UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

SCHOOL OF MINES AND GEOSCIENCE (SoMG)

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING (PSE)
OG 450: PETROLEUM ENGINEERING LABORATORY II
LABORATORY REPORT ON POROSITY MEASUREMENT BY HELIUM
POROSIMETER METHOD AND LIQUID SATURATION METHOD
2022/2023
INSTRUCTORS: DR. ADELA SYIKILILI & Mr. MORIS RICHARD
LAB TECHNICIAN: Mr. GODWIN NSEMWA
GROUP: A
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 29/ 11/ 2022
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 20/ 12/ 2022
PARTICIPANTS:

S/N NAMES OF STUDENTS REG NUMBER SIGNATURE

1 KINUNDA, DAVIS F. 2019-04-04289

2 JOHN BONIPHACE ARIYO, 2019-04-02928

3 PATRICK, ALEX 2019-04-10577

4 SAKIBU, EDWIN D. 2019-04-11305

Layout:
Lab report:
ASSESSMENT Quiz:
Draft:
Total:
ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment was to determine the effective porosity of the provided reservoir core
samples by using both helium porosimeter and liquid saturation methods.

The experiment was achieved by firstly, using helium porosimeter where helium gas was forced to
pass through a pore spaces of the core sample and the Pref and Pexp was recorded for further analysis
to determine the pore volume and bulk volumes, also by using liquid saturation method, the
provided reservoir core sample was first weighed in dry air and thereafter saturated with brine then
the volume of liquid occupies the pore spaces were calculated. Thereafter, the ratio of the difference
between weight of saturated and dry sample to the density of saturation fluid represents the pore
volume of the reservoir core sample. Whereas, by using helium porosimeter the grain volume of
the reservoir core sample was determined by allowing expansion of helium gas through a known
cup or container volume at constant temperature and by using Boyle’s law the final volume of the
gas was computed from its initial pressure.

From experimental data obtained analyzed in this experiment, it was observed that by using helium
porosimeter method, the effective porosity of the provided reservoir core sample was equal to
26.4%, whereas by using saturation method, the effective porosity of reservoir core sample was
found to be 23.5%.

Therefore, based on experimental results obtained, it was concluded that the obtained effective
porosity of the provided reservoir core sample is very good, which means that the reservoir rock in
has greater storage potential of hydrocarbons thus, a huge reserve can be recovered from the
reservoir which and therefore is economic viable. Also, it was observed that the effective porosity
obtained by helium porosimeter is greater than that obtained by using saturation method because,
helium has smaller molecules, high diffusivity, it acts as ideal gas and it is inert gas therefore can
not be adsorbed to the surface of the core sample.

Recommendations to the obtained results includes; for this reservoir to be developed for production,
further measurements such as determination of reservoir fluid saturations, lithology, permeability
and many others should be performed first in order to determine the amount of fluids present in the
reservoir and their flow conductivity together with their respective recovery rate.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Aim of Experiment .............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 Significance of Study........................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Structure of the Report ........................................................................................................ 2

2.0 THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES .............................................................................................. 3

2.1 HELIUM POROSIMETER METHOD ............................................................................... 4

2.2 LIQUID SATURATION METHOD ................................................................................... 6

3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT ...................................................... 8

3.1 Apparatus, Materials and Solvents ...................................................................................... 8

3.2 Experimental Procedures ..................................................................................................... 8

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ............................................................................................ 12

4.1 Experimental Results ......................................................................................................... 12

4.2 Discussion of Results......................................................................................................... 14

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 16

5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 16

5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 16

NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................................... 17
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 18
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 19

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Helium Porosimeter (U.) ................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Pore volume measurement by the liquid saturation method ............................................. 7
Figure 3: Helium Porosimeter ........................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4: Helium Porosimeter (Bottom view) .................................................................................. 9
Figure 5: Grain Volume Billets ....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 7: Exicator............................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 6: Vacuum Pump ................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 8: Figures a), b), c) and d) showing the experimental raw data obtained ......................... 21

