atesi nclude:-
A.Theki ngdom ofDamot
Itwast heol destandst rongestst atesi nEthi opianregion
 TheEast er n par toft hiski ngdom pr opabl yi ncluded todaysBeni -
Shangul -
Gumuz.
 northernpar tincludeShewaandsout hofAbayGor gewaspar tof
Damot
 Therei snoev i
dencewhent heki ngdom camei ntoexistence.Butt he
hist
or yoft hi
ski ngdom goesbackt ot hehist oryofAksum.
 DamotwasknownbyGol d,GingerandSl av et rade.Tradepar tnerare
Arabia,Per sia,India,
Egy pt,andGr eece
 Thedomi nanceofDamotcont inueddur i
ngt het imeofZagweper iod
 Zagweki ngsandDamotf oughteachot herbutt hekingofDamot
defeatedt hef orceofZagweki ngs.
 Theknownki ngofDamotwasMot alami.
Hewasf oughtwi t
hYekuno
Aml ak.Thecauseoft hest r
uggl etocont rol Shewa.
 Thef orceofYekunoAml akdef eatedt hef orceofMot alami.Af teri
ts
defeatMot alimiaccept ed Chr i
stianit
y.ButDamotcont inued its
resi
stancei nt hesout hofGoj ebr iverunt i
l1316,whenAmdeSey on
fi
nallyannexedt hekingdom.

5|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

 Damotbecomes t he t ri
butar
y ofChr isti
an kingdom . The Mecha
Oromoar ri
vedint hear eainthe16t hcent ury.
 Damotpopul ati
onf ledacr osst heAbbayRi v ertosout hGojjam.The
di
stricttheysettledatt hetimeisst i
llcalledDamot .
B.TheKi ngdom ofKaf a
I tlocatedsout hofGoj ebr i
ver
 Thepeopl eofKaf acal lt
hemsel vesKaf i
cho
 Theyt r
acedor igint oapeopl ecalledMi nj
o
 Ther oy alt
itl
eofKaf awasTat o
 Thecr ownofKaf awasbasedofher edit
aryofMi nj
ocl an
 Theadmi nistr
ati
onofKaf akingdom wasdi vi
dedi nt oprov i
nceswhi ch
werer uledbypr ovincial governors
 Thekingwasassi stedbysev encounci lcal l
edMi kr
echo
 Kafawasknownbydef ensesy st
em .All alongt heterrit
orywat chtowers
wereer ectedathi ghpoi nttowatcht heenemyappr oach
 TheeconomyofKaf adependedont r
adeandagr i
cult
ure.
 Kafawasi ncorporat edi ntoEt hi
opianempi r
ein1897dur ingthet i
meof
Menel i
kI I
 Thelastki ngofindependentKaf awasTat oGaki sharochi

C.Ki ngdom ofEnar y a

I twasl ocat ednor t
hofGoj ebriverandwestoft heuppercour se
oft heGi ber i
v er
 Enar yawast het r
ibutaryofChr i
stianhi ghlandki ngdom duringthe
ti
meofAmdeSey on
 Thesour ceofi ncomef ort hekingdom wast rade
 TheMechacl anofLi muOr omodef eatedEnar ya.
 Theconqur erst ookt henameLi mu- Enary
a, si
gnifi
y i
ngacompl ete
assi milationoft hepeopl eofEnar y at oMechaOr omo
D.TheKi ngdom ofBi zamo
I twasexi stedont hesout hernbendoft heAbbayr i
verjustthe
opposi tet ot hepr esentdest rictsofWambar mai nsout hern
Goj j
am
 Medi v alpopul ati
onofBi zamoconsi stedthespeaker sofOmot i
c
languagef ami lyofShi nasha.
E.Theki ngdom ofWel ay ta
Itwasl ocat edsout hofsul tanateofHady a
Itsor iginmayhav eder i
v edf rom anci entkingdom ofDamot
 During t he r eign ofAmde Sey on Wel ayt
a was t he t
ribut
aryof

6|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Chri
sti
an
 Theki ngofWel aytausedt heroyalt
it
leKawo. Thear eawasv ery
fer
ti
le.
 Thef i
rstdy nastycamet opowert owardst heendoft heZagwe
peri
od.
 Thef ounderoft hedy nastywasMot alami.Hef ounded Walay
ita
Mallady nasty
.
 Theseconddy nastywasKuchaunt i
l1550
 TheeconomyofWal ayit
adependedonagr i
cult
uralproducts.
 Walayitawasf inal
lyconqueredbyMenelikIIforcei
n1894
 Thelastki ngofindependentWalay
itawasKawoTona

F.TheKingdom ofYama
 ItexistedbetweentheGiber i
veranduppercour seofOmor i
v er
 Theki ngdom fir
stmentioneddur i
ngt hereignoftheChrist
iankingdom
kingYeshaq.Yamapai dt ri
buteinhorses
 Thef i
rstki
ngofYamabel ongedt oady nast
ycalledHalmam Gama.
Laterthisdynastyover
thrownbyMwady nasty
 TheeconomyofYamadependedonagr icult
ure
 Tradeal sosupport
edtheeconomyofYama.
 Theki ngdom wasoneoft hesour ceofslavesfortheEthi
opianregi
on

7.
4.Hegemonyoft heChristi
anHi ghlandki ngdom i nt heEt hi
opianregi
onand
t
heHornofAf r
icaupt o1529
 From 1270-1529theChr isti
anki ngdom wasi nconst antwar,part
icularl
y
withtheMusl i
m states.
 Thecauseoft heconf li
ctwast ocont roltr
ader outes
 1270-1529Chr i
sti
anHi ghlandKi ngdom wasdomi nant
 1529-1543thesult
ant eofAdal underAhmedI bn- I
brahim wasdomi nant.
ThewarofExpansi on
 Thewarofexpansi onoft heChr i
stianhi ghlandki ngdom wer einit
iated
byAmdeSey on
 Hewast hemostexpansi onistkingint hemedi eval peri
od
 Fi
rstheagainstDamot ,FlashaandGoj jam between1316- 1317
 HealsoagainsttheMusl im stateslikeI fat
,Dawar oandot her.
Ifatwast hemostpower fulMusl im sul tanate.Butdef eatedbyKi ng
AmdeSey on1332.

