COURSE ACTIVITY ON

“Study Of Types of Springs “

Prepared By….

1)Gagare Aaryan Bhausaheb : 20ME021

2)Gorde Rushikesh kailas : 20ME022

3)Gore Ganesh Sanjay : 20ME023

4)Gore Manoj Haribhau : 20ME024

5)Gudd Abhishek Gangadhar : 20ME025

Department Of Mechanical Engineering

TE- Mechanical (A)

AISSMS College of Engineering , Pune

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 INTRODUCTION:-
Spring is an elastic object that stores mechanical energy and is usually made of still. When a conventional
spring is compressed or stretched from its rest position, it exerts an opposing force approximately
proportional to the change in length.

The spring rate or spring constant is the change in its force, divided by the difference in the spring'sdeflection.
Simply put, it is the gradient of the force versus deflection curve. The rate of an extension or compression
spring is expressed in units of force divided by distance (N/m or lbf/in).

Nowadays, springs are used in almost every industry. In addition, there are many spring designs, shapes, and
sizes available. Each type of spring can be further characterized. To understand all these, we are going to
discuss different types of springs, their advantages, and disadvantages, along with their applications.

Types of Springs
1. Helical springs
2. Extension springs
3. Torsion springs
4. Compression springs
5. Spiral springs
6. Disk springs
7. Leaf springs
8. Linear springs
9. Variable-rate springs
10. Flat springs
11. Machined springs
12. Molded springs
13. Serpentine spring
14. Gas springs
15. Balance springs

#1 Helical Springs
Helical springs are regarded as the most common type of springs in product manufacturing. These types of
springs are wrapped so that they look like a thread. Wires in a helix shape (like the name) with different
cross-sections can form helical springs.

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These springs generally operate on Hooke's law which states that within the limits of elasticity, the applied
stress is directly proportional to the tension produced. These are highly reliable and can offer a constant
spring rate. Helical springs are further divided into four main types, discussed below.

Advantages of Helical Spring Disadvantages of Helical Spring

Helical springs are highly reliable The main drawback of helical springs is that compared to other types. they
are quite expensive.
They have an excellent constant spring
There is also the problem of load bearings.
rate.
These springs generally have good stability.

#2 Extension Springs

Extension springs are designed to absorb and store energy, as well as to resist pulling force. When pull force
is applied, it results in the extension of the spring. Unlike compression springs, extension springs are closed
coils and are also known as tension springs.

These springs are usually attached to other components at both ends, and when they are separated, the
spring tries to bring them together again. Extension springs experience loads at zero deflection due to their
initial tension.

Advantages of Extension Spring Disadvantages of Extension Spring

These can fully expand and contract when Extension springs generally require more operating overhead
doors. parts.
There is a possibility of wear and tear This spring
can last up to 10,000 cycles. with extension springs.

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#3 Torsion Springs

Torsion springs work by rotating their end along their axis, a flexible elastic object that stores mechanical
energy when twisted. When it is rotated, it exerts torque in the opposite direction, which is proportional to
the amount of rotation.

Because of the rotation, these springs use the radial direction when the force is acting radially. These are
generally seen in applications that rotate less than 360 degrees. Torsion springs last a long time and can be
easily adjusted in all types of spring. It is commonly used in clothes pins, clipboards, swing-down tailgates,
and garage doors.

Advantages of Torsion Spring Disadvantages of Torsion Spring

These springs are solid and last for a long Torsion springs generally cannot time. provide a progressive
spring rate.
A torsion spring is easy to lubricate and maintain compared to an
extension spring.
These springs allow for controlled motion.

#4 Compression Springs

The compression spring is usually of coil type, which offers resistance to the force exerted to compress the
spring. These are usually pressed or squeezed by the load and can resist compressive or push force.

The perfect example of its application is the ballpoint pen, which is responsible for the popping result. In
addition, it is also applied in valve and suspension system applications. In addition to their benefits, they can
provide constant pressure and return the component to its desired state.

Advantages of Compression Spring Disadvantages of Compression Spring

Compression springs may oppose the

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 Compression springs are expensive.
movement of another component.
The spring loses its shape and stability It can
return the component to its desired state. when it is overused.
These springs usually provide constant If the spring is broken, it isn't easy to pressure. repair.

#5 Spiral Springs

Spiral springs consist of coiled wire usually in a flat spiral or a helix shape. These springs are commonly used
for energy storage. These types of springs are made by joining rectangular metal strips to plane spirals.

When used, it stores an appropriate amount of energy and can release it at a constant rate. This continuous
release feature makes it suitable for mechanical watches, toys, and seat recliners.

#6 Disk Springs
Also known as Belleville springs, these are ideal for high-load applications, especially where space is limited.
This spring is composed of a convex disc where the outer edge is driven opposite the center of the disc. Due
to this, it creates a high spring force within a small area of movement.

Disc spring supports high loads with relatively small deflection and has low solid height compared to standard
helical designed springs. These types of springs are versatile and are utilized in manufacturing and plant
applications. Disc springs are further classified into four types which are described below.

