Nueva Vizcaya State University

College of Engineering
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Name
REVIEW MATH ALGEBRA 1
Course & Yr

A. NUMBER SYSTEM 4. Irrational Numbers – are numbers which cannot What is the GCF of 70 and 112?
A number is an item that describes a magnitude or be expressed as a quotient of two integers.
a position. Numbers are classified into two types, E. EXPONENTS
Examples: 2 , π, e
namely cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers. Exponent is a number that gives the power to which
a base is raised. For example, in 32, the base 3 and
Cardinal numbers are numbers which allow us to The numbers in the examples above can never the exponent is 2.
count the objects or ideas in a given collection. be expressed exactly as a quotient of two
Example, 1, 2, 3,…,1000, 100000 while ordinal integers. They are in fact, a non-terminating Exponent should not be misunderstood as “power”.
numbers state the position of the individual objects number with a non-terminating decimal. Power is a word that is almost never used in its
in a sequence. Example, first, second, third, … correct, original sense anymore. Strictly speaking, if
The number 7+0i is a/an ______number. we write 32 = 9, then 3 is the base, 2 is the
A system of numbers is a diagram or chart which A. Irrational C. real exponent and 9 is the power. But almost everyone,
shows the two sub-classifications of the two basic B. Imaginary D. complex including mathematicians, would say that 3 is the
classifications of numbers, namely real numbers power and that “power” and “exponent” mean the
and imaginary numbers. The number 0.123123123… is a _____number. same thing. The misuse has probably come from a
A. Irrational C. real misunderstanding of statements such as “nine is the
B. Imaginary D. complex second power of three”.
System of
Numbers
A complex number is an expression of both real and The exponent notation states that is a is a real
imaginary number combined. It takes the form a + number, variable or algebraic expression and n is a
Imaginary Real
Numbers Numbers bi, where “a” and “b” are real numbers. positive number, then:
an = a.a.a.a…
If a = 0, then pure imaginary number is produced
Irrational Rational
Numbers Numbers while real number is obtained when b = 0. n factors
An imaginary number is denoted as “i” which is Property Example
Integers
equal to square root of negative one. In some other 1. am.an = am+n x2.x3 = x2+3 = x5
areas in mathematical computations, it is denoted
as “j”. Imaginary number and its equivalent:
m
2. a = a m − n x8
Natural
Zero
Negative = x5
Numbers Numbers
i = −1 i3 = -i = - − 1 an x3
The number system is divided into two categories i2 = -1 i4 = 1 3. (am)n = amn (y6)2 = y12
namely, real numbers and imaginary number. 4. (ab)m = ambm (2x)4 = 24x4 = 16x4
m
Find the value of (1 + i)5 5.  a  = a
m
2
4
24 16
Real numbers are classified as follows:   = 4 = 4
b
m
b  x x x
1. Natural numbers – numbers which are B. SIGNIFICANT DIGITS m
considered as the “counting numbers”. Significant figures or digits are digits that define the
(4 x )3 = 3 (4 x )2
2

Examples: 1, 2, 3,…
2. Integers – are all the natural numbers, the
negative of the natural numbers and the number
zero.
Examples: -4, -1, 0 3, 8
3. Rational numbers – are numbers which can be
expressed as a quotient (ratio) of two integers.
The term “rational” comes from the word “ratio”.
Examples: 0.5, 2/3, -3, 0.3333…
In the above example, 0.5 can be expressed as
½ and -3 can be expressed as -6/2, hence the
two examples are rational numbers. The number
0.3333… can also be expressed as 1/3 and
therefore a rational number.
The number 0.3333… is a repeating and non-
terminating decimal. As a rule, a non-terminating
but repeating (or periodic) decimal is always a
rational number. Also, all integers are rational
numbers.
6. a n
= n am
numerical value of a number. A digit is considered
significant unless it is used to place a decimal point. 7. a − m = 1 1
x −5 =
am x5
The significant digit of a number begins with the first 8. a0 = 1 (a ≠ 0) (x2 + 2)0 = 1
non-zero digit and ends with the final digit, whether
zero or non-zero. Solve for x. x2/3 + x-2/3 = 17/4.
The number 0.004212 has how many significant Solve for x. 4x + 2x – 30 = 0.
digits?
−5 / 2
C. LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE (LCM)
2 5 ( 4 x −1 )  1 
A common multiple is a number that two other Solve for x. 6 =5  
numbers will divide into evenly. The least common  36 
multiple (LCM) is the lowest multiple of two
numbers.
F. LOGARITHMS
What is the least common multiple of 15 and 18? The logarithm of a number or variable x to base b,
logb x, is the exponent of b needed to give x.
D. GREATEST COMMON FACTOR (GCF)
A factor is a number that divides into a larger Log2 16 = 4 since 24 = 16
number evenly. The greatest common factor (GCF)
is the largest number that divides into two or more The term “logarithm” comes from the Greek words,
numbers evenly. Greatest common factor is the “logus” meaning “ratio” and “arithmus” meaning
same as greatest common divisor (GCD). “number”. John Napier (1550-1617) invented
logarithm in 1614 using e = 2.718… for its base. In
1616, through the suggestion of John Napier, Henry
Briggs improved the logarithm using 10 as the base.
The logarithm with base 10 is known as common
logarithm or Briggsian logarithm.
The natural logarithm can be converted into a
common logarithm and vice versa. To obtain this, a
factor known as the modulus of logarithm is
necessary, such as:
Log x = 0.4343ln x ln x = 2.3026log x
What is the value of k if (x + 4) is a factor of x3 + 2x2
– 7x + k ?
J. QUADRATIC EQUATION
Quadratic is an expression or an equation that
contains the variable squared, but not raised to any
higher exponent. A quadratic equation in x is also
known as a second-degree polynomial equation.
The general quadratic equation is expressed as:
Ax2 + Bx + C = 0
L. BINOMIAL THEOREM
Binomial is an expression containing two terms
joined by either + or -.
Binomial Theorem gives the result of raising a
binomial expression to a certain power. The
expansion and the series leads to are called the
binomial expansion and the binomial series,
respectively. The Binomial Theorem is expressed
as follows:

The coefficients 0.4343 and 2.3026 are referred to Where A, B and C are real numbers and with A ≠ 0. (x + y )n = x n + nx n −1 y + n(n − 1) + ...
as modulus of logarithm. When B = 0, the quadratic equation is known as a 2!
pure quadratic equation. n −1
Properties of logarithms:
+ nxy + yn
1. log( xy ) = log x + log y The quadratic formula:
−𝐵 ± √𝐵 2 − 4𝐴𝐶 The binomial coefficient forms the rows of the
2.  x Pascal’s Triangle. The following are just a few
log  = log x − log y 𝑥=
2𝐴
 y examples of a binomial expansion:
3. log x n = n log x The quantity B 2 − 4 AC is known as the (x + y )0 = 1
4. log b x =
log x discriminant. The discriminant determines the (x + y )1 = (x + y )
nature of the roots of the quadratic equation.
log b
Discriminant Nature of Roots (x + y )2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
5. log a x =
log b x 0 Only one root (Real and (x + y )3 = x3 + 3x 2 y + 3xy2 + y 3
log b a Equal)
>0 Real and Unequal
6. log a a = 1 As observed in the binomial expansions above,
<0 Imaginary and Unequal
some properties were established and are
enumerated as follows:
Solve for x. log3 81 =x Sum of Roots: Product of the roots: 1. The number of terms in the resulting expansion
B C is equal to n + 1.
Solve for x. logx 27 + logx 3 = 2 r1 + r2 = − r1  r2 = 2. The exponent of x decreases by 1 in succeeding
A A
terms, while that of y increases by 1 in
Solve for x. log (x2 + 3x) + log 5x = 1 + log 2x succeeding terms.
Two students attempt to solve a problem that
reduces to a quadratic equation. One of the 3. The sum of the exponents of each term is equal
If log 2 = x and log 3 = y, then what is the value of to n.
log 1.2? students made a mistake in the constant term and
gave an answer of 8 and 2 for the roots. The other 4. The first term is xn and the last term is yn and
student made a mistake in the coefficient of the first each of the terms has a coefficient of 1.
G. FACTORING 5. The coefficient increases and then decreases in
degree term and gave an answer of -9 and -1 for
a 2 − b 2 = (a + b)(a − b) the roots. If you are to check their solutions, what a symmetric pattern.
would be the correct quadratic equation?
a 3 + b3 = (a + b)(a 2 − ab + b 2 ) The Pascal’s Triangle:
Find the value of k so that the equation 2x2 + 3kx + Each number in the triangle is equal to the sum of
a 3 − b3 = (a − b)(a 2 + ab + b 2 ) 9 = 0 will have only one root. the two numbers immediately above it.

a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = (a + b) 2 K. PARTIAL FRACTIONS (x+y)0 1

Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors (x+y)1 1 1
a 2 − 2ab + b 2 = (a − b) 2 (x+y)2 1 2 1
f ( x) A B
H. REMAINDER THEOREM = + (x+y)3 1 3 3 1
Remainder Theorem states that is a polynomial in (a1 x + b1 )(ax2 + b2 ) (a1 x + b1 ) (a2 x + b2 ) (x+y)4 1 4 6 4 1
an unknown quantity x is divided by a first degree Case 2: Repeated Line Factors (x+y)5 1 5 10 10 5 1
expression in the same variable, (x – k), where k f ( x)
=
A1
+
A2
++
An
may be any real number or complex number, the (ax + b) n (ax + b) (ax + b) 2 (ax + b) n Another way to determine the coefficient of any
remainder to be expected will be equal to the sum Case 3: Distinct Quadratic Factors term in the binomial expansion is to use the
obtained when the numerical value of k is f ( x) following formula:
substituted for x in the polynomial. Thus, =
(a1 x + b1 x + c1 )(a2 x 2 + b2 x + c2 )
2
(coeff.of PT)(exponent of x of PT)
C=
Remainder = f(x) A1 x + B1 A2 x + B2 exponent of y of PT + 1
x k + Where: C = coefficient of any term
a1 x + b1 x + c1 a2 x 2 + b2 x + c2
2
PT = preceding term
What is the remainder if the polynomial x3 + 4x2 – Case 4: Repeated Quadratic Factors
3x + 8 is divided by (x – 5)? f ( x) A x + B1 The rth term of the binomial expansion of (x+y)n may
= 21 +
(ax + bx + c)
2 n
ax + bx + c be calculated using the following formula:
I. FACTOR THEOREM
Factor Theorem states that is a polynomial is A2 x + B2
divided by (x – k) will result to a remainder of zero, +
(ax 2 + bx + c) n
then the value (x – k) is a factor of the polynomial.
 n(n − 1)(n − 2)...(n − r + 2) ( n − r +1) r −1 8. In Algebra, the operation of raising to the integral 18. Combine into a single fraction:
r th = x y power is called __________________. 3x + y 2y 1
(r − 1)! − −
A. Indexing C. evolution
x 2 − y 2 x( x − y ) x + y
r th = n Cr x ( n − r +1) y ( r −1) B. Revolution D. Involution
A. 2 C. 3
9. Find the value of x in x + 1 + 2 x = 47 − 2 x.
x x
A term involving a variable with a specific exponent 1 4
is obtained by using the following formula: 3 4 B. D.
A. 16.47 C. 12.87 x x
n(n − 1)(n − 2)...(n − r + 1) ( n−r ) r B. 18.27 D. 20.17
yr = x y x −1 x−2
(r )! −
10. Simplify the following equation: 19. Simplify x − 2 x −1 .
5x x+3 2x 1 1
Sum of the coefficients of the expansion of (x+y)n: − 2 + 2 −
2 x + 7 x + 3 2 x − 3x − 2 x + x − 6
2
x −1 x − 2
Sum = (coef. of x + coef. of y)n
A. 1 – 2x C. 2 – 3x
Sum of coefficients when the 2nd term is constant A. 4 C. 2 B. 3 – 2x D. 3 – x
(x + k)n: x+3 x−3
Sum = (coef of x + k)n - kn B. 4 D. 2 20. Evaluate
5 x 3 y −1 .
x−3 x+3 15 x 2 y − 4
Sum of the exponents of the expansion of (x+y)n:
Sum = n(n + 1) xy3 xy3
11. Simplify:
(xy)n (a − b )−1 (a − b )2n −1 A. C.

xy(a − b)2 n−1

2 3
Find the 6th term of the expansion (3x – 4y)8.
B.
xy 2 D.
x2 y3
What is the sum of the numerical coefficients of the A. a–b C. ab 3 3
expansion of (x + 4y)12? xy
B. xy D. ab(x – y)
Find the term involving x3 in the expansion of (x – 21. Evaluate 3
16 x11 y 2 .
3x-1)9. 12. Reduce to lowest form: A. 4x2 3 2x2 y 2 C. 2 x 2 3 2 x 2 y 2
a 2 − b2 a2 a − 2b
− 2 − B. 2x3 3 2x 2 y 2 D. 2 x 3 3 2 x 2 y 2
PRACTICE EXAM: ab a − ab − 2b 2
a−b
A. a C. 2ab
1. The significant digits of a given number ends 2x + 1 x + 8
with: b 22. If = , then
A. The final digit whether zero or not zero B. 2ab D. b x − 5 − 7x
B. The last non-zero digit a+b a A. − 2  619 C. − 2  619
x= x=
C. The last zero digit 15 15
D. The last decimal digit 13. If 2x 3 , the solutions are: B. x=-2 D. x = -2, 4/3
=
x2 + x − 2 x + 2
2. The first non-zero digit from the left of the A. x = -3, x = 2 C. x=-3 only 23. Solve for x: x + 1 + 2 x + 3 − 8 x + 1 = 0 .
number is called: B. x = 3, x = -2 D. x = 3 only A. 3 C. -1/17
A. Whole number C. leading digit B. 3 and -1/17 D. -3 and -1/17
B. Tens digit D. units digit. 4 3 1 6 , find x.
14. Given + = − 2
x − 1 x + 1 2x x − 1 24. Find the least common multiple of 26, 39, and
3. The number 10.097 has how many significant 66.
digits? A. -1/12 C. -1/13
B. 1/12 D. 1/13 A. 824 C. 864
A. 1 C. 3 B. 842 D. 858
B. 2 D. 5
15. Factor x4 + 5x2 -36.
A. (x – 4) (x + 9) 25. Find the least common multiple of 12, 18, 21,
4. The number 20,540.00 has how many significant 25 and 35.
digits? B. (x2 + 9)(x – 2) (x + 2)
C. (x + 4) (x – 9) A. 6300 C. 6400
A. 3 C. 5 B. 6200 D. 6500
B. 4 D. 7 D. (x – 2)(x + 2)(x – 3)(x+3)

16. Completely factor x3 + 3x2 – 4x – 12. 26. Find the greatest common divisor of 15 and
5. The number 7.93 x 10-2 has how many significant 28.
digits? A. (x + 3) (x – 3)
B. (x – 2)(x + 2)(x + 3) A. 1 C. 0
A. 3 C. 7 B. 2 D. nota
B. 5 D. 4 C. (x2 – 4)(x + 3)
D. Cannot be factored
27. Find the greatest common divisor of 12 and
6. Which number has four significant digits? 16.
A. 0.0014 C. 0.141 17. Completely factor 81 – x4.
A. (3 – x)2(3 + x)2 A. 2 C. 6
B. 0.01414 D. 1.4140 B. 4 D. 8
B. (9 + x2)(9 – x2)
7. In algebra, the operation of root extraction is C. (9 + x2)(3 – x)(3 + x)
D. Cannot be factored 28. The logarithm of a negative number is ______
called ______________. number.
A. Indexing C. evolution A. Imaginary C. irrational
B. Revolution D. involution B. Rational D. complex
 43. The mantissa of a logarithm is a: 59. Determine k so that the equation 4x2 + kx + 1
29. Express log
a 3 in terms of log of a, log b
5 6
A. Positive value only = 0 will have just one real solution.
cb B. Negative value only A. 3 C. 4
and log c. C. Positive value, negative value or zero B. 5 D. 6
A. 3 D. Positive value or zero 60. Given the equation x3 – 2x2 – 3k = 0. Find k so
log a − 5 log c − 2 log b that 3 is one of the roots of this equation.
2
44. Find the sum of the roots of 5x2 – 10x + 2 = 0. A. 2 C. 3
B. 3 2 5
log a − log c − log b A. - ½ C. – 2 B. 4 D. 5
2 5 2 B. 2 D. ½ 61. Find the values of the constant k in the
C. 3 log a − 5 log c − 2 log b 45. Solve the equation a2x + 4c2x – 10c = 5a – equation 2x2 – kx + 3k = 0 if the difference of
5 4acx for x. the roots is 5/2.
D. 3 log a − log c − log b A. – 1 only C. – 1 and 25
A. 5 C. 5
2 B. 25 only D. 1 and – 25
30. If log10 3 is 0.4771 and log10 4 =0.6021, find a − 2c 2 a + 2c
5 62. Find the value of k if, in the equation 2x2 – kx
log10 12. B. D. 5
+ 4x + 5k = 0 , one root is the reciprocal of the
A. 1.0588 C. 1.0643 2a + c a + 2c
other.
B. 1.0792 D. 1.0823 46. Solve (5x – 4)1/2 = (2x + 1)1/2 + 1
A. 2 C. 3
31. If log4 7 = n, find logn 1/7. A. 4 only C. 8/9 only
B. ½ D. 1/3
A. 1/n C. – n B. 4 or 8/9 D. 4 and 8/9
63. What is the nature of the roots of 4x2 – 12 x +
B. n2 D. n 47. Find the remainder when 6x2 - 30 + 9x3 is
9 = 0?
32. Solve the equation log3 (x2 – 8x) = 2. divided by 3x – 4.
A. Rational and equal
A. – 1 C. 9 and -1 A. 4 C. 3
B. Rational and unequal
B. 9 D. 9 and 1 B. 5 D. 6
C. Irrational and unequal
33. Express y in terms of x if logb y = 2x + logb x. D. Imaginary
A. y = xb 2 x C. y = xb 2
x
48. Find the remainder when 3x4 + 5x3 – 5x2 + 10x
64. Solve the equation 2x2/5 + 5x1/5 - 3 = 0.
-1 is divided by x – 1/3.
A. 1/32 and -243 C. 1/32 and 243
y = 2 xb x D. y = xb x
2
B. A. 4 C. 3
B. -1/32 and -243 D. -1/32 and 243
34. Find x from the equation a c-2x = b3x+1.
x B. 5 D. 2
65. Find the value of x of the following system of
49. Solve x2 + 2x + 5 = 0.
A. log b equations:
x= A. -1 2i C. -2  2i
log a − 2 log c − 3 log b x + 3y + 4z = 15
B. 1  2i D. 2  2i -2x + 4y + 5z = 12
B. log b 50. What is the remainder when x6 + 7x5 + 10x4 –
x= 3x + y + 6z = 29
log a − log c − 3 log b x2 – 5x is divided by x + 5? A. 1 C. 3
A. 0 C. 2 B. 2 D. 4
C. 3 log b
x= B. 1 D. 3 66. Find the fourth term in the expansion of (a –
log a − 2 log c − log b 51. The expression x4 + ax3 + 5x2 + bx + 6 when 2x)7.
D. log b divided by x – 2 leaves a remainder of 16 and A. 120a4x3 C. -120a4x3
x= when divided by x + 1 leaves a remainder of
log a − 2 log c − log b B. -280a4x3 D. 280a4x3
10. Find a. 67. Find the term involving y5 in the expansion of
35. Solve for x: 2 log(3 – x) = log 2 + log (22 – 2x). A. 7 C. – 5
A. – 5 only C. -5 and 7 (2x2 + y)10.
B. – 7 D. 5 A. 8064x10y5 C. 8564x10y5
B. 7 D. 5 and – 7 52. Given f(x) = (x + 3)(x – 4). When f(x) is divided
36. Solve for the value of x: B. 8464x y 10 5 D. 8264x10y5
by (x – k), the reminder is k. Find k. 68. Find the constant term in the expansion of
6 A. 2 C. – 4
log 2 x3 + log = 6.278 9
x B. – 2 D. 4  2 1 .
 2x + 
A. 379.65 C. 397.56 53. Find the quotient of 3x5 – 4x3 + 2x2 + 36x + 48  x
B. 36589 D. 356.79 divided by x3 – 2x2 + 6. A. 664 C. 672
37. If log of 2 to the base 2 plus log of x to the A. 3x2 – 4x – 8 C. 3x2 – 6x – 8 B. 682 D. 648
base 2 is equal to 2, then x is equal to: B. 3x + 4x + 8
2 D. 3x2 + 6x + 8 69. Find the 6th term in the expansion of
A. – 1 C. – 2 54. What is the equation whose roots are the 16
 1 
B. 1 D. 2 reciprocals of the roots of 2x2 – 3x – 5 = 0?  − 3 .
38. Solve for x: x3log x = 100x. A. 5x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 C. 2x2 + 3x – 5 =0  2a 
A. 12 C. 5 B. 3x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 D. 2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0 A. 66939 C. − 33939
−
B. 10 D. 30 55. Determine the quadratic equation whose roots 256a11 11
256a
39. Find the value of log4(log3 5). are ½ and – 2/3. B. 66939 D. − 66339
−
A. 1.460 C. 1.273 A. 5x2 + x + 2 = 0 C. 6x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 128a 11 11
256a
B. 0.275 D. 0.165 B. 3x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 D. 6x2 + x – 2 = 0
40. What is the natural logarithm of exy? 56. Find the equation whose roots are the 70. Find the 5th term of the expansion (3y – 4w)8.
A. 2.718 C. 1 negatives of the roots of x2 + 7x – 2 = 0. A. 1,501,520y4w4 C. 1,401,520y4w4
xy xy A. x2 + x – 2 = 0 C. x2 + 7x – 5 = 0 B. 1,051,520y w 4 4 D. 1,451,520y4w4
B. xy D. 2.718xy B. x – 7x – 2 = 0
2 D. x2 + 7x – 2 = 0
41. Solve for x: log3 4x + log3 x = log3 144. 57. Find the value of k is one root is twice the
A. 3 C. 6 and – 6 other. x2 – kx + 18 = 0.
B. 6 D. – 6 A.  9 C.  3
B.  5 D.  7
42. Solve for x: log5 4x + log5 x = log5 100. 58. What is the discriminant of the equation 4x2 =
A. 3 C. 5 8x – 5?
B. 4 D. 6 A. 8 C. – 8
B. – 16 D. 16