Instrumentation

Feedback Control
w1,
x1 [mass
fraction]
[kg/s]

Stirred Tank
xsp e(t) p(t) w2(t)
+-
Analyzer Feedback 3-15 Control
Transducer
[mass
Calibration
[mA] [mA]
Controller
[mA]
psig Valve
[kg/s]
x(t)
fraction]
[mass
fraction]

Analyzer
xm(t) (sensor) x(t)
and
4-20 mA transmitter

1-5 V (DC)
SENSORS
Sensors
Sensors
Temperature

• Thermocouples
• Resistance Temperature Detector
• Pyrometers
• Surface Acoustic Waves
Sensors
Temperature

• Volumetric Expansion
• EMF by 2 dissimilar metals
• Change in Electrical resistance
• Wavelength of Radiant Energy
• Attenuation & frequency shift of a solid surface
Sensors
Pressure

• Bellows
• Bourdon tube
• Fiber Optics
Sensors
Differential Pressure

• Diaphragm + Strain Gauge

Sensors
Flow

• Orifice Plate
• Venturi
• Turbine Flow meter
• Coriolis Flow meter
• Magnetic Flow meter
• Ultrasonic Flow meter
Sensors
Level

• Differential Pressure
• Sight Glass
• Nuclear
Sensors
Composition

• IR Spectroscopy • Gas Chromatography

• UV (thermal conductivity)
• Transmittance/Absorbance • HPLC
/Turbidity • MS
• NMR • Raman Spectroscopy (fiber
• Refractive Index optics)
• Soft Sensors
Sensors
Physical Properties

• Density
• Moisture
• Viscosity
• Refractive Index
• pH
• Dielectric constant
• Thermal conductivity
Sensors
Smart Sensors

• Verify Voltage & Internal Power Supply

• Checks Environmental Conditions
• T&P correction
• Linearization
• Remote Configuration
• Auto recalibration
Attendance Quiz

1. Develop a dynamic model for

the temperature of the
Thermowell Tm as a function of
the fluid temperature T. Hint:
Use energy balance + overall
heat transfer coefficient
2. What is the transfer function
Tm’/T’ ?
3. What is the time constant?
Errors
Dynamic Errors

Recall first-order transfer

function ramp response
 Complete the following table
Device Measure Related Physical Diagram of how it
Variable Property works (if exists)
Thermocouples Temperature Voltage @ junction of 2
dissimilar metals
(thermoelectric effect)
Resistance Temperature
Temperature
Detector
Pyrometers Temperature
Surface Acoustic Temperature
Waves
Bellows Pressure
Bourdon gage Pressure
Fiber Optics Pressure
Sensors

• Can be modelled as a first-order transfer

function
TRANSMITTERS
 w1,

Transmitters x1 [mass
fraction]
[kg/s]

Stirred Tank
xsp e(t) p(t) w2(t)
+-
Analyzer Feedback 3-15 Control
Transducer
[mass
Calibration
[mA] [mA]
Controller
[mA]
psig Valve
[kg/s]
x(t)
fraction]
[mass
fraction]

Analyzer
xm(t) (sensor) x(t)
and
4-20 mA transmitter

1-5 V (DC)
Transmitters

• Direct-Acting
Attendance Quiz

• A transmitter has a range of 100 oC and a zero of

50 oC:
– 50 oC - 4 mA
– 150 oC - 20 mA
• Plot. What is the transfer function? What is the
steady-state gain (with units)?
Transmitters

• Modelled as a first-order transfer

functions, plus time delay if necessary
TRANSDUCERS
 Feedback Control
w1,
x1 [mass
fraction]
[kg/s]

Stirred Tank
xsp e(t) p(t) w2(t)
+-
Analyzer Feedback 3-15 Control
Transducer
[mass
Calibration
[mA] [mA]
Controller
[mA]
psig Valve
[kg/s]
x(t)
fraction]
[mass
fraction]

Analyzer
xm(t) (sensor) x(t)
and
4-20 mA transmitter

1-5 V (DC)
Transducers

• Converts electrical signal (4-20 mA) to air

pressure, or electrical current strong
enough for a DC motor
• Very fast
• Can be modelled as a gain
Attendance Quiz!

• What is the inverse Laplace of the

following Transfer Function? What is the
unit of KIP? ~
p(t)
KIP
3-15 𝑃 𝑠
[mA]
psig
𝐺 𝑠 = = 𝐾𝐼𝑃
𝑃 𝑠
FINAL CONTROLLING
ELEMENTS
 Feedback Control
w1,
x1 [mass
fraction]
[kg/s]

Stirred Tank
xsp e(t) p(t) w2(t)
+-
Analyzer Feedback 3-15 Control
Transducer
[mass
Calibration
[mA] [mA]
Controller
[mA]
psig Valve
[kg/s]
x(t)
fraction]
[mass
fraction]

Analyzer
xm(t) (sensor) x(t)
and
4-20 mA transmitter

1-5 V (DC)
Final Controlling
Elements
• i.e., Control Valves, Screw Conveyor,
Blower motor, Pump motor
• Actuator – the thing that moves the
valve or device
Control Valves

• Control Valves can be actuated by:

– DC Motor
– Air (Pneumatic) + Spring – aka Rising Stem
• Control Valves can be
– Linear (e.g., globe)
– Rotary (e.g., butterfly, ball)
Control Valves
Valve Positioners
Eliminates Deadband & Hysteresis
Due to stiction
 Control Valves

Δ𝑃
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑓
𝜌
Valve characteristic
• Linear f=l
• Quick opening f=sqrt(l) l = lift
• Equal Percentage f=R^(l-1)
Selecting a Control
Valve
• If you want a quick opening, choose quick
opening
• If pump characteristic curve is flat, and system
friction losses are small, choose linear
• Otherwise, choose equal percentage
Rating an Equal
percentage Valve
Calculating the Cv
• Plot the pump curve and the system curve.
• Get Design flow rate
• Calculate Cv at design flow rate
• Compute q as a function of l
• Check if linear. If not, change the Cv slightly.
Attendance Quiz

• Which concept in today’s lesson is the most

confusing for you?
• What is the most difficult concept in ChE 182 so
far for you?
• Which concept in ChE 182 do you understand
the most?
 Any
Questions?