Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview
Overview
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Motivations
Efficient way to share resources
Cost – less expensive
Accessibility – easier
Efficient way to exchange information
Time – faster
Size – bigger
Correctness – more accurate
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Data Communication: Definition
Data Communication:
Transfer of data from one device to another via
some form of transmission medium.
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Data Communication
Hi, Hi,
how how
are are
you? you?
Hi, how are you? Hi, how are you?
Computer User
01010001 01010001
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Components in Communication
1 Message
Hi, how are you?
5 Protocol
2 Sender 3 Receiver
4 Medium
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Data Representation
Numbers
8/16/32 bit integers
floating point 150
2
Text
ASCII, Unicode
Images 255
Standards
De facto (in practice) standards
not approved but widely adopted
De jure (in law) standards
approved by an organization
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Standards Organizations
Creation Committees
ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
Forums
Regulatory Agencies
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Direction of Data Flow
Simplex: One direction only
data flow
Server Monitor
data flow
Keyboard
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Direction of Data Flow
Half Duplex: Both directions, one at a time
E.g., walkie-talkies
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Direction of Data Flow
Full Duplex: Both directions simultaneously
data flow
data flow
E.g., telephone
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Networks
Network: a set of devices connected by
media links
Laptop
iM ac
Workstation
Media Links
Server
SD
Printer Scanner
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Types of Connections
Point-to-point
Multipoint (multidrop)
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Point-To-Point Connection
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Multipoint Connection
Wireless
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Topology
Topology: physical or logical arrangement
of devices
Point-to-point
Mesh
Star
Bus
Ring
Hybrid
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Point-to-Point Connection
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Fully Connected Mesh Topology
A D
B C
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Fully Connected Mesh Topology
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Fully Connected Mesh Topology
Pros:
Dedicated links
Robustness
Privacy
Easy to identify fault
Cons:
A lot of cabling
I/O ports
Difficult to move
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Star Topology
A D
Hub Drop
B C
Drop
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Star Topology
A D
Switch
B C
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Star Topology
A D
Hub
B C
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Star Topology
Pros:
One I/O port per
device
Little cabling
Easy to install
Hub
Robustness
Easy to identify fault
Cons:
Single point of failure
More cabling still
required
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Bus Topology
Drop
line
Tap
Terminator
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Bus Topology
A B C D
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Bus Topology
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Bus Topology
Pros:
Little cabling
Easy to install
Cons:
Difficult to modify
Difficult to isolate fault
Break in the bus cable
stops all transmission
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Ring Topology
D
B
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Ring Topology
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Ring Topology
Pros:
Easy to install
Easy to identify fault
Cons:
Delay in large ring
Break in the ring stops all
transmission
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Hybrid Topologies
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK
COL COL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK
COLCOL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
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Network Categories
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
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Local Area Networks
Network in a single office, building, or
campus
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Wide Area Networks
Network providing long-distance communication
over a country, a continent, or the whole world
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Metropolitan Area Networks
Network extended over an entire city
Bangkhen Kampangsaen
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Switching
Dedicated circuits
Circuit switching
Telephone switches
establish circuits
for communication
Packet switching
Data are put into
packets telephone
switch
Each stamped with
source and destination
addresses
Routers know where to
forward packets
Packet Router
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Network of Networks
Company A Company B
Network Interface Card (NIC)
Company C Company D
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Internetworking
How to allow devices from different
standards to communicate
Gateways/routers – devices capable of
communicating in several standards
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Internetworks
Two or more networks connected become
an internetwork, or internet
Network1 Network2
Gateway
Network3
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The Internet
The largest internetwork (network of networks)
in the world
Devices communicating with TCP/IP protocol
suite
Stanford U. of Utah
UC Santa Barbara
UCLA
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Summary
Data communication
Protocols and standards
Computer networks
Topologies
LAN/MAN/WAN
Internetworks (networks of networks)
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