COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS - Vegetables

CBLM for Organic
Agriculture Production NC II
Produce Organic Vegetables
Date Developed:
September 2022
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Developed by: DAINA R. DIANA
Checked by:
COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
Sector: Agriculture and Fishery
Document No.
CBLMS ON ORGANIC Date Developed:
AGRICULTURE November 2022
PRODUCTION NC II Issued by:
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Produce Organic Developed by:
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Qualification: Organic Agriculture Production NC II
Unit of Competency: Produce Organic Vegetable
Module Title: Producing Organic Vegetables
Technical Education & Skills Development Authority

RB Agri-tourim and Skills Development Center, Inc
Binsang, Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte
HOW TO USE THIS

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL (CBLM)
Welcome to the competency-based learning material for the module:

Producing Organic Vegetables. This module contains training materials
and activities for you to accomplish.
The unit of competency “Produce Organic Vegetables” contains the

knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
PRODUCTION course. It is one of the specialized modules at National
Certificate Level II (NC II).
You are required to go through a series of learning activities too complete

each learning outcome module. In each learning outcome, there are
reference materials or instructional sheets for further reading to help
you better understand the required activities. Follow the activities at your
own pace and answer the self-check at the end of each learning outcome. If
you have questions, please feel free to ask for the assistance of your
trainer/facilitator.
RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING (RPL)
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You may have some or most of the knowledge and skills included in this
learner’s guide because you have:
 Been working in the same industry for some time.
 Already completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

particular skill, you don’t have to do the same training again.
If you feel that you have some skills, talk to your trainer about having
them formally recognized. If you have a qualification or certificate of
competence from previous training, show them to your trainer. If the skills
you acquired are still current and relevant to the unit of competency, they
may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not
sure about the currency of your skills, discuss this with your trainer.
A Learner’s Record Book (LRB) is given to you to record important dates,

jobs undertaken and other workplace events that will assist you in providing
further details to your trainer/assessor. A Record of Achievement/Progress
Chart is also provided to your trainer to complete/accomplish once you have
completed the module. This will show your progress.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF THE CBLM
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required competency:
Produce Organic Vegetables. This will be the source of information for you
to acquire the knowledge and skills in this particular module with minimum
supervision or help from your trainer. With the aid of this material, you will
acquire the competency independently and at your own pace.
Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize the training
of this unit. Read the module carefully. It is divided into sections, which
cover the skills, and knowledge you need to succeed in this success.
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 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section. Do what is asked in the INSTRUCTIONAL SHEET and
complete the SELF-CHECK. Suggested references are included to
supplement the materials provided in this module.
 Most probably, your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.

He is there to support you and show you the correct way to do things.
 Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to
consider when you are completing activities and it is important that
you listen and take notes.
 You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and practice

on the job. Make sure you practice your new skills during regular
work shifts. This way, you will improve both your speed and memory
and also your confidence.
 Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.
 Use the self-check questions at the end of each section to test your
own progress.
 When you are ready, ask your trainer to watch you perform the
activities outlined in the module.
 As you work through the activities, ask for written feedback on your
progress. Your trainer gives feedback/pre-assessment reports for this
reason. When you have successfully completed each element or
learning outcome, ask your trainer to mark on the reports that you
are ready for assessment
 When you have completed this module (several modules) and feel
confident that you have had sufficient practice, your trainer will
arrange an appointment to qualified trainer to assess/evaluate you.
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The result of your assessment/evaluation will be recorded in your
COMPETENCY ACHIEVEMENT RECORD.
ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
List of Competencies
No. Unit of Competency Module Code

Raise organic Raising organic
1. AGR612301
chicken chicken
Produce organic Producing organic

2. AGR611306
vegetables vegetables

3. AGR611301
fertilizer fertilizer

4. concoctions and concoctions and AGR611302
extracts extracts
Elective Competencies
5. Raise organic hogs Raising organic hogs AGR612302
Raise organic small Raising organic small

6. AGR612303
ruminants ruminants
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MODULE CONTENT
UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Produce Organic Vegetables

MODULE TITLE: Producing Organic Vegetables
MODULE DESCRIPTOR:
This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to

perform nursery operations for organic agriculture including establish
nursery, plant seedlings, perform plant care and management, and perform
harvest and post-harvest.
NOMINAL DURATION: 24 HOURS
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this module you MUST be able to:
1. Establish nursery
2. Plant Seedlings
3. Perform plant care and management
4. Perform harvest and post-harvest activities
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
 Seeds are selected in accordance with the PNS, and NSQCS/BPI.
 Seedbeds are prepared in accordance with planting requirements based
on Vegetable Production manual (VPM).
 Care and maintenance of seedlings are done in accordance with
enterprise practice.
 Potting media are prepared in accordance with enterprise procedure.
 Land preparation is carried out in accordance with enterprise practice
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 Beneficial micro-organisms are introduced prior to planting in
accordance with enterprise procedure
 Seedlings are transplanted/planted based on VPM recommendations
 Seedlings are watered based on VPM recommendations
 Water management is implemented according to plan.
 Effective control measures are determined on specific pest and diseases
as described under the “pest, disease and weed management” of the PNS
 All missing hills are replanted to maintain the desired plant population
of the area
 Plant rejuvenation/rationing are maintained according to PNS.
 Organic fertilizers are applied in accordance with fertilization policy of
the PNS
 Products are checked using maturity indices according to to PNS, PNS-
organic agriculture and enterprise practice.
 Marketable products are harvested according to PNS, PNS-organic
agriculture and enterprise practice.
 Harvested vegetables are classified according to PNS, PNS-organic
agriculture and enterprise practice.
 Appropriate harvesting tools and materials are used according to PNS.
 Post harvest practices are applied according to PNS and GAP
recommendations
 Production record is accomplished according to enterprise procedures.
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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 1
Establish nursery
Contents:
1. Seed selection.
2. Preparing seedbeds.
3. Care and maintenance of seedlings.
4. Prepare potting media.
Assessment Criteria
1. Seeds are selected in accordance with the PNS, and NSQCS/BPI.

