Number is an idea of how many.

Set of Integers is the union of the

Numeral is the symbol or character for a number. set of whole numbers and the
So many countries, so many different cultures, that’s why there are so many different negative of the counting
symbols for numbers. numbers.
𝟏 𝟏𝟑
At present we use both the Hindu-Arabic and Roman Numerals. But it is said that the Fraction (ex. 𝟑 , 𝟐,𝟒is ratio of two
most commonly used system is the HINDU-ARABIC NUMERICAL SYSTEM. numbers, the numerator and the
denominator, usually written one
above the other and separated by
a horizontal line called the
vinculum.
Decimal (ex. 0.75. 1.25) is a
number expressed in the base-
ten system.
Set of Rational Numbers
is the union of the set of
Fractions, integers, and
decimals (terminating
and non-terminating but
repeating)
The REAL NUMBER system. Set of Irrational Numbers
Each subset of numbers contains distinct elements. is a set of numbers that
Zero (0) is a number that denotes no quantity or amount at all. consists of non-
Set of Natural or Counting Numbers (1, 2, 3, 4,…∞) is a set of integral numbers from terminating/non-
1 to infinity. repeating decimals. (ex.
Set of Whole Numbers is the union of zero and the set of counting numbers. pi, √𝟐.
Negatives of the counting numbers, from the name itself, are the additive inverses of INSERT: Extracting the
the counting numbers square root of a number.
Set of Real Numbers is
the union of the set or
rational and irrational
numbers.
PROPERTIES OF REAL
NUMBERS (see the table for examples.)
1. Commutative Property of Addition: The order of the addends does not
affect the sum.
2. Commutative Property of Multiplication: The order of the factors does not
 affect the product. A Trinomial has three terms (x + 2y -7, 5m +4n -6p). A Multinomial has more than
3. Associative Property of Addition: The groupings of the addends do not three terms (a +2b-3c+4d, 2w-3x +y + 5z).
affect the sum.
4. Associative Property of Multiplication: The groupings of the factors do not EVALUATING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
affect the product.
5. Distributive Property of Multiplication (Right-hand/left-hand) You have to find the value of each of the following expressions given the
a. Over addition value of the variables.
b. Over subtraction 1. 3x – 13; when x = -5 Computation: 3(-5) – 13 = -15 -13 = -28
6. Additive Identity Property: The identity element for addition is zero, 2. 𝟕𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 + 𝟐𝟎; 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐱 = 𝟔 Computation: 7(6)2 – 6 + 20
because any number increased by zero is equal to the number. 7(36) – 6 + 20
7. Multiplicative Identity Property: The identity element for multiplication is 252 – 6 + 20
one, because any number multiplied to one is equal to the number. 246 + 20
8. Additive Inverse Property (opposite number): Any number added to its 266
additive inverse is equal to 0. 3. am + pm; when a = 1, m = 2 and p = - 1 computation: (1)(2) + (-1) (2)
9. Multiplicative Inverse Property (reciprocal): Any number multiplied to its 2 - 2
reciprocal is equal to one. 0
10. Zero Property: Any number multiplied to zero is equal to zero. 𝟐𝒄+𝟑𝒗−𝟓𝒅 𝟏 𝟏
4. What is the value of if c = 5, v = -2, d = 𝟓, and i = 𝟑
𝟏𝟎𝒊
CONSTANT VS. VARIABLE
Constant is a fixed number, unchanged quantity. 𝟏
𝟐(𝟓)+𝟑(−𝟐)−𝟓( ) 𝟏𝟎+(−𝟔)−𝟏 𝟑 𝟗
𝟓
Variable is a letter that represents a number. It doesn’t have a fixed Value. computation: 𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟏𝟎 = 3 ·𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎
Its value varies. 𝟏𝟎(𝟑) 𝟑 𝟑
ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION VS. POLYNOMIAL
Algebraic expression is a combination of variable and constant and
fundamental operations.
Polynomial is a special type of algebraic expression. Polynomial terms have
WEEK NO: 2
Basic concepts of Polynomials, addition of
variables which are raised to whole-number exponents; there are no square
polynomials, subtraction of polynomials, Laws of
roots of variables, no fractional powers, and no variables in the denominator exponents, Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
of any fractions. (integral powers)
We’re in the midst of the pandemic.
Why is obeying the law important?
Terms are expressions separated by plus or minus Everyone would go wild if there is no law.
Society needs law in order to survive, without laws there will be chaos.
Monomial is a polynomial of one term (3x, 5y).
Binomial is a polynomial of two terms (x + y, 2x -3).
In mathematics, you can’t go wrong if you follow the rules or the laws. = 12a + 6b (combining like terms)
3. 25a – [13a – (6a + 13b – c) – 18c]
= 25a – [13a -6a – 13b + c – 18c] (removing the innermost symbols of
grouping)
= 25a – 13a + 6a + 13b – c + 18c (removing the remaining symbols
of grouping]
= 18a + 13b + 17c (combining like terms)
4. From 15a + 17b – 31c, subtract the sum of 12a + 7b – 8c, 11a – 15b + 8c, and –
a – b – c.
EXAMPLE: Order of Operations
Computation: get the sum of; 12a + 7b – 8c, 11a – 15b + 8c, and –a – b – c by
DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL combining like terms or by using vertical solution.
The degree of a polynomial is the highest degree of the leading monomial. Grouping like terms: 12a + 11a – a + 7b – 15b – b - 8c + 8c – c
The degree of 5x2 -3y is 2. Combining like terms: 22a – 7b – c
The degree of 3m3 -2n2 + 6 is 3. The degree of 2mnx3 + 9mnx is 5, since is the sum of And then subtract 22a – 7b –c from 15a + 17b – 31c
the exponents of the variable is 5 (1+1+3). Do this: (15a + 17b – 31c) – (22a – 7b – c)
The name of a polynomial is also based on their degree. Remove the symbols of groupings applying distributive property
A first-degree polynomial, such as x, x – 9, or ax+ b, is also called “linear". 15a + 17b – 31c -22a + 7b + c
A second-degree polynomial, such as 4x2, x2 – 9, or ax2 + bx + c, is also group like terms: 15a -22a + 17b + 7b – 31c + c
called "quadratic". combine like terms: -7a + 24b – 30c
A third-degree polynomial, such as –6x3 or x3 – 27, is also called "cubic".
A fourth-degree polynomial, such as x4 or 2x4 – 3x2 + 9, is sometimes
called "quartic".
A fifth-degree polynomial, such as 2x5 or x5 – 4x3 – x + 7, is sometimes
called "quintic".
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF POLYNOMIALS
Remove the symbols of groupings and simplify by combining like terms.