7|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

 Thesul tanofI fatHaqqedi npr ov i

dedpr et extbyar rest
ingacommer cial
agentofAmdeSey ont owar dst heendof1325.
o TheChr i
stianar myeasi lydef eat edandpl under edandbur ntIfat.
o Toav oi dt hedangerofChr i
stianar myHaqqedi n’
ssuccessorcal l
ed
Der adir,whoopenedamassi veof fensiveont het er
rit
oryofChr isti
an
kingdom
o Att hebegi nni ngI fatst rongl ydef eatedChr isti
anar my. Butf i
nallythe
Chr i
stianar mydef eatedI fat,Der adirhimsel fwascapt ur
edandki ll
ed.
 By1317AmdeSey onconquer edHady a.Afterconquest ,Hady apaidt ri
bute
to Chr i
stian hi ghland ki ngdom.Butef fective Chr i
sti
an r ul
e was not
establi
shedi nt hear ea
 TheHady aGar adAmanor ebelled.AmdeSey onr eact edimmedi atelyand
l
edast r
ongar myt oHady a.Ther e-conquer sofHady aseri
ouslydamaged
theeconomi ci nt erestoft heMusl i
m mer chantwhot radedthesl aves.
 Theyr eact edbyf ormingauni t
edMusl imf rontagai nstAmdeSey on. The
l
eaderoft hef rontwassul t
anofI f
atSabr eddin, whol aunchedhi sat tackin
1332.ButAmdeSey ondef eat edt hem.
 AmdeSey oncont i
nuedhi scampai gn
t oDawar o, whenhesucceededi ncapt uringSabr eddinwhowas
impr isonedsubsequent l
y .
 AmdeSey onal soconquer edot herMusl i
m st ates
 AmdeSey ondi edi n1344bynat ural death.
 Thesuper i
or i
tyofChr i
sti
anov erIfatdi dnotl astlong.
 Themi li
tantwi ngopposedt heChr isti
andomi nationanddet ermi nedt o
regainthel osti ndependenceofI f
at .
 Theyest abl i
shedanewsul tanat ecal ledAdal around1380AD.

 Sul
tanHaqqeddinII
(r.
1363-1374)
 Hest art
edagai
nstt heChri
sti
anrulear oundHar er
 Hewasagai nstChristi
anKingDawi t
(r.1382-1413)
o Atthebeginni
ngt heMusl i
m armywasef fecti
ve.Butl
aterin1387
Haqqeddinwaski ll
edinbat t
leplace.Chr i
stianarmydef eat
edthe
armyofAdal
o ThesuccessorsultanSadaddin,whower eengagedgueril
lafi
ghti
ng
.
Butki
lledi
nZeil
ai n1403.

 AhemedBadelay(
r.1433-1445)
o Hewasoneoft hemostpower f
ulsul
tanofAdalagai
nstt
he
Chr
ist
ianforce.
o HedefeatedtheChr i
sti
anki
ngYi
shaqi
n1430.

8|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

 Ki
ngZar ’aYae’ qob( r.1434- 1468)
o Heki ll
edsul tanAhemedBadl ayandhi scol l
aboratorMahi goof
Hady aki l
ledint hebat tl
epl acei n1445.
o Ther eignofZar ’
aYae’ qobmar kedt hepackoft hedomi nanceof
theChr isti
anki ngdom i nEt hi
opi aandhor n.
o Ki ngZar ’
aYae’ qobdi ed1468
 Ki
ngBa’ idaMar iyam( r.1468- 1478)
o Hewasnotpower ful
o Dur inghi sreignChr i
stianar myf acedser iousdef eat
oI tmar kedt heendofChr i
stiandomi nati
oni nEthiopiaregionand
thehor n
 EmirMahf uz( r.1488- 1517)
o Hewast heot herpower f
ulEmi rofAdall aunchedaser i
esof
at t
acksoft her eignsofEski ndir( 1478- 1494)&Na’ od(1494–
1508)
o Fi nal lyhewaski l
ledi nabat tlepl acebyChr i
sti
anl eaderLebne
Dengel in1517
 AhmedI bnI brahim alGhazi( AhmedGr agn)( r.
1517- 1543)
o Hewasbor nt oacl ancal led Bal aw inHubatapl acel ocat
ed
bet weenHar ar&Ji ji
ga.
o Heser vedcav alryof fi
cerofMahf uz.
o Hewasmar r
iedMahf uzdaught erBat iDi
lwambar a.
o Hest rengt henedhi sar mybyi nstill
ingt hespi ri
tofJi hadi nto
conf lict.
In1529att hebat tl
eofShi mbr aKur et hef or ceofAhmaddef eatedLebne
Dengel.
Factorf ort hev ictor yofAdal
 Chr istianar myunder mi ningAdal force
 Ahmedor ganizednewf or cefrom Af ar, Argoba, Harariandsomal i
a
.Hel eduni t
edf or ceanddef eatedChr i
stianar my .1529-1543-t
he
domi nat i
onofAdal .

9|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

UNIT8
Maj
orevent
softhe16thcEthiopianregi
onandt hehornofAfri
canand
theirimpacts
Conf
li
ctsBet
weentheSult
anatesofAdal&t heChri
sti
anKingdom.
AfterZar’ aYa’ eqob’ sv i
ct oryov ert hear myofAhmedBadl eyi n1445,t he
sultanat eofAdal wasr educedt ot r
ibut aryst atus.
Mer chant s, Imams, shei khsemi r
sopposet heChr i
sti
anki ngs
Emi rMahf uzwast heot herpower fulEmi rl aunchedaser i
esofat tacksdur ingthereigns
of
Eskindi r(1478- 1494)&
Na’ od( 1494– 1508)f inal l
yhewaski ll
edi nabat tl
epl acebyLebneDengeli n
1517.
ThenextsuccessorwasAhmedI bnI brahi m al Ghazi( AhmedGr agn) .
Accor dingt ohi schr onicle,He
wasbor ntoacl ancal ledBal awi nHubatapl acel ocatedbet weenHar ar&Ji j
iga.
servedasacav alryof ficerofMahf uz .
wasmar riedMahf uzdaught erBat iDi lwambar a.
str
engt henedhi sar mybyi nst il
li
ngt hespi ri
tofJi had.
Degelham wast hegov ernorofBal idur i
ngt het i
meofmedi ev alage.
In1529att hebat tl
eofShi mbr aQur e( nearModj o)t hef orceofAhmaddef eat
LebneDengel .Hi scommandcent erswer eDebr eBer han, Waj &Dawar o.
In1535Li bneDengelsentJohnBer mudezt oEur opewi tht wol etter
saddr essedt he
popeofRome&t heki ngofPor tugal .In1541, Bermudezar rivedwi t
h400sol di
ersledby
Chr i
stopherdaGama.They oungersonoff amoussai l
or ,
vascodaGama.
LebneDengel
didnotseet hear rivalofmi li
tar yassi st ancef rom Por tugal.
wasdi edi n1540i nDebr eDamo.
Hiswi fewasSabl aWengel .
wassucceededbyhi ssonGel awdewos( r.1540-1559) .
Ottomanssend900i nf ant ryment oI mamsofAdal .ThePor t
uguesecampedi n
waf lawai tingGel awdos.I nt hebat t
let hePor tuguesesuf f
eredacr ushi
ngdef eat .
Chr istopherdeGamawascapt ured&ki l
led.
In1543,t hecombi nedf or ceofGel awdewos&Por tuguesedef eatedtheforceof
Ahmad Gr agn att hebat tl
eofWay nadega.TheI mam wasshotbyoneof
Portuguesesol di ers.
NB.Thebat t
leofWay naDegabr oughtt odomi nanceofsul tanateofAdali ntheEthiopi a
regiont oanend.
TheConsequencesoft hewarbet weenChr istianHi ghlandKi ngdom andt heSultanat e
ofAdal
Chur ches, monast eries&Mosquesbur ntandl ooted
thedeat hofmanypeopl e/ loseofhumanl ife.
Thei ntermi xingofdi fferentEt hnic&r eligiousgr oups.
Theendoft heSul tanat eofAdal
Thedeat hofAhmedI bnI brahi m alGhazi

