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When Nir Barzilai specialised in anti-ageing science 30 years ago, it was an act of hope. Now, the Israeli-Ameri‐
can scientist believes the world is on the cusp of turning hope into reality, finding transformational drugs that pre‐
vent the effects of ageing that used to be viewed as inevitable.

“We are done with hope and promise. We are at the point between having promise and realising it”, says the direc‐
tor of the Institute for Aging Research at New York’s Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

He plans to run a huge flagship trial to test whether a cheap generic diabetes drug — metformin — can extend
lifespan by years, after a promising UK study of real world patients.

If regulators approve metformin to target ageing, he believes large pharmaceutical companies and biotechs would
jump into the “longevity” field. “Once we prove it, I think it will be an earth-shattering moment for everyone”, he
says.

The fantasy of living forever has endured for centuries, from finding renewal in a fountain of youth to gaining im‐
mortality from a philosopher’s stone.

Although we are still unable to elude death, we have learnt to forestall it: science has improved life expectancy sig‐
nificantly, initially with more mundane measures such as sewers and vaccines, and then with new drugs to tackle
chronic conditions such as heart disease. In the UK, life expectancy at birth almost doubled between 1841 and
2011.

But as many people now spend their last decades in poor health, scientists like Barzilai are on a quest to further
increase not just lifespan but also healthspan: the number of healthy years we live.

Longevity researchers reject the hype that they are “curing death” but their vision still has the potential to ease
some of the biggest problems of our time: soaring healthcare costs for a population whose health is creaking as it
ages, and lacklustre productivity as people become too sick to work.

And yet Barzilai is still searching for money to fund the trial, which could take four or six years and cost $50mn to
$75mn. So far, he has $22mn, including $9mn from the US National Institutes of Health. “It is terribly upsetting but
we are now on the hunt for the rest of the money”, he says.

Finding the key to prolonging life would benefit us all, but money to fund the search is hard to come by. Healthcare
investors typically want to see short-term returns — unlikely, in metformin’s case, since its patent has long expired.
Governments, meanwhile, prioritise research into diseases.

Into this gap have stepped tech billionaires including Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, Israeli entrepreneur Yuri Milner,
and through Alphabet, Google co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin, who are funding new models that aim to
combine the best of business and academia without the pressure for short-term returns. Barzilai hopes to pitch to
some of this class of investors at an upcoming longevity conference.

The billions being made available to longevity researchers could be a gift to a humanity too distracted by today’s
problems to fund a long-term revolution in healthcare. Their interest could be a “win-win”: billionaires tempted by
the idea of living ever longer fund a longevity field that would not thrive without them.

But critics worry that if wealthy individuals dominate, future advances could create an elite not of designer babies
but of designer elderly. Christopher Wareham, a bioethicist at Utrecht University who studies the ethics of ageing,
says advances in longevity science risk widening the gaps between the rich and poor in health, wealth and power,
including concerns that dictators could extend their lives.

“Suppose, for example, we had a kind of vaccine for the pandemic of age”, he hypothesised. “This is going to po‐
tentially exacerbate all the kinds of existing inequalities that we have . . . The longer you’re around, the more your
wealth compounds, and the wealthier you are, the more political influence you have”.

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As the field of longevity research began to expand, scientists convened to ask the most fundamental question:
what is ageing? In 2013 an influential group laid out the “nine hallmarks of ageing”, genetic and biochemical pro‐
cesses that lead to impaired function and vulnerability to death.

Eric Verdin, chief executive of the Buck Institute for Research and Aging in California, says scientists have com‐
pletely changed how they think about ageing, from presuming it was a passive process — if you wait long enough,
things fall apart — to learning how to modify it.

Eventually, a breakthrough could simply prevent us reacting to the chronic illnesses that kill. “The biggest risk fac‐
tor of all diseases is ageing: It is not cholesterol or smoking, it is your age”, he says.

James Peyer, chief executive of Cambrian Biopharma, which incubates and invests in longevity companies, says
the “north star” for the field is creating a new generation of preventive drugs, which he believes will have as much
impact on human health as vaccines and antibiotics.

Before developing drugs, scientists have to investigate what is happening on a cellular level. One important dis‐
covery was that the biological clock on cells can be turned back, using “rejuvenation factors” that create the poten‐
tial to reverse disease.

Another was that senescent cells build up in older people — ageing, not dividing, but refusing to die — causing
health problems. Scientists at the US Mayo Clinic discovered that if you engineer mice so the senescent cells die
off, they became healthier and live 20 to 30 per cent longer.

But so far, the majority of these discoveries have been in animals, not humans. “It’s a great time to be a rich
mouse. And you could live for a long time as a rich mouse, but I think we want to have human beings that live
healthier”, jokes Vijay Pande, general partner at venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz, which invests in
longevity start-up BioAge.

Testing these hypotheses in humans presents huge challenges. It would take too long to wait to see whether hu‐
mans on a drug live longer. So scientists must find “biomarkers”: signals that track the ageing process to see if it
slows.