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Table showing Porosity Classification ............................................................................... 4
Table 2: Summary of measured and calculated parameters of the reservoir core samples and grain
volume billets .................................................................................................................................. 12
Table 3: Experimental results obtained by using helium porosimeter method ............................... 13
Table 4: Experimental results obtained by using liquid saturation method .................................... 14

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The porosity of a reservoir rock is defined as that fraction of the bulk volume of the reservoir that
is not occupied by the solid framework of the reservoir (Tiab & Donaldson, 2012)

The nature of the reservoir rocks comprising oil and gas determine the quantities of fluids trapped
within the void space of these rocks, the ability of these fluids to flow through the rocks. Porosity
is a measure of storage capacity of a reservoir and it is defined as the ratio of the pore volume to
bulk volume. Porosity does not give any information concerning pore sizes, their distribution, and
their degree of connectivity. Thus, rocks of the same porosity can have widely different physical
properties. An example of this might be a carbonate rock and a sandstone. Each could have a
porosity of 0.2, but carbonate pores are often much unconnected resulting in its permeability being
much lower than that of the sandstone. (Handout, 2022)

The porosity determination is very important because it gives information on the quantity of
hydrocarbons present in the reservoir and it is also used in geological characterization of the
reservoirs.

There are two types of porosity; total porosity which is the ratio of all of the space which is void in
the reservoir rock to the total volume and effective porosity which is the ratio of interconnected
void spaces to the bulk volume. Thus, only the effective porosity contains fluids that can be
produced from wells and is what will be measured in the laboratory. For granular materials such
as sandstone, the effective porosity may approach the total porosity, however, for shales and for
highly cemented or vugular rocks such as some limestones, large variations may exist between
effective and total porosity. (Handout, 2022)

From the definition of porosity, it is evident that the porosity of a sample of porous material can
be determined by measuring any two of the three volumes: Bulk volume, pore volume or grain
volume. The three volumes relate as follows;

Bulk Volume (Vb) = Grain Volume (Vg) + Pore Volume (Vp)

Therefore, the equation form of porosity (∅) expressed as either a percent or a fraction is;

Vp Vb − Vg
∅= =
Vb Vb
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1.1 Aim of Experiment

The main objective or aim of this experiment was to determine the effective porosity of the core
samples by using helium Porosimeter and liquid saturation methods.
1.2 Significance of Study
a) Porosity determination gives information on the amount of hydrocarbons present in the
reservoir.
b) Porosity used in geological characterization of the reservoirs.
c) It used in calculations of fluid saturations using the Archie equation.

1.3 Structure of the Report

This laboratory report is subdivided into five main parts;
The first part is the introduction part showing aim and significant of the experiment

The second part is the theoretical principles for measurement of the absolute permeability of the
core sample by using helium porosimeter and liquid saturation methods

The third part is experimental part describing the apparatus and material used, the experimental
procedure followed and the experimental setup
The forth part is result and discussion including presentation and the discussion of the obtained
results
The last part is conclusion and recommendations to the experiment done and results obtained.
The report also includes abstract, table of contents, list of figures and tables, nomenclatures and
appendices