1. (2x – 3y) + (7y + 10x) – (5y – x)

= 2x – 3y + 7y + 10x -5y + x (applying distributive of property)
= 2x + 10x + x – 3y + 7y – 5y (grouping like terms) LAWS OF EXPONENTS
= 13x – y (combining like terms) 1. Multiplying powers of the same base
2. [a – (3b – a) + 6b] + [10b – (7b – 10a)] 2. Raising a power to a power
= a – 3b + a + 6b + 10b – 7b + 10a (applying the distributive property) 3. Raising a product of powers to another power
= a + a + 10a – 3b + 6b + 10b – 7b (grouping the like terms) 4. Raising a fraction to a power
5. Dividing powers of the same base
 (Any quantity raised to is equal to 1.)
Examples: 𝒎𝟗
= 𝒎𝟗−𝟗 = 𝒎𝟎 = 1
1. Multiplying powers of the same base (copy the common base and add the 𝒎𝟗
exponent
Case 3 (the exponent of the denominator is greater that the exponent
x • x2 = x1 + 2 = x3
of the numerator)
m • m5 • m7 = m 1+5+7 = m13
𝒙𝟑 𝟏
k11 • k12 • k20 = k11 + 12 + 20 = k43 = 𝒙𝟑−𝟓 = 𝒙−𝟐 = 𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝟓
𝒙•𝒙•𝒙
proof: (by
2. Raising a power to a power (copy the base and multiply the exponents) 𝟏 𝟏
𝒙•𝒙•𝒙•𝒙•𝒙
(r2)3 = r2•3 = r6 cancellation) = 𝒙•𝒙
=𝒙𝟐
(w4)5 = w4•5 = w20 𝒎𝟒 𝟏
= 𝒎𝟒−𝟗 = 𝒎−𝟓 = 𝒎𝟓
(p10)9 = p10•9 = p90 𝒎𝟗
𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎 𝟏 𝟏
Proof: = = 𝟓
3. Raising a product of powers to another power (similar to the second law, but in 𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎 𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎•𝒎 𝒎
here there are bases to consider) SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS (eliminating the negative and zero
(r2s3)3 = r2•3s3•3 = r6s9 exponents, and applying the laws of exponents)
(vw4)5 = v1•5 w4•5 = v5 w20
(2p10 q3)9 =29 p10•9 q3•9 = 512 p90 q27 2 −2 m − 3 n −1
4. Raising a fraction to a power (similar to 2nd and the 3rd laws) 1. 2 − 4 − 2
4
2 m n
𝑥2 𝑥8
(𝑦 3) = 𝑦 12 -move the negative exponent together with its
5 base to the other side of the fraction
𝑤2 𝑥3 𝑤 10 𝑥 15
( 𝑦3𝑧 2 ) = 𝑦 15 𝑧 10 (numerator to denominator or vice versa),
3
2𝑎2 𝑏3𝑐 4 23 𝑎2•3 𝑏 3•3 𝑐 4•3 8𝑎6 𝑏 9 𝑐 12 8𝑎6 𝑏 9 𝑐 12 changing the sign from negative to positive.
( ) = = =
32 𝑑3 𝑒 7 32•3 𝑑3•3 𝑒 7•3 36 𝑑9 𝑒 21 729𝑑9 𝑒 21
- applying the laws of exponents, you may start
5. Dividing powers of the same base (copy the common base and then subtract the working in the numerator, then the
exponent of the denominator from the exponent of the numerator) denominator
-if the numerator and the denominator are
Case 1 (The exponent of the numerator is greater that the exponent of
both simplified applying the laws, then produce
the denominator.)
𝒙𝟓
fractions with same variables in the numerator
= 𝒙𝟓−𝟑 = 𝒙𝟐 and denominator
𝒙𝟑
𝒎𝟗
= 𝒎𝟗−𝟒 = 𝒎𝟓 -simplify each fraction again by applying the appropriate law.
𝒎𝟒
-if fractions are simplified, multiply them to produce a single fraction.
Case 2 (The exponents of the denominator and the numerator are
equal.)
𝒙𝟓
= 𝒙𝟓−𝟓 = 𝒙𝟎 = 1
𝒙𝟓
NOTE: To check if the algebraic
expression is already simplified, observe
if there is no common variable in the
numerator and also in the denominator,
no common letter or variable should be This method is called Russian
seen in the numerator and denominator. Multiplication, an example is
shown on the right.

𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝒃−𝟏 𝒄𝟑 𝒅−𝟒
2.
𝟐𝟑 𝒂−𝟑 𝒃𝟒 𝒄−𝟏 𝒅−𝟐
Did you know that you can multiply a two-digit number by 9 using fingers? But not
similar to Russian multiplication. This is done by assigning your fingers to numbers 1
– 10.

NOTE: You can also multiply a two-digit number by 9 using your fingers. How?

−𝟐
𝟐−𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒛𝟒 Multiplication of Polynomials
3. ( −𝟑 𝟐 −𝟏 ) To multiply polynomials, apply some laws of exponents.
𝟒𝒙 𝒚 𝒛
Find the products.
1. 2x(x + 3)
Apply also distributive property of multiplication over
addition.
2x • x =𝟐𝒙𝟐
WEEK NO: 3 2x • 3 = 6x
Multiplication of polynomials, Special products ANSWER: 2𝒙𝟐 + 6x

Multiplication is definitely not as easy as addition.

Others use fingers just to multiply 2 single-digit numbers, like 7 x 8.
2. 5𝒙𝟐 (𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟕)
Apply DPM
5𝒙𝟐 • 𝒙𝟑 = 𝟓𝒙𝟓
5𝒙𝟐 • (−𝟐𝒙𝟐 ) = −𝟏𝟎𝒙𝟒
5𝒙𝟐 • 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝟑
5𝒙𝟐 • (−𝟕)= - 35𝒙𝟐
ANSWER: 5𝒙𝟓 -10𝒙𝟒 + 15𝒙𝟑 -
35𝒙𝟐
3. (2x – 5y) (3x + 2y)
You can apply DPM, then
combining like terms,

the FOIL METHOD, or

use the vertical method.
ANSWER: 6x2 – 11xy –
10y2

SPECIAL PRODUCTS (Note: Observe

the patterns. Vertical computation can also be used to check the accuracy of the answers.)
A. Sum and Difference of two terms (The product has only two terms. The operation in
the product is always subtraction. The first term in the product is the square of the
first term in the factors, while the second term in the product is the square of the
second term in the factor.)
a. (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2
b. (x + y) (x – y) = x2 – y2
c. (m2 + 2n) (m2 – 2n) = m4 – 4n2
 B. Square of a Binomial (This is quite similar to the sum and difference of two terms but The rows of Pascal's triangle are
squaring a binomial yields three terms. The sign of the second term of the product is conventionally enumerated starting with
the operation of the given binomial. The sign of the last term is always positive.) row n = 0 at the top (the 0th row). The
a. (a + b)2 = (a + b) (a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b2 entries in each row are numbered from the
b. (a – b)2 = (a - b) (a - b) = a2 - 2ab + b2 left beginning with k = 0 and are usually
staggered relative to the numbers in the
c. (m2 + 2n)2 = (m2 + 2n) (m2 + 2n) = m4 + 4m2n + 4n2
adjacent rows. The triangle may be
d. (m2 – 2n)2 = (m2 - 2n) (m2 - 2n) = m4 – 4m2n + 4n2 constructed in the following manner: In row
0 (the topmost row), there is a unique
C. Square of a Trinomial (The first three terms are the squares of the terms of the given nonzero entry 1. Each entry of each
trinomial. All the terms are positive. The fourth term is twice the product of the first
subsequent row is constructed by adding
and the term of the trinomial. The fifth term is twice the product of the first and the
the number above and to the left with the
third term, and the last term is twice the product of the 2nd and the third terms of the
given trinomial to be squared. number above and to the right, treating
a. (a + b + c)2 = (a + b + c) (a + b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2ac + 2bc blank entries as 0. For example, the initial
number in the first (or any other) row is 1
b. (a - b + c)2 = (a - b + c) (a - b + c) = a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab + 2ac - 2bc (the sum of 0 and 1), whereas the numbers
d. (a + b - c)2 = (a + b - c) (a + b - c) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab - 2ac - 2bc 1 and 3 in the third row are added to
e. (a - b - c)2 = (a - b - c) (a - b - c) = a2 + b2 + c2 - 2ab - 2ac + 2bc
produce the number 4 in the fourth row.