10|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Por tuguese& Ot tomanTur kishRi v alri

esi nt heEt hiopi anRegi on& t heHor nof
Afr i
ca
Thel egendofPr est erJohnofI ndi eswasi mpor tantf ort her ev i
v aloft hef oreign
relationsofEt hiopi awi thChr isti
anEur ope.
WhowasPr est erJohnofI ndi es?
Thel egendwasdev elopeddur ingt het imeofCr usade.
Themai nai m wast odev elopt hemor alofChr isti
anEur opet oagai nstMusl i
m
power .
Thel egendwasaboutt heexi stenceofanext remel yweal thy&power ful Chr i
st i
an
kingsomewher ei nt heEast .
Eur opeanChr istiansai dthatt hest rongChr i
st i
anki ngpr esterJohnofI ndi eswas
mar chingf rom I ndi at omeddl eEasti nt hesuppor tofChr istian&f ightagai nst
Musl i
m.
Int he14t hcent ury ,thecount ryofPr est erJohncomet obei dent ifi
edwi tht he
medi eval Chr istianki ngdom ofEt hiopi a.
In14t hcent uryt heki ngofEngl andHenr yI Vwr oteal et tertotheChr i
st ianki ngof
Ethiopi abyaddr essi nghi m ast hePr esterJohn.
Int hisl ettert heChr i
stianki ngt opr ov ideami li
taryhel pt ol i
ber atet heHol yl and
from Musl ims.
Por tuguese,t hesuper poweroft het imesear cht hecount ryoft hePr esterJohnand
senddel egat iont oEt hiopi ai n1494.Egy pt i
ansul tanswhodi dnotwantt oseet her i
seof
aChr istianpoweri nt hehor nofAf rica.Putpr essur eonChr i
st i
anki ngs.
Theear lyat tempt sofki ngYi shaq&Zar ’
aYa’ eqobt oest abl i
shcont actwi thEur ope
failedbyEgy pt i
ani nf luence.ThePor tuguesesai lorssucceededi ndi scov eringnewsea
rout ersi neastbyVascodaGama1498whor eachedI ndia.
Por tugal launchedhugenav al expedi tiont ot heRedsea&I ndianOcean.
TheMi ddleEastt radecont rol l
edbyOt t
omanTur ks.TheAr abswer eagent s
dur i
ngt het ime.
Thev enet ian( Itali
an)mer chantbuygoodsf rom Egy ptandsol dt oEur opeathi gh
price
Tur ksi mmedi at
el ychal l
engedt hePor tuguese.Tur ksusedEgy ptasabaset oat tack
Por tuguesenav al forcei nr edsea&I ndi anOcean.
In1517,Tur ksdef eat edEgy pt ianMaml uksandext endedt hei rpowerov ert he
whol ecount ry.
The Por tuguese dur i
ng t he sear ch f ora new sea r out et ot he f areast .A
Por tuguese named,Pedr o de Cov il
hao r eached t he cour toft he Chr i
st i
an
kingdom ofEt hiopi a 1494.Buthe was notsuccessf ult o est abl ish cl oser
relationshi pbet weenEt hi
opi a&Por tugal .
QueenEl l
eni( 1450- 1522) ,thewi feofZar ’
aYa’ eqob&t her egentr uleroft heChr i
st i
an
kingdom,sentaMi ssi ont oPor tugali n1512.Themi ssionwasl edbyanAr meni an
Mer chantcal ledMat thew.
Ellenir equest edt hePor tuguesegov er nmentf ormi l
it
ar yhel pagai nstt hesul tanateof

11|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Adal.
In1520Por tugalsentanoffi
cialdiplomati
cMi ssi
ont
oEthi
opiabutaft
er6year
slef
t
Et
hiopiaexceptBermudez
KingLebneDengel( r.
1508–1540)wast hesonofNaod.
Hisforceki
l
ledEmi
rMahfuz
i
n1517.
PortuguesesupportedChri
sti
anEt hiopia
OttomanTur keysupportAdalsult
anat e.

Or omoPopul ationMov ement

TheOr
omosar eoneoft heindigenous&ol destpeopl esofEt hi
opia&t hehor n.
8.3.1.Origi
nalHomel andoft heOr omo.
Accordingt oOr omoor altradi t
ion,theor iginalhomel andoft heOr omopeopleis
thehighlandsofpr esentdayBal e&Si damopr ovinces.Eit
heroneoft hefol
l
owing
places:-
HarroWal abu, Tull
uQur qur ,
TulluWal alandHar roGirj
a.
Ther i
tual&pol i
ticalcentersknownasMaddaWal abu
8.3.2.OromoI nstit
ut ions&soci al organi zati
on.
Ont heev eoft he16t hcent urymov ement ,theOr omowasor gani zedi
nt ot
wo
separateconf ederaciescal l
ed
Borena&Bar entu.conf eder acy
BorenaConf ederacyi ncludes: Bar entu confederacy
- includes: -

Macha Tul
ama Guj
i& Kar
ayu,
Itt
u,Akachu,
Mar
awa,

Sout
her
nBor
anacl
ans Warant
isha, Humbana and
I
tt
u

Religion
Bef oret hei rconv ersiont oChr i
stianit
yorI slam,t heOr omowor shi
ppedtheirown
tr
aditional reli
gion.
Waqa: -theOr omobel i
evedtobesupr emeGod.I treferst ot
heskyGod.
Theul t
imat epoweri nt heuniverse&i ti
salsot hesour ceofl if
e&nat ur
e.
Thepowerofwaqai smani f
estedthr oughaspi ritcal
ledAy ana.
Ayanai ntermedi arybetweenwaqa&Or omopeopl e.
Qallu:-Thespi r
ituall
eaderint heOr omot raditi
onal reli
gion.
Itwashi ghlyr espectedbyt hepeopl eandcanexer cisegr eati nf
luencebeyondthe
spir
itualspher ei neconomi c,polit
icalsociallif eoft hepeopl e.Youngandadultmen
vestedt heQal lutogethi sblessing.
Qalluwasal socal l
edAbbaMudat hef atherofanoi ntment.Hegott hename
fr
om t hecer emonyofmuda.I tcelebrat edoncei n8y earsinthehonorsofthe

12|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Qallu.
TheQal l
ubl essedGadaof ficialstogov ernOr omof orEightyears
TheGadaSy stem.
Gadasy stem:-was
theOr omodev elopedademocr at
icsocio–politi
calstr
ucture.
arrangementofSoci al cat egories’usuall
ycall
edgr ades.
arr
angementofmeni nt ogr oupsusual lycal
l
edpar ti
esor“ sets”.
anar rangementoft asksorwor ktobeper for
med&i tmai nl
yf ocusedonan
arrangementofi deas, principles&r ules.
Thegroupsofmenar ecalledpar t
iesorcl assesorageset s(Misensaorgogesa) .
ThestagesorCat egor
ies,8y ear slongper iodsthroughwhi challpar t
iesmustpassi s
knownasGr ade.
Full
Gadacy cle40years
Thefivecommonl yusedpar t
y( group)namesusedi ntheGadasy stem are
Birmaj i
Bichile
Hor ata
Duul o&
Robal e
Amanandal lhisbrot hersar ei nthesamepar tyregardl
essoft hedi f
ferencesi
n
theirages.