2. Seedbeds are prepared in accordance with planting requirements
based on Vegetable Production Manual (VPM).
3. Care and maintenance of seedlings are done in accordance with
4. Potting media are prepared in accordance with enterprise procedure
Conditions
The participants will have access to:
1. Properly select seeds in accordance with PNS, and NSQS/BPI.

2. Prepare seedbeds appropriately and accordingly with the planting
requirements based on Vegetable Production Manual.
3. Perform care and maintenance of seedlings in accordance with the
Assessment Method:
1. Practical demonstration with oral questioning

2. Interview
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Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 1
Establish nursery
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1. Guided by the Information

Sheet 2.1-1 listen to the
trainer as he/she discusses
on “Seed selection”
2. Answer Self-Check. 2.1-1 Compare answers with the Answer

Key 2.1-1.

on “Land preparation for
vegetable gardening”
4. Answer Self-Check 2.1-2 Compare answers with the Answer
Key 2.1-2.
Accomplish Task Sheet 2.1.2

5. Watch your trainer on he/she
demonstrate on “Preparing Trainer evaluates performance
seedbeds appropriately” using Performance Criteria
Checklist 2.1.2 and makes
recommendations

on “Care and maintenance of
seedlings”
Key 2.1-3.

on “Preparing potting media”
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Compare answers with the Answer
9. Answer Self-Check. 2.1-4 Key 2.1-4.

10. Watch your trainer on
he/she demonstrate on Trainer evaluates performance
“Preparing potting media” using Performance Criteria
recommendations
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Information Sheet 2.1-1
Seed selection
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
 Select seeds accordingly to the national standard.

 Prepare seedbeds properly in accordance with the planting
requirements based on Vegetable Production Manual (VPM).
Introduction
The term vegetable is used to describe the tender edible shoot, leaves,
fruits and roots of plants and spices that are consumed whole or in part,
raw or cooked as a supplement to starchy foods and meat.
Organic vegetable production is an ecological production management
system for vegetables that promotes and enhances biodiversity, biological
cycles and soil biological activity. It is a production system working in
partnership with nature to produce vegetables.
Philippine National Standards (PNS) Salient Features on Organic

Vegetable Production
Length of the conversion period
 For annual crops: at least twelve (12) months before the start of the
production cycle
 For perennials; at least eighteen (18) months of management
according to the requirements of the full standards before the first
harvest.
Choice of crops and varieties
 Seeds and planting materials shall be of high quality and certified

organic, when available.
 When certified organic seed and planting materials are not available,
non-organic seed and planting materials may be used provided they
have not been treated with pesticides and other inputs.
 The use of genetically modified seeds, transgenic plants or planting
materials is not allowed.
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Seed Selection Criteria
 High Yielding
 High Quality in Terms of Nutrients Composition and Eating Quality
 Resistant to insect pests and diseases
 Adapted to the local conditions
 A viable high percentage of germination
 Genetically pure (market preferred)
 Non-Genetically Modifies Organism (GMO)
Other Considerations on Seed Selection:
 Damage-free
 Free from seed-borne diseases
 Free from mixtures of other varieties
 With good vigor and germination capacity
Soil management practices
 Organic production systems are soil-based and should care for the
soil and surrounding ecosystems in support of an increased diversity
of species, while encouraging nutrient cycling and mitigating soil and
nutrient loss.
 Tillage and cultivation implements shall be selected and used in a
manner that maintains or improves soil physical and biological quality
and minimizes erosion.
Fertilization practices
The fertility and biological activity of the soil should be maintained or
increased through the cultivation of legumes, and green manures, multi-
annual rotation programs, and the incorporation of organic material into the
soil.
Pest, disease, and weed management
 Preventive methods shall be the primary mean of pest management.

 If preventive methods are inadequate, mechanical, physical or
biological methods are preferred.
 The use of synthetic pesticides is prohibited.
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Pollution control and contamination management
 Buffer zones should be established to minimize contamination from

non-organic farms.
Soil and water conservation
 Relevant measures should be taken to prevent soil erosion and ensure
water conservation.
 Land clearing through burning is prohibited.
Diversity in crop production
 The diversity of crops and cropping systems on organic farms should

sustain and promote diversity that is suited to local agro-ecosystem.
Over a thousand species of herbaceous plants classified as vegetables are
consumed by man throughout the world. Vegetables supply various
nutrients which cannot be provided by other food materials. They play a
very important role in our diet.
CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLES
According to the part consumed, vegetables should be classified as:
 Leafy vegetables: the leaves and succulent young shoots are picked
the consumption. Examples are amaranthus, lettuce, and cabbage.
 Fruit vegetables: this competition of young immature unripe fruit or
mature ripe fruits of plants grown as vegetables. Examples are
cucumber, tomato, okra, squash, eggplant, and sweet pepper.
 Seed vegetables: this group is important for the seed produced.
Examples are mungbean, string bean, and kadyos.
 Root vegetables: such as sweet potato, irish potato, carrot, and
radish.
 Spices: important for their flavor and color in food such as chili
pepper, onion, garlic, and basil.
Botanical or Taxonomic Classification

Vegetables are classified according to family, genera, and species. It is
the most important and acceptable form of classification.
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Different Families of Vegetables
Identification of the different families of vegetables is imperative so that
proper plant care and management activities may be applied to each specific
family of vegetables.
 Green leafy vegetables- mainly used for their leaves whether eaten
cooked or raw; require full sunlight and may be grown in containers
or pots; have shallow roots and require no trellis. They are ideal for
backyard gardening.
 Cucurbits- better known as the squash family (Cucurbitacea)
- Bitter gourd (ampalaya)
- Bottle gourd (upo)
- Sponge gourd (Patola)
- Wax gourd (Kundol)
- Cucumber
 Solanaceous crops
Solanaceae family- better grown in summer of hotter regions, deep
roots
- Pepper
- Tomato
- Eggplant
 Root crops- crops that produce edible and enlarge roots or stems;
have deep roots and require sandy loam soil and full sunlight.
- Carrots
- Radish
 Legumes- members of the legume family that produce edible pods and
seeds.
- Snap beans
- Pole beans
 Crucifers- cole crops family and includes broccoli, cauliflower, and
cabbage.
 Herbs- for culinary and medicinal purposes, love to be planted in pots
with lots of organic inputs and can tolerate shared areas.
IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES IN THE HUMAN DIET