2
2.0 THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES
The petroleum reservoir rocks, for example a sandstone appears to be solid but are often not so
solid. The sandstone basically is a result of sand grains of varying sizes coming together as part of
the depositional process and forming the consolidated sandstone rock, with open spaces remaining
between the grains. Therefore, even though a reservoir rock looks solid to the naked eye, a
microscopic examination reveals the existence of tiny openings in the rock. According to Tissot
and Welte, most sedimentary rocks have grain diameters in the range of 0.05–0.25 mm, resulting
in average radii of the void spaces or pores or tiny openings between 20 and 200 μm (Dandekar,
2013).
These pores in petroleum reservoir rocks are the ones in which petroleum reservoir fluids are
present or stored, much like a sponge soaked with water. This particular storage capacity of
reservoir rocks is called porosity. The more porous a reservoir rock material is, the greater the
amount of open space or voids it contains, hence the greater the capacity to store petroleum
reservoir fluids. From a reservoir engineering perspective, porosity is probably one of the most
important reservoir rock properties (Dandekar, 2013).
The porosity of a rock is a measure of the storage capacity (pore volume) that is capable of holding
fluids. Quantitatively, the porosity is the ratio of the pore volume to the total volume (bulk volume).
This important rock property is determined mathematically by the following generalized
relationship (Ahmed, 2006).
𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜑=
𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Where 𝜙 = 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
As the sediments were deposited and the rocks were being formed during past geological times,
some void spaces that developed became isolated from the other void spaces by excessive
cementation. Thus, many of the void spaces are interconnected while some of the pore spaces are
completely isolated. This leads to two distinct types of porosity, namely: absolute porosity which
is the ratio of all of the space which is void in the reservoir rock to the total volume and effective
porosity which is the ratio of interconnected void spaces to the bulk volume. (Ahmed, 2006).

3
The of range classification porosity according to commercial viability is as follows; (Porosity
Measurement Handout, 2022)
Table 1: Table showing Porosity Classification
Porosity range Description
< 5% Negligible
5% - 10% Poor
10% - 15% Fair
15% – 20% Good
>20% Very good

From the definition of porosity, it is evident that the porosity of a sample of porous material can
be determined by measuring any two of the three volumes: Bulk volume, pore volume or grain
volume. The three volumes relate as follows;
Bulk Volume (Vb) = Grain Volume (Vg) + Pore Volume (Vp)
Therefore, the equation form of porosity (𝜑) expressed as either a percent or a fraction is
𝑣𝑝 𝑣𝑏 − 𝑣𝑔
𝜑= =
𝑣𝑏 𝑣𝑏
2.1 HELIUM POROSIMETER METHOD
All helium Porosimeters actually employ the principles of Boyle’s law, that is, PV = constant, where
P is the pressure and V the volume, for the determination of porosity of rock samples. It is dedicated
to determine Grain volume of core sample.
The use of helium in the determination of porosity has certain obvious advantages over other gases
and liquids: Helium is a clean inert gas and does not cause any unwanted rock–fluid interactions
that may affect/change the original porosity; molecules are small that can rapidly penetrate the
small pores, and it can be considered an ideal gas (compressibility factor = 1) for pressures and
temperatures usually employed in the procedure. Additionally, porosity measurements can be
completed in a short amount of time. The use of helium in desktop-type Porosimeters, commonly
available in the market, is by far the most common technique for measuring porosities of plug size
core samples (Dandekar, 2013).
In principle, the apparatus consists of two equal-volume chambers or cells called the reference
chamber and the sample chamber. The reference chamber has a volume V1 at initial pressure P1

4
(usually 100 psig), and the sample chamber has an unknown volume V2 and initial pressure P2
(normally atmospheric). The system is then brought to equilibrium by opening the valve to the
sample chamber, allowing the determination of the unknown volume V2 by noting the resultant
equilibrium pressure P. The application of Boyle’s law allows the equalization of pressures (for
isothermal conditions) before and after the opening of the valve to the sample chamber (Dandekar,
2013).

Figure 1: Helium Porosimeter (U.)

Using the ideal gas law,
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
Where the temperature, T= constant, one obtains p1V1 = p2V2, and in the case of vacuum inside
the sample chamber.
𝑝1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑝2 (𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑉𝑠 − 𝑉𝑔 )
Where, 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑉𝑠 and𝑉𝑔 are the reference volume, the volume of the sample chamber and the grain
volume, respectively
Assuming adiabatic conditions, one obtains,
𝑝2𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑝2𝑉𝑆 −𝑝1 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝑔 =
𝑝2
Where 𝑝1 denotes initial pressure in the reference cell, and 𝑝2 the final pressure in the system.
Successive measurements will increase the accuracy, due to effects of dehydration of the porous
core sample (Zolotukhin, 1997)

5
From this formula the grain volume, Vg and the resulting pore volume can be calculated.
Application of this technique results in a measurement of the porosity of interconnected pores only.
This means that isolated pores, which are common in carbonate rocks, will not be accounted for.
Additionally, by drying the samples, any clay present will have lost its water content also leading
to an inaccurate porosity measurement (U.)

