GS14 - Supply and Delivery of Steel Pipes and Fittings Rev 9 (2022 03 11)

GS14 SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS
GS14 SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS ....................................4
14.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................4
14.2 STANDARDS .......................................................................................................................5
14.3 MANUFACTURE OF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS ...................................................8
14.4 FACTORY INSPECTION BY INDEPENDENT THIRD-PARTY INSPECTOR .........10
14.5 JOINTS................................................................................................................................10
14.6 TOLERANCE......................................................................................................................12
14.7 FACTORY APPLIED INTERNAL LININGS ...................................................................13
14.8 SURFACE PREPARATION REQUIREMENTS BEFORE APPLICATION OF

SPECIAL LININGS ............................................................................................................15
14.8.1 SURFACE PREPARATION ...........................................................................15
14.8.2 PRE-BLAST CLEANING ................................................................................16
14.8.3 BLAST CLEANING REQUIREMENTS.........................................................16
14.8.4 POST-BLAST CLEANING AND OTHER CLEANING

REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................17
14.9 INTERNAL CEMENT MORTAR LINING FOR POTABLE WATER PIPELINE ........18
14.9.1 POST-BLAST CLEANING AND OTHER CLEANING

REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................18
14.9.2 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT MORTAR LINING ......................................18
14.9.3 CEMENT ...........................................................................................................18
14.9.4 SAND .................................................................................................................18
14.9.5 WATER .............................................................................................................19
14.9.6 MORTAR ADDITIVES ....................................................................................19
14.9.7 FINISHED LINING ...........................................................................................19
14.9.8 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH........................................................................20
14.9.9 THICKNESS OF CEMENT MORTAR LINING ............................................21
14.9.10 CERTIFIED FIT FOR USE .............................................................................21
14.10 FACTORY APPLIED EXTERNAL COATING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS ...............21
14.10.1 GENERAL .........................................................................................................21
GS14-1 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.10.2 RIGID POLYURETHANE ...............................................................................21
14.10.3 tHREE LAYER POLYETHYLENE (3LPE) ...................................................23
14.11 MARKING ON EXTERNAL COATINGS ........................................................................23
14.12 COLOUR OF EXTERNAL COATINGS ..........................................................................24
14.13 STORAGE OF PIPES .......................................................................................................24
14.14 LINING AND COATING EXTENTS ................................................................................25
14.15 FIELD APPLICATION OF SPECIAL INTERNAL LININGS AND COATINGS .........25
14.16 FIELD INTERNAL CEMENT MORTAR LINING ...........................................................27
14.17 FIELD APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL COATING OF PIPES....................................28
14.17.1 GENERAL .........................................................................................................28
14.17.2 BITUMINOUS ANTI-CORROSION TAPES.................................................28
14.17.3 HEAT SHRINKABLE PIPE SLEEVE ............................................................31
14.18 PRIMING OF PIPES .........................................................................................................33
14.19 DIMENSIONS AND THICKNESS OF STANDARD PIPE SECTIONS ......................33
14.20 COMPOSITE PIPES FOR PIPE JACKING ...................................................................34
14.21 COMPOSITE PIPES FOR SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................37
14.22 PIPE FLANGES .................................................................................................................38
14.23 RUBBER GASKETS .........................................................................................................39
14.24 BOLTS AND NUTS ...........................................................................................................42
14.25 STRUTTING INSIDE PIPES ............................................................................................42
14.26 FACTORY TESTINGS AND INSPECTION ...................................................................43
14.26.1 INDEPENDENT THIRD PARTY INSPECTOR ...........................................43
14.26.2 ADHESION TESTING.....................................................................................45
14.26.3 HOLIDAY TESTING ........................................................................................46
14.26.4 DRY FILM THICKNESS TESTING ...............................................................47
14.27 FACTORY WELDING FOR PIPE AND FITTINGS.......................................................47
14.27.1 GENERAL .........................................................................................................47
14.27.2 TESTING OF BUTT WELDS .........................................................................48
GS14-2 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.27.3 FILLET WELDS................................................................................................48
14.27.4 OTHER WELD TYPES ...................................................................................48
14.27.5 WELD DEFECTS.............................................................................................48
14.27.6 TESTING PROGRAMME FOR WELDING ..................................................49
14.28 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TESTS FOR PIPES ......................................................49
14.29 PIPE MATERIAL TESTING .............................................................................................51
14.30 PIPE JOINTS......................................................................................................................51
14.31 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON TEST FOR PIPES WITH SPECIAL INTERNAL
LINING.................................................................................................................................51
14.32 TESTING OF FIELD WELDINGS FOR PIPES AND FITTINGS ................................54
14.33 TESTING BY PRODUCT CONFORMANCE ASSESSMENT BODIES ....................55
14.34 SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................................56
14.34.1 GENERAL .........................................................................................................56
14.34.2 TESTS ON STEEL PLATES ..........................................................................56
14.34.3 TESTS ON WELDS .........................................................................................56
14.34.4 TESTS ON SPECIAL LININGS AND COATINGS .....................................57
14.34.5 TESTING FOR GASKET ................................................................................57
14.34.6 HYDROSTATIC TESTING .............................................................................58
GS14-3 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.1 GENERAL
(1) This Specification covers the design, fabrication, testing, supply and delivery of
welded Steel Pipes and Fittings for conveying both NEWater and Potable water.
(2) A pipe fitting is defined as any piece of pipe other than a normal full length of
straight pipe. This includes, but is not limited to, bends, short pieces, reducers, tees,
crosses, spools, sections with outlets and access manholes.
(3) In general, all the material specifications including external coatings for pipes
conveying NEWater and Potable water are similar, except for the type of internal
linings used by the Board:
Type of External
S/No Pipeline Type of Internal Lining
Coating
Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE) /

Rigid Polyurethane/ Rigid Polyurethane
1 NEWater Three Layer
Polyethylene (3LPE) (Referred to collectively as
Special Linings, hereinafter).
Rigid Polyurethane/
Three Layer
2 Potable Water Cement Mortar Lining
Polyethylene (3LPE)
(4) The Board also has projects for installation of pipelines for conveyance of industrial
water and raw water pipelines, periodically. These specifications shall also apply to
both these pipelines. In general, pipelines conveying industrial water will be lined
internally with special lining, whilst pipeline conveying raw water will are lined
internally with cement mortar.
(5) This General Specification, covers all types of external coating and internal linings,
as indicated in the Table above. The Contractor shall refer to the Particular
Specifications for the internal lining and external coating to be provided, for Pipes
and Fittings to be supplied under the Particular Contract.
GS14-4 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(6) All non-metallic products used in the fabrication of pipes, shall be tested and
certified fit for use in contact with potable water intended for human consumption,
in particular, the following items:
(a) All special internal linings and external coatings linings (notwithstanding
whether it is for NEWater, Potable Water, Industrial Water or Raw Water
pipelines;
(b) Cement Mortar lining;
(c) Separate certification for any Additives used in Cement Mortar internal
lining of pipes;
(d) Rubber gaskets used between flanges of pipes.
(7) The list above is not exhaustive. The S.O. may request for certification for any
other product or item used in this Contract, where in the opinion of the S.O., there
is a possibility however remote of its contact with the water being conveyed in the
pipe.
(8) All the above mentioned these items shall be tested and certified fit for use in
contact with potable water intended for human consumption in accordance with SS
375:2015. The Contractor shall submit a copy of the test certificate to show compliance
with SS375: Part 1:2015. Alternatively, compliance with BS 6920-1-2014 plus an
additional test performed based on Clause 8 of SS 375: Part 1 :2015, would also
acceptable.
14.2 STANDARDS
(1) All pipes shall conform to the requirements of the (a) Singapore Standard (SS EN
or SS), British Standard (BS EN or BS), American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) and/or American Water Works Associations (AWWA) as
specified hereafter, with all amendments/revisions, or (b) with other Standards
proposed by the Contractor at the time of tendering provided that these Standards
are equivalent or superior to the relevant Standards specified in this Specification.
(2) The acceptance of a tender based upon a Standard proposed by the Contractor shall
only signify the Board's general approval to the use of such Standards and shall not
make the Board liable to accept a Standard subsequently found to be inferior to the
corresponding Singapore Standard/British Standard.
(3) The following standards are mentioned in this Specification. All standards referred
to, in this Specification shall be their latest edition including any new amendments.
Code / Standards Descriptions
SS EN 10224:2013 Non-alloy steel tubes and fittings for the

conveyance of water and other aqueous liquids –
technical delivery conditions
GS14-5 Rev 9 2022-03-11

SS EN 10311: 2013 Joints for the connection of steel tubes and fittings
for the conveyance of water and other aqueous
liquids
SS EN 12620 Specifications for aggregates for concrete
SS EN 197-1 Cement - Part 1: Composition, specifications and

conformity criteria for common cement
SS EN 206-1 Concrete – Specification, performance, production

and conformity
SS 375: Part 1: 2015 Suitability of non-metallic products for use in

contact with water intended for human
consumption with regards to their effect on the
quality of the water.
BS 6920-1:2014 Suitability of non-metallic materials and products

for use in contact with water intended for human
consumption with regards to their effect on the
quality of the water.
BS EN 10216-1:2013 Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes
BS EN 10217-1:2002 Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes
BS EN 10298:2005 Steel tubes and fittings for onshore and offshore

pipelines. Internal lining with cement mortar.
BS EN 1514-1: 1997 Flanges and their Joints. Dimension of Gaskets for

PN designated flanges
BS EN 1092- Flanges and their joints. Circular flanges for pipes,

1:2007+A1:2013 valves, fittings and accessories, PN designated.
Steel flanges
BS EN 13445- Unfired Pressure Vessels

1:2014+A1:2014
BS EN 1744- Tests for chemical properties of aggregates.

1:2009+A1:2012 Chemical analysis.
BS EN 681-1:1996 Elastomeric seals. Material requirements for pipe

joint seals used in water and drainage applications.
Vulcanized rubber
SS 270: 2015 Elastomeric seals for joints in pipework
GS14-6 Rev 9 2022-03-11

BS EN 933-1:2012 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates.

Determination of particle size distribution. Sieving
method
BS EN ISO 148-1:2010 Metallic materials. Charpy pendulum impact test.

Test method
BS EN ISO 9606-1:2013 Qualification testing of welders. Fusion welding.

Steels
BS 2633:1987 Class I Arc Welding of Ferritic Steel Pipework for

Carrying Fluids
BS 3643-2:2007 ISO metric screw threads. Specification for

selected limits of size
ISO8501-1:2007 Preparation of steel substrates before application of

paints and related products- Visual assessment of
surface cleanliness
AWWA M11 Steel Water Pipe: A guide for design and

installation
AWWA C213 Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coating for the Interior and
Exterior of Steel Water Pipelines
AWWA C222 Polyurethane Coatings for the Interior and

Exterior of Steel Water Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D 570-98 Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of

Plastics
ASTM D 4541 Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength of

Coatings Using Portable Adhesion Testers
ASTM A20 Standard Specification for General Requirements

for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessel
API 1104 Welding of Pipelines and Related Facilities
AS 1518:2002/1:2006 External extruded high-density polyethylene

coating system for pipes
GS14-7 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.3 MANUFACTURE OF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS
Manufacture of Pipes and Fittings
(1) All steel pipes and fittings shall be shop-fabricated by a reputable pipe
manufacturer, who has the established track record in the manufacture of steel
pipes and fittings and is accredited with iso 9000 certification, or its equivalent. a
copy of the certification shall be submitted to the S.O. for approval.
(2) All Pipes and Fittings shall be designed and fabricated, in accordance with the
Standards and Specifications specified and to the best practices and methods.
Standards and Specifications
(3) The Steel Pipes and Fittings to be supplied under this Contract shall be
manufactured to SS EN 10224: 2013 and SS EN 10311: 2013 or its equivalent
British EN Standard, and hydrostatically tested as specified in this Specification
under Clause 14.28: Hydrostatic Pressure Tests for Pipes. All standards referred in
this Specification shall be their latest edition with any new amendments.
(4) The steel plates used in the pipe manufacture shall be of S275 grade with minimum
yield strength of 275 N/mm2, minimum tensile strength of 410 N/mm2 and
chemical composition as specified in SS EN 10224:2013 or BS EN 10216-1:2013
and BS EN 10217-1:2002 if not specified in SS EN 10224:2013.
(5) The Contractor shall highlight to the Board, if there are any elements not included
in the Table of chemical composition in BS EN 10216-1:2013, BS EN 10217-
1:2002 and SS EN 10224: 2013 that may be present. In general, such chemical
elements shall not be intentionally added to the steel, except for those necessary for
finishing the cast. Only fully killed steel plate shall be used for the manufacture of
the pipes.
(6) The steel pipe shells shall be electric fusion welded or spiral seam fusion welded by
automatic metal-arc process to API 1104: Standard for Welding Pipelines or related
facilities” or BS 2633:1987: Specification for Class I arc welding of ferritic steel
pipework for carrying fluids. In the case of spiral seam fusion welded pipes,
welding of plates at the end of each coil shall also be done by the automatic arc
welding process. All pipe shell welds shall be complete joint penetration welds.
The Contractor shall supply details of the welding process he proposes to use.
Steel Pipe Fittings
(7) Unless otherwise specified, Steel Pipe Fittings, shall be fabricated from pipes
which have been manufactured and tested to BS EN 10217-1:2002.
(8) Steel Pipe Fittings shall be butt-welded by shielded metal-arc process (SMAW) or
gas shielded metal arc welding (FCAW) internally and externally and in
accordance with BS 2633:1987.
(9) The Fittings shall be manufactured in accordance with the Standard Drawings
GS14-8 Rev 9 2022-03-11