Gr
ade Numberofy
ear
sin AgeofI
ndi
vi
dual
s
t
heGrade

I
ti
-Mako 0-
8 8-
16

Dabal
l
e 8-
16 16-
24

Fol
l
e 18-
24 24-
32

Qondal
l
a 24-
32 32-
40

Luba 32-
40 40-
48

Fiveparti
esoper atedatonet imein40- y
earcy cl
e.Eachgroupassi gnedbyt he
rul
esofGadat ot aker esponsibi
li
ty
Byt heendofhi slifeev erymani nGadahadhel deverymaj orposi t
ioninthe
system.
Att heLubagradet hepar tytakestheresponsi
bili
tyofgover
ningt henat i
onfor8
years.
Afterperf
ormancei npubl i
coffi
ceallmenoft hepartywereaut omaticall
yret
il
ed
ormadeYuba, celebratedasaChaf feofcompl eti
oncall
edGadamoj i.
Themai nfuncti
onsateachGadast ages
I
.It
i-
mako
Serv easmessenger

13|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Looki ngaf tert hecal ves

Doi nger r
andscl oset ohome
I
I.Dabal le
Her ding
Locat i
ngt radeoppor tunities
Maki ngdeci si onssaf eguar di ngt hesoci et
ies&l ivestock.
I
II.Fol l
e
War ri
ors
Abba- Dul ael ect edfrom t hi sr ank
IV.Qondal a
Transi tiongr ade
Reser vear ms
V.Luba
Ther uli
nggr ade
Allmal eOr omoj oinedt heGadasy stem att heirbirth.
TheGadapol i
t i
cal –mi li
taryst ruct ureexcl udedwomen.
TheOr omowomenhadpar allel i
nst i
tuti
onknownasSi qqee.
Theof ficial ofGadawer eel ect edont hebasi soft heirmer i
t&abi l
i
ty.
Thehi ghestaut horitywasv est eduponAbbaBokkuorAbbaGada( fatherof
gada, i.
espoksman)
Abbaser a→ Chi efofj udge.
AbbaDul a→Commanderoft hear my .
Shaneeorsal gee→Counci l.
Thepol iti
cal phi losophyoft heGadasy stem wasembodi edthreemainpr inciples:
-
Ter msofei ghty ears
Balancedopposi ti
onbet weenpar t
ies&
Powershar ingbet weenhi gher&l ower
Thesepr i
nci pl eshel pt opr ev entmi suseofpower .
Cor ruptordi ct atori
all eader swoul dber emov edf r
om t hepowert hrought he
processcal ledBuqi su( Recal l)bef oret heoffici
al endtheirterm
External &I nternal Fact or sf ort hef alloftheGadasy st
em
Frequentwar s
Emer genceofpower fulwarl eader sAbbaDul aswho gr adual
lyemer ged as
“Mot i
s”or( kings)
Thedev elopmentofl ongdi stancet rade
TheI ntroduct ionofI slam
TheI nfluenceoft hehi erarchi cal sy stem ofEt hiopianEmpi re.
Cause&Di rectionsoft heOr omoMov ement
Causesf orOr omopopul ati
onmov ement swer e
Dif
ferentsuggest ions,butgener allybel iev edt hatwasHumananddemogr aphi
cf act ors.It
i
ncluded
war&di st urbanceof2 hal
nd
fof15 & ear
t
h t
h
l
y16 Cent ur
ychanget heenvironmentof
Oromo
Climat echangemi ghthav ef or cedt omov eout

14|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Popul at i
oni ncrease( aggr avatedt heneedofl and)
Growt hoft henumberoft heircat tle( grazi ngl ands)and
breat hingspacef orthemsel ves( ex cessi vel and)
Theser esultedi nadr amat icandl ar gescal epopul ationmov ementi n16thcent uryint he
hornofAf r
ica.
Themov ementmai nlyf ocusedonsear chofgr azingl andf ortheircat tl
e&
breat hingspacef ort hemsel v es.
Between1550– 1580t herewasar api dOr omopopul ationmov ementi nt o
Cent ral,West ern,Sout heast ern,Sout her n&nor thregi onsofEt hi
opiaandal so
mov edt ot hepr esentdayKeny a&Somal ia.
The16t hcent ur yOr omomov ementi nitiat edbyt heTul ama&Mechapast orali
st
accor dingt oAbbaBahr ey .
AbbaBahr eywasOr thodoxMonkwhol iv edi nt he16t hcent uryinGamowhi ch
l
ocat ed60km t oHar roWal abu.
Oromol aunchedanumberofat tackont hest atesofHady a, Bali
,Sharka, Dawar o
andFat agar
Gelawdewos( r.
1540- 1559)ki ngofChr ist i
anhi ghlandki ngdom f ail
edt ost opt he
Oromor api dmov ement .
By1560t heOr omoest abl i
shedcent eri nFat agar“ OdaNabi ”i nDukam.30km
sout heastofAddi sAbaba.
Oromo l aunched per iodi c campai gns i nt he west ern di rect
ion agai nstwaj ,
Bizamo, Damat&Gaf at .
SarseDi ngi l(r.
1563-1597)Chr istianhi ghl andki ngdom ki ng
Hescor edav i
ct oryov ert heOr omowar ri
or s
Butt het empor ar ysuccessdi dnotst opOr omo
About1580sBi zamo, DamotandEnar ay aconquer edbyOr omo.
Thet woOmot i
cst at
esKaf faandwel ay it
ar esi stedOr omopopul ati
onexpansi on.
Or omoPopul at ionMov ementDi rect ion
Arsiwhol eftt hehi ghl andsofBal e& mov et owar dst heNor thwestt otheir
presentt er rit
oryar oundl akeZway .
TheSout her nBor enawhol eftt her ecent eri nNor thWest ernBal e& Mov ed
Sout hwar dst othei rpr esentt er rit
or y .
TheKar r ay yuwhol i
vedi nt heuppercour seofWabeshebel e.
Itt
u&Humbanacl ansl eftBal e&mov edt oHar ar.
Guji aroundl akezeway
Themov ementofOr omobeganatabout1522&subsi dedar ound1604.
Enar yar esi stancel ast edupt o1710.
Therear et wor easonsf ort hesuccessoft heOr omopopul ationmov ement .
1st-St rongnat ureofOr omoSoci o- politicomi lit
aryor gani zat i
onand
2nd–Theci vi
lwarofChr istianki ngdom &Musl im sul t
anat es
ConsequencesofOr omopopul at i
onMov ement
TheMov ementt ookv ar iousOr omoCl anst of arawaypl acei nEthiopia.
Themov ementbr oughtt heOr omocont actwi thv ariouspeopl eoft heEt hiopian
region.
Themov ementequal lyaf fect edbot hOr omo&ot herst at es.