2.2 LIQUID SATURATION METHOD

Core sample must be cleaned of residual fluids and thoroughly dried so that we will have only clean
pore spaces to accommodate only the saturating liquid. Before saturating the liquid in the core
sample, the bulk volume of the given core sample must be known. There is a need of measuring
the length (L) and the diameter (D) of the core sample. Core sample must be cleaned and free from
air contamination so that we will have only clean pore spaces to accommodate only the saturating
liquid (Porosity Measurement Handout, 2022)
The bulk volume of the core sample
𝜋𝐷2
𝑉𝑏 = ∗𝐿
4
Direct measurement of the pore volume provides a more accurate porosity value. However, this
requires some additional instruments. A simple method starts with weighing the sample in air
followed by placing the sample in a vacuum flask for a few hours. Water is then introduced into
the flask gradually until the sample is completely submerged. The sample is then removed from the
flask, shaken to remove excess water and then weighed quickly. The increase in the mass of the
sample is equal to the mass of water introduced into the sample, and the volume of the water is
equal to the connected pore volume. Care must be taken to minimize water evaporation; and if the
rock contains clay minerals that absorb water, another liquid ( oil, mercury, or KCl brine ) must be
used instead (U.).

6
 Figure 2: Pore volume measurement by the liquid saturation method
Volume of the liquid saturated in the core sample
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑉𝑤 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
Hence porosity,
𝑉𝑤
𝜙=
𝑉𝑏

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3.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT
3.1 Apparatus, Materials and Solvents
Materials, apparatus and fluids used in this experiment were;
• Helium Porosimeter.
• Digital Vernier Caliper.
• Exicator.
• Reservoir Core Samples.
• 3.5 % NaCl Water (Brine).
• Beaker.
• Electronic Weigh Balance.
• Billets.
• Dry oven.
• Tissue.
3.2 Experimental Procedures
This experiment was conducted using both helium porosimeter method and liquid saturation
method. The experimental procedures followed during this experiment are as follows;

❖ Effective porosity determination by using helium porosimeter

These are the general procedures followed when using the helium porosimeter method in
determination of effective porosity of the core provided;
a) The dimensions of diameter and length of provided reservoir core sample together with grain
volume billets were measured using a digital vernier caliper and the grain volume billets were
placed in the matrix cup to determine the reference pressure and ultimately determining the
reference volume and volume of the cup.
b) Then after, billet number 6 was placed first in the matrix cup. The helium was supplied to the
porosimeter by opening valve V01 to pressurize the small tank and both initial and reference
pressures were recorded after stabilization time.
c) Then pressure balance of the helium porosimeter tank was recorded as reference. Then the
helium gas in the small tank was allowed to expand into the matrix cup containing grain
volume billet number 6 by switching the valve V02 and the expansion pressure was recorded
after stabilization time.

8
d) Procedures (b) and (c) were then repeated by using both grain volume billets number 5 & 4
together. The obtained grain volumes together with reference and expansion pressure were
recorded and used in the determination of reference volume and volume of the cup.
e) After determining these volumes, the grain volume of the reservoir core sample was
determined by placing the reservoir core sample into the matrix cup while repeating the same
procedures followed from step (b) and (c).