Vegetables supply most of the nutrients that are deficient in other
food materials. This includes supply of minerals, especially calcium and
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iron. Vegetables are acid neutralizers e.g. okra, Corchorus spp
neutralizers the acid produced digestion as a result of fibers/roughages
obtained from okra, cucumber, amaranth, lettuce and cabbage.
Vegetables are rich sources of vitamin A, B, and C which helps to lower
susceptibility to infection. e.g.: Carrots, sweet corn, and amaranth,
tomatoes, carrots, lettuce, cabbage and amaranth provide Vitamin C.
Also, some vegetables are rich sources of carbohydrates e.g. potatoes,
sweet corn, carrot, etc. Beans are cheap sources of protein. Vegetables
are generally needed to have balanced diets and overcome nutritional
deficiencies. Vegetables make our staple food more capable and enhance
their intake.
Characteristics of Organic Vegetable Farms:

Organic vegetable farms have minimized the kind and amount of
fertilizers and pesticides used to produce a crop as their overall goal. As
such, emphasis is placed on long-term planning based on information
regarding crop pest life cycles, soil conditioning, extensive evaluation of
ecological relationships, field conditions, and, options for management of
these variables in a given field or on a given farm. These are three basic
characteristics that define an organic farm.
1. Soil conditioning is maintained through the heavy use of composted
and naturally occurring plant and animal material incorporated into the
soil profile; green manure and cover crops, and crop rotation.
2. Soil fertility is dependent upon the continuing activity of minor
organisms such as earthworms and bacteria to digest organic matter and
convert it to compounds available to plants.
3. Pest control is advanced by “healthy” soil, plant resistance, and
selective and limited use of pesticides that pose little or no adverse effect
on the soil, crop, environment, and human health.
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SELECTION OF GOOD SEEDS ACCORDING TO THE PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL STANDARD (PNS)
 No to GMO seeds- when

considering organic production,
growers must be aware of the
restriction on available seeds.
Seeds that have been developed
through GMO or genetically
modified organisms are not
allowed in the organic production
of vegetables.
 Certified seeds- the source of

seeds must be from certified
organic producers or growers.
 Untreated planting
materials- planting materials
must be untreated with
chemicals. Conventional
materials may be used
provided that they are not
treated with pesticides or
insecticides.
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ESTABLISHING ORGANIC NURSERY
Nursery- is an indispensable requirement in producing seedlings for
other organic producing of vegetables. Planting materials for small and
large-scale of production are usually raised in the nursery.
Characteristics of Organic Nursery
 Clean, and free from contaminants, and establish a buffer zone, if
necessary.
 Put up a shade or transparent plastic to protect against to heavy
rains and avoid entry points for insect pest.
 Availability of clean and unchlorinated water
 Availability of concoctions
 The secured area from stray animals
 Provide clean garden tools
 Accessibility of raw materials for composting
 Must be isolated
 Accessible
 Strictly maintain proper record keeping
The following are the physical aspects of nursery management:
1. Site Selection- the site must be a
slightly rolling area to prevent water
stagnation and achieve good drainage or
the best site for the established
vegetable nursery.
2. Mother plant for the nursery
a. Planting materials for the production of
organic vegetables must be of good quality.
b. Proper selection of mother plants for the
nursery is very important.
c. It should be of superior quality, free from
infestation of insect pests and diseases.
3. Seedbed/seed box/Germination tray
preparation
a. To improve may be made by adding the
prepared media with the following
components of garden soil, vermicast, coco
coir, sawdust and carbonized rice hull.
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4. Water Management
a. Nursery seedlings must be provided
with adequate water to prevent drying
during summer.
b. The availability of water in the soil
will facilitate the absorption of soil
nutrients.
c. Avoid watering the seedling late in
the afternoon.
5. Nutrient Management
a. Organic materials such as compost and
manure incorporated or mixed in the soil for a
seedbed.
b. Fertilizer requirements of nursery seedlings
must be undertaken to achieve normal growth.
6. Control of insect pests and

diseases
The most common way of controlling
the occurrence of insect pests and
diseases is through organic control
using OHN or LABs.
7. Road Network
a. Accessibility of the road will facilitate transportation activity in producing
necessary materials and supplies for the nursery.
b. It will hasten transportation of the nursery products on the parts of the
buyers and the farmer.
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Nursery management
The main phases of nursery management are-
 Planning - demand for planting material, provision of mother blocks,

requirement of land area, water supply, working tools, growing structures
and input availability.
 Implementation - land treatment, protection against biotic interference and
soil erosion, proper layout, input supply, etc.
 Monitoring and evaluation - physical presence, rapid response, critical
analysis, incentive to workers, etc
 Feed back for further refinement.
The key elements of hi-tech nursery management are the place, the plant and the
person behind nursery management.
Advantages of Nursery Management
1. It is possible to provide favourable growth conditions i.e. germination as well

as growth
2. Better care of younger plants as it is easy to look after nursery in small area
against pathogenic infection pest and weed.
3. Crop grown by nursery raising is quite early and fetch higher price in the
market. So economically more profitable.
4. There is saving of land and labour as main field will be occupied by the crop
for lesser duration. Hence intensive crop rotation can be followed.
5. More time is available for the preparation of main field because nursery is
grown separately.
6. As vegetable seeds are very expensive, particularly hybrids, seed cost can be
economized by sowing them in the nursery.
Nursery site selection

A good nursery should:
(a) be open, level and well-drained;
(b) have light or loose-textured soil to facilitate nursery operations;
(c) have a good source of water without possibility of being flooded;
(d) be accessible to transportation; and
(e) be far from existing potential sources of insect pests and diseases
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To be fully operational, the nursery should have a fence for security; a
shed to house the implements and supplies; farm implements and small
equipment; a source of water for irrigation; and sufficiently trained
manpower.
Structures Needed in a Small-Scale Nursery
 Germination Shed
Seed boxes with newly sown seeds are placed in the germination shed
to protect the seeds from too much sunlight, damage from raindrops, stray
animals and insects. Ideally, a germination shed must have a plastic roofing
to allow some sunlight to penetrate yet protect the seeds from being
dislodged by rain.
 Potting Shed
Seedling containers are filled with potting media in the potting shed. A
potting shed should have a roof to prevent the potting medium from getting
persistently waterlogged. The floor should be dry, free of weeds and flat for
the pots to stand after filling. The area of the shed should be sufficient
enough to allow piling of the filled pots and stocking of the potting materials.
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 Transplant Shed
After transplanting the seedlings from germination boxes or seedbeds

to individual containers, seedlings are placed in the transplant shed. A
transplant shed should have a cover to protect the young transplants from
intense sunlight but with sufficient transparency to allow some sunlight to
reach the seedlings. The cover must also allow rain to pass through.
However, for species with very small seedlings like bagras (Eucalyptus
deglupta), transplant shed should have a plastic roof to prevent the
seedlings from dislodging due to raindrop
action.
 Hardening Bed
Seedlings must be made ready for adverse conditions of the planting

site prior to planting to make them sturdy and hardened. Hardening
includes exposing the seedlings to full sunlight, reduction of the frequency of
watering and fertilizer application, and root pruning. In the nursery, the
hardening area therefore should be free from shade to provide the seedlings
full exposure to sunlight. To control the moisture available to plants, it is
ideal to elevate the seedlings by placing them on a structure that prevents
the pots from resting on the ground. A screen or a bed with bamboo slat
floor will serve this purpose. Aside from regulating the moisture available for
seedlings, elevating seedlings will promote aerial root pruning. Root pruning
will prevent the taproot from
penetrating into the ground, which is
detrimental when seedlings are lifted
for transplanting. Preventing the
growth of long taproot will enhance
the development of root hairs, which
are essential for the early stage of
seedling development when
outplanted.
Factors Affecting Nursery Establishment

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1. Topography of the land
The topography of land should be plain as far as possible, if undulated it should be

leveled and terrain may be divided into terraces as large as possible.
2. Soil
The land should be cleared of trees, root thoroughly and deeply cultivated to a
depth sufficient to achieve this and break any hard pan which may be present.
Loam and Sandy loam with humus are best suited soil, so that ball of earth should
not break with while transplanting and plant may not die, pH of soil should range
between 6.5 - 7.5
3. Water
Water must be constantly available in adequate quantity to meet the continuous

need of the nursery. Source of water and its suitability for plant is paramount
importance. Unsuitable water is the main cause of failure of a nursery. Water
should contain total soluble salt not in excess of 1,400 ppm (approximately 2
million mhos/cm). It is desirable to get the water tested from some reliable source
before selection of site for nursery.
4. Drainage
Proper drainage is very essential. Water should not be stagnant overnight in any
case. Ensure that extra water of nursery area is flushed out immediately and water
from surrounding area should not enter the nursery area.
5. Market
It includes buying and selling both. One must ensure an outlet before starting a
nursery and the produce in the nearby areas. Marketing at faraway distance will
snatch away profit due to high transportation cost involved beside damage to the
plants and other losses in transit.
6. Skills
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In fact, nursery profession is scientific and skillful; it requires green finger
craftsman ship skill. It is necessary to apply judicious mind while deciding the
labour for the nursery operation.
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Self-Check 2.1-1
Multiple Choice. Read and analyze the statement carefully. Choose

the best answer and write the letter only in your answer sheet.
1. How long is the length of conversion period for annual crops?

a. 6 months b. 9 months
c.12 months d. 18 months
2. How long is the length of conversion period for perennial crops?

a. 6 months b. 9 months
c.12 months d. 18 months
3. In choosing crop and varieties, which of these is not correct?
a. Use of GMO
b. Seeds and planting materials shall be of high quality and certified
organic.
c. Non certified organic seeds and planting materials may be used
provided that they are not chemically treated.
d. Use of non-GMO
4. In selecting of seeds, which is incorrect?
a. High yielding
b. Cannot easily adapt to local conditions
c. Resistant to insect pests and diseases
d. Damage free
5. In the classification of vegetables, where does the onion belong?
a. Leafy Vegetables b. Root Vegetables
c. Spices Vegetables d. Fruit Vegetables
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Answer Key 2.1-1
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. C
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Seedbed preparation
Learning Objectives
After reading this Information Sheet, you must be able to:

 Conduct proper seedbed preparation procedure.
Land Preparation
Vegetables differ widely from field crops in their requirements for land
preparation and cultural practices because of their differences in their
morphologies, growth and socio-economic value. In preparing land for
vegetable production the following factors are taken in consideration.
Ecological location, move of cropping, season, crop disposition, in the type of
vegetal less to be grown.
Clearing
It is often necessary to vegetation cover when a piece of land is to be
used for vegetable production. The land clearing methods may involve
removing the remains of previous crop and under growth cutting back the
woody shrubs and decompose them.
General Organic Practices for Land Preparation
 Through land preparation by pulverizing soil and make it free from
weeds.
 Constructed canals and waterways for proper drainage.
 One meter of width of plot (distance depends upon the crops to be
planted).
 Sterilized plots
 Introduce beneficial microorganisms
 Strictly record the activities
Leveling
When the sites have been cleared, uneven land may have to be
leveled. This facilities the process of plowing, harrowing, ridging, and lay-out
of the sites.
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Tillage
Tillage is term used for manual or mechanical manipulation of the soil
to prepare it for use in crop production. In vegetable production, the main
objectives for tillage are to secure increased growth and yields.
Preparing the seedbed
 Clear the area and prepare growth media

 Sterilize plots through sun drying or hot water treatment
 Introduce beneficial microorganism
 Provide access to clean and unchlorinated water
 Prepare the seedbed using indigenous materials
 Seedling trays
 Strictly record the activities
How to Plant Seeds in the Seedling Tray?

1. Mix all the ingredients of a potting mix.
 Vermicast- 1 part
 CRH- 1 part
 Garden soil- 1 part
2. Mix concoctions in the water intended for wetting the potting mix.
 Ex. IMO, LABS

3. Add gradually the water in the potting mix and mix together thoroughly
 30-40 % moisture
4. Transfer the potting mix to the seedling tray and level the potting mix
5. Make holes in each compartment in the tray.
 Place a label on the newly planted seedling tray

6. Sow the seeds- one seeds in every hole.
7. Water newly sown seeds
 Improvised watering bottle
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8. Place a label on the newly planted seedling tray
 Name of seed
 Date of sowing (DOS)
 Expected date of transplanting (DOT)
 Name of person who sowed the seeds in the seedling tray
TYPES OF SEEDS AS PLANTING MATERIALS
 Direct Seedling
 Indirect Seedling
METHODS IN SEEDLINGS PRODUCTION
 Seedbed method
 Seedling container method
 Seedbox or tray method
 Seed in Banana Leaf (Lukong)
Moisture and Nutrient Management
 Keep seedlings moist by regular water or EMAS application

 Fertilization with EMAS or EMFPE can make the seedlings vigorous.
SEEDBED
Flat beds
 used where water availability is adequate

and there are no drainage problems.
 Soil is thrown into the crop row to mound
up the plants; this is called "hilling-up"
and is done to control in-row weeds,
provide support, and improve drainage.
(Hilling-up only works with plants that
have enough stem height and leaf
clearance to tolerate partial burial.
 Crops like rice, corn, sorghum, beans, and
potatoes are started out on a flat bed;
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Raised up Beds/Ridges
 advantageous for clayey soils under high

rainfall or wherever else drainage is likely
to be poor.
 crops are furrow irrigated, raised beds or
ridges are essential so that the water can
flow down the furrows between them.
 Height of raised beds: usually 10-30 cm
high.
 Raised beds usually aren't a good choice
during the dry season, because they dry
out more quickly than flat or sunken
beds;
Two types of raised beds. Bed A is best suited

to high-rainfall areas. Bed B has a lip around
all 4 sides which helps prevents prevent
water from running off (helpful in drier
conditions).
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Self-Check 2.1-2
Enumeration. Give the correct answer to the following questions.

1. Different methods in seedling production.
2. Types of seeds as planting materials.
3. Two types of seedbed.
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Answer Key 2.1-2
1) a. Seedling container method c. Seedbox or tray method

b. Seedbed method d. Seed in Banana Leaf (Lukong)
2) a. Direct Seedling b. Indirect Seedling
3) a. Flat beds b. Raised up beds/ridges
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TASK SHEET 2.1-2
Title: Preparing Seedbeds Appropriately
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES:
Given the Organic Agriculture Production of preparing seedbeds, you
should be able to conduct preparing seedbeds appropriately.
SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS:

Hard copy of the procedure in plant propagation, CBLM, Record Book,
Bond Paper, Ball pen.
STEP AND PROCEDURES:
Any of the following preparing seedbeds appropriately suggested by the trainer is

acceptable in performing this operation.
 Clearing
 Sterilizing
 Leveling
 Tillage
1. Prepare tools and indigenous materials use in seedbed preparation.

2. Clear the area and prepare growth media.
3. Pulverize soil and make it free from weeds.
4. Construct canals and waterways for proper drainage.
5. Sterilize plots through sun drying or hot water treatment.
6. Introduce beneficial microorganism.
7. Provide access to clean and unchlorinated water.
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
1. Written exam
2. Actual Demonstration
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Performance Criteria Checklist 2.2.2
CRITERIA YES NO
1. Did you identify the tools and indigenous materials in

seedbed preparation?
2. Did you perform the steps and procedures in seedbed
preparation?
3. Did you read Information Sheet 2.1-1 for clarification?
4. Did you refer to the trainer if encounter difficulties

and for more clarifications?
5. Did you submit yourself for written examinations?
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Care and maintenance of seedlings
 Gather growing media components and mix according to the desired

proportion.
 Identify the prescribed containers for growing media
 Prepare seedbed according to crop requirements
As your seedling emerges from the soil, most growers breath a big sigh
of relief. Close your eyes and you can almost see the plant grow and flourish
into it's full beauty, producing an enviable profusion of flowers or vegetables.
As you open your eyes, you will immediately begin a new set of worries,
over-nurturing the newborn indoors for a short time while the outdoor
weather catches up with your dreams.
How to take care of seedlings

One of the basic seedling care tips is that you don’t need supplemental food
until the cotyledon has completely emerged and several sets of true leaves
are present. Feeding your new kids too early can burn roots and tender
foliage. Seed starter mixes are formulated with all the nutrients your new
plants should need until they are planted outside.
 Ensure proper light
Light is probably the most important requirement of plants, and you need to
know the amount and type of light required to properly grow your seedling.
While some plants can grow well by just being near a window facing south,
some require artificial lights too. As soon as you see the first few specks of
green popping out in the dirt, you can turn on your grow lights, especially
during the winter, at night and on cloudy days.
 Keep the seedlings moist

Seedlings require consistently wet soil, but never allow the soil to be wet all
the time either as this can result in the development of mould growth in
trays, pest infestation, and damping off disease. But as seeds can’t survive
without water, the soil can’t be allowed to dry out completely. Let the soil
dry out a little on top, and then water thoroughly. It is encouraged to water
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them from the bottom, especially if you have a seed tray with holes in the
bottom that can help seep the water into the soil more easily.
 Feed and fertilize your seedlings

In the initial stages of its life, the vegetable seedlings don’t need a whole lot
of extra nutrients, and the starting mix you get in the beginning is enough
to provide the seedlings with all the nutrients they need. However, after a
few days, you can add some liquid fertilizer. You do not need to give it a full
dose as these are still babies. Slowly start increasing the strength as the
plant grows.
 Transition seedlings when they mature

When the roots start coming out of the bottom of your pot, it’s time to plant
your seedling outdoors, as long as the weather permits. The general rule to
follow is when your seedlings become twice as tall as the height of the tray,
they should be moved to bigger pots. An important step that many newbie
gardeners miss is hardening off, which means preparing your seedlings for
planting outside. You cannot plant your seedlings from your house directly
into the garden as this would cause them to wither. You can put them in a
shady location outside where they remain protected from too much sun,
wind and rain. You can expose them to the sun gradually over the next few
days. In warm weather, you can leave them outside overnight.
 Avoid leggy seedlings

Sometimes, you can get frustrated by experiencing some problems in the
growth of the plant that you can’t quite explain. One such problem is having
leggy seedlings, which is a common occurrence in indoor plants. As
seedlings don’t get any wind or resistance to grow inside the house, they are
unable to develop a strong, thick stalk. The resultant thin and slender stalk
can hardly support their leaf structure and barely survive when planted
outside, where they face harsh winds and light. You can overcome this by
fanning the plants a few times in the day. You can also lightly brush the
tops of the plants back and forth. This will make the plant develop a
stronger stalk.
 Take precaution against damping off disease
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If you notice your seedlings dying shortly after they began growing, it was
likely due to this disease called damping off, or seed blight. This is a
common problem for those who grow seedlings indoors. It is a white mould
that forms at the top of the soil and flourishes in weather that is cold, wet or
damp. Once it spreads across the soil, the seedling wilts. You can prevent it
by keeping the seedling in conditions opposite to the ones in which the
mould can survive. Keep the seedling in direct sunlight indoors if possible.
Avoid watering until the top soil is completely dry, and water only at the
bottom. You can also disinfect your trays before using them again to prevent
it from being transferred.
If you do experience problems, do not give up hope. Here are some

things you can do to minimize or eliminate disease problems:
 First, get the plant in direct sunlight if at all possible.

 Stop watering until the surface is very dry.
 Water only from the bottom.
 Scrape as much of the mold off the soil as possible.
 Stir the top of the soil without disturbing the roots. It will also speed
drying.
 Add some soil, although this may or may not produce results.
 Increase room air circulation. You can gently blow air on your plant
trays with a small fan.
What exactly is Damping Off Disease?

Somewhere lurking in the air in your house is the fungus spores of the
most dreaded of plant disease for those of us who start plants indoors
for transplanting outdoors later in the season.
Damping off Disease is very common plant disease problem. We fear it,
because it is fatal to our young seedlings, and is quite harmful to our
soaring spring spirits. To lose seedlings so early in the new gardening
year is just heartbreaking, especially if it is a special seed. It leads to
replanting, and gets our young gardening season off to a late start.
If you grow indoor transplants early in the spring, you likely have
experienced it at some point. We usually think of Damping Off Disease
as an indoor plant problem. But, it also occurs outdoors, too. We are
less likely to recognize it outdoors, as the loss of plants in the spring can
be attributed to a number of things.
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Now for the good news.... Damping Off Disease as a threat to your
seedlings can be minimized. We have lots of tips and ideas to help fight
off this enemy of the state.
 Causes of Disease
Damping Off disease thrives in cool or cold, dark or cloudy, wet or
damp conditions. The disease is airborne, and can spread very quickly
from one seed tray to another.

The fungal spores take root in your soil and quickly spreads across the
seed tray, jumping to other trays with ease. It is fatal to young
seedlings, nipping them off at the soil level.
 Treatment
As with other plants diseases, prevention is the best means of
treatment. Follow the do's and don't's listed below. If Damping Off
disease does take hold in your seed trays, act immediately. Remove
diseased sections to minimize the spread. If it has affected a significant
number of plants, replant in new soil and clean containers. Do not
reuse the soil. Either use new containers, or sterilize the ones you were
using. We recommend new containers.
 Controlling the Disease
Controlling the disease is a matter of removing the environment that
Damping Off disease thrives in. Here are the basic do's and don'ts:
Do’s
 Use sterilized seed starting soil.
 Use clean, sterilized containers.
 Provide plenty of air circulation.
 Thin seedlings to increase air circulation.
 Let the surface of the soil dry out between watering. Watering from the
bottom is preferred.
 Stir the top of the soil around the seedlings.
 Thinning seedlings
Plants do not like to be crowded, just like us humans. If there’s more than
one seedling growing per cell, they will need to be thinned, otherwise they
would start competing with each other for nutrients, water and light. Giving
them proper airflow also becomes difficult when they are crowded. Snip out
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the weakest seedlings so that the stronger ones can grow without any
interference. If you have a few extra seedlings, leave them for a while as
seedlings tend to have a high mortality rate.
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Self-Check 1.1-2
True or False. Write T if it is TRUE, and F if it is FALSE.

1. Always keep the seedling moist.
2. Ensure the proper sunlight is met.
3. Damping off disease thrives in cool and slight light conditions.
4. Use not sterilized containers.
5. Thin seedlings to provide air circulation.
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Answer Key 1.1-1
1. T
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T
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Preparing Potting Media
 Gather growing media components and mix according to the desired

proportion.
 Identify the prescribed containers for growing media
 Prepare seedbed according to crop requirements
Introduction
The purpose of a potting media is to satisfy the needs for good
seedling growth within the limited space of a container and to prepare it for
successful transplanting into the field. The media physically supports a
growing seedling and both stores and supplies nutrients (and trace
elements), water, and air to the root system. The better the media, the better
will be development of a healthy, fibrous root system and subsequently a
better-quality seedling is produced which will survive after outplanting and
commence growth quickly. These features alone impart a financial value to
the use of better potting media which is unfortunately never measured.
There are few natural materials with all the elements required for healthy
root growth so potting media are usually blends of different elements. The
assembly and often production costs of suitable elements are absorbed into
overall nursery expenses so the cost and benefit are not calculated, hence
management has to rely on faith in biological fundamentals when allocating
funds for potting media
Characteristics for Good Media

 The growth media should have the following characteristics for good
results.
 The growth medium must be sufficiently firm to hold the cutting in
place during rooting. The volume must be fairly constant when it is
dry or wet.
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 It must be sufficiently retentive of moisture so that frequency in
watering can be minimized.
 It must be porous so that excess of water can be drained out.
 The media should be free from weed seeds, pathogens, termites,
nematodes etc.
 The media should be capable or suitable for getting sterilized without
any ill-effects.
Components of Media
Soil: Soil is a very common easily available and

comparatively cheaper medium used in nursery.
The soil contains both organic and inorganic
matters. The organic part is the residues of living
and dead parts of plants, animals, and microbes.
The liquid part of the soil is the soil solution
containing water, dissolved minerals as well as O 2 and Co2. The gaseous portion of
the soil is important to keep the balance of air and water in proper and desired
condition. The texture of the soil depends on the relative proportions of sand, silt &
clay. Depending on three proportions, soils are classified as Sandy, Loamy Sand,
Sandy Loam, Silt Loam, Clay Loam and Clayey soils. The soil structure refers to the
arrangement of their particles in the soil mass. The nursery soil must have a good
texture and structure.
Saw Dust: It is a byproduct or waste material from

saw mills. The quantity and quality depend on the
parent wood material. It is mixed while preparation of
media.
Animal manure. Animal manure properly applied

can provide enough nutrients for crop development
and increase organic matter levels.
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Coco Peat: Coco peat is also used as media. A
mixture of few media is always preferred and used
in commercial nurseries. Many times soil is one of
the main parts for mixtures. Media must be
selected on the basis of the availability, cost, ease
in handling etc. The media should be procured
and stored and kept ready for use in nursery.
Carbonized rice hull (CRH). It makes the clay soil

porous because of its loose composition and
improves soil structure by increasing bulk density,
water holding capacity, and aeration. CRH also
harbours good bacteria and it serves as houses for
microorganisms. With these benefits, CRH is a
very good potting media for seed sowing and
seeding propagation.
Rice hull: protecting coverings of grains of rice

and are obtained in the rice manufacturing
industry. Rice hulls can be added to mixes to
improve air capacity. It is a constituent of lower
importance.
Compost: made from a variety of locally

available materials, usually a combination of
ingredients that are high in nitrogen and
carbon. Compost holds water well and provides
nutrient. Compost can also provide natural
protection against diseases of the seedlings and
roots of plants due to beneficial organisms that
live in well-made compost
General Mixing and handling recommendations
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 Test the media pH, total soluble salts (electrical conductivity) and
wet ability before use.
 Do NOT make changes to your current growing media without
experimenting first to see if changes may affect your cultural
practices.
 Thoroughly mix components, but do not over mix, especially if a
medium contains vermiculite or plastic-coated slow-release
fertilizer.
 Do NOT store media that contains fertilizer for long periods of time,
especially if the media is moist.
 Avoid contamination of components or finished media by keeping
amendments in closed bags or covering outdoor piles.
 Do not allow mixes containing a significant amount of peat moss to
dry out.
Steps in mixing growing media

1. The most popular is a combination of garden soil, carbonized
ricehull and compost in equal proportion. (1:1:1 ration)
2. Prepare the tools and materials needed.
3. Wear Personal Protective Equipment.
4. Measure growing media component in equal proportion.
5. Mix one part of sand, one part of garden soil, one part of coco coir
dust or one part of carbonized ricehull and one part of vermin
compost in equal proportion.
6. Introduce beneficial microorganisms
Containers - it is arranged and labelled according to plant varieties/species.
CONTAINERS
Polyethylene bags - durable material

that you can be use multiple times;
Good drainage holes for easy
draining of excess water
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Clay pots – usually more attractive
than plastic ones, but dry out fast
and must be watered two times
daily
Plastic containers - excellent

choices for moisture loving plants,
or for those of us who are less than
regular with irrigation.
Seed tray - designed to hold

multiple seeds, starting from
the germination stage, until
the seedlings are ready for
transplantation. It better nutrient
availability for each seed, and
eliminates the need for multiple
plantings
Seed box – it is used for large

seeded crops, flatten
Wired basket – usually in hanged

and dries out quickly
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To achieve its function, growing media used in container nurseries should
be:
1. light-weight,
2. good porosity;
3. well-drained but with good water holding capacity,
4. slightly acidic with good cation-exchange-capacity;
5. able to maintain a constant volume when wet or dry,
6. free of insects, diseases, and weed seeds;
7. low in silt, clay and ash content;
8. easily stored for long periods of time without changes in physical

andchemical properties; and
9. easily handled and blended.
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Self-Check 2.1-4
Enumeration. Give the correct answer to the following questions

1. Give three (3) examples of containers.
2. Enumerate three (3) good functions of growing media in container
nurseries.
3. List down four (4) that can be components of growing media
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Answer Key 2.1-4
1.
 Polyethylene bags  Seedling tray
 Clay pots  Seedling box
 Plastic containers  Wired basket
2.
 light-weight,
 good porosity;
 well-drained but with good water holding capacity,
 slightly acidic with good cation-exchange-capacity;
 able to maintain a constant volume when wet or dry,
 free of insects, diseases, and weed seeds;
 low in silt, clay and ash content;
 easily stored for lo ng periods of time without changes in physical

andchemical properties; and
 easily handled and blended.
3.
 Garden soil  Animal manure
 Carbonized rice hull  Rice hull

 Saw dust  Coco peat
 Compost
3.
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TASK SHEET 2.1-4
Title: Preparing Potting Media
SUPPLIES AND MATERIALS:

Hard copy of the procedure in preparing the various concoctions,
CBLM, Record Book, Bond Paper, Ball pen.

1. Identify the components/mixes of growing media.
2. Determine the uses/benefits of growing media.
3. Read the Information Sheet for clarification.
4. Refer to the trainer if encounter difficulties and for more
clarifications.
5. Submit yourself for the written exam.
Any of the following plant propagation techniques suggested by the trainer is

acceptable in performing this operation.
 Cuttings
 Grafting
 Layering
 Budding
1. Prepare tools and materials use in propagation.

2. Choose a good quality seedling. If grafting, scion and rootstock must be
compatible.
3. Perform the steps and procedures carefully.
4. Place the propagated seedling at the nursery when done.
ASSESSMENT METHOD:
3. Written exam
4. Actual Demonstration
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Performance Criteria Checklist 2.1.4
CRITERIA YES NO
1. Did you identify the components/mixes of growing media?
2. Did you determine the uses/benefits of growing media

3. Did you read Information Sheet 3.4-1 for clarification?
4. Did you refer to the trainer if encounter difficulties and for

more clarifications?
5. Did you submit yourself for written examinations?
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LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2
Plant Seedlings
Contents:
1. Land preparation.
2. Beneficial organism
3. Transplant seedlings.
Assessment Criteria
1. Land preparation is carried out in accordance with enterprise practice

2. Beneficial micro-organisms are introduced prior to planting in
accordance with enterprise procedure
3. Seedlings are transplanted/planted based on VPM recommendations
Conditions
The participants will have access to:
1. Properly select seeds in accordance with PNS, and NSQS/BPI.

2. Prepare seedbeds appropriately and accordingly with the planting
requirements based on Vegetable Production Manual.
3. Perform care and maintenance of seedlings in accordance with the
Assessment Method:
1. Practical demonstration with oral questioning

2. Interview
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Learning Experiences
Learning Outcome 2
Prepare nursery tools, farm implements and simple equipment
Learning Activities Special Instructions
1.
Sheet 2.1-1 listen to the trainer
as he/she discusses on “Seed
selection”

Key 2.1-1.
4.
as he/she discusses on “Land
preparation for vegetable
gardening”
6. Answer Self-Check 2.1-2 Compare answers with the Answer
Key 2.1-2.

7. Watch your trainer on he/she
demonstrate on “Preparing Trainer evaluates performance
seedbeds appropriately” using Performance Criteria
recommendations
8.
as he/she discusses on “Care
and maintenance of seedlings”
10. Answer Self-Check. 2.1- Compare answers with the Answer
3 Key 2.1-3.
11.
12. Guided by the
Information Sheet 2.1-4 listen to
the trainer as he/she discusses
on “Preparing potting media”
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13. Answer Self-Check. 2.1- Compare answers with the Answer
4 Key 2.1-4.

14. Watch your trainer on
he/she demonstrate on Trainer evaluates performance
“Preparing potting media” using Performance Criteria
recommendations
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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS - Vegetables

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COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS - Vegetables

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CBLM for Organic

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

Sector: Agriculture and Fishery

Unit of Competency: Produce Organic Vegetable

Module Title: Producing Organic Vegetables

Technical Education & Skills Development Authority

HOW TO USE THIS

Welcome to the competency-based learning material for the module:

The unit of competency “Produce Organic Vegetables” contains the

You are required to go through a series of learning activities too complete

RECOGNITION OF PRIOR LEARNING (RPL)

 Been working in the same industry for some time.

 Already completed training in this area.

If you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a

A Learner’s Record Book (LRB) is given to you to record important dates,

DIRECTIONS FOR USE OF THE CBLM

 Most probably, your trainer will also be your supervisor or manager.

 You will be given plenty of opportunities to ask questions and practice

 Talk to more experienced workmates and ask for their guidance.

ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II

No. Unit of Competency Module Code

Produce organic Producing organic

Produce organic Producing organic

Produce organic Producing organic

Raise organic small Raising organic small

UNIT OF COMPETENCY: Produce Organic Vegetables

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to

NOMINAL DURATION: 24 HOURS

1. Seeds are selected in accordance with the PNS, and NSQCS/BPI.

The participants will have access to:

1. Properly select seeds in accordance with PNS, and NSQS/BPI.

1. Practical demonstration with oral questioning

1. Guided by the Information

2. Answer Self-Check. 2.1-1 Compare answers with the Answer

3. Guided by the Information

Accomplish Task Sheet 2.1.2

6. Guided by the Information

8. Guided by the Information

Accomplish Task Sheet 2.1.4

 Select seeds accordingly to the national standard.

Philippine National Standards (PNS) Salient Features on Organic

 Seeds and planting materials shall be of high quality and certified

Other Considerations on Seed Selection:

Soil management practices

 Preventive methods shall be the primary mean of pest management.

 Buffer zones should be established to minimize contamination from

 The diversity of crops and cropping systems on organic farms should

Botanical or Taxonomic Classification

IMPORTANCE OF VEGETABLES IN THE HUMAN DIET

Characteristics of Organic Vegetable Farms:

 No to GMO seeds- when

 Certified seeds- the source of

6. Control of insect pests and

The main phases of nursery management are-

 Planning - demand for planting material, provision of mother blocks,

Advantages of Nursery Management

1. It is possible to provide favourable growth conditions i.e. germination as well

Nursery site selection

Structures Needed in a Small-Scale Nursery

After transplanting the seedlings from germination boxes or seedbeds

Seedlings must be made ready for adverse conditions of the planting

Factors Affecting Nursery Establishment