15|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

walayita&Kaf asur vivedbecauseofher oicresistance&scar ifi

es.
Oromot ookv ariousSoci o-culturalelement s.
Themov ementaf fectedt hegadasy stem.
Oromoi nvolvedi nt hel ongdi stancet r
ade.
TheOr omobor r
owedsomeel ement sofkingshipf rom neighbori
ngpeopl es.
Format ionofmonar chicalstatesi nGibebasin
Limmu- Enaraya,Jimma, Goma, Guma&Ger a
Theot herst atesi n wal l
aga l i
keLeeqaa Qel l
em,Leeqaa Naqamt ee &Horo-
Guduru
Todaymanypeopl esofEt hiopiashar esev eralcommonsoci al&culturalval
ues.
Thisisoneoft heconsequencesoft heOr omopopul ati
onMov ementi nt he
16thcent ury.
Quest i
ons
1.Whowaspr est erJohnofI ndies?
2.whyPor t
ugaland Ot toman Tur ks i nvolved int he conflictofChr ist
ian highl
and
ki
ngdom andMusl im st atesconf l
ict?
3.Mentionther esultoft hebat tleofWay nadegai n1543?
4.Whatwast hepol i
tical phi l
osophyofGadasy stem?
5.Li
stthemember sofBar entuandBor enaconf ederacy
6.ExpalintheconsequencesofOr omopopul ationmov ement

16|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

UNI
T9
THEETHI
OPI
ANCHRI
STI
ANHI
GHLANDKI
NGDOM(
1543-
1855)
9.
1.AttemptstoConsol
idat
eandShi
ftt
hePol
it
icalCent
reoft
heHi
ghl
and
Chr
ist
iankingdom
Afterthedeat hofI mam Ahmedatt hebat tl
eofWey naDegai n1543,t heridesfrom
Adal didnotceasei mmedi at ely .
ButtheOr omopopul ati
onmov ementaf f ectedt heChr i
st i
anki ngdom
Theot hermai nt reatoft heki ngdom t heOt t
omanTur ksi nvolvementi ntheRedsea
coast
KingGel awdeos( r.1540- 1559)
Hewast hef irstt oconf r
ontt her i
desofAdalandOr omoi ncursions.Beforethathe
hadt o
consoli
dat ehi snor ther npr ov inces:Demby a,Goj j
am,Begmder ,Last a,Semen,and
Tigr
ay .
Lat erGel awdeosest abl i
shedhi scent ersout hofAbbayatwaj (Debrezei
t.)
.
From t hiscent erheat tacksAdal int heEastandOr omoi nthesout h.
TheChr istianar mycur sedt heMusl i
mf orcesofAdal .
Gel awdeosst r uggl ewi thOr omos.Thet acticofOr omowar farewashi t–andr un
type
TheMusl im ar myf oughtonconv enti
onal war .
I
n1559Gel awdeosl edhi sar myi naf atal campai gnagai nstAdal .
I
nt hehi toft hebat tlet hatf ol l
owedt hear myofAdalwhi chwasl edbyEmi rNur
Muj ahid, scor edaspar kli
ngv ict or yovert heChr i
stianar my .
Final l
y, Gel awdeoshi msel fki ll
edandbeheaded, andhi sheadwast akentoHar er
aswart rophy .
Emi rNurMuj ahi d( r.1550- 1567)
Hedef eat edChr isti
anar myi n1559AD.
Hedi dnotpur suet hei rv ictor yov erChr i
sti
anf or ce&r econquer ingthekingdom.
Hisf or cewasdef eatedbyOr omof or cesont hei rwayt obackt oHar er
Hedi dnotsav et hesul tanat efrom Or omoat tack
Hebui ltt hegr eatwal lofHar ert ocheckOr omoassaul tbyt hemi dof16t h
cent ury .
JanAmor a
Hewaspower f ul Christianar myl eader
Hewasdr ivenoutofFat agari nthewarwi thOr omo
Fat agarbecamet henew basef rom wher et heOr omosl aunchedt hei
rnext
attacksont heChr i
stianki ngdom &t henei ghbor ingpr ov i
nces
Ki ngMi nas( r.
1559- 1563)
Hewast hebr ot herofGel awdeosandhi ssucceededhi m.
Mi naschangedt heChr i
st iancent erf rom Shewat onor thofAbbay .Theplace
calledMengi st eSemayat .
Thecour test abl ishednearl akeTanaatapl acecal ledGuba’ eEnfranze
Heal soenci rcledbyt ensi onsofOr omomov ementandAdal war

17|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Thenhedeci dednott omakeanyat temptt or egaint heChr i

stianpr ovincesin
thesout hofAbbay .
KingSar saDi ngil(r.1563- 1597)
Hewast hesonofMi nas
Hecamet opoweratt heageoft hi
rteen( 13)
Hisf i
rsty earofr eignaper iodofpol it
icali nstabi
li
tyt hatcausedbyr ebell
ionof
oldgener alsagai nstthey oungki ng.
Forexampl eHamal malwhodef inedt heaut horit
yoft hekingandset t
ledwi t
hhis
l
ar gear myi nwest ernShewa.
I
n1566anot herrebel l
ionf rom Fasi lo.Fasiloev enat acked Sar
t saDi ngilwho
nar rowl yescapedf r
om deat h.
I
nt helat e1570’ stheat t
ent ionofSar saDi ngilshift
edt owardsencr oachment sof
OttomanTur ksont henor thernpr ovincesofhi skingdom.
Ot tomanTur ksoccupi edpor tofMassawaandadv ancedt oDabar awa.
Thear eawasr uledbyYi saq( hewasBahr enegashgov ernor)
.
Sar asaDi ngilcursedt her ebel li
onofYeshaq, alt
houghhedi dnotdi sl
odget he
OttomanTur ksfrom coast al t
er ri
tori
es.
Sar saDi ngi l
mar chedacr osst heAbbayt ot hesout h
Tost opOr omoadv anceandr egai nthef ormerpr ovincesoft heki ngdom.
Hegott hesubmi ssionofEnar y ain1568
Hegotv ictoryonlyinonebat t
le1572ov ert heOr omowar ri
ors
Heal somadeanot hercampai gnt oEnr ay ai n1597, buthefilli
llanddi edi nthe
districtofShat ,neartheGi ber iver
Aftert hedeat hofSar saDi ngil powerst r
uggl ebet ween
Yacob,
ZaDingi
land
Suseni
yoswereent
hronedanddet
hronedoneaf
teranot
her1597-
1601.
Finall
y,Suseni ousbecomeef fect i
ve.Hewasassi st edbyOr omowar rior
.
9.2.Cat holi
cizationandCi vilWar s
In1535Li bneDengelsentBer mudezwi thal ettert oPor tugaltogetsuppor tand
tofightwi t
hAhmedI brahim.
In1541Por tugal sentsoldierstoChr i
stianki ngdom.
Followingt hePor tuguesemi l
i
t ar
yassi stance,Cat hol i
cmi ssi
onaries( Jesuit
s)
camet oEt hiopia,whosoughtt oconv erttheOr thodoxChr i
sti
anofEt hiopiato
Cathol i
c.
Bermudez cl aimed t hati nr eturnf ormi l
itaryassi stance,Libne Dengi lhad
promi sed togi veat hir
dofhi ski ngdom t ot heki ngofPor tugalandhadt o
conv ert
ed,toget herwitht hesubj ects,toCat holicism.
In1541Ber mudezhear doft hedeat hoft heki ngwhi l
est i
l
linGoa.Ber mudez
madehi msel fPat ri
archoft heChr isti
anki ngdom.Hewasnotor deredbyt he
Pope.ThenheaskedGel awdewost oacceptCat holicism.Ber mudezbegant ryto
forceGel awdeost ofulf
il
l theallegedpr omi sesofhi sf ather.
Gelawdewosknewt hatLi bneDi ngildidnotpr omiset oconv ertt
oCat holi
cism.
Her ejectedBer mudezpr oposal .
Theki ngofPor tugal,JohnI I
I,alsor efusedt orecogni zeBermudezaspat ri
arch
oftheki ngdom .