Figure 3: Helium Porosimeter

Figure 4: Helium Porosimeter (Bottom view)

9
 Figure 5: Grain Volume Billets

❖ Effective porosity determination by using liquid saturation method

The following are general experimental procedures taken when liquid saturation method was used
in effective porosity determination of the provided reservoir core sample;
a) The dimensions of diameter and length of provided reservoir core sample were measured
using a digital vernier caliper and the sample was then weighed in an electronic weigh balance
where the weight of dry sample was observed to be 106.93 g.
b) The sample was then kept in a beaker then in an exicator that was sealed tightly. Thereafter
the vacuum pump was switched on and the core sample became saturated with brine and not
air due to presence of vacuum.
c) After saturation, the core sample was weighed by using electronic weigh balance where it
was observed to be equal to 119.64g.

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Figure 6: Vacuum Pump Figure 7: Exicator

11
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Experimental Results
Generally, Table 2 represents summary of measured and calculated parameters of the reservoir
core samples and grain volume billets and Table 3 represents a summary of experimental results
obtained when helium porosimeter method was used whereas Table 4 represents a summary of
experimental results obtained when liquid saturation method was used.
Table 2: Summary of measured and calculated parameters of the reservoir core samples and grain
volume billets
Samples Parameters Results
Reservoir Core sample No. 01 Diameter. 3.75 cm
Length. 4.89 cm
Bulk volume. 54.01 cm3
Reservoir Core sample No. 02 Diameter. 3.786 cm
Length. 4.978 cm
Bulk volume. 56.041 cm3
Billet No.06 Diameter. 3.806 cm
Length. 3.805 cm
Bulk volume. 43.29 cm3
Billet No. 05 Diameter. 3.806 cm
Length. 1.901 cm
Bulk volume. 21.63 cm3
Billet No. 04 Diameter. 3.806 cm
Length. 0.95 cm
Bulk volume. 10.81 cm3

The Volume of the samples were computed from the formula of calculating the volume of a closed
cylinder which is;
𝜋𝑑 2 ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 =
4
Where; d= Diameter and h= Length

12
Using Helium Porosimeter Method
First obtain the pressure of the tank when at equilibrium and record as Reference pressure
Then let the gas expand inside the cup with/without the samples or billets.
Use the Boyles Law to calculate for the pressure and volume balances.
From,
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Hence, the general equation becomes,
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑉𝑐𝑢𝑝 + 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓 (1 − )
𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑝
Using the data of the billets with known volumes and 0 porosity, we obtain two sets of equations
with two unknows i.e. Cup Volume and Reference Volume. These equations are solved
simultaneously and the obtained values are as follows.
The volume of the pore spaces is obtained by calculating the volume of helium penetrated into the
core sample and using that as the pore volume. The porosity is calculated by;
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜑=
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘
Table 3: Experimental results obtained by using helium porosimeter method
Samples parameters Results Units
Billet No. 06 Reference Pressure (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓) 1.775 bar
Expansion Pressure (𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑝). 0.692 bar
Grain volume of billet No. 6 43.29 cm3
Billets No. 05 Reference Pressure (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓) 1.762 bar
& No. 04 Expansion Pressure (𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑝). 0.606 bar
Grain volume of billets 5 & 4 32.6 cm3
Matrix cup Reference volume 31.81 cm3
Volume of the cup 93.08 cm3
Reservoir Core Reference Pressure (𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓) 1.753 bar
Sample Expansion Pressure (𝑃𝑒𝑥𝑝) 0.654 bar
Grain volume of Reservoir core sample 39.8 cm3
Porosity of Reservoir core sample 26.4 %

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Using Saturation Method
We get the amount of volume that invade the pore spaces through getting the mass of the liquid,
of known density, by taking the difference between the dry sample and the wet sample, thus
obtaining the mass of fluid invaded then calculating the volume of the fluid using;
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒(𝑣) = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑚) ∗ 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝜌)
Then after the porosity is calculated by using;
𝑉𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒
𝜑=
𝑉𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘
Table 4: Experimental results obtained by using liquid saturation method
Parameters Results Units
Density of brine. 1 g/cm3
Mass of dry reservoir core sample 106.93 g
Mass of wet core sample 119.64 g
Pore volume of reservoir core sample 12.71 cm3
Effective porosity of reservoir core sample 23.5 %

4.2 Discussion of Results

From the experiment done, the results obtained and calculated, were observed that the effective
porosity of the given core sample was different when using helium porosimeter and different from
liquid saturation method. From the helium porosimeter the value was equal to 26.4%, whereas
using the liquid saturation method it was equal to 23.5%
Through comparing the value of effective porosity of the rock core samples provided with reservoir
porosity classification it is shown that the effective porosities of the reservoir core samples
provided is classified as very good.
Difference in the experimental results obtained between the two methods, liquid saturation method
and helium porosimeter method, is mainly due to the fact that, there are smaller molecules of
helium compared to brine hence they have high penetration ability even into the small pore spaces,
also helium gas has higher diffusivity compared to brine, hence allowing porosity for rocks with
very low permeability to be determined.
For liquid saturation method the core sample was saturated for only about 30 minutes thus leaving
some pore spaces in the reservoir rock unsaturated with brine, thus results in errors in the results

14
of porosity. Also, the other errors associated in this method are; dimensions measurements of the
core samples. Therefore, due to this helium porosimeter method gave better results than liquid
saturation of effective porosity due to its limited sources of errors.
Generally, the effective porosity of the reservoir rock samples obtained were very good, indicating
that the reservoir is commercially viable but further measurements (i.e., determination of fluid
saturations, permeabilities etc.) should be performed in order to determine further characterize the
reservoir.

15
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
In a nutshell, from this experiment, the effective porosity of the provided reservoir core sample by
using helium porosimeter method liquid saturation method and are 26.4 % and 23.5 % respectively.
Thus, the obtained effective porosity of the provided reservoir core sample is characterized as very
good porosity, which means that the reservoir rock where the core sample were obtained has
greater storage potential of hydrocarbons thus, a huge reserve can be recovered from the reservoir
which and therefore is economic viable
Therefore, in a petroleum engineering, it is important to not using only the value of the effective
porosity of reservoir core samples to develop the reservoir for production because of reservoir
heterogeneity and incomplete core recovery because it may not only be representative of the
reservoir rock, thus other measurements like reservoir fluid saturations, permeabilities and so on
should be done first so as to help in reservoir development decision making

5.2 Recommendations
So as to obtaining the most accurate and reliable results in this experiment of effective porosity
measurement in the laboratory, the followings are s recommended;

➢ The core sample saturation period should be relatively long for a to ensure that the core
sample is 100 % saturated.
➢ Helium porosimeter should be handled properly with greater care and checked regularly
for leakages before proceeding with the experiment.
➢ In order to to minimize errors, the experiment should be done multiple times and an
average value of the measured effective porosity should be used

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NOMENCLATURE
SYMBOLS

𝑉: Expanded volume of the wall and material of the cup

𝑉𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑 : Volume of gas expanded in the matrix cup

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑐𝑢𝑝 : Volume of the cup.

𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 : Reference volume

P𝑒𝑥𝑝 : Expand pressure

P𝑟𝑒𝑓 : Reference pressure

D: Diameter.
h: Length.
V: Volume.
μ: Viscosity
ρ: Density
φ: Porosity

17
REFERENCES
Ahmed, T. (2006). Reservoir Engineering Handbook, Third Edition. USA: Elsevier.

Dandekar, A. Y. (2013). Petroleum Reservoir Rock and Fluid Properties. London: CRC Press.

Handout, P. (2022). POROSITY MEASUREMENT. Dar es Salaam: PSE Department, UDSM.

Tiab, D., & Donaldson, E. C. (2012). Petrophysics; Theory and Practice of Measuring Reservoir
Rock and Fluid Transport Properties (Third edition). Waltham, USA: Elsevier Inc.

U., D. J. (n.d.). Reservoir Engineering.

Zolotukhin, A. B. (1997). Fundamental of Petroleum Reservoir Engineering. London.

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APPENDICES
❖ Experimental Raw data obtained

a)

b)

19
c)

20
 d)
Figure 8: Figures a), b), c) and d) showing the experimental raw data obtained

21