issued by the Board.
(10) Fittings shall be designed and reinforced as necessary to withstand the full specified
factory test pressure generally in accordance with the methods contained in
AWWA Manual M11 or BS EN 13445-1:2014+A1:2014, or by other methods
approved by the S.O.
(11) All welding shall be of a standard equal to that of straight pipes.
(12) The outside diameter of the Fittings shall conform to the outside diameters of the
standard straight pipes. The ends of plain ended steel pipe Fittings shall be truly
circular and shall conform to the tolerances required for (a) the fitting of
mechanical couplings and flange adaptors; or (b) as per SS EN 10224 Clause 7.7 on
the tolerance for tubes whichever is more stringent.
Mitre Bends
(13) Unless otherwise shown in the Standard Drawings provided by the Board, all mitre
bends shall be provided with a minimum bend radius of two (2) times the pipe
diameter.
(14) Minimum mitre angle shall be 11-¼ degrees on each section resulting in a
maximum deflection angle of 22.5 degrees per metre weld. Bevels on metre shall
be varied to provide a constant weld groove angle.
(15) All mitre welds shall be complete joint penetration welds.
(16) For steel pipes of DN500 and smaller, standard industrial prefabricated short
radius elbow bends and corresponding Fittings may be accepted in lieu of specially
fabricated mitre fabricated bends. The proposed prefabricated sections shall be
proven to satisfy the minimum required design yield strength and comply with
chemical composition limits as specified in the BS EN 10217-1:2002 and SS EN
10224: 2013.
Fabrication of Pipes and Fittings at the Worksite
(17) In general, all pipe fabrication shall be conducted in a proper covered factory,
without exposure to the elements. The Contractor is not permitted, to fabricate or
carry out repairs or rehabilitation of Steel Pipes and Fittings, at the work site.
Where required, any repairs or rehabilitation to any Pipes or Fittings shall be
carried out the Contractor’s workshop.
(18) The Contractor may, with the written approval from the S.O., carry out minor site
adjustments or repair or reconfiguration to factory fabricated pipes or fittings on the
work site. If so approved, by the Board, the on-site minor repair or rehabilitation
works shall be carried out in a clean, suitably prepared yard with concrete
hardstanding and covered enclosure, to strict compliance with the conditions and
testing requirements imposed by the S.O. If Contractor fails to adhere to these
conditions and requirements, the approval granted will be revoked and no further
work will be permitted.
GS14-9 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.4 FACTORY INSPECTION BY INDEPENDENT THIRD-PARTY

INSPECTOR
(1) The Board will be assigning an Independent Third-Party Inspector (TPI) to check
and verify the quality control in the manufacturer of the Pipes at the Manufacturer’s
Factory. The TPI will be delegate an Inspector to be based at the Manufacturer’s
Factory to carry out the checking, inspection and witness all quality control tests
performed.
(2) Upon award of the Contract, the Contractor shall liaise with his Manufacturer to
provide a schedule for manufacture of the Pipes and Fittings. This Schedule will be
used by the Board, to assign the TPI to the Manufacturer’s Factory to carry out the
inspection, checking and testing.
(3) The Contractor shall further inform the S.O. not less than 4 weeks before the
commence of the fabrication works, so that the arrangements can be made by the
TPI to deploy his Inspector. If there are any changes to the Schedule, the Contractor
and his Manufacturer shall provide advance notice to the Board, so that appropriate
adjustments can be made to the assignment of the TPI.
(4) The complete pipe fabrication process, including the internal lining, external
coatings, cutting up Steel pipes to form Fittings, welding, testing etc, shall be
performed at one Factory, unless otherwise approved by the S.O.
(5) All steel, pipes shall be hydrostatically tested by the manufacturer in the presence
of the Board’s representative, as specified in this specification under Clause 14.28
Hydrostatic Pressure Test for Pipes. The test procedure shall comply with BS EN
10217-1:2002. The Contractor shall produce Test Certificates for all other tests
carried out to the requirements of BS EN 10217-1:2002 and as directed by the S.O.
(6) The Manufacturer shall provide all necessary assistance and support to the
Inspector, to carry out his work, including all personal safety equipment and
apparel, instruments, suitable office space for his paperwork, etc. The cost for
provision of all these facilities and support including but not limited to arranging
the witnessing of Hydraulic Tests, by the Board’s representative shall be borne by
the Contractor.
14.5 JOINTS
(1) Hemispherical socket and spigot joint ends shall be provided for steel pipes,
suitable for a double lap weld for straight sections of pipeline in accordance with
SS EN 10224: 2013 and SS EN 10311: 2013 or equivalent, except where indicated.
(2) Complete joint penetration butt joints shall be used for longitudinal, girth, and
spiral welds, unless otherwise indicated.
(3) Socket and spigot pipe ends shall be so made as to allow slip joint for internal as
well as external welding. The ends of socket/spigot pipes and plain ended pipes
shall be cut and finished square to the axis of the pipe.
GS14-10 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(4) The pipe ends shall be gauged to ensure that the spigot will freely enter the socket
end and be a good fit. The tolerance for the fit gap between the inside diameter of
the bell and the outside diameter of the spigot (the faying surfaces), shall not
exceed the limits as specified in Clause 14.6 below.
(5) All longitudinal welds at the ends of the steel pipes and Fittings shall be ground
flush with the plate surface.
(6) The welded pipe joint shall be such as to allow the axis of adjacent pipe to be
inclined at an angle of three degrees (3°), with adequate space for fitting and
welding. The degree of inclination at the overlap at any point shall not be less than
four (4) times the plate thickness of the pipe. The details of the engagement of the
pipes tabulated below shall be minimum for the relevant pipe sizes:
Nominal Pipe Outer Thickness Curvature Engagement (mm)

Diameter Diameter of Steel c =R/60
of Pipe Do = 2R t c
(mm) Do (mm) (mm) Min at 0 Min at 3
(mm) degree deflection
4t + c 4t
100 # 114.30 6.0 3 28 25
150 # 168.28 7.1 4 33 29
200 # 219.08 8.2 6 39 33
300 # 323.85 10.3 8 47 39
500 506.9 6.0 13 38 24
700 667.2 6.3 17 43 26
800 825.9 8.0 22 54 32
900 933.5 9.5 24 63 38
1200 1244.7 12.7 33 84 51
1400 1422.4 12.7 37 89 51
1600 1549.4 12.7 41 92 51
1800 1746.3 12.7 46 97 51
1900 1911.3 15.9 50 114 64
2200 2216.2 15.9 58 122 64
# Note: Refer to clause 14.19(2). DN100 to DN300 pipes shall be industrial prefabricated based on
API 5L Schedule 40 standard.
GS14-11 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(7) Joints shall be capable of resisting hydrostatic force generated under a maximum
water pressure of 16 bars, without the need to transfer hydraulic forces to any
concrete pads or thrust blocks.
(8) The socket and spigot of the pipe shall be formed before the pipe is subjected to
hydrostatic test.
(9) Pipe ends of the spherical type shall be formed by hydraulic pressing using a full
circle die or expanding former capable of forming ends consistently to a constant
spherical contact surface diameter throughout the pipe production run.
(10) The internal surface of the socket and the external surface of the spigot shall be
ground smooth along the shop fusion welds for a distance based on the minimum
engagement from pipe ends measured along the pipe axis. The external surface of
the plain ended pipes shall be similarly prepared for a distance based on the
minimum engagement from pipe ends measured along the pipe axis.
(11) The socket ends of pipes shall have a 6 mm BSP threaded (British Standard Pipe)
hole provided with matching plug (about 20 mm from the end of pipe) to permit an
air pressure test to be carried out following completion of field welding, with
exception to pipe DN700 and below.
(12) The Contractor shall submit fully dimensioned drawings of each type of pipe joint
for Pipes and Fittings to the S.O., for approval. Where required by the S.O., the
Contractor shall arrange for the Manufacturer to carry out the fitting of the joints, at
the Factory, to be witnessed by the S.O. or his representative.
14.6 TOLERANCE
(1) Manufacturing tolerances shall be equivalent to that as specified in SS EN 10224:

2013, unless otherwise specified below.
(2) All pipes shall be truly straight with walls parallel to the axis of the pipe. Any pipe
section with a fault in alignment exceeding 2 mm for each metre length from a line
parallel to the axis of the pipe shall be rejected.
(3) Straight pipe sections shall not vary from the specified lengths by more than
50 mm.
(4) The out-of-roundness of pipe ends shall be such that the spigot end can be readily
slid into the socket end for a lap welded joint and a butt-strap joint can be made
readily in the field without undue jacking and straining of the pipe ends.
(5) There should not be a greater than ±1% variance on the two perpendicular diagonal
measure of the interior diameter of the pipe. The ends of plain-ended pipes shall be
truly round and ridge (welding) free to accommodate fixing of mechanical
coupling.
(6) The fit gap between the inside diameter of the bell and the outside diameter of the
spigot (the faying surfaces) shall be limited to a maximum of 3 mm.
GS14-12 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(7) The tolerance of outside circumference shall not exceed  1% of the outside
circumference with a minimum of  10 mm.
(8) Weld beads shall be ground back smooth with the plate surface based on the
minimum engagement of the pipes without any gouging. No reduction in parent
material wall thickness by over-grinding shall be allowed. No weld undercutting
shall be visible at any point before or after grinding.
14.7 FACTORY APPLIED INTERNAL LININGS
(1) GENERAL - SPECIAL LININGS
(a) All special linings to be used in this Contract shall comply with SS 375:
Part 1: 2015 and certified fit for use in contact with water intended for
human consumption with regards to their effect on the quality of the water.
(b) The internal lining materials of the pipes and fittings for NEWater pipelines
shall conform to the requirements of any one of the following standards,
elaborated hereunder.
(c) Coatings and linings shall be stored, handled, and applied in accordance
with the manufacturer’s written directions, the referenced standards or the
requirements listed herein, whichever is more stringent.
(d) The inside of the steel pipe shell shall be thoroughly cleaned and free from
all rust, scale, dirt, oil, grease or other foreign matter before application of
internal lining.
(e) The Contractor shall propose for S.O.’s approval the appropriate test based
on relevant codes / standards, to verify the suitability of the special lining
for immersion in NEWater.
(2) FUSION-BONDED EPOXY
(a) Fusion-Bonded Epoxy used for internal lining of the Pipes and Fittings shall
be in accordance with American Waterworks Association Standard AWWA
C213 or equivalent and consist of a one-component thermosetting epoxy
that is cross-linked to the steel substrate, comprising epoxy resin, curing
agents, catalysts, fillers, colorants, flow-control agents and ultraviolet light
resistant agents.
(b) The internal lining shall have a total thickness of at least 0.5 mm for all
sizes of pipes and fittings.
(c) Material Properties:
(i) The shock resistance greater than 11 N-m.
(ii) Elongation greater than 10 percent.
GS14-13 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(iii) The material shall show no effect when subjected to a saltwater

spray test of 1000 hours.
(iv) The material is to be chemically resistant to chlorinated water, water

solution of salts, acids and bases within a pH range of 5 to 9.
(v) Cathodic disbondment: 8 mm radius
(vi) Adhesion to steel: 20,600 kPa.
(vii) Water absorption: Maximum 0.83 percent
(3) RIGID POLYURETHANE
(a) Rigid Polyurethane shall comply with AWWA C222 standards or

equivalent.
(b) Rigid Polyurethane used for lining of the Pipes and Fittings shall be of 100
percent solids rigid polyurethane. Fillers materials to the polyurethane will
not be accepted.
(c) The system proposed shall be a plural component, suitable for immersion in
NEWater.
(d) The internal lining shall have a thickness of at least 1.0 mm for all sizes of
pipes and fittings.
(e) The manufacturer shall provide information to the S.O., on the suitable Di-
electric strength to establish the base voltage that should be exposed to the
coatings during Holiday Testing, in the field, to ensure that the Contractor
uses the correct voltage to expose the coating without degrading its
properties.
(f) Material Properties:
(i) Density: 1000 kg/m3 - minimum, 1350kg/m3 maximum
(ii) Adhesion to steel: 10,350 kPa, minimum.
(iii) Cathodic disbondment: 12 mm radius, maximum.
(iv) Flexibility 180 bend over 102 mm mandrel: no cracking or

delamination.
(v) Impact resistance: 8.5 Nm, minimum.
(vi) Abrasion resistance: 100 mg loss per 1000 revolutions, maximum.
(vii) The material is to be chemically resistant to chlorinated water, water

GS14-14 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(viii) Electrical inspection: 0 holidays.
(ix) Water absorption: 2.0 percent, maximum. The water Absorption

shall be measured in accordance with Procedure 7.4 (Long Term
Immersion) of ASTM D 570-98 “Standard Test Method for Water
Absorption of Plastics”.
(x) Elongation greater than 10 percent.
14.8 SURFACE PREPARATION REQUIREMENTS BEFORE APPLICATION

OF SPECIAL LININGS
14.8.1 SURFACE PREPARATION

(1) The surface preparation requirements for lining and coating specified below, serve
only a general guideline, on the minimum requirements of the Board.
(2) Whenever the words solvent cleaning, hand tool cleaning, wire brushing, or blast
cleaning or similar words of equal intent are used, they shall be understood to refer
to the applicable Specifications.
(3) The Contractor shall meet the requirements of the following Society for Protective
Coatings (SSPC) specifications:
(a) Solvent Cleaning: SP 1
(b) Hand Tool Cleaning: SP 2
(c) Power Tool Cleaning: SP 3
(d) White Metal Blast Cleaning: SP 5
(e) Brush-Off Blast Cleaning: SP 7
(f) Near-White Blast Cleaning: SP 10
(g) Power Tool Cleaning to Bare Metal: SP 11
(h) High Pressure Water Jetting: SP 12.
(4) The Manufacturer of the coating or lining undertake more stringent requirements,
depending on his manufacturing processes, for the effective performance of the
proposed special linings.
(5) The Contractor and his Manufacturer shall provide advance notice to the S.O. and
the TPI, before commencing shop blast cleaning to allow for inspection of the work
during surface preparation and application of materials.
(6) Machined surfaces (flange faces) and other surfaces not intended to be coated or
lined shall be removed or masked or otherwise protected. All surfaces adjacent to,
or downwind of the work area shall be protected from overspray.
GS14-15 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(7) The Contractor and his Manufacturer shall have a further inspection to be
conducted by the S.O. and the TPI, in advance for cleaned surfaces prior to coating
or lining.
14.8.2 PRE-BLAST CLEANING

(1) The following steps for Pre-Blast Cleaning, are for the reference of the
Manufacturer only, on the minimum requirements of the Board:
(a) Remove oil, grease, welding fluxes, and other surface contaminants prior to
blast cleaning. Cleaning methods include steam, open flame, hot water, or
cold water with appropriate detergent additives followed with clean water
rinsing.
(b) Clean small isolated areas as above or solvent clean with suitable solvents
and clean cloths.
(c) Round or chamfer sharp edges and grind smooth burrs, jagged edges, and
surface defects.
(d) Welds and adjacent areas shall be prepared such that there are no
undercutting or reverse ridges on the weld bead, no weld spatter on or
adjacent to weld or other area to be coated, no sharp peaks or ridges along a
weld bead.
(e) Ground embedded pieces of electrode or wire flush with the surface of weld
bead.
(2) The Manufacturer shall make the appropriate adjustments to his processes, to
achieve a high standard and quality of cleaning, which will comprise the quality of
the subsequent coating or lining.
14.8.3 BLAST CLEANING REQUIREMENTS

(1) The following steps for Blast Cleaning, are for the reference of the Manufacturer
only, on the minimum requirements of the Board:
(a) Provide specially fabricated equipment designed at a rate of travel and speed
such that the degree of cleanliness is obtained.
(b) Use only dry blast cleaning methods that utilizes steel grit/shot blasting and
include a 100 percent recovery system. Use of sand, garnet or other non-
reuse materials are not acceptable.
(c) Select the type and size of abrasive to produce an aggressive angular profile
on the substrate. Abrasive shall also be selected to meet the coating or lining
manufacturer’s recommendations. Expected materials include G-25 chilled
iron or steel grit.
GS14-16 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(d) For application of Special Lining, the blast cleaning shall be to at least SA
2.5 Standard and 75 microns profile, or as required by the coating or lining
manufacturer, in accordance with ISO8501-1:2007: Preparation of steel
substrates before application of paints and related products- Visual
assessment of surface cleanliness.
(e) Profile shall be measured using a calibrated electronic profile gauge and
recorded at 4-hour intervals. Should the profile fall below the minimum
requirements, the pipe shall be re-blasted.
(f) Blast shadows at edges including welds is not acceptable. The blast surface
appearance must be consistent over the entire area including weld edges.
(g) Disposal of spent aggregate and debris shall be completed in accordance

with all applicable pollution control laws and regulations.
14.8.4 POST-BLAST CLEANING AND OTHER CLEANING REQUIREMENTS

(1) The following steps for Post- Blast Cleaning, are for the reference of the
Manufacturer only, on the minimum requirements of the Board:
(a) Clean surfaces of dust and residual particles from cleaning operations by
using dry (no oil or water vapour is to be used) air blast cleaning or other
method prior to coating or lining. A two-hour time frame shall be observed
between post blasting and priming.
(b) Vacuum clean enclosed areas and other areas where there is a dust nuisance.
These areas shall be wiped with a tack cloth.
(c) Protect pipes from humidity, moisture and rain. Keep pipes clean dry and
free of flash rust.
(d) All flash rust, imperfections, or contamination on cleaned pipes surface

shall be removed by re-blasting prior to application. Surfaces shall be lined
or coated the same day they are blast cleaned.
GS14-17 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.9 INTERNAL CEMENT MORTAR LINING FOR POTABLE WATER

PIPELINE
14.9.1 POST-BLAST CLEANING AND OTHER CLEANING REQUIREMENTS

(1) The manufacturer should ensure that the internal surface to be lined shall be free
from objects that can adversely affect the lining or impair its application. Loose
rust, loose mill scale, dirt, debris, oil, grease, paint and other material that may
originated from an external coating process and scattered weld beads or welding
waste materials shall be removed.
14.9.2 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT MORTAR LINING

(1) The mortar shall be a homogeneous mixture of cement, sand and water (with
additives, where necessary) of a suitable consistency for producing a regular
lining on the internal surface of the pipes and fittings.
(2) The mortar shall be free from foreign bodies, in particular, lumps of hardened
mortar.
(3) The factory applied internal cement mortar lining shall be provided in accordance
with SS EN 10224: 2013 and BS EN 10298: 2005, in a manufacturer’s plant by
the centrifugal process.
(4) The internal cement mortar lining shall consist of Portland cement and Sand; each
of these materials shall be to the standards specified. These ingredients shall be
carefully mixed together with water in an approved manner to produce a mortar
with the specified compressive strength.
14.9.3 CEMENT
(1) Portland cement shall be fresh and shall conform in all respects to latest SS EN
197-1. If required, samples of the various brands of Portland cement shall be
supplied to the S.O. for the purpose of making tests.
(2) The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to ensure that the cement is
maintained in perfect condition whilst being stored. The cement shall not be
removed from the casks, barrels or containers until it is required for immediate
use.
14.9.4 SAND
(1) Sand shall be clean, sharp and gritty and composed of hard siliceous grains and
shall conform to the latest SS EN 12620 for fine aggregate when sampled and
tested in accordance with BS EN 933-1:2012. It shall be free from clay, animal,
vegetable or other foreign matter and, unless initially clean, shall be washed to the
satisfaction of the S.O. or his representative.
(2) The sand shall be mainly composed of particles of siliceous material insoluble in
alkali and shall not contain organic matter or visible traces of clay. The
GS14-18 Rev 9 2022-03-11

distribution of the sand particles shall be controlled, ranging from fine particles to
coarser particles.
(3) The sand shall be clean and composed of hard, stable and resistant inert granular
particles. The cleanliness of the sand shall be evaluated, based on the contents of
chlorides, organic impurities and clay matter:
(a) The maximum chloride content shall be 0.02%. The chloride content is
determined according to BS EN 1744-1.
(b) The amount of clay mater and other fine particles in the sand is determined
by the separation method. This amount shall not exceed 2% by mass.
(c) Sands with soluble and releasable alkali content of over 0.02% shall not be
used with CEM CAC (High Aluminum Cement)
(4) The sand shall be stored in a clean dry place, under cover, to ensure that there is
no possibility of any contamination, especially by organic matter.
14.9.5 WATER
(1) Water shall be fresh, clean and clear and shall be drawn from a potable water
source and shall be maintained at a normal room temperature, before use.
14.9.6 MORTAR ADDITIVES

(1) Any rapid hardening compound incorporated into the internal cement mortar
lining shall be certified fit for use in contact with water intended for human
consumption with regards to their effect on the quality of the water, in accordance
with SS 375: Part 1: 2015.
14.9.7 FINISHED LINING

(1) The finished cement mortar lining shall adhere firmly to the inside of the pipe and
shall be smooth and even.
(2) Voids, sand and clay pockets, blisters, areas that are drummy or excessively
cracked or not in contact with the surface of the pipe or fitting, and cracks into
which a metal gauge 0.8 mm thick can be inserted to a depth of half the thickness
of the lining at intervals along the crack exceeding 75 mm shall be regarded as
defects and will not be permitted. Superficial cracks arising from shrinkage may
not count as defects.
(3) The cement mortar lining shall be perfectly continuous starting from the spigot
end of the pipe to the bottom or beginning of the socket in the case of spigot and
socket pipes and shall be perfectly continuous from end to end in the case of plain
ended pipes.
GS14-19 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(4) The lined pipes shall be cured for at least 7 days before delivery to ensure that the
tubes and fittings can be transported and stacked without the lining being
damaged.
(5) A high standard of quality control is therefore essential, in the preparation and
placing of the internal lining on the internal surface of the pipe, to achieve a dense
and impervious cement mortar lining, free of any voids, cracks or surface
imperfections and which adheres firmly to the pipe. Any defects in the preparation
and placing of the cement mortar lining may compromise the long-term durability
of the lining.
14.9.8 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

(1) The Contractor shall arrange for the Manufacturer to submit for the approval of
the SO, the mix design for the cement mortar lining, with proportions of all
constituent materials to be used in the mix.
(2) The compressive strength shall be the main criterion in the design of the mix. The
design of the mix shall ensure no segregation, excessive bleeding and at the same
time, ability to achieve specified surface finish. Once approval is of the design
mix is granted by the S.O., there shall be no further changes in the design mix.
(3) Upon approval of mix design by the SO, trial mixes of three separate batches of
concrete shall be made using the accepted materials and produced under full-scale
production conditions. Sampling and testing shall be in accordance with SS EN
206-1 and its Complementary Singapore Standard SS 544-1 2014.
(4) The workability of each of the three trial batches shall be determined and six
cubes made from each batch. The cubes shall be tested at an accredited laboratory
approved by the SO. Three cubes from each set of six shall be tested at an age of 7
days and other three at 28 days. The average strength of the cubes tested at 7 days
and 28 days shall exceed the specified characteristic strength specified below.
(5) During the pipe fabrication, at least 2 cube samples, measuring 100x100x100 mm
for every batch of pipes lined per production day to be subjected to compressive
strength testing. Both samples shall achieve the specified characteristic strength as
specified below.
(6) The minimum compressive cube strength shall be as follows:
(a) Cube strength not less than 17 N/mm2 after 7 days; and
(b) Cube strength not less than 31 N/mm2 after 28 days.
(7) Further test shall be carried out by the Manufacturer, as and when directed by the
S.O. or the Board, to verify compliance with the Specifications, of each batch of
mix produced.
GS14-20 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.9.9 THICKNESS OF CEMENT MORTAR LINING

(1) The thickness of the internal cement mortar lining, as tabulated below is the
minimum required for the relevant pipe sizes:
Nominal Thickness of Cement Mortar Tolerances (mm)

Diameter of Lining (mm)
Pipe (mm) Minus Plus
100 6 0 3
150 6 0 3
200 10 0 3
300 10 0 3
500 13 0 3
700 13 0 6
800 19 0 6
900 19 0 6
1200 19 0 6
1400 25 0 6
1600 25 0 6
1800 25 0 6
1900 25 0 6
2200 25 0 6
(2) The Contractor shall exercise great care to ensure concentricity throughout the
length of Pipes and Fittings and in no place shall the thickness of lining vary
beyond the limits stipulated in the table.
14.9.10 CERTIFIED FIT FOR USE

(1) All constituent materials used for the mix including the admixtures, shall be tested
and certified for use in contact with water intended for human consumption with
regards to their effect on the quality of water in accordance with SS 375: Part
1:2015.
(2) The Contractor shall provide certification to the S.O. and the Board, to show that
the cement mortar lining has been tested and certified in accordance with SS375:
Part1: 2015.
14.10 FACTORY APPLIED EXTERNAL COATING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS
14.10.1 GENERAL
(1) As specified in Clause 14.1 above, the External Coating of Steel Pipes and
Fittings shall be either Rigid Polyurethane or Three Layer Polyethylene (3LPE).
14.10.2 RIGID POLYURETHANE
GS14-21 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(1) Rigid Polyurethane shall comply with AWWA C222 standards or equivalent.
(2) Rigid Polyurethane used for coating of the pipes and fittings shall be of 100
percent solids rigid polyurethane. Fillers materials to the polyurethane will not be
permitted.
(3) The system proposed shall be a plural component.
(4) The external coating shall have a thickness of at least 1.0mm for all sizes of pipes
and fittings.
(5) The manufacturer for the rigid polyurethane shall ascertain and provide
information on the Di-electric strength to establish the base voltage that should be
exposed to the coatings during testing (e.g. Holiday Testing). Depending on the
type and thickness to be applied the manufacturer shall advise a safe method to
determine a correct voltage to expose the coating without degrading its properties.
(6) Material Properties:
(a) Density: 1000 kg/m3 minimum, 1300kg/m3 maximum

(b) Adhesion to steel: 10,350 kPa, minimum.
(c) Cathodic disbondment: 12 mm radius, maximum.
(d) Flexibility 180 bend over 102 mm mandrel: no cracking or delamination.
(e) Impact resistance: 8.5 Nm, minimum.
(f) Abrasion resistance: 100 mg loss per 1000 revolutions, maximum.
(g) The material is to be chemically resistant to chlorinated water, water
(h) Electrical inspection: 0 holidays.
(i) Water absorption: 2.0 percent, maximum. The water Absorption shall be
measured in accordance with Procedure 7.4 (Long Term Immersion) of
ASTM D 570-98 “Standard Test Method for Water Absorption of
Plastics”.
(j) Elongation greater than 10 percent.
(7) Where the standard colours of the polyurethane as listed in Clause 14.12 (2) are
not available, the 1.0mm thick polyurethane coating must be top coated with an
approximate 75 Microns of Acrylic Aliphatic Polyurethane Coating following the
colour differentiating colours as dictated by this project specification.
GS14-22 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.10.3 THREE LAYER POLYETHYLENE (3LPE)

(1) Three Layer Polyethylene (3LPE) used for external coating for pipes and fittings
shall be in accordance with Australian Standard AS 1518, External extruded high-
density-polyethylene coating system for pipes and conforming to the following:
(a) This coating system consists of a fusion-bonded epoxy initial coating

followed by a copolymer adhesive and an outer layer of polyethylene.
(b) Thickness: The total coating thickness shall be a minimum of 3.3 mm.
(c) The Contractor shall submit the three-layer polyethylene (3LPE) system for
approval by the SO.
14.11 MARKING ON EXTERNAL COATINGS
(1) Each steel pipe or fitting piece shall have the mark “PUB” clearly painted on it and
in addition with the following information:
(a) The item number, the nominal diameter, the steel wall thickness and where
there is more than one pipe or fitting in any item, its consecutive number.
(b) Effective laying length, internal diameter, and for bends the angle of the
bend.
(c) The markings shall be black over a white background to contrast with the
underlying brightly coloured paint.
(d) The letter height shall be 100 mm for capitalized letters. Uncapitalized
letters shall have a height of 70 mm.
(2) Each steel pipe or fitting shall be marked as follows, painted over the external
coatings:
(a) For Potable Water Pipes – “POTABLE WATER”
(b) For Raw Water – “RAW WATER”
(c) For NEWater – “NEWATER”
(d) For Industrial Water – “INDUSTRIAL WATER”
(e) All the wordings to comply with Clause 14.8.3 (1) (c) and (d).
(3) The Contractor shall submit a sample template of the wordings to be painted on the
pipe surface for approval.
(4) Additional marking requirements shall be provided in accordance with SS EN

10224:2013.
GS14-23 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.12 COLOUR OF EXTERNAL COATINGS
(1) As mentioned in Clause 14.1 (3) above, the following external coatings are to be
used for Steel pipes, depending on the water to be conveyed:
S/No Pipeline Type of External Coating
Rigid Polyurethane/ Three Layer

1 NEWater/ Industrial Water
Polyethylene (3LPE)
Rigid Polyurethane/ Three Layer
2 Potable Water/ Raw Water
Polyethylene (3LPE)
(2) In order to differentiate the various pipes used by PUB, the colour of the external
1.0mm thick Rigid Polyurethane shall be as follows:
Potable Water & NEWater Pipeline Industrial Water

Raw Water Pipeline Pipeline
Pipes RAL 1013 (Oyster RAL 290 50 20 RAL 075 70 70
and White) or (Silk crepe mauve) (Pumpkin Yellow)
Fittings BS 4800 (12 B 15) or or BS 4800 (08 E 51)
(Seafoam) or BS4800 (22-C-37) (Golden Yellow) or
(Purple Heather) or
RAL 9016 (Traffic Equivalent
White) or Equivalent
BS 4800 (00 E 55)
(White) or
Equivalent
(3) In the event that the supplier is unable provide the Rigid Polyurethane coating in
the abovementioned colours, an approximate 75 Microns thick layer of Acrylic
Aliphatic Polyurethane Coating conforming to the abovementioned colours shall be
applied above the 1.0mm thick Rigid Polyurethane coating.
(4) For the external Three Layer Polyethylene (3LPE), the colour shall be to BS 4800
(00 E 55) – Black or RAL 7021 or equivalent.
14.13 STORAGE OF PIPES
(1) The Contractor shall cover the pipes be placed on the site with tarpaulin sheet, as
prolonged exposure to direct sunlight can result in the fading of the colours as well
also damage of the PU coating.
GS14-24 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.14 LINING AND COATING EXTENTS
(1) Every part of the pipes and fittings shall be internally lined and externally coated
except as modified herein. Lining and coating shall be omitted at the following
locations:
(a) Spigot and socket ends: Factory applied internal lining and external coating
shall terminate no more than 150mm from the pipe ends for DN900 and
smaller pipes; and no more than 200mm from the pipe ends for pipes larger
than DN900.
(b) Plain ends – in the case of plain ended pipe, the factory applied lining and
coating shall terminate for the same distance similar to spigot and socket
ends.
(c) Flange faces
(2) Coating or lining cutbacks or holdbacks shall be straight and cut through the full
thickness of the material.
(3) Cutbacks shall be completed in a manner that permits field application of lining at
joints in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and field
application of wrapping for coating.
14.15 FIELD APPLICATION OF SPECIAL INTERNAL LININGS AND

COATINGS
(1) GENERAL
(a) This section shall be read in conjunction with the specification for
“Pipelaying and Welding” – (i) Internal Linings Protection; and (ii) Field
Inspection & Testing Programme.
(b) Before the application of any lining, the Contractor shall remove all dirt, oil,
grease, rusts, metal burrs, weld spatter and any other foreign matter by
suitable methods before application of lining. Mechanical or power wire
brushing shall be used to remove any rust scales.
(c) Repairs (including the materials and procedures) shall be carried out, in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and requirements.
(d) The field internal lining shall be compatible with the special lining applied
on the interior of the pipe and fitting. Repair materials shall have adhesion
and performance characteristics equal to the specified coating or lining
material.
(e) Repair of coatings and linings will be allowed only in the following
instances:
(i) Whenever holidays, are detected.
GS14-25 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(ii) Whenever the coating or lining is damaged from a visual inspection

such as blisters, tears, rips, bubbles, wrinkles, cuts or other defects.
This can be in areas where no holidays are detected.
(f) The number of repairs allowed on any single piece of pipe or fitting shall
not exceed an average of 2 per 10 square meters of surface area. Holidays
within a 100 mm radius of a holiday shall be counted as a single repair.
(g) Defects greater than 150 mm in diameter shall require that the entire pipe or
fittings piece be blasted to bare metal and the coatings or linings to be re-
applied.
(h) Pipes exceeding the maximum number or size of coating or lining defects
shall be blasted to bare metal and the coatings or lining re-applied.
(i) Pipes arriving at the site with defects or repairs exceeding the maximum
number of size or coating defects will be returned to the Manufacturer for
the appropriate repair works.
(j) Prior to repair, the area shall be cleaned using solvent wiping. Clean a
minimum of 150 mm around the area to be repaired.
(k) Surface defects, those that do not expose the metal substrate with thickness
above the specified thickness, shall be repaired by power tool sanding with
coarse sandpaper to roughen the surface and feathering the edges of the
defect for a minimum of 75 mm around the defect. A single coat of the
manufacturer’s specified material shall be applied to a properly prepared
surface to the specified thickness. The resultant thickness of the internal
special lining after repair shall be above the specified thickness.
(l) Deep defects, defined as defects which penetrate to the metal substrate or
expose the metal substrate, shall be prepared to the metal substrate by power
tool sanding to expose the metal and feather the edges a minimum of 150
mm in a smooth taper from the metal substrate to the existing coating
thickness. The metal surface and surrounding surface shall be re-blasted to
equal cleanliness and profile as the original surface preparation. Existing
coating shall be roughened to the equivalent of coarse sandpaper by abrasive
blasting. One coat of the manufacturer’s specified material shall be applied
over the repaired surface at the specified thickness.
(2) LIQUID EPOXY LINING
(a) Lining applications shall be carried out in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions.
(b) Field-applied internal lining of joints shall be field applied with liquid-
epoxy lining. Material for the liquid-epoxy lining shall consist of a high-
build polyamide. Total finished thickness shall be minimum 1.0 mm dry
film thickness or flushed with the internal lining of the pipes.
GS14-26 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) RIGID POLYURETHANE LINING
(a) Field-applied special internal lining of joints shall be solvent-free

polyurethane (PU) in accordance with the latest AWWA C222 and
conforming to the following requirements:
(i) Volume solids: 100%
(ii) Flash point: 200oC
(iii) VOC concentration: 0 mg/litre
(b) For application of PU lining, the relative humidity shall be below 80%. The
film thickness shall be at least 1.0 mm thick for all size of joints. Lining
applications shall be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions.
(c) On completion of the field lining the Contractor shall check that the coating
is fully cured by conducting a hardness test using a portable hardness tester.
The test shall be conducted at not less than 24 hours after application of the
coating. An average reading of between 65 and 75 Shore D should be
attained, with up to 80 on aged coating. Readings well below the 65 will
indicate under-cured coating. If the coating is found to be under-cured, it
shall be grinded off and a fresh layer of coating applied.
(d) In addition to the Hardness Tests, Holiday Testing, shall be conducted, at

not less than 24 hours after application of the coating
14.16 FIELD INTERNAL CEMENT MORTAR LINING
(1) Field-applied internal cement mortar lining shall be cement mortar comprising one
part of cement to one part of clean, sharp, dry sand. These ingredients shall be
carefully mixed with potable water in an approved manner to produce a mortar of
high compressive and dense mixture.
(2) After the welded joints have been satisfactorily tested, the Contractor shall fill in
the gap between the internal cement mortar linings at the jointed end with cement
mortar. The filling shall be finished flush with the cement mortar lining of the
pipes.
(3) All internal cement mortar linings applied on field shall be subjected to inspection
in accordance with the provisions of BS EN 10298:2005.
(4) The Contractor shall provide documentary evidence to show that the component
items of the internal cement mortar lining, including any admixtures are certified fit
for use in contact with water intended for human consumption with regard to their
effect on the quality of the water, in accordance with SS 375: Part 1: 2015.
GS14-27 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.17 FIELD APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL COATING OF PIPES
14.17.1 GENERAL
(1) After the pipe joint is welded, the Contractor shall remove all dirt, oil, grease, rusts,
metal burrs, weld spatter and any other foreign matter by suitable methods.
Mechanical or power wire brushing shall be used to remove any rust scales.
(2) After thorough cleaning to the complete satisfaction of the SO or his site
representative, the Contractor shall install the external wrapping around the welded
joints.
(3) The two methods acceptable for use for external wrapping of external welded joints
are Heat Shrinkable Pipe Sleeve and Bituminous Anti-Corrosion Tapes.
(4) Both the Bituminous wrapping system and Heat Shrinkable Pipe Sleeve shall be
subjected to 100% inspection with an electrical holiday detector before the pipe is
covered over. The Contractor shall ensure that the overlap is correctly maintained
and there is no wrinkle in the tapes/ sleeves. The holiday detector shall be used to
ensure that there is continuous cover over the pipe joint.
(5) Repairs of holidays and damaged areas shall be made in accordance with the
procedures specified for each wrapping/ sleeve system. All holidays detected shall
be repaired by peeling back and removing the layers from the damaged area. The
holiday area shall then be cleaned and brushed with primer and then a new tape/
sleeve shall then be wrapped around the pipe to cover the defective area. The
minimum lap at the damaged area shall be 100mm all round. The repaired area
shall then be tested with a holiday detector. If no holidays are found, the repaired
area shall then be covered with another layer of tape or sleeve with minimum lap of
100mm beyond the first the tape/ sleeve applied. All repairs shall be re-tested for
holidays to the satisfaction of the S.O. or his representatives.
14.17.2 BITUMINOUS ANTI-CORROSION TAPES

(1) The Contractor shall either of the following systems to protect the bare metal
surface around the externally welded pipe joints:
• Bituminous Anti-Corrosion Tape System (Single layer),
• Bituminous Anti-Corrosion Tape System (Two layers) systems or
• PVC Overwrap Tape, to protect the welded pipe joints or exposed steel
surfaces.
Bituminous Anti-Corrosion Tape System (Single layer)
(2) The procedures for application of the Bituminous Anti-Corrosion Tape System
(Single layer) are appended below:
(a) Apply suitable bituminous primer as recommended by the supplier on the
GS14-28 Rev 9 2022-03-11

clean steel surface.
(b) The joint shall be spirally wrapped with bituminous anti corrosion tape
around the perimeter of the pipe, such that the wrapping has a minimum
50% overlap.
(c) Wrapping shall be continuous and extend onto the adjacent connected pipe
with at least 150mm lapping onto the pipe external coating, or as illustrated
in the PUB Standard Drawings, whichever the greater.
(3) The Tape shall comply with following Specifications:
Property Requirements
Thickness of PVC backing
EN 1849-1 ≥ 0.75
(mm)
Total thickness (mm) EN 1849-1 ≥ 1.65
Roll Length (m) 15
Interleave Over width (mm) ≥ 10
Tensile Strength (N/mm) ASTM D638 ≥ 12

Elongation (at break) (%) ASTM D638 ≥ 250 / ≤ 300
Self ASTM D1000 ≥ 2.5
Adhesion Strength
(180 peel) (N/mm) Steel ASTM D1000 ≥ 2.5
Holiday Test Voltage (kV)

≥ 15
Double Layer
Cathodic Disbondment ASTM G13 ≤ 10 mm

Insulation Resistance 1012Ohms/cm²
Temperature Operating -20°C to 75°C
Impact Strength (J) ≥8
Dielectric strength
≥ 40
(2 layers) (kV)
Bituminous Anti-Corrosion Tape System (Two layers)
(4) The procedures for application of the Bituminous Anti-Corrosion Tape System
(Two Layers) are appended below:
(a) Apply suitable bituminous primer as recommended by the supplier on the

clean steel surface.
(b) The joint shall be spirally wrapped with a bituminous anti corrosion tape
GS14-29 Rev 9 2022-03-11

and then overwrapped with PVC Overwrap Tape.
(c) The wrapping shall be applied with a minimum 50% overlap and extend
onto the adjacent connected pipe with at least 150mm lapping onto the pipe
external coating, or as illustrated in the PUB Standard Drawings, whichever
the greater.
(5) The bituminous anti-corrosion tape shall comply with following Specifications:
Thickness of PVC backing
EN 1849-1 ≥ 0.35
(mm)
Total thickness (mm) EN 1849-1 ≥ 1.10
Roll Length (m) 15
Interleave Overwidth (mm) ≥ 10
Tensile Strength (N/mm) ASTM D638 ≥ 12

Adhesion Strength
(180 peel) (N/mm) Steel ASTM D1000 ≥ 2.3
≥ 10
Double Layer
Cathodic Disbondment ASTM G13 ≤ 10 mm
Insulation Resistance 1012Ohms/cm²
Temperature Operating -20°C to 75°C
Impact Strength (J) ≥6
Dielectric strength
≥ 30
(2 layers) (kV)
PVC Overwrap Tape
(6) The PVC Overwrap Tape shall comply with following Specifications:
Total thickness (mm) ASTM D571 ≥ 0.20
Roll Length (m) 30
Tensile Strength (Kg/cm) ASTM D1000 ≥ 3.15

GS14-30 Rev 9 2022-03-11

Adhesion Strength
(Kg/cm) Steel ASTM D1000 ≥ 0.12
≥ 10
Double Layer
(7) Where the pipeline will be exposed to UV conditions, soil interface or when high
abrasion resistance is required, the Abrasion Resistant Overwrap Tape shall be a
Polyurethane impregnated fiberglass (“Guardian HD-GW Overwrap” or equivalent)
that is water activated and shall comply with following requirements:
Total thickness (mm) ASTM D571 ≥ 0.20
Roll Length (m) 5
Tensile Strength (Kg/f mm²) ASTM D3039 ≥ 20

Flexural Strength (Kg/f mm²) ASTM D790 ≥ 15
Compressive Strength
ASTM D695-77 ≥ 18
(Kg/f mm²)
Adhesion Strength
(Kg/cm) Steel ASTM D1000 ≥ 0.12
Dielectric Strength (Kv/mm) ASTM D149 ≥4
14.17.3 HEAT SHRINKABLE PIPE SLEEVE
(1) As an alternative to Bituminous Tape System, the Contractor may use Heat
Shrinkable System for external wrapping of the pipe joints. The heat-shrinkable
sleeves or collars shall have a high shrink ratio as well as high penetration
resistant thick-walled structure which together with an internally coated adhesive
mastic sealant, to ensure a reliable vacuum-tight anti corrosion coating over the
bare pipe joint and the polyurethane coated pipe ends.
(2) The heat-shrinkable sleeve shall be manufactured from a radiation cross linked,
thermally stabilized, high density polyethylene with a thermal indicator material
in accordance with the following minimal requirements.
GS14-31 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) The Heat Shrinkable Sleeve (HSS) shall comply with the following
Specifications:
Property Test Method Minimum Typical
Value Value
Backing
Tensile Strength (MPa) ASTM D-638 20 22
Elongation (%) ASTM D-638 500 550
Thermal Ageing (%)

ASTM D-638 420 460
150°C, 21d elongation
Hardness, Shore D ASTM D-2240 50 54
ASTM D-638
Shrink Force (psi) 40 43
150°C
Dielectric Strength ASTM D-149 27Kv/mm 30Kv/mm
Moisture Absorption (%) ASTM D-570 0.05 0.05
Adhesive
Softening Point (°C) ASTM E-28 105 115
Lap Shear
@ 23°C (N/mm²) ASTM D-1002 0.3 0.3
@Tmax (N/mm²) 0.1 0.1
Sleeve Installed
Peel Strength (N/cm)
90
To Steel @ 23°C ASTM D-1000 85
90
to PU @ 23°C 85
Cathodic Disbondment EN12068 30

≤8mm 8mm
@ 65°C Days
Hot Water Immersion No No

ASTM D-870 delamination, delamination,
120 Days @Tmax no blisters or no blisters or
water ingress water ingress
Impact Resistance EN 12068, Class C 13J 15J
Penetration Resistance No holidays No holidays

EN 12068, Class C @ 10Kv, @ 10Kv,
≥0.6mm ≥0.6mm
GS14-32 Rev 9 2022-03-11

Property Test Method Minimum Typical

Value Value
Steel Preheat Requirement ≤ 50°C ≤ 50°C
(4) The Contractor shall submit to the S.O., the training program and qualification
process for the HSS Applicators. Only the approved list of qualified Applicators for
HSS shall be permitted to carry out the application of HSS for the welded pipe
joints. The Contractor shall bear the costs of such training and certification.
14.18 PRIMING OF PIPES
(1) At the Manufacture’s Plant, the internal and external surfaces of the pipes and
fittings shall be thoroughly de-scaled by grit/shot blasting in accordance with the
requirements spelt out in Clause 14.8.3 above. After the grit/ shot blasting, the area
shall be painted with a layer of minimum 100 microns thick (one full coat) of 85%
high metallic zinc primer.
(2) The priming shall stop short of the spigot/ socket and plain ends of steel pipes and
fittings, which are not covered by external PU coating or internally by cement
mortar (for potable water pipes) or PU lining (for NEWater pipes). This area shall
be protected with suitable paint such as water-based red oxide primer, which is in
compliance with SS 375:2015. The painting shall not affect the weldability of the
metal. The Contractor shall submit the details of the paint, that he proposes to use,
for the S.O.’s approval.
14.19 DIMENSIONS AND THICKNESS OF STANDARD PIPE SECTIONS
(1) Steel Pipe Sections shall be manufactured to the details and dimensions shown in
the Standard Drawings and to shell thicknesses as tabulated in the Table below for
the relevant sizes of the pipe and fittings.
(2) For standard industrial prefabricated steel pipes from 100mm to 300mm diameter,
that are manufactured based on API 5L Schedule 40 pipes, the dimensions are
indicated in the table below marked #.
Nominal External Thickness of
Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm) Steel Shell (mm)
100 114.30# 6.0#
150 168.28# 7.1#
200 219.08# 8.2#
300 329.85# 10.3#
500 506.9 6.0
GS14-33 Rev 9 2022-03-11

Nominal External Thickness of

Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm) Steel Shell (mm)
700 667.2 6.3
800 825.9 8.0
900 933.5 9.5
1200 1244.7 12.7
1400 1422.4 12.7
1600 1549.4 12.7
1800 1746.3 12.7
1900 1911.3 15.9
2200 2216.2 15.9
14.20 COMPOSITE PIPES FOR PIPE JACKING
(1) Pipe sections for pipe jacking shall be manufactured to the details and dimensions
shown in the Drawings, and shell thicknesses of the relevant pipe and fittings sizes
is tabulated below.
Minimum Minimum
Reinforced Nominal
Concrete Diameter of
Nominal External Thickness of Cladding Concrete Pipe
Diameter Diameter Steel Shell Thickness Sleeve (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
700 667.2 9.5 - 1200
800 825.9 12.7 - 1200
900 933.5 12.7 - 1200
1000 1028.7 15.9 - 1500
1200 1244.7 15.9 180 1500
1400 1422.4 15.9 180 -
1600 1549.4 15.9 180 -
1800 1746.3 15.9 180 -
1900 1911.3 19 180 -
2000 2063.8 19 180 -
2200 2216.2 19 180 -
GS14-34 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(2) The reinforced concrete cladding for pipe jacking works shall be manufactured to the
details and dimensions as detailed in PUB standard drawing PUB/WSN/STD/202.
(3) Portland Blast Furnace Cement (PBFC) shall be used in the concrete for the
external cladding of the pipes, to increase the durability and provide longer life span
for all the external pipe jacking cladding and chambers.
(4) The use of PBFC shall comply with BS EN 15743 and SS EN 197-1:2014,
containing 20-34 % of Clinker and 66-80% of Blast-furnace slag.
Composition (percentage by mass)
Main constituents
Main type Minor additional
Clinker Blast-furnace slag
constituents
K S
CEM III 20-34 66-80 0-5
(5) The Contractor shall submit detailed drawings of the composite pipes showing joint
details, together with the name of the proposed manufacturer, the place of
manufacture, the manufacturing process to the S.O. for acceptance.
(6) The composite pipes shall be fitted with mild steel collars. The jointing collar shall
be of dimension and thickness as shown in the Drawings and approved by the S.O.
The collar/joint shall be watertight by using hydrophobic seal and EPDM seal. The
maximum deflection angle of pipes is to be less than 0.5 degree.
GS14-35 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(7) On completion of the casting of the cladding, the Contractor shall carry out a
thorough check of the groove formation on each pipe, to ensure that it is evenly
formed and of the adequate depth and size, as designed. In the event of any defects or
imperfections in the cladding including the groove formation, repairs shall be carried
out using epoxy mortar.
(8) As part of the quality control, the Contractor shall, in addition to the groove
formation, also check that the circularity of the collar around the pipe to ensure that it
fits well onto the pipe. Any surface imperfections on the inner face of the steel collar
e.g. weld bead shall be rectified, before the collar is put into position onto the pipe.
(9) The internal plain end steel pipes shall be joined by mild steel split collars. A seal
weld is first applied to close the gap between the two ends of the pipes. The split
collar shall be at least the same thickness as the steel pipe and minimum 350mm in
width. Welding of the split collar shall be continuous across the full width of the
collar.
(10) The material used for joint packing shall be medium density fibre board or
chipboard, with a minimum thickness of 18mm. The Contractor may propose
alternative packing materials. However, any such alternative proposed material shall
be tested by external testing agency and shown to have equal or superior properties.
The packing material shall extend around the full circumference of the pipe joint, but
its outer edge shall not be less than 40mm from the outer face of the pipe at the joint.
(11) The minimum diameter of steel pipe to be installed by pipe jacking shall be 1200mm,
to facilitate entry of workmen for welding works as well as provide sufficient space
for slurry pumping pipelines, cabling and other ventilation through the pipeline.
(12) In lieu of jacking a minimum 1200mm diameter pipeline, a concrete pipe sleeve can
be jacked instead. The minimum dimensions of the concrete pipe sleeve are indicated
in the table above, with the steel pipe subsequently installed within the concrete pipe
sleeve. The annular space between the steel pipe and concrete pipe sleeve shall be
filled with cement grout injected under pressure.
GS14-36 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.21 COMPOSITE PIPES FOR SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
(1) The composite pipes, in this section are meant for use, for areas where additional
protection and enhancement of the structural capacity of the pipes is required, for
pipes to be installed by open cut excavation method.
(2) The steel pipe section of the composite pipe shall be manufactured to the details
and dimensions, as detailed hereunder. The pipes to be supplied shall fully comply
with all the requirements in these Specification and are in addition, externally
cladded in a reinforced concrete jacket.
(3) Thickness and external diameter of pipe sections shall be as follows:
Nominal External Diameter Thickness of Steel Reinforced

Diameter of (mm) Shell (mm) Concrete Cladding
Pipe (mm) Thickness (mm)
700 667.2 6.3 150
800 825.9 8.0 150
900 933.5 9.5 150
1200 1244.7 12.7 150
1400 1422.4 12.7 180
1600 1549.4 12.7 180
1800 1746.3 12.7 180
1900 1911.3 15.9 180
2200 2216.2 15.9 180
(4) All other requirements spelt out for composite pipes used for Pipe Jacking shall
also apply for composite pipes, in this Section, including the use of Portland Blast
Furnace Cement, for the external cladding.
GS14-37 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.22 PIPE FLANGES
(1) All Pipe Flanges shall be to PN16 Standard. Dimensions of flanges and number and
size of bolts are shown in the table below:
Pipe Diameter Bolt Thickness No. & Size of Diameter of

Diameter of Pipe Circle of Pipe Bolt Hole Bolts (mm)
(Nominal) Flange Diameter Flange (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
100 220 180 22 8 x 18  M16
150 285 240 24 8 x 22  M20
200 340 295 26 12 x 22  M20
300 460 410 32 12 x 26  M24
500 715 650 46 20 x 33  M30
700 910 840 63 24 x 36  M33
800 1025 950 74 24 x 39  M36
900 1125 1050 82 28 x 39  M36
1200 1485 1390 95 32 x 48  M45
1400 1685 1590 103 36 x 48  M45
1600 1930 1820 115 40 x 56  M52
1800 2130 2020 126 44 x 56  M52
2200 2555 2440 154 52 x 62  M56
(2) All pipe flanges shall be at right angles to the axis of the pipe and shall be
machined right across the full width of the face. The flanges shall be manufactured
in accordance with BS EN 1092-1:2007+A1:2013. The flanges shall be a Type 01
Plate flange for welding and the flange face shall be a Type A Flat Face (FF),
except for flange faces connecting to flanges of valves with Raised Face (RF)
flanges, in which case a matching RF flange shall be provided. The overall flange
dimensions, number and size of bolt holes, and diameter of bolts, shall conform to
the Drawings and the Table in the preceding clause.
GS14-38 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) Blank flanges shall also be manufactured in accordance with BS EN 1092-1-

2007+A1:2013, for PN16. Details of the blank flanges as specified in the table
below.
Pipe Diameter Bolt Thickness No. & Size of Diameter

Diameter of Blank Circle of Blank Bolt Hole of Bolts
(Nominal) Flange Diameter Flange (mm) (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
100 220 180 20 8 x 18  M16

150 285 240 22 8 x 22  M20
200 340 295 26 12 x 22  M20
300 460 410 28 12 x 26  M24
500 715 650 44 20 x 33  M30
700 910 840 58 24 x 36  M33
800 1025 950 62 24 x 39  M36
900 1125 1050 64 28 x 39  M36
1200 1485 1390 72 32 x 48  M45
1400 1685 1590 83 36 x 48  M45
1600 1930 1820 95 40 x 56  M52
1800 2130 2020 105 44 x 56  M52
2200 2555 2440 126 52 x 62  M56
14.23 RUBBER GASKETS
(1) All flanged joints for pipes and fittings shall be provided complete with Gaskets,
Stainless Steel Bolts and Nuts.
(2) Gaskets shall be vulcanized, molded or extruded elastomer EPDM or Flexible

Polypropylene (FPP), which shall be free from porous areas, foreign materials and
visible defects. Gaskets for use between flanges shall be of such size and shape, as
to provide a pressure tight seal for the life expectancy of the pipeline under
specified working, transient and test pressure conditions, in compliance with BS
EN 1514-1: 1997 (Flanges and their Joints. Dimension of Gaskets for PN
designated flanges) for Flanges to BS EN 1092-2: 1997 (Flanges and their Joints.
Circular Flanges for Pipes, Valves, Fittings and accessories, PN designated).
GS14-39 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) Gaskets shall be submitted to the accredited test laboratory (for testing to SS
375:2015 and SS 270: 2015) in its finished form. Separate tests shall be performed
for each brand, model, size and thickness of Gasket. If there are several Gaskets of
the same Brand and Model, but of different sizes, thickness, shapes, etc, one test
certificate can be accepted, provided, that the Contractor provides a written
statement from Manufacturer that:
(a) The Gaskets are of similar materials,
(b) Manufactured using the same processes, under similar conditions and with
similar quality tests performed and
(c) Manufactured at the same manufacturing facility or Plant.
(4) The Gaskets shall comply with the following Specifications:
S/No Description PUB Specifications
1 Certification Certified by SAC-SINGLAS approved Testing

Agency, in compliance with SS 270: 2015 and SS
375: 2015
2 Material Elastomer EPDM or Flexible Polypropylene (FPP),

complying with SS 270: 2015: Specifications for
elastomeric seals for joints in pipeworks and
pipelines.
(natural rubber, NBR (Acrylonitrile Butadiene) or
SBR (Styrene Butadiene) gaskets are not
acceptable)
3 Thickness Minimum 2.1mm
4 Pressure Rating 16 bar or higher
5 Reinforcement Preferably with fibre or other reinforcement to

enhance durability
6 Dimensions Compliance with BS EN 1514-1: 1997, for

Flanges to BS EN 1092-2: 1997
7 Suitability of SS 375:2015
products for use in
contact with water
intended for human
consumption
GS14-40 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(5) Gaskets shall be type WA (potable water) in compliance with Clause 7: Seals of
type WA (potable water), in accordance with Table 5 of SS 270:2015. The key
requirements extracted from Table 5 are shown below:
Property Unit Requirement
Tensile strength, min MPa 9
Elongation at break, min % 125
Hardness IRHD 76-85
Compression set, max. 23ºC, 70h % 15
Compression set, max. 70ºC, 22h % 20
Stress relaxation, max. % 18
Water absorption swell, max % 8
No cracking visible
Ozone test - under x 7
magnification
ISO 188 procedure

Accelerated ageing, 70ºC, 168h (accelerated ageing in
air)
Tensile strength, max. change from original % 20
Elongation at break max. change from

% 30
original
Hardness (microtest) max. change from

IRHD 5
original
(6) The Contractor shall provide test certificates from the SAC-SINGLAS approved
Testing Agency, showing compliance with the abovementioned requirements.
GS14-41 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(7) Gaskets shall be permanently and conspicuously embossed with the following
markings:
(a) Brand name (logo not allowed);
(b) Type of rubber, e.g. “EPDM”;
(c) Size, e.g. “100mm”;
(d) Full standards marking as shown below:
SS375 (2015)
SS270 (2015)
14.24 BOLTS AND NUTS
(1) Bolts shall be of stainless-steel Type 316 and shall have hexagon heads and be
provided with stainless steel Type 316 hexagon nuts. Both bolts and nuts must have
a cold setting molybdenum-based anti-galling compound applied to prevent seizing.
The dimensions of the bolts and nuts shall be in accordance with Standards DIN
931 and as shown in the Drawings.
(2) The bolts dimensions (i.e. bolt size, total length and threaded length shall be
compatible with the flange dimensions and type of valve, dismantling joint, etc.
being installed adjacent to the flange.
(3) Bolts and nuts shall be greased and attached to the pipe flanges before delivery.
The nominal lengths of bolts for pipe flanges shall be equal to:
(a) [twice the thickness of the pipe flange] plus [2 x the diameter of the bolt];
(b) Unless otherwise shown in the Drawings, the bolts shall be threaded for a
length equal to twice the diameter of the bolt from the end of the bolt. The
threads on the bolts and nuts shall be of the coarse pitch series similar to
that specified in BS 3643: Part 2:2007.
(4) The bolts and nuts shall be protected against corrosion and securely attached to the
pipe flanges for delivery.
14.25 STRUTTING INSIDE PIPES
(1) Adequate strutting shall be provided inside all Pipes and Fittings, to avoid damage,
during handling, storage, hauling, and installation into the trench.
(2) The strutting shall be installed as soon as practicable after pipe fabrication and after
shop-applied lining has been installed. The strutting shall remain in place while the
pipe is loaded, transported, unloaded, installed and backfilled inside the trench.
GS14-42 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) The strutting materials, size, and spacing shall be adequate to support the earth
backfill plus any greater loads which may be imposed during backfilling and any
expected movement of plant and equipment above the pipeline.
(4) The design of the strutting shall be such that it can be installed and subsequently
easily removable, without damaging the internal lining. The Manufacturer has the
option of using either wood strutting or extendable type props, with rubber mat
placed below the base plates, or any other design, which ensures that there is no
damage caused to the internal lining of the pipe during transit and subsequent
removal before pipelaying. The design of the strutting shall be subject to the S.O.’s
approval.
(5) Any damage caused to the internal lining, during handling, hauling, storage, or
installation due to lack of or improper strutting shall be repaired at the Contractor’s
expense.
14.26 FACTORY TESTINGS AND INSPECTION
14.26.1 INDEPENDENT THIRD PARTY INSPECTOR
(1) Within three weeks after award of Contract, the Contractor shall confirm the
Manufacturer appointed by him for the fabrication of pipes and specials. The pipe
manufacturer shall have an established track record in the manufacture of Steel
Pipes and Fittings and is accredited with ISO 9000 certification, or its equivalent. A
copy of the certification shall be submitted to the S.O. for approval.
(2) If in the opinion of the S.O., the chosen pipe manufacturer does not meet the
requirements of the Board, the Contractor shall appoint another Manufacturer,
which meets the requirements of the Board, which has the requisite track record in
manufacturing pipes to a consistently high quality and standard.
(3) The Board has a Term Contract for the provision of Independent Third- Party
Inspector (TPI), who is to be deployed at the Manufacturer’s Plant, to ensure the
quality control of the pipes and fittings fabricated. The TPI will deploy his
Inspector at the Manufacturer’s Plant for the checking and inspection works.
(4) The TPI will deploy a Certified Welding Inspector (CWI), who shall witness and
certify all tests performed during the pipe fabrication.
(5) The Contractor shall confirm with his Manufacturer, the schedule for pipe
fabrication. Based on this schedule, the Board’s Project Team will issue a Purchase
Order to the TPI, to commence the quality control checking. If the Manufacturer/
Contractor fails to adhere strictly to the schedule provided and consequently, the
Board has to incur additional costs or loss, the Board reserves the rights to deduct
such costs and loss from monies due or becoming due to the Contractor.
GS14-43 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(6) The Contractor shall liaise directly with the TPI on the schedule for deployment.
The duties and obligations of the Contractor, pertaining to TPI, shall include but
limited to:
(a) Liaise with and manage the TPI and his Manufacturer on the quantity or
type of pipes and fittings to be fabricated, time frame and duration for such
fabrication;
(b) Maintain close contact and co-ordination between the Board’s Consultants
or Agent, Manufacturer and the TPI;
(c) Arrange for the issue of Purchase Order to the TPI by the Board’s Project
Team, well in advance of the pipe fabrication. The value of the Purchase
Order is based on the quantum of pipes and fittings to be fabricated;
(d) Check, verify and ensure that the TPI is indeed deployed at the
Manufacturer’s Plant by regular on-site verification;
(e) Conduct regular inspections at the Manufacturer’s Plant to verify that there
are no issues arising and to ensure that the inspection by TPI is proceeding
smoothly;
(f) The TPI’s inspector is required to submit daily reports during the period of
fabrication. The Consultant shall check and verify the daily inspection
reports submitted, for accuracy, compliance with Specifications, etc;
(g) Check and verify at Manufacturer’s Factory that pipes and fittings which
have already been completed are placed in the Manufacturer’s Storage
Facilities, safe, secured and properly covered;
(h) Check and verify the steel pipes and fittings when delivered to site are of
good quality and the same as those inspected earlier by the TPI and
(7) Once the items are delivered to site, ensure that they are properly placed in a safe
and secure storage area, to prevent damage or entry of water or mud. The pipes
shall be properly covered over to protect against the elements.
(8) Whilst the Board may deploy the Interdependent Third-Party Inspector (TPI) at the
Manufacture’s Factory, it remains the Contractor and Manufacturer’s responsibility
to ensure a high level of quality control checking at the Factory, to ensure that Steel
Pipes and Fittings are fabricated in accordance with the Codes and Standards
specified in the Specifications and the Standard Drawings. Notwithstanding any
checks or inspections carried out by the TPI or the S.O., it shall not be construed as
GS14-44 Rev 9 2022-03-11

relieving the Contractor of his responsibility to perform the Work in accordance

with these specifications.
(9) Quality of external coating and internal lining application is paramount for the
long-term durability of the pipe. The Manufacturer shall ensure the surface of the
pipes are prepared in accordance with the standards and quality specified and
recommended by the coating and lining manufacturer.
(10) All Testing performed shall be documented, with photographs showing the various
stages of the production and testing being performed. The Contractor shall provide
the necessary records, upon request from the S.O.
(11) The Contractor shall ensure that his Manufacturer provides all necessary support
and assistance to the TPI’s Inspector to carry out his inspection, checking and
witness any testing at the Manufacturer’s Factory.
(12) The Manufacturer shall provide the necessary instruments, equipment and devices,
which are in good working condition and valid calibration certificates. Such
instruments shall include but not limited to those for MPI Tests, detection of
holidays, testing of surface profile of abrasive blasted material, measurement of dry
film thickness, adhesion testing, etc. The Manufacturer shall in addition, provide a
clean, safe and tidy space for the TPI’s Inspector to perform office work.
(13) The Manufacturer shall also provide unrestricted access to the S.O. and the TPI’s
Inspector, within the Factory, to conduct inspection, checking and testing. any
testing of the coatings to be done in his presence and Audit of the documentation
regarding the coating application.
14.26.2 ADHESION TESTING
(1) Adhesion Tests are to be performed on external coatings and linings:
• Internal Linings: Fusion-Bonded Epoxy (FBE) / Rigid Polyurethane (PU)

and
• External Coating: Polyurethane (PU)
(2) The Contractor shall provide a minimum of four adhesion tests per pipe piece
(one discrete length, or fitting) selected.
(3) Adhesion testing will be performed on at least four pieces of pipes or fittings for
every 150 pieces produced. Pipes or fittings will be selected randomly for testing.
If any of the pieces selected for testing fails the adhesion test, each pipe piece will
then be individually tested for adhesion and rejected on a piece by piece basis.
(4) The Manufacturer for the internal special lining and external coating shall confirm
the requirements for the adhesion tests on the applied lining and coating, which
shall be at least 1,500 psi.
(5) Adhesion to steel substrates shall be tested in accordance with ASTM D4541
GS14-45 Rev 9 2022-03-11

using pneumatic pull off equipment and not more than 7 days after application.
The adhesion of coating system shall not be lesser than specified strength
recommended by the coating manufacturer.
(6) The applicator shall repair all coating damage from the adhesion testing. Dollies
for adhesion testing shall be glued to the surface and permitted to cure for a
minimum of 12 hours. Material shall be scored around the dolly prior to
conducting the adhesion test. Dollies shall be concave or convex to fit the pipe
surfaces.
(7) Adhesive failure is defined as separation of the material from the steel substrate.
Glue failures in excess of the minimum required tensile adhesion would be
accepted as meeting the specified adhesion requirements.
(8) Repair patches on the material shall be randomly selected for adhesion testing in a
manner as described herein and at the direction of the person conducting the
adhesion tests. Inter-material adhesion repair shall not be less than 50 percent of
the specified material adhesion requirements to steel.
(9) Failure of an adhesion test requires that the pipes or fitting piece failing shall have
the coating or lining material removed to bare metal and reapplied using proper
methods.
14.26.3 HOLIDAY TESTING
(1) Holiday Tests are to be performed on external coatings and linings:

and
• External Coating: Polyurethane (PU).
(2) Holiday testing will be conducted on each and every pipe section and fitting for
all lining and coating systems.
(3) The manufacturer shall confirm the test voltage such that it is not too high to
create faults in a coating. Unless otherwise recommended by the manufacturer for
the coating and lining, holiday testing shall be performed at a voltage of 100 volts
per 0.0254 mm of thickness of the specified (not the average) coating thickness.
The coating thickness will be determined by dry film thickness testing and the
average coating thickness used for holiday testing.
(4) No holidays (holes) will be allowed in materials. All holidays shall be repaired
and the pipes re-tested.
GS14-46 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.26.4 DRY FILM THICKNESS TESTING
(1) Dry film thickness tests are to be performed on external coatings and linings:

and
• External Coating: Polyurethane (PU).
(2) Materials shall be tested for dry film thickness using a properly calibrated
magnetic pull off or eddy current equipment.
(3) Each and every pipes and item of Fitting, shall be tested for dry film thickness in
a minimum of four locations. Utilization of thickness averaging will not be
permitted. Material thickness shall be as specified here in as a minimum at any
one point.
(4) Particular attention shall be given to the testing of edges, angles, flanges and other
similar areas where insufficient film thicknesses are likely to be present and
proper millage shall be ensured in these areas.
(5) If there is any failure of the dry film thickness testing, the coating or lining
material shall be removed to bare metal and reapplied using proper methods.
14.27 FACTORY WELDING FOR PIPE AND FITTINGS
14.27.1 GENERAL
(1) Testing and inspection of pipes and fittings shall be carried out in accordance with
SS EN 10224: 2013 and SS EN 10311: 2013, unless otherwise specified.
(2) All welding procedures used to fabricate pipe shall be prequalified under the
provisions of API 1104 or BS EN ISO 15614-1:2004+A2:2012: Specification and
qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials - Welding procedure
test. Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys.
(3) Welding procedures shall be required for, but not necessarily limited to,
longitudinal and girth or spiral welds for pipe cylinders, spigot and bell ring
attachments, reinforcing plates and ring flange welds, and plates for lug
connections.
(4) All welding shall be done by skilled welders, welding operators, and tackers with
the requite skills, expertise and experience in the methods and materials to be
used. Welders shall be qualified under the provisions of API 1104 or BS EN ISO
9606-1:2013: Qualification testing of welders. Fusion welding. Steels, by an
independent local, approved testing agency, not more than 6 months prior to
commencing welding work.
GS14-47 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(5) During the qualification tests, the same type of welding and electrodes shall be
used, which are used for the Works.
(6) The Contractor shall furnish all material and bear the expense of qualifying the
welders. The qualification tests are not necessary if the pipe manufacturer can
provide evidence that the welders have been under the employ of the company for
more than 6 months and have been engaged in welding works throughout their
employment with the Manufacturer.
14.27.2 TESTING OF BUTT WELDS
Pipes
(1) For Butt-Joint Welds for factory fabricated pipes: 3 percent of all welds shall be
radiographically tested (i.e. X-ray or other radioactive sources). Further test shall
be carried out if deemed necessary and so directed by the S.O. For joints that
cannot be readily radiograph, ultrasonic test shall be used.
On Pipe Fittings
(2) For Butt- Joint Welds for factory fabricated pipe fittings including Bends: 100
percent of all butt welds shall be radiograph. Where the joints cannot be readily
radiograph, ultrasonic test (UT) shall be used.
(3) The Contractor shall take and submit radiographs for the X-Ray tests as directed
by the S.O. for the S.O.'s clearance. The S.O. will advise the Contractor where he
requires the radiographs to be taken. Radiographs shall be taken whenever
welding of pipes and fittings is in progress.
14.27.3 FILLET WELDS
(1) For Fillet Welds: 100 percent examine using magnetic particle inspection
methods.
14.27.4 OTHER WELD TYPES
(1) For other Weld types: which refers to plug weld, slot weld, slot weld, bevel-
groove weld, J-groove weld etc accepted under the American Welding Society
shall be 100 percent ultrasonic test (UT) examined.
14.27.5 WELD DEFECTS
(1) Weld defects shall include cracks, leaks, laminations, lack of complete
penetration, lack of complete fusion, cavities exceeding one eight of the specified
wall thickness and undercutting or reduction in pipe wall thickness adjacent to a
weld exceeding 0.5 mm in depth.
(2) Slag inclusions and gas pockets or voids considered to be minor imperfections
may be accepted if the maximum size and distributions are within the limits in
API Standard.
GS14-48 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) Where radiographic examination reveals defects in the welds, the S.O. will either
reject the length of pipe containing such defects or will permit the Contractor to
carry out repairs and to submit radiographs of such repairs for clearance. Lengths
of pipe containing defects in welds after repair will be liable to be rejected.
(4) If the defects in welds are found in a length of pipe or fitting, the welds of the
pipes and fittings immediately before and after the defective pipe or fitting in the
production line shall be radiographed until the S.O. is fully satisfied that all the
welds are considered satisfactory. The cost of such radiographs and radiographs of
repaired welds shall be included in the Contract rates and shall not form part of
the 3% of all welds specified in the above paragraph of this Clause.
14.27.6 TESTING PROGRAMME FOR WELDING
(1) The Contractor shall provide a provide a Programme for testing of Welding,
which includes but not limited to Bend Test, Transverse Tensile Test, Charpy V-
Notch Impact Test, etc. All these welding tests at the Manufacturer’s Factory,
shall be performed by a product conformance assessment body (certification
body/testing facility) accredited by the Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) or
under its Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs).
(2) Tests shall be carried out before commencement of work and at every 100
lengths of pipe and the last 50 lengths.
For clarity, say that there are 430 Nos Pipes to be tested.
No of tests to be performed shall be 400/100: 4 tests.
Last 50 pipes: 1 test
i.e. Total No of tests to be performed: 5 tests
(3) Each test shall comprise at least 2 random specimens. A minimum of 4 tests shall
be performed for a Project. Failure in any 2 specimens or poor result in any single
test will render the batch of steel plates or coils manufactured under the same heat
number to be rejected.
(4) These tests shall be performed at a testing laboratory or testing facilities

accredited by SAC-SINGLAS or an equivalent testing agency under its Mutual
Recognition Agreement (MRAs). The annual calibration certificates for all related
testing equipment must be submitted prior to the commencement of the pipe
production. In addition, the appointed CWI or PUB representative must witness
all tests conducted.
14.28 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TESTS FOR PIPES
(1) Pipe of 500 – 2200mm Diameter shall be hydrostatically tested in the

manufacturer’s factory in the presence of the Inspector. No tests are required for
Pipe Fittings.
GS14-49 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(2) Two pressure tests are to be performed:
(a) Shorter duration test: The test pressure shall be held for not less than 10s, as
detailed in the table below, followed by another test as specified below.
(b) The test pressure shall be 25 bars for all pipes held for a duration of at least
15 minutes.
Thickness of
Nominal External Diameter Hydrostatic Test
Steel Shell
Diameter (mm) (mm) Pressure (bar)
(mm)
500 506.9 6 45.6

700 667.2 6 34.6
800 825.9 8 37.3
900 933.5 9.5 39.2
1200 1244.7 12.7 39.3
1400 1422.4 12.7 34.4
1600 1549.4 12.7 31.6
1800 1746.3 12.7 28.0
1900 1911.3 15.9 32.0
2200 2216.2 15.9 27.6
(3) The pipes shall be able withstand the test without showing leakage or visible
deformation. If any leaks develop during testing, the pipe shall be repaired by
welding and retested until all leaks are eliminated.
(4) For the standard prefabricated 100mm to 300mm diameter pipes, manufactured to
API 5L Schedule 40 standard, in addition to the mill certificates, the Contractor
shall provide documentation of the following hydrostatic pressure tests undertaken,
as evidence of compliance with API 5L Schedule 40.
Thickness of
Nominal External Diameter Hydrostatic Test
Steel Shell
Diameter (mm) (mm) Pressure (bar)
(mm)
100 114.30 6 70.0

150 168.28 7.1 70.0
200 219.08 8.2 70.0
300 329.85 10.3 70.0
(5) The Contractor shall submit pressure charts for pipes with nominal diameter
500mm and above, to the S.O. for record.
(6) The hydrostatic pressure test shall be performed before internal lining and external
coatings are applied on the pipe.
GS14-50 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.29 PIPE MATERIAL TESTING
(1) Steel Toughness Test shall be performed on three specimens for each batch steel
plates or coils bearing the same Heat Number and conduct test in direction
transverse to final direction of rolling.
(a) Conduct Charpy tests on each specimen in accordance with ASTM A20 or
BS EN ISO 148-1:2010.
(b) Conduct full-size (10mm x 10mm) sample from each specimen in

accordance with ASTM A20. If the plate thickness is insufficient to obtain a
full-size sample, the largest possible subsize specimens shall be used.
(2) Plates or coils that do not qualify shall not be used in the production of pipes or
fittings. Any plate or coils which fails the test shall result in the rejection of other
plates bearing the same Heat Number without requiring further testing.
14.30 PIPE JOINTS
(1) Joint Test: Conduct a fit test of five joints, randomly selected by the S.O. of each
pipe diameter used.
(a) 3- degree deflection test.
(b) Engagement test.
(c) Join pipe ends with proposed adjacent pipe end.
(d) Match mark pipe ends.
(e) Record actual annular space:

(i) Maximum space at any point;
(ii) Minimum space at any point;
(iii) Space at 90-degree intervals, top, bottom and spring line on both
sides.
(2) The tests shall be carried out at beginning and towards completion of pipe
fabrication.
14.31 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON TEST FOR PIPES WITH SPECIAL

INTERNAL LINING
(1) The Contractor shall provide an analytical report on the total organic carbon (TOC)
content of water that has been in contact with the pipes. The test procedure shall
follow that described herein.
(2) The analytical report must be prepared by a product conformance assessment body
(certification body/testing facility) accredited by the Singapore Accreditation
Council (SAC) or under its Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs). Pipes which
do not comply with the above will not be considered.
GS14-51 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) The TOC test must be completed and approved before pipes can be delivered to the
site.
(4) Sample and Test Container Size: A sample with a total surface area of 15,000 ± 500
mm² shall be used for the test. Test containers shall be made of borosilicate glass
and be of sufficient volume to contain the sample and 1,000 ml of test water. The
sample shall be made up from one or more articles drawn from the same production
batch or cut from a single larger product. The maximum length and width of any
single sample shall be 150 mm and 70 mm respectively.
(5) Test Water: Deionised water or any water with a total organic carbon (TOC)
content of less than 100 μg/l shall be used as the test water for the “blank” and
sample extracts.
(6) Test Protocol and Report for Total Organic Carbon: The analysis for total organic
carbon (TOC) content shall be carried out in accordance with the test methodology
given in the APHA/AWWA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater (20th Edition) or British Standards. The test instrument/method
detection limit shall be 10 μg/l or lower.
(7) TOC test is not required for pipes with cement mortar linings which are
manufactured and applied in accordance with BS EN 10298:2005 or this
specification.
(8) The test report on TOC content shall state the method used for TOC analysis and
the instrument/method detection limit.
Extraction Test Procedure:
It shall be ensured that the extraction periods below are consecutive and
without a break; if a break in the sequence occurs, repeat the sequence using
fresh samples.
First Extract
Rinse the sample and test containers with the test water for 5 minutes. Place
the sample in a clean test container. One container of test water shall be used
as a “blank”. Fill each test container with 1,000 ml of test water and seal each
container with a fresh piece of aluminum foil. If the density of the sample is
less than that of water, ensure the sample is kept totally submerged in the test
water for the duration of the test by using glass-encapsulated weights.
Immerse the sample in the test water for 24 hours. At the end of this period,
extract 50 ml each of the test water and blank for analysis of TOC content.
Second Extract & Third Extract
Empty the sample test container and blank container of water. Rinse the
sample and test containers with fresh test water for 5 minutes.
GS14-52 Rev 9 2022-03-11

Refill the containers as before and immerse the sample in the test water for
another 24 hours. At the end of the second 24-hour period, extract 50 ml each
of the test water and blank for analysis of TOC content.
GS14-53 Rev 9 2022-03-11

Fourth Extract
Refill the containers as before and immerse the sample in the test water for 72
hours. At the end of the 72-hour period, extract 50 ml each of the test water
and blank for analysis of TOC content.
Fifth Extract, Sixth Extract & Seventh Extract
Refill the containers as before and immerse the sample in the test water for 24
hours. At the end of the 24-hour period, extract 50 ml each of the test water
and blank for analysis of TOC content.
14.32 TESTING OF FIELD WELDINGS FOR PIPES AND FITTINGS
(1) This section shall be read in conjunction with the General Specification for
“Pipelaying and Welding” – Field Inspection & Testing Programme
(2) The Contractor is not permitted to fabricate steel pipes and fittings, at the site. All
such fabrication shall be undertaken by an established pipe manufacturer in a
factory.
(3) The Contractor shall seek the written approval from the S.O. for any minor site
adjustments or repair or reconfiguration to already fabricated pipes or fittings in the
field. The on-site fabrication works are subjected to strict compliance with the
conditions listed hereunder.
(a) All welds shall be 100 percent visually examined by Contractor’s Certified
Welding Inspector (CWI).
(b) Butt-Joint Welds for Pipes: 3 percent of all welds shall be radiograph (i.e.
X-ray) and all other butt-joint welds shall be ultrasonic test (UT) examined.
Further test shall be carried out if deemed necessary and so directed by the
S.O. For joints that cannot be readily radiograph, ultrasonic test shall be
used.
(c) Butt- Joint Welds for Pipe Fittings: 100 percent of all butt welds shall be
radiograph. Where the joints cannot be readily radiograph, ultrasonic test
(UT) shall be used.
(d) The Contractor shall take and submit radiographs for the X-Ray tests as
directed by the S.O. for the S.O.'s clearance. The S.O. will advise the
Contractor where he requires the radiographs to be taken. Radiographs shall
be taken whenever welding of pipes and fittings is in progress
GS14-54 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(e) Fillet Welds: 100 percent examine using magnetic particle inspection
methods.
(f) Other Weld types: may refer to plug weld, slot weld, slot weld, bevel-
groove weld, J-groove weld etc accepted under the American Welding
Society shall be 100 percent ultrasonic test (UT) examined.
14.33 TESTING BY PRODUCT CONFORMANCE ASSESSMENT BODIES
(1) The Contractor shall submit a declaration stating that all the pipes and fittings
supplied and delivered, comply in all respects with these Specifications. The
declaration shall be submitted in addition, to the following test certificates, to the
S.O. for record.
(2) In summary, the Contractor shall arrange for the following tests to be performed,
by a product conformance assessment body (certification body/testing facility)
accredited by the Singapore Accreditation Council (SAC) or under its Mutual
Recognition Agreements (MRAs):
(a) On Steel Plates used for Pipe Manufacture
The Contractor shall submit mill certificates duly endorsed by the Manufacturer, as
documentary evidence to show compliance of steel plate with BS EN10224 and the
Specifications. The mill certificate shall indicate test performed on the steel plates,
which shall include but not limited to:
i. Chemical analysis;
ii. Steel Toughness Test shall be performed on three specimens for each batch
steel plates or coils bearing the same Heat Number and conduct test in
direction transverse to final direction of rolling;
iii. Charpy V-notch Impact Tests on each specimen in accordance with ASTM
A20 at ambient temperature on a full-size (10mm by 10mm) sample from
each specimen in accordance with ASTM A20;
iv. Brinell Hardness test (for steel above 10mm thick) or Vickers Hardness
Test (for steel below 10mm thick);
v. Tensile Test, etc.
(b) On Welding undertaken at the Manufacturer’s Factory
Details of the welding tests are further elaborated in Clause 14.34.3 below. The
tests to be performed on welding, shall include but not limited to:
i. Radiographic test
ii. Transverse Tensile Test
iii. Charpy V-Notch Impact Test
GS14-55 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(c) On completed Pipes

i. Dimensional check, including cylinder thickness, manufacturing tolerances,
strutting;
ii. Hydrostatic pressure test; etc.
(3) The Contractor shall arrange for all necessary labour, plants, equipment and
transport for delivery of the pipes and fittings to the product conformance
assessment body.
(4) Original test certificates shall be submitted to the S.O. within 2 weeks of the tests.
Certificates from SAC-SINGLAS approved testing agency or an equivalent testing
agency under its Mutual Recognition Agreements (MRAs). The certificates shall
include the appropriate logo(s) showing its accreditation by SAC or those under
SAC’s MRAs for the relevant testing, calibration and inspection such as ILAC
MRA & APLAC MRA.
14.34 SUBMITTAL REQUIREMENTS
14.34.1 GENERAL
(1) The Contractor shall subject the following Technical and performance
information that demonstrates (certification) compliance with the Specifications,
Inspection and test reports as required.
(2) The list below is for the Contractor’s reference only and the S.O. has the rights to
request for any additional information, certificates, reports, etc., if the information
provided is inadequate to demonstrate compliance with the Specifications.
(3) All steel pipes and fittings shall be shop-fabricated by an established pipe
manufacturer, who are fully experienced, reputable, and qualified in the
manufacture of the pipes and accredited with ISO 9000 certification, or its
equivalent. The Contractor shall submit a copy of the certification to the S.O. for
approval.
14.34.2 TESTS ON STEEL PLATES

(1) Please see Clause 14.33 on the tests to be performed on steel plates.
14.34.3 TESTS ON WELDS

(1) The weld quality shall comply with SS EN 10224: 2013 and SS EN 10311: 2013.
(2) Butt-Joint Welds for Pipes: 3 percent of all welds shall be radiographed (i.e. X-ray
or other radioactive sources). Further test shall be carried out if deemed necessary
and so directed by the S.O. For joints that cannot be readily radiograph, ultrasonic
test (UT) shall be used, witnesses by a CWI from SAC-SINGLAS accredited
testing agency or the Contractor’s CWI.
GS14-56 Rev 9 2022-03-11

(3) Butt- Joint Welds for Pipe Fittings: 100 percent radiographic examination of all
butt welds. Where the joints cannot be readily radiograph, UT shall be used,
witnessed examined by a CWI from SAC-SINGLAS accredited testing agency or
the Contractor’s CWI.
(4) 100% of all fillet welds for each diameter of pipe manufactured shall be examined
using magnetic particle inspection methods by the CWI from SAC-SINGLAS
accredited testing agency, an approved testing agency under its Mutual
Recognition Agreements (MRAs) or the Contractor’s CWI.
(5) The following tests for welds for every 100 lengths of pipe and the last 50 lengths
(a) Bend Test
(b) Transverse Tensile Test
(c) Charpy V-Notch Impact Test
(6) The abovementioned requirements shall apply to all pipe fittings including bends,
reducers, tees and offtakes etc.
14.34.4 TESTS ON SPECIAL LININGS AND COATINGS

(1) Adhesion testing on at least four pieces of pipes or fittings for every 150 pieces
produced.
(2) Holiday testing will be conducted on every pipe section and fitting for all lining
and coating systems.
(3) Dry Film thickness testing for every pipes or fittings produced.
(4) For internal special linings used for Potable Water, the special lining shall be
tested by a SAC-SINGLAS accredited testing agency and obtain certification of
compliance in accordance with SS 375: Part 1: 2015. Alternatively, compliance
with BS 6920-1-2014 plus an additional test performed based on Clause 8 of SS
375: Part 1: 2015, is also acceptable. The Contractor shall submit a copy of the test
certificate, to the S.O. for record.
14.34.5 TESTING FOR GASKET

(1) The Contractor shall submit test report(s) for the gaskets.
(2) The gaskets shall be Elastomer EPDM or Flexible Polypropylene (FPP), complying
with SS 270: 2015. Natural rubber, NBR (Acrylonitrile Butadiene) or SBR
(Styrene Butadiene) gaskets are not acceptable.
(3) The gasket shall be tested in accordance with Certified by SAC-SINGLAS

approved Testing Agency, in compliance with SS 270: 2015 and SS 375: 2015:
Part 1.
GS14-57 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.34.6 HYDROSTATIC TESTING

(1) Hydrostatic Testing shall be carried out all completed pipes of 500mm diameter
and above. The Contractor shall submit a copy of pressure charts, for the
hydrostatic tests undertaken (see Clause 14.28).
GS14-58 Rev 9 2022-03-11

GS14 - Supply and Delivery of Steel Pipes and Fittings Rev 9 (2022 03 11)

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GS14 SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS

GS14 SUPPLY AND DELIVERY OF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS ....................................4

14.1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................................4

14.2 STANDARDS .......................................................................................................................5

14.3 MANUFACTURE OF STEEL PIPES AND FITTINGS ...................................................8

14.4 FACTORY INSPECTION BY INDEPENDENT THIRD-PARTY INSPECTOR .........10

14.7 FACTORY APPLIED INTERNAL LININGS ...................................................................13

14.8 SURFACE PREPARATION REQUIREMENTS BEFORE APPLICATION OF

14.8.1 SURFACE PREPARATION ...........................................................................15

14.8.2 PRE-BLAST CLEANING ................................................................................16

14.8.3 BLAST CLEANING REQUIREMENTS.........................................................16

14.8.4 POST-BLAST CLEANING AND OTHER CLEANING

14.9.1 POST-BLAST CLEANING AND OTHER CLEANING

14.9.2 COMPOSITION OF CEMENT MORTAR LINING ......................................18

14.9.3 CEMENT ...........................................................................................................18

14.9.4 SAND .................................................................................................................18

14.9.5 WATER .............................................................................................................19

14.9.6 MORTAR ADDITIVES ....................................................................................19

14.9.7 FINISHED LINING ...........................................................................................19

14.9.8 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH........................................................................20

14.9.9 THICKNESS OF CEMENT MORTAR LINING ............................................21

14.9.10 CERTIFIED FIT FOR USE .............................................................................21

14.10 FACTORY APPLIED EXTERNAL COATING OF PIPES AND FITTINGS ...............21

14.10.1 GENERAL .........................................................................................................21

GS14-1 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.10.2 RIGID POLYURETHANE ...............................................................................21

14.10.3 tHREE LAYER POLYETHYLENE (3LPE) ...................................................23

14.11 MARKING ON EXTERNAL COATINGS ........................................................................23

14.12 COLOUR OF EXTERNAL COATINGS ..........................................................................24

14.13 STORAGE OF PIPES .......................................................................................................24

14.14 LINING AND COATING EXTENTS ................................................................................25

14.15 FIELD APPLICATION OF SPECIAL INTERNAL LININGS AND COATINGS .........25

14.16 FIELD INTERNAL CEMENT MORTAR LINING ...........................................................27

14.17 FIELD APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL COATING OF PIPES....................................28

14.17.1 GENERAL .........................................................................................................28

14.17.2 BITUMINOUS ANTI-CORROSION TAPES.................................................28

14.17.3 HEAT SHRINKABLE PIPE SLEEVE ............................................................31

14.18 PRIMING OF PIPES .........................................................................................................33

14.19 DIMENSIONS AND THICKNESS OF STANDARD PIPE SECTIONS ......................33

14.20 COMPOSITE PIPES FOR PIPE JACKING ...................................................................34

14.21 COMPOSITE PIPES FOR SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................37

14.22 PIPE FLANGES .................................................................................................................38

14.23 RUBBER GASKETS .........................................................................................................39

14.24 BOLTS AND NUTS ...........................................................................................................42

14.25 STRUTTING INSIDE PIPES ............................................................................................42

14.26 FACTORY TESTINGS AND INSPECTION ...................................................................43

14.26.1 INDEPENDENT THIRD PARTY INSPECTOR ...........................................43

14.26.2 ADHESION TESTING.....................................................................................45

14.26.3 HOLIDAY TESTING ........................................................................................46

14.26.4 DRY FILM THICKNESS TESTING ...............................................................47

14.27 FACTORY WELDING FOR PIPE AND FITTINGS.......................................................47

14.27.1 GENERAL .........................................................................................................47

14.27.2 TESTING OF BUTT WELDS .........................................................................48

GS14-2 Rev 9 2022-03-11

14.27.3 FILLET WELDS................................................................................................48

14.27.4 OTHER WELD TYPES ...................................................................................48

14.27.5 WELD DEFECTS.............................................................................................48

14.27.6 TESTING PROGRAMME FOR WELDING ..................................................49

14.28 HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE TESTS FOR PIPES ......................................................49

14.29 PIPE MATERIAL TESTING .............................................................................................51

14.30 PIPE JOINTS......................................................................................................................51

14.32 TESTING OF FIELD WELDINGS FOR PIPES AND FITTINGS ................................54