MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

S.Z.A.B CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIR’S

Department of Electronic Engineering
3rd Semester 2nd Year
Subject: INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS OPEN ENDED(PROJECT)

Student’s Roll No: K20ES025 Score: _________________________

Date of Conduct: ____________________ Teacher’s Signature: ______________

OP-AMP BASED HARTLEY OSCILLATOR

OBJECTIVE:
To make an op-amp based Hartley oscillator

EQUIPMENT & COMPONENTS:

OP AMP
Capacitors 1
Inductors : 2x. | 20/1
Resistors : 4x. | 10/4
Battery : 9v. | 80/1
Total : 280
Oscilloscope

INTRODUCTION:
An oscillator is a circuit which produces a continuous, repeated, alternating
waveform without any input. Oscillators basically convert unidirectional current
flow from a DC source into an alternating waveform which is of the desired
frequency, as decided by its circuit components.

WORKING:
The basic principle behind the working of oscillators can be understood by
analyzing the behavior of an LC tank circuit which employs an inductor L and a
completely pre-charged capacitor C as its components. Here, at first, the
capacitor starts to discharge via the inductor, which results in the conversion of
its electrical energy into the electromagnetic field, which can be stored in the
inductor. Once the capacitor discharges completely, there will be no current
flow in the circuit and then damping current will occur.
However, by then, the stored electromagnetic field would have generated a
back-emf which results in the flow of current through the circuit in the same
direction as that of before. This current flow through the circuit continues until
the electromagnetic field collapses which result in the back-conversion of
electromagnetic energy into electrical form, causing the cycle to repeat.
However, now the capacitor would have charged with the opposite polarity, due
to which one gets an oscillating waveform as the output.

However, the oscillations which arise due to the inter-conversion between the
two energy-forms cannot continue forever as they would be subjected to the
effect of energy loss due to the resistance of the circuit. As a result, the
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 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
S.Z.A.B CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIR’S
Department of Electronic Engineering
3rd Semester 2nd Year
Subject: INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS OPEN ENDED(PROJECT)

amplitude of these oscillations decreases steadily to become zero, which makes

them damped in nature.

This indicates that in order to obtain the oscillations which are continuous and
of constant amplitude, one needs to compensate for the energy loss.
Nevertheless, it is to be noted that the energy supplied should be precisely
controlled and must be equal to that of the energy lost in order to obtain the
oscillations with constant amplitude.
This is because, if the energy supplied is more than the energy lost, then the
amplitude of the oscillations will increase leading to a distorted(cliped off)
output; while if the energy supplied is less than the energy lost, then the
amplitude of the oscillations will decrease leading to unsustainable(unstable or
damping) oscillations.
There are many types of oscillators but in this project we are using Hartley
oscillator
The frequency is directly proportional to the ratio of capacitor and inductors
values.

MOTIVATION : we want to create function generator in cheeper way

Application : The Hartley oscillator is used as a local oscillator in radio receivers. Due to the

reason for a wide range of frequencies, it is a popular oscillator. This oscillator is suitable for

oscillations in Radio Frequency (RF) range up to 30MHz.

It is also used as function generator

CIRCIUT DESING:

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 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
S.Z.A.B CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIR’S
Department of Electronic Engineering
3rd Semester 2nd Year
Subject: INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS OPEN ENDED(PROJECT)

the op-amp based Hartley oscillator has been shown where capacitor C1 is
connected in parallel with L1 and L2 in series.

The Op-amp is connected in an inverting configuration, where the resistor R1

and R2 is the feedback resistor. The amplifier voltage gain can be determined
by the below-mentioned formula –

A = - (R2 / R1)

The feedback voltage and the output voltage is also denoted in the above op-
amp based Hartley oscillator circuit.

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 MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
S.Z.A.B CAMPUS KHAIRPUR MIR’S
Department of Electronic Engineering
3rd Semester 2nd Year
Subject: INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS OPEN ENDED(PROJECT)

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