Advantages of Disc Springs Disadvantages of Disc Springs

Disc springs provide high energy storage Load deviation in disc spring is capacity and long service life. difficult
to guarantee.
Using these springs saves space.

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It gives good shock absorption and energy dissipation.

#7 Leaf Springs

A leaf spring made of several strips of metal curved slightly upwards and clamped together on top of each
other. It is a simple form of spring commonly used for suspension in wheeled vehicles.These are made of
rectangular metal plates, also known as leaves.

These are sometimes referred to as the elliptical spring, or cart spring, one of the oldest spring forms. A leaf
spring forms a thin arc-shaped length of spring steel of a rectangular cross-section. In the most common type,
the center of the arc provides space for the axle, while loops at either end provide for attachment to the
vehicle chassis.

Advantages of Leaf Spring Disadvantages of Leaf Spring

Leaf springs are light in weight and are Ride comfort is not as good due to the inter-leaf known to be strong.
friction between each leaf.
This spring provides good support to As time passes, these springs lose their shape the axle and chassis. and
can sag.
It can withstand a higher amount of
load than helical springs.

#8 Linear Springs
The linear spring has the same diameter along its entire length, and this uniform diameter provides it with a
constant spring rate. In other words, the rate of the spring does not change regardless of the load acting on
the spring, and the deflection of the spring will be proportional to the applied force.

Some linear springs store energy through compression rather than expansion. For instance, when you
compress a spring in a typical jack,you work on the spring, which is stored in the spring as energy. These types
of springs are also known as constant rate springs.

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#9 Variable-rate Springs

The spring rate of variable-rate springs increases with spring deflection. A variable-rate spring does not have
the same spring rate across its axial length and is usually not constant or linear. These springs are employed
when the manufacturer wants to control the spring rate.

A cone-shaped compression variable spring is typically found in the battery box.These springs may have
multiple rates, or while the spring is compressing, they may have a progressively increasing or decreasing
spring rate. This offers many advantages, and many products rely on variable-rate springs to deliver optimum
performance.

#10 Flat Springs

Flat springs generally come in all kinds of shapes and sizes. These are made from steel and are ideally suited
for applications where space is limited or where spring can be used as part of a mounting assembly.

These are essentially sheet metal parts that can be formed by stamping. Spring washers, PCB spring contacts,
and retainer clips are good examples of flat springs. However, there are also coiled flat springs, such as clock
springs and volute springs. They also require heat treatment to shape.

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#11 Machined Springs

A machined spring is a piece of material that has been precisely designed and machined to the spring
characteristics. As the name suggests, machined springs are typically made on CNC lathes and mills.

It is designed to provide precise performance in the form of compression, extension, torsion, lateral
translation, or lateral bending spring. These types of springs are used for heavy-duty applications with high
strength and precision requirements.

#12 Molded Springs

Molded springs are nothing but plastic or composite springs commonly found in corrosive environments such
as food production, medicine, and marine applications. Because of the creep, molded springs should be used
only in irregular cycles.

The mold spring mainly has a small installation volume, excellent elasticity, strong rigidity, high precision, a
rectangular material shape, surface color separation coating, and an aesthetic appearance. Compared to
regular springs, they are relatively new to space, and supplies are not as great.

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#13 Serpentine Spring

Serpentine springs zigzag on the seat or back and provide excellent comfort and durability. These springs are
springs made from steel wire shaped into a continuous (S) shape.

They have higher quality, are thicker, more stable, and are usually corrosion resistant. These types of springs
are made from rigid spring steel wire and are delivered on a roll to the sofa manufacturer. Some zig-zag
springs are thin and are often installed in inexpensive sofas.

#14 Gas Springs

A gas spring uses compressed gas (Nitrogen gas and oil) within an enclosed
cylinder sealed by a sliding piston to store potential energy pneumatically and
to withstand an external force applied in a parallel direction of the piston shaft.

These are rods that provide support for doors,hatches, lids, and covers that are
hinged horizontally. They act as supports in various ways, including raising,
positioning, and lowering. Since they are versatility, therefore they are used in a
wide variety of applications.

#15 Balance Springs

It is a spring that is attached to the balance wheel in a mechanical timepiece.

This causes the balance wheel to oscillate with a resonant frequency when the
timepiece moves. It controls the speed at which the timepiece's wheels turn,
thus the rate of movement of the hands.

The balance spring is a fine spiral or helical torsion spring used in mechanical
watches, kitchen timers, and alarm clocks to control the balance wheel's
oscillation rate. The balance spring is an essential accessory for the balance
wheel, causing it to oscillate back and forth.

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APPICATIONS OF SPRINGS :-

1) To apply forces and controlling motion, as in brakes and clutches.

2) Measuring forces, as in the case of a spring balance.

3) Storing energy, as in the case of springs used in watches and toys.

4) Reducing the effect of shocks and vibrations in vehicles and machine foundations.

CONCLUSION :

► Springs produce a large deflection and used for a number of applications.

Most springs are made of steel.

► Stress and deflection in coil springs was derived.

Checkouts made easier, quicker

►Springs can be connected in series and parallel.

►There are a number of other spring configurations used in engineering.

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