f. (2x – 3y2 + z)2 = (2x – 3y2 + z) (2x – 3y2 + z) = 4x2 + 9y4 + z2 - 12xy2 +4xy – 6y2z BINOMIAL EXPANSION
Recall:
WEEK NO: 4 The square of (x + y), (x + y)2, is x2 + 2xy + y2.
Binomial Expansion, Division of Polynomials The cube of (x + y), (x + y)3, is obtained by multiplying x + y by itself three times.
(Long and Synthetic Division) Meaning (x + y)3 = (x + y) (x + y) (x + y).
Using the vertical solution or any method, the cube of x + y is x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3.
(x+ y) raised to the fourth will be equal to x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4.
In mathematics, Pascal's triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients. In
much of the Western world, it is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal,
although other mathematicians studied it centuries before him
[1] [2]
in India, Persia (Iran), China, Germany, and Italy. [3]
Note: Any quantity raised to zero power is equal to 1. Any quantity raised to 1 is equal to Coefficients from Development of the Products of the first
the quantity itself. the Pascal’s terms in the give and the second
Triangle binomial columns
1 m•m•m•m•m m5
5 m•m•m•m•(-n) -5m4n
10 m•m•m•(-n)•(-n) 10m3n2
10 m•m•(-n)•(-n)•(-n) -10m2 n3
5 m•(-n)•(-n)•(-n)•(-n) 5mn4
1 (-n)•(-n)•(-n)•(-n)•(-n) -n5
Based on the third column, (m - n)5 is m5 - 5m4n + 10m3n2 - 10m2 n3 + 5mn4 - n5.

Example 3: Find (2k - 3)6.

Coefficients from the
Pascal’s Triangle
Products of the
Development of the terms
first and the
in the give binomial
second columns

Products 1 2k•2k•2k•2k•2k•2k 64k6

Coefficients Development of the 6 2k•2k•2k•2k•2k•(-3) -576k5
th
In order to find the n power of a from the of the terms first and 15 2k•2k•2k•2k•(-3)•(-3) 2160k4
binomial, the coefficients in the Pascal’s in the give the 20 2k•2k•2k•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) -4320k3
Pascal triangle can be used. Triangle binomial second
15 2k•2k•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) 4860k2
Example 1: Find (x + y)3`. columns
6 2k•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) -2916k
Based on the third column, the cube 1 x•x•x x3 1 (-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3)•(-3) 729
of x + y, or (x + y)3 is Based on the third column, (2k - 3)6 is
x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3. 64k6- 576k5 + 2160k4 - 4320k3 + 4860k2 - 2916k + 729.
3 x•x•y 3x2y
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS
3 x•y•y 3xy2 If a polynomial is to be divided by a monomial, just divide each term by the
denominator.
1 y•y•y y3 If a polynomial is to be divided by a binomial or trinomial, use the long division or
synthetic division. Find the quotient.
Example 2: Find (m – n)5. 𝟐𝒎𝟑 −𝟒𝒎𝟓
1. 𝟐𝒎𝟐
= m – 2m3
𝟖𝒎𝟒 −𝟏𝟔𝒎𝟑 +𝟐𝟒𝒎𝟐
2. 𝟖𝒎𝟐
= m2 – 2m + 3
𝟑 𝟐
3. (2𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝒙 + 𝟑 ) ÷ (x + 3)
See the computation on the right side.
Make sure that the exponents in both the
dividend and divisor are in descending
orders. Divide the first term of the dividend
by the first term of the divisor. Multiply the
obtained quotient by the divisor. Subtract
the result from the existing dividend. Repeat
the process, from step 2. The process will be
stopped if the first term of the dividend is no
longer divisible by the first term of the
divisor.

Using synthetic division

for problem number 3;