18|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Soci etyofJesuswast heout comeoft her eact ionofCat holicagai nstpr ot estant
reformat i
on
Itwasf oundedbyI gnat iusLoyalofSpai ni n1540.
Gelawdewoswr ot eal et tert ot heki ngofPor tugalt osendcat hol i
cpr iest swho
coul dr enderr el i
gi ousser vi
cesf ort hePor tuguesesol diers.
Butt he ki ng John I IIofPor tugalmi sunder stood because he t houghtt hat
Gelawdewoswant edt oconv er ttoCat hol i
ci sm.
Sot heki ngandt hepope,deci dedt osendonepat ri
ar chandt wobi shopswho
wer esel ect edandor dai nedf rom amongt heJesui t.
Glawdeoshear daboutt hear rangementmadei nEur opef orhi sconv ersi on,he
wrot eal et terofobj ect iont ot hePor t uguesegov ernorofI ndia.
Thegov ernorsenty oungcat hol i
cpr iestcal ledRodr iguezt oconv incet heki ngt o
acceptt hepat riarchandbecomecat hol ic.
They oungJesui tpr iest sopenl ycr i
ti
ci zedt heor thodoxChr i
stiant raditi
ons
Suchasci rcumci sion,f oodt aboos,f ast ing andobser vanceofSat ur dayas
heresi es.Att hebegi nni ng het oler atest hepr iest sbecauseheneeded t he
Por tuguesear mysuppor ts.
Gelawdewosr eject edt hedemandandRodr iguezr etur nedt oGoa( India).
Thegov er norofI ndi asentagai nanot herbi shopcal ledAndr edeOv iedot o
conv inceGel awdeos.
Thenabi shopcamet oEt hiopi ai n1557t oconv ertki ng.ButOv iedof ailedt o
conv incet heki ng.
Gelawdewoswr ot eabookcal ledConf essi onsofGel awdewos.
Inwhi chhedef endedt hepr act iceofor thodoxf ait hoft heki ngdom agai nstt he
cri
ticism ofCat hol icPr iest s
Ov i
deoi sol atingPor tugusear myf rom Gel awdeosI n1559Gel awdewosdi edi n
thewarwi thEmi rNurbecauset hepor tugusesol idirsr efusedt of ightont hesi de
ofGel awdeos, whi leEmi rNurgotsuppor tf rom Ot tomanTur ks
AfterOv iedodi edt woot herbi shops,Pedr oPaezandAl fonsoMendezcamet o
Ethiopi a. Paezcame1603anddi ed1622
Paez successf uli n conv ert i
ng many i nfluent i
aldi gni ti
es oft he ki ngdom,
i
ncl udi ngSuseny os( r.1607—1632) .Al fonsei n1622ar r
iv edi nEt hiopiaandst ay
until 1632.
Aftert hedeat hofSar saDi ngi lpol iticaldi sorderasar esul tofanacut epower
struggl est art edbecause: -All Jesui tbi shopknowaboutt hesi tuat ions
Paezar ri
vedatMassawai n1603. Byt heci vilZaDi ngi lki l
led( 1604)Af tert he
deat hofZaDi ngi l
, Ya’ icobwasagai nputont het hrone.Paezcont inuedt hesame
deal wi thYa’ icob, whoagr eedt oacceptCat hol i
ci sm.
Bef oret heagr eementwasi mpl ement edYa’ i
cobwaski lledi nt hebat tl
epl acei n
1607.Ya’ icobsucceededbySuseni y os.
Suseny ost henal lowedt heJesui tstopr eachedCat hol i
cism
Si’ i
lker st ost hebr ot herofSuseny os,wast hef irstper sonwhoconv er tedt o
Cat holici sm.Butr e-bapt izedi n1611.
Since1612publ icdebat esoncat holicpr incipleswer ehel dint hepal ace, chair ed
bySuseny os.I nt hedebat eCat hol icr epr esent edbySi ’il
ker stos.
TheCat hol icscondemnedt heOr thodoxChur chpr act iceofci rcumci si
on,f asting
19|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

onFr
idayandWednesdayandt
heobser
vanceofSat
urdaysasher
ises.
-Allmeasuresl
eadtopeasantr
ebel
l
ionagainstSuseny
osstar
tedin1617suppor
tedby
thecl
ergy.
Susenyoshimsel
fbecameacat hol
i
canddecl aredCat
holi
cism ast
aterel
igi
on
i
n1622.
Susenyosfoughtmanybattl
esbetween1626and1632.
Suseniy
os came t o under
stand thathe coul d notsuppress the staunch
opposit
ionofchurchandpeasant
smi li
tar
ist
.
Fi
nall
yaf t
erthebat t
leofDenqezin1632,Suisenyosdecidedt
owithdrawalfrom the
experi
ment wi th Catholi
c. So he decided t o abdi
cate in f
av or of his son,
Fasi
ledes(r
.1632-1667)

Cat
hol i
cmi ssi onar ies
Ber mudez
Roder iguz
Ov ideo Mendez
Paez- hewassuccessf ul toconv ertsuseni yos
9.
3.TheGonderPer iod( 1636- 1769)
Themai npr ov incesoft heki ngdom wer eGoj jam,Begemdi r,Simen, Ti grayand
Gonder
KingFasi ledes( r
.1632- 1667)f oundedaper manentcapi t
alci t
yatGonderi n1636.
Theper i
odbet ween( 1636- 1769)i sknownast heGonder ineper i
odbecause
Gonderwaspol it
ical,economi cal andcul tural cent er.
Largei mper i
al quar terwasbui lt
,
Magni f
icentcast lesandpal acesf orki ngs, residencesf ortheAbunandEchegge
andchur cheswer ebui ltinGonder .
TheChur chesbecamecent ersofeducat i
on,musi candpoet ryf orwhi chGonder
becomef amousandt hecent erofExcel l
ency.
Gonder was al so cent er of an act i
v et rade,t he trade r outef rom t he
sout hwest ernpar tofEt hiopi anent eredGonder .Theni tbranchedouti ntotwo
Massawaont heRedseacoastandMet emmaont heSudanbor der .
Thet radewasmai nlydomi nat edbyt heMusl i
ms, whoal sot ookpar ti
nweav i
ng
TheFel ashasengagedi nmasonr y,pottery,basket ryandmet alWor ks
TheMusl im communi ties,t heFel ashasandot herforeigners( Ar meni an,Indian
andPer si anmer chant )wer enotal l
owedt ol ivei nt hecity.
Theyl i
vedi nt hesepar atequar teri ntheout skirtsoft heci tyatAddi sAl em.It
helpedf ort heexpansi onofGonder .
Byt hel at e18t hcent uryGonderhadabout70, 000i nhabit
ant swhobel ongf rom
differentr eligiousandcul tural groups.
Ther ulingcl asswhol edl uxur iousl ifeinthespl endi dpalacesandcast les.
Thepr osper it
yofGonderdi dnotl astlongandi twasf arfrom t hecent eroft he
kingdom
Thisl edt ogr owt hofr egi onal ism andi ncr easingi ndependenceoft hegr eat
regional lor ds.
Gonderexper iancedaper iodofGl or yandspl endoronl yduringt her ei
gnof
Fasi ledes( r.1632- 1667) ,