Researchers also have to contort their trials into the existing regulatory framework, which does not define ageing
as a disease. They must target specific diseases, even though some hope the drugs will have broader ap‐
plications.

While Barzilai thinks metformin has the potential to extend life, his trial will aim to show that the drug delays a bas‐
ket of diseases, including stroke, heart failure, cancer and dementia, as well as death.

But by far the biggest hurdle is getting enough money to fund large trials, to accelerate this exploration, and find
other factors that influence ageing.

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When Rick Klausner began to raise money for Altos Labs, he created a deck for investors like no other. Instead of
coming to potential shareholders with a list of projects and a timetable of milestones, the former director of the US
National Cancer Institute hoped they would invest in what he called an “engine of discovery”.

His pitch was that Altos would hire the best minds in the business — including the former GSK chief scientific offi‐
cer Hal Barron as chief executive — and set them free. Working in a way he hopes will be more collaborative than
academia, they will tackle the big problems around rejuvenating cells with the ambition of reversing diseases.

The approach paid off: the company raised $3bn, a life sciences industry record, in a round led by Arch Venture
Partners, and reportedly including funds from Bezos and Milner, the cofounder of Mail.Ru and founder of tech in‐
vestment firm DST Global.

Barron says the money will allow them to fail multiple times in pursuit of their goal: an “incredibly novel way of
thinking” about reversing disease. Pursuing such a “complicated, disruptive idea” needs $3bn, he adds.

“If you had a typical $60mn or $100mn investment, it wouldn’t really be thoughtful to try to tackle this problem”, he
explains.

Altos, which launched at the start of 2022, is now the best known of the well-funded experiments trying to tur‐
bocharge anti-ageing science. The first was Calico Life Sciences, an Alphabet company, founded in 2013, where
Barron used to lead research.

Klausner and Barron criticise the academic funding model for creating an environment that doesn’t encourage
tackling the biggest questions. Instead of putting pressure on their researchers to publish in the best journals, or
placing a premium on being the first author on a paper, they will be judged on whether they are working on the
hardest problems.

“It’s an experiment, but I think it is an experiment that’s worth all of us committing the rest of our careers to”, Klaus‐
ner concluded.

Robert Nelsen, co-founder at Arch Venture Partners, says the company only wanted very long-term investors. His
group can hold shares in Altos for 10 to 15 years if necessary, though he believes other investors will see the val‐
ue long before it lands on a “Holy Grail”.

“If this works, it doesn’t matter if we’ve waited. If you cure disease in my business, you are going to make money”,
he says.

Jonathan Lewis, chief business officer at Calico, says a “chunk of funding” from Alphabet, then known as Google,
allowed the company to focus on early biology when it launched in 2013.

But since then, it has attracted funding from the pharmaceutical company AbbVie. The partnership has been re‐
newed twice, and Alphabet and AbbVie have now both committed to investing $3.5bn.

The money is significant for the 275-person organisation, but small fry for Alphabet, with its $1.2tn market capitali‐
sation, and AbbVie, at $292bn. Now, Calico has three potential drugs in early clinical trials.

More conventional venture capitalists are entering the field, but they focus on companies that are testing broader
principles of anti-ageing science in specific trials that could produce drugs more quickly. However, the step-by-step
approach could be slower, and if the first trial fails, a company may suffer, potentially undermining its larger vision.

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The well-funded new kids on the block have ignited debates about whether governments have their scientific prior‐
ities right, and the consequences of shifting more early stage science into private institutions.

Government funding is growing but is still nowhere near matching the investment raised by organisations like Al‐
tos. The US National Institutes of Health has an ageing division, but a rise in its budget in the past decade was
mainly devoted to Alzheimer’s. The UK has begun to take notice, but the money is spread thinly: the government’s
national research funding body, UK Research and Innovation, spent £2mn setting up 11 networks.

James Wilsdon, director of the Research on Research Institute at the University of Sheffield, says public funds
need to be directed where they can deliver benefits more immediately.

“The need is great enough as it is, without then taking on much longer term, more speculative questions”, he says.

He added that there is a suspicion that those who stress the need for “long-termism” are actually dressing up their
“individual, narcissistic, selfish desires to find ways of extending their own life as long as possible”. “You can paint
as much lipstick on a pig as you want, but it is still a pig of an argument for allocating health funding”, he says.

Wareham, the bioethicist, says we need to get away from the “disturbing image of these kinds of vampire-like bil‐
lionaires, concocting extension potions and experimenting on themselves”, and realise that even if they are self-
interested, they can “afford to make a lot of mistakes”, which governments cannot.

Governments are also contributing in less obvious ways. Lewis describes the UK as “prescient” for setting up the
UK Biobank, a genetic and health information database of half a million participants. This proved so useful that
Calico is helping fund more scans to improve its understanding of how disease progresses in older adults.