20|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

YohannesI( r.1667-82)and
IyasuI (I
yasut heGr eat )(r
.1682-1700)
I.Fasi l
edes( r.
1632- 1667)
Heest ablishedGonderci tycenterf oragr
icult
uralandmarkettown.
Heor ganizedst rongcent ralgovernment
Her estoredt heorthodoxf ai
th
Heexpel l
edt heJesui tmi ssi
onariesf r
om thecount r
y
Manycat holicconv erterswer ekil
led.
Heest ablishedGonderaper manentcapi talofthekingdom i
n1636.
Hei ntroducedacl osedoorpol icywhi chi sol
atedt hecountr
yfrom Chr
ist
ian
Eur
opef
orabout200year
s.
Hemadeanal
l
iancewi
tht
heI hepashasofSwaki
mamsofYemenandt nand
Massawa
i
nor
dert
ost
opt
hecomi
ngofEur
opeans.

II.YohannesI( r
.1667- 1682)
Hewast hef our thsonofFasi l
edos
Hesegr egat et heinhabi t
ant sofGonder
Heal soagai nstAgaw, Angot, Last aandwal lof orsubmi ssion.
Heal sowor khar dt ost rengt hcent ralGov er nment
I.Iy
asuI (r.1682- 1706)
Hi snicknameI yasut hegr eat
Hewast hemostpower f
ul king.
Hewast hel astst rongki ngbef or etheper i
odofpol i
tical disorderst art
ed
Iyasucol lectedannualt ri
but ef rom Shewa. Sincet heest ablishmentofGonderno
Chr isti
anki ngv entur edsout hwar dacr osst heAbayr ivert or egaint heChr ist
ian
kingdom, butI yasuappl yit.
Dur inghi sr eignat radi ti
onal ci vi
l codeandFi thaNegestwasr ev i
sed
Landl awsal so amendedandTaxesandcust omswer er eor ganized,whi ch
pr omot edt rade.Hest rengt hr elationswi t
hEgy pt .
Heal sov i
olat edcl oseddoorpol icy. AFr enchphy sici
ancal l
edJacqui e’sPoncet
cur edIy asuf rom ski ndi sease.
-TwoJesui tsal sov i
si tedt heki ngdom whi char ousedsuspi ci onamongt hecl ergy.The
kingalsosentadel egat i
onofsev eny oungChr i
stianst ot hepopeofRome.
-In1704ear t
hquake,consi deredbyt hecl er
gyasGodexpr essi onofangeragai nstt he
Jesuitspr esence.ThenI yasuf ledt oLakeTana.Wher ehepur suedbyassassi nswho
mur deredhi mi n1706.
NB.JacquesPoncet( Frenchphy sician)andJamesBr uceScot tisht raveler(todi scover
thesour ceofBl ueNi le)camet oEt hi opiai nthisper iodofi sol ati
on
Af terIyasudeat hhi ssonTekl ehay manott ookt het hrone, butnotef fecti
v e.
Thedeat hofI yasuIopenedper iodofpol iti
cal upheav al.
Fiv ekingswer est ruggl et ocont rol power
Bekkaf a( r.
1721- 1730)wasr elativ elypeace
Hi sconsor tEt egeMi ntiwab.Shewasmot herofI yasuI I
Headmi redf orhi sef fici
entadmi nistr
ation

21|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Duri
nghi
sreignShewabegantobeaut onomous
HewassucceededbyhissonIyasuII
I
yasuII(I
yasut
heli
ttl
er.1730-
55)
Hecamet opowerundertheregencyofhi smotherEt
egeMinti
wab,
camefr
om
Quara
Mint
iwabcontrol
ledthepowerandassi gnedherbrotherWel
deleulasRas
bi
tweded.
Iyasuwant edt oav oidt hedomi nat ionofQuar af ami ly.Sohedeci dedt ocreate
alli
ancewi t
hOr omoLor dsandhemar riedWabi from wal loOr omo.
Bakaf fahadear l
ierspentsomeofy ear sofexi l
ewi tht heWal l
oOr omochi ef
Amezo
Thedaught erofAmezocal ledWabiwhowasbapt izedasBer sabehandmar ried
IyasuI I.Ther efor et hei nf l
uenceofOr omo’ si ncreased.
Thesuccessor sofI yasuI Iwashi ssonI yoas
Iyoas( r.1755- 1769)
Hewasbor nf rom Ber sabehandI yasuI I
Thegr owi ngt hreatf rom Amhar achi efst ohi spowerf orcedt hey oungki ngwant
suppor tfrom Or omo.
Hei nvitedLuboandBi ri
let hebr ot herofBer sabehwhocamet oGonderwi th
3000cav alrymen.
Thei nf l
uenceofWal loOr omoi nGondergr ewst rong.
Iyoasgr andmot herMi nt iwabt ookpar ti ntheopposi t
iont oagai nsthergr andson.
Sheaskedt hehel poft hepower f
ulTi greanl ordRasMi chaelSehulbecauseher
brotherRasBi t
wededwel del eul diedi n1767
RasMi chaelar ri
v edi nGonderi n1768andt ookt het it
ler asbi twededand
becameguar dianoft heki ng.
Unf ortunat ely,int hei nt r
iguet hatf oll
owedRasMi chalgotI yoasmur deredi n
1769andputont het hr one70y ear sol dYohannesI It othet hrone.
Thedeat hofI yoas1769whi chmar kedt hebegi nni ngofZemeneMesaf i
nt
9.4.TheZemenMesaf i
nt ( EraofLor ds)( 1769- 1855)
Itwasaper i
odi nEt hiopi ahi st oryst ar t
edwi t
ht hedeat hofI yoasi n1769and
l
ast ed1855.
Thechar acter i
st i
csofZemeneMesaf i
nt
Civilwar
Soci alinstabi l
ityandpol it
icalfr agment ation.
Gondar ineki ngv i
rtuallyl ostt hei rsupr emepower&aut hor i
ty
Manyr egi onsbecamesemi -aut onomous.
Absenceofr uleofl aw
Shewabecamecompl et elyindependencef r om t hecent r
al gov ernment
Or t
hodoxChur chsuf fer eddoct r i
nal difference.
Weaknat ional power
Differentl ordsbecamepower ful andadopt edt het itleof“ Ras” .
Thepeasant rywasf orcedt of ightt heendl esswar soft hepr ovisional l
ords.
Itcauseddecl i
nei nagr icult
ur alpr oduct,st agnat i
onoft radeandt hecol l
apseof
handcr aft
.
Zemene Mesaf intst ar ted af tert he er osi on oft he tr adi
t i
onalpoweroft he

22|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Chr
ist
ianmonar
chy
.
Fi
rstf
act
orsl
edt
otheer
osi
onofpowerandaut
hor
it
yoft
hemonar
chyhadt
hei
r
originsi nt hewarofAhemedI br ahi m.
Bef oreI mam Ahmed,t heChr istianki ngsAmadeSey onandZar eYacobwer e
renownedf orthei rmi litaryandpol i
tical ex ploits.
AfterI mam Ahmeddef eat edt heChr i
stianki ngt hei mageoft heChr i
stianki ngs
dest roy ed.Thef irstv ictimswer eLi bneDengelwhol ivedf ugi ti
vel ifemor et hana
decadeaf terthebat tl
eofShi mbr akur ei n1529.
Theot herf actorf ort heer osiont het r
adi tionalpowerwast heest ablishmentof
Gonderasacapi tal.Bef orei tsest abl i
shmentt heChr i
st i
anki ngsusedmobi l
e
capi taltoadmi nist erv astar ea
Theki ngsnegl ect edt hepr ovincesi st hemeant i
met her egionall ordsbui l
tup
theirpower .
Sopower fullor dofTi gr ayWel deSi lassi e andShewanpower full ordShal e
Selassi e oppose t he cent ralgov ernmentev en made t heirr egionalpower
heredi tary .
Sev eralr egionall ordswer ei nv olv ed i nt hest r
uggl eoff ort het i
tleofRas
Bitweded.
Thef irstr asbi twededaf tert hedeat hofWel deleulwasr asMi chaelSheulof
Tigray .
Aftert he downf al lofMi chaelSheuli nt he ear ly 1770s t he posi ti
on was
monopol izedbyt heYej j
uOr omos,whosetupYej juorWar ashehdy nastyi n
1786.
Thef ounderoft hi sdy nast ywasAl iGwangul (AlitheGr eatorAl iI)whobecame
thef irstYej juOr omot ot aket het i
tle, Rasbi tweded. Sixofhi sfami lytookt het i
tl
e
ofr asaf terhi mf orexampl e,RasGugsaandRasAl iAlula(Ali I
I)andsoon.
Thepol i
tical unitsdur ingZemeneMesaf intint hedi fferentdi rectionwer e
Nor th:-Tigr ay
Cent er: -Simen, Dembi a, Begemdi r,Last a, Amhar a,YejjuandWal lo
Sout h:-Goj jam andShewa
Themai npower ful regionsconduct edt heirownf oreignr elationsi ndependent l
y.
Forexampl eTi grayusedpor tofMassawaandShewaconduct edt hei rownf oreign
relat
iont hr oughAwsaandTaj ur a
DuringZemenMesaf intaf or eignt hr eatt oEt hiopiacamef r
om Egy pti nt heEt hio–
Sudanesebor der .
Thiscamef rom Egy ptaf tert her iseofMohamedAl iwhoext endedEgy ptr uleSudani n
1821.
From Sudanconquer edt heEt hiopiant erritoryi nt hewestdi rect i
on.Thel ocalnobl es
whof oughtwi thEgy ptwer eDej azmachWubeofsemen,Dej azmachKi nfuofQuar a,
andKassaHai
lu.
Kassaf
oughtwi
thEgy
ptatthebat
tl
eofDebarqi1848.
Att
hetimeofZemeneMesafi
ntmanypeopl
eabandonedt hei
rpr
ofessi
onandbecome
bandi
t(
shi
ft
as)
.
Kassa Hai
lu,befor
e,he became Tewodros I
Ifoughtwithregionall
ords at
di
ffer
entbatt
lepl
ace,
forexample
Nov,1852atthebat
tleofGuraAmba,hedefeat
edDejachGoshuofGojj
am.

23|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

April,1853att hebat tl
eofGor gor aBi chen,hedef eatedf ourvassal
sofRasAl iI
I
June1853att hebat tleofAy shal ,hedef eatedRasAl i
himself&
Feb, 1855att hebat tl
eofDer asge, Hedef eatedDejachWubeofsemen&Ti gray.
KassaHay lu,t ookt hr onenameTewodr osconsi deringapr ophecycontainedin
themedi ev al bookFekar eI
y asus.
Inthisbook, i
twaspr ophesiedt hataki ngbyt henameTewodr oswoul dcomet o
rule&br ingpeacet ot hepeopl eaf t
eraper iodoft roubles.Thenhecr ownedking
ofkingsofEt hiopiainFeb, 1855, byAbuneSel amaatDer asgeMar i
am
Ther iseofTweodr ost opowerl edt ot heendofZemeneMesaf int
Thet wopol iciesofTewodr osI I
(r.1855- 1868)
Politi
cal–r e-uni f
icationand
Moder nization
Quest ions
1.Whoest abli
shedGonderasaper manentseatofpol i
ticalpower ?
2.Mentionthemaj ordev elopment soft heGondar ianeperiod
3.Li
stthemi ssionar ieswhot ri
edtoconv erttheEthiopiankingst oCat hol
i
cism.
4.Expl
ainaboutt hepol iti
cal centerofGel awdeows, MinasandSer saDengi l
.
5.Mentionthef eat uresofZemenMesaf int

Fol
l
owUsOnTel
egr
am t
.me/
fana_
educat
ion

ከ9-
12ላላችሁተማሪዎች

እንደሚታወቀው ከ2015ዓ.
ም ጀምሮየዩኒቨርስቲመግቢያፈተናከ9ኛ- 12ኛክፍልያለውን
የሚያጠቃልልነ ው።ይህም ተማሪዎችላይጫ ናመፍጠሩየማይቀርነ ው።እኛም ከ2015
ዓ.ም የት/
ትዘመንጀምሮበነ ፃMathemati
csትምህርትንከ9ኛ-
12ኛክፍልላላችሁ
ተማሪዎችExample&Exerci
seSolut
ionጨ ምሮቀለልባለእናበሚገባችሁመን ገድ
ለየትያሉYouTubevi
deoእያዘጋጀንየምናግዛችሁመሆኑንስናሳውቃችሁበታላቅ
አክብሮትነ ው።
ከእናንተየሚጠበቀው በትኩረትመከታተልብቻነ ው።

Comput
ati
onየበዛበትጊዜላይስላለንታሪክለመቀየርለስኬትዛሬጀምራችሁተነ
ሱ

በትኩረትየምትከተሉንያለምንም ጥርጥር100%ብቁትሆናላችሁ

ጉዞወደስኬት
24|
Page
 FANAEDUCATI
ON

Joi
nአድርጉታተርፋላችሁ

Mat
hemat
icsይከብዳልማለትእናአስጠኒመፈለግቀረ

T
han
kYo
u
FanaEducat
ion

25|
Page