Within the field, some envy peers who no longer have to fill out endless funding applications. Lynne Cox, an as‐
sociate professor at the University of Oxford who specialises in ageing science, spends most of her time “scram‐
bling around for little pots of money”. Even basic resources like pipettes can be in short supply.

She contrasts this with a colleague who recently joined Altos. “He has the freedom to do science the way science
should be done”, she says.

Cox has taken funds from Jim Mellon, a British former fund manager who also co-founded Juvenescence, a
biotech devoted to longevity, who she describes as a “one of those ideal donors” who does not micromanage.

Others worry that the private companies engaging in early research could restrict access to innovations. While Al‐
tos researchers will be free to publish their findings, and Calico declares itself “pro-publishing”, some suspect they
are less free than in academia.

The pharmaceutical industry already guards its intellectual property closely, and has been accused of setting drug
prices too high. As anti-ageing science gets closer to market, there will be big ethical questions about how fairly
treatments are distributed.

Mehmood Khan, chief executive of Hevolution Foundation, a non-profit devoted to longevity research backed by
the Saudi royal family that has pledged $1bn a year in investment, says its vision is to “extend healthy lifespan for
the benefit of all humanity”, to ensure it doesn’t exacerbate the gap in life expectancy between the rich and poor.
He says Hevolution is only funding work that could be “democratised”.

“If this is going to be a gazillion-dollars’ worth of treatment for a handful of people, it is of no interest”, he says.

Altos says it wants to help as many patients with serious medical needs as possible, and is committed to working
with the healthcare ecosystem on access and equity.

To speed innovation and encourage wider access, governments have usually been the main contributors to funda‐
mental science, answering essential questions, which do not lead directly to products.

Ronald Kohanski, director of the division of ageing biology at the US National Institute on Aging, says that while in
the Renaissance scientists relied on wealthy people’s pockets, in modern times western governments have sup‐
ported open science.

“Not everybody who was offered the large salaries by Altos went. Some prefer to stay in academia”, he says.

He adds that people with private funding are not subject to the same “compulsion” as those with government mon‐
ey: to ensure their findings are accessible, and that any positive consequences are available to everyone.

“If you’re doing something to make money, you’re going to optimise your profit. That’s capitalism in a nutshell”, he
says.

By Hannah Kuchler.

Este artículo se publicó originalmente en Financial Times.

Nota informativa: Financial Times es un periódico de origen británico espcializado en noticias internacionales de
negocios y economía. Fue fundado en 1888. Tiene implementado un «muro de pago» por lo que es necesario
suscribirse para tener acceso a todos sus contenidos. Más información en Become an FT subscriber.

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Yes That is the terrain theory. But we do have germs.. all of us. And we have to fight the germs conti‐
nuously.. not like Howard Hughes but more like indian or chinese gurus. With herbs.

https://durayresearch.wordpress.com/about-2/seven-provocative-findings-p3/

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He has made everything beautiful in its time. He has also set eternity in the human heart; yet no one can
fathom what God has done from beginning to end.

Ecclesiastes 3:11

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We already have the best pill for mitigating the effects of age: EXERCISE/NUTRITION!
Eat clean - if man makes it, don't eat it, and get off your lazy ass and exercise.
Money can't buy discipline, but these rich dolts will never realize their privilege ends with the laws of nature.

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"For the word of the cross is foolishness to those who are perishing, but to us who are being saved it is the
power of God. For it is written:

'I will destroy the wisdom of the wise,

And the understanding of those who have understanding, I will confound.'

Where is the wise person? Where is the scribe? Where is the debater of this age? Has God not made foo‐
lish the wisdom of the world? For since in the wisdom of God the world through its wisdom did not come to
know God, God was pleased through the foolishness of the message preached to save those who believe.
For indeed Jews ask for signs and Greeks search for wisdom; but we preach Christ crucified, to Jews a
stumbling block, and to Gentiles foolishness, but to those who are the called, both Jews and Greeks, Christ
the power of God and the wisdom of God. For the foolishness of God is wiser than mankind, and the weak‐
ness of God is stronger than mankind.

For consider your calling, brothers and sisters, that there were not many wise according to the flesh, not
many mighty, not many noble; but God has chosen the foolish things of the world to shame the wise, and
God has chosen the weak things of the world to shame the things which are strong, and the insignificant
things of the world and the despised God has chosen, the things that are not, so that He may nullify the
things that are, so that no human may boast before God. But it is due to Him that you are in Christ Jesus,
who became to us wisdom from God, and righteousness and sanctification, and redemption, so that, just as
it is written: 'Let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord.'”

1 Corinthians 1:18-31

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And just as it is appointed for man to die once, and after that comes judgment,
Hebrews 9:27

What every needs is a cure for Sin, and only Jesus can provide that... along with a new glorified immortal
body... Only in Christ Jesus...

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Take your bronze age philosophy and stick it on your ear, we are so over healthcare via religion, we
tried it, it didn't work so well.

I wonder if the same r3t4rds whom won't get vaccines will fight against this...

I'm betting they wont.

 !"#$%